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Nir I, Budrys A, Smoot NK, Erberich J, Bergmann DC. Targeting editing of tomato SPEECHLESS cis-regulatory regions generates plants with altered stomatal density in response to changing climate conditions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.564550. [PMID: 37961313 PMCID: PMC10635072 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.564550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible developmental programs enable plants to customize their organ size and cellular composition. In leaves of eudicots, the stomatal lineage produces two essential cell types, stomata and pavement cells, but the total numbers and ratio of these cell types can vary. Central to this flexibility is the stomatal lineage initiating transcription factor, SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Here we show, by multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 editing of SlSPCH cis-regulatory sequences in tomato, that we can identify variants with altered stomatal development responses to light and temperature cues. Analysis of tomato leaf development across different conditions, aided by newly-created tools for live-cell imaging and translational reporters of SlSPCH and its paralogues SlMUTE and SlFAMA, revealed the series of cellular events that lead to the environmental change-driven responses in leaf form. Plants bearing the novel SlSPCH variants generated in this study are powerful resources for fundamental and applied studies of tomato resilience in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Nir
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, HaMaccabbim Road 68, POB 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Alanta Budrys
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address, Department of Biology, New York University, 24 Waverly Pl, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - N. Katherine Smoot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address, Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel Erberich
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Liu C, Sack L, Li Y, Zhang J, Yu K, Zhang Q, He N, Yu G. Relationships of stomatal morphology to the environment across plant communities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6629. [PMID: 37857672 PMCID: PMC10587080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between stomatal traits and environmental drivers across plant communities has important implications for ecosystem carbon and water fluxes, but it has remained unclear. Here, we measure the stomatal morphology of 4492 species-site combinations in 340 vegetation plots across China and calculate their community-weighted values for mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. We demonstrate a trade-off between stomatal density and size at the community level. The community-weighted mean and variance of stomatal density are mainly associated with precipitation, while that of stomatal size is mainly associated with temperature, and the skewness and kurtosis of stomatal traits are less related to climatic and soil variables. Beyond mean climate variables, stomatal trait moments also vary with climatic seasonality and extreme conditions. Our findings extend the knowledge of stomatal trait-environment relationships to the ecosystem scale, with applications in predicting future water and carbon cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, 100081, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Kailiang Yu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, USA
| | - Qiongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China.
- Earth Critical Zone and Flux Research Station of Xing'an Mountains, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 165200, Daxing'anling, China.
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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Addai K, Kirikkaleli D. Insights from Poland on the long-run effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation: a Fourier ARDL-based approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63453-63463. [PMID: 37046167 PMCID: PMC10097517 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The globally increasing trend of fossil fuel consumption has culminated in a historical degradation of the environment and the rising threat of global warming. Researchers and policymakers aim at examining critical relationships between energy productivity and environmental degradation to make recommendations for global policy action. This paper aims to capture the effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation in Poland from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4, using novel Fourier-bases ADF unit root and Fourier-based ARDL approaches. First, outcomes of the Fourier ARDL bounds test indicate that variables are integrated; second, outcomes of the Fourier ARDL long-run estimates indicate that (i) energy productivity has long-run negative effects on CO2 emissions; and (ii) economic growth, globalization, and primary energy consumption have positive effects on CO2 emissions. Among the options available to Polish policymakers are (i) liberalizing domestic energy markets to offer an opportunity for electricity consumers to switch companies and (ii) continuing to pursue a policy of decarbonizing energy supply by investing heavily in renewable energy, nuclear power, e-mobility, and energy productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Addai
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, TR-10 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Dervis Kirikkaleli
- Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, TR-10 Mersin, Turkey
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Kilpeläinen J, Domisch T, Lehto T, Kivimäenpää M, Martz F, Piirainen S, Repo T. Separating the effects of air and soil temperature on silver birch. Part II. The relation of physiology and leaf anatomy to growth dynamics. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2502-2520. [PMID: 35939341 PMCID: PMC9743009 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aboveground parts of boreal forest trees grow earlier in the growing season, the roots mostly later. The idea was to examine whether root growth followed soil temperature, or whether shoot growth also demanded most resources in the early growing season (soil temperature vs internal sink strengths for resources). The linkage between air and soil temperature was broken by switching the soil temperature. We aimed here to identify the direct effects of different soil temperature patterns on physiology, leaf anatomy and their interactions, and how they relate to the control of the growth dynamics of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). Sixteen 2-year-old seedlings were grown in a controlled environment for two 14-week simulated growing seasons (GS1, GS2). An 8-week dormancy period interposed the GSs. In GS2, soil temperature treatments were applied: constant 10 °C (Cool), constant 18 °C (Warm), early growing season at 10 °C switched to 18 °C later (Early Cool Late Warm) and 18 °C followed by 10 °C (Early Warm Late Cool) were applied during GS2. The switch from cool to warm enhanced the water status, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll content index, effective yield of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm') and leaf expansion of the seedlings. Warm treatment increased the stomatal number per leaf. In contrast, soil cooling increased glandular trichomes. This investment in increasing the chemical defense potential may be associated with the decreased growth in cool soil. Non-structural carbohydrates were accumulated in leaves at a low soil temperature showing that growth was more hindered than net photosynthesis. Leaf anatomy differed between the first and second leaf flush of silver birch, which may promote tree fitness in the prevailing growing conditions. The interaction of birch structure and function changes with soil temperature, which can further reflect to ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Kilpeläinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, Joensuu 80100, Finland
| | - Timo Domisch
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, Joensuu 80100, Finland
| | - Tarja Lehto
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Juntintie 154, 77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
| | - Françoise Martz
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Ounasjoentie 6, 96200 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Sirpa Piirainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, Joensuu 80100, Finland
| | - Tapani Repo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, Joensuu 80100, Finland
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Shanker AK, Gunnapaneni D, Bhanu D, Vanaja M, Lakshmi NJ, Yadav SK, Prabhakar M, Singh VK. Elevated CO 2 and Water Stress in Combination in Plants: Brothers in Arms or Partners in Crime? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091330. [PMID: 36138809 PMCID: PMC9495351 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The changing dynamics in the climate are the primary and important determinants of agriculture productivity. The effects of this changing climate on overall productivity in agriculture can be understood when we study the effects of individual components contributing to the changing climate on plants and crops. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) and drought due to high variability in rainfall is one of the important manifestations of the changing climate. There is a considerable amount of literature that addresses climate effects on plant systems from molecules to ecosystems. Of particular interest is the effect of increased CO2 on plants in relation to drought and water stress. As it is known that one of the consistent effects of increased CO2 in the atmosphere is increased photosynthesis, especially in C3 plants, it will be interesting to know the effect of drought in relation to elevated CO2. The potential of elevated CO2 ameliorating the effects of water deficit stress is evident from literature, which suggests that these two agents are brothers in arms protecting the plant from stress rather than partners in crime, specifically for water deficit when in isolation. The possible mechanisms by which this occurs will be discussed in this minireview. Interpreting the effects of short-term and long-term exposure of plants to elevated CO2 in the context of ameliorating the negative impacts of drought will show us the possible ways by which there can be effective adaption to crops in the changing climate scenario.
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Leaf Economic and Hydraulic Traits Signal Disparate Climate Adaptation Patterns in Two Co-Occurring Woodland Eucalypts. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141846. [PMID: 35890479 PMCID: PMC9320154 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With climate change impacting trees worldwide, enhancing adaptation capacity has become an important goal of provenance translocation strategies for forestry, ecological renovation, and biodiversity conservation. Given that not every species can be studied in detail, it is important to understand the extent to which climate adaptation patterns can be generalised across species, in terms of the selective agents and traits involved. We here compare patterns of genetic-based population (co)variation in leaf economic and hydraulic traits, climate–trait associations, and genomic differentiation of two widespread tree species (Eucalyptus pauciflora and E. ovata). We studied 2-year-old trees growing in a common-garden trial established with progeny from populations of both species, pair-sampled from 22 localities across their overlapping native distribution in Tasmania, Australia. Despite originating from the same climatic gradients, the species differed in their levels of population variance and trait covariance, patterns of population variation within each species were uncorrelated, and the species had different climate–trait associations. Further, the pattern of genomic differentiation among populations was uncorrelated between species, and population differentiation in leaf traits was mostly uncorrelated with genomic differentiation. We discuss hypotheses to explain this decoupling of patterns and propose that the choice of seed provenances for climate-based plantings needs to account for multiple dimensions of climate change unless species-specific information is available.
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