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Dickinson SE, Vaishampayan P, Jandova J, Ai Y(E, Kirschnerova V, Zhang T, Calvert V, Petricoin E, Chow HHS, Hu C, Roe D, Bode A, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Wondrak GT. Inhibition of UV-Induced Stress Signaling and Inflammatory Responses in SKH-1 Mouse Skin by Topical Small-Molecule PD-L1 Blockade. JID INNOVATIONS 2024; 4:100255. [PMID: 38328594 PMCID: PMC10847774 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2023.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 has emerged as a molecular target for skin cancer therapy and might also hold promise for preventive intervention targeting solar UV light-induced skin damage. In this study, we have explored the role of PD-L1 in acute keratinocytic photodamage testing the effects of small-molecule pharmacological inhibition. Epidermal PD-L1 upregulation in response to chronic photodamage was established using immunohistochemical and proteomic analyses of a human skin cohort, consistent with earlier observations that PD-L1 is upregulated in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Topical application of the small-molecule PD-L1 inhibitor BMS-202 significantly attenuated UV-induced activator protein-1 transcriptional activity in SKH-1 bioluminescent reporter mouse skin, also confirmed in human HaCaT reporter keratinocytes. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that BMS-202 antagonized UV induction of inflammatory gene expression. Likewise, UV-induced cleavage of procaspase-3, a hallmark of acute skin photodamage, was attenuated by topical BMS-202. NanoString nCounter transcriptomic analysis confirmed downregulation of cutaneous innate immunity- and inflammation-related responses, together with upregulation of immune response pathway gene expression. Further mechanistic analysis confirmed that BMS-202 antagonizes UV-induced PD-L1 expression both at the mRNA and protein levels in SKH-1 epidermis. These data suggest that topical pharmacological PD-L1 antagonism using BMS-202 shows promise for skin protection against photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E. Dickinson
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine Tucson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Skin Cancer Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Prajakta Vaishampayan
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jana Jandova
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Yuchen (Ella) Ai
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Viktoria Kirschnerova
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Tianshun Zhang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, USA
| | - Valerie Calvert
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - H-H. Sherry Chow
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zukerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Denise Roe
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zukerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ann Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, USA
| | - Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Skin Cancer Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Tucson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Georg T. Wondrak
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Skin Cancer Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Bouferraa Y, Fares C, Bou Zerdan M, Boyce Kennedy L. Microbial Influences on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Response in Melanoma: The Interplay between Skin and Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119702. [PMID: 37298653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of melanoma, but its limitations due to resistance and variable patient responses have become apparent. The microbiota, which refers to the complex ecosystem of microorganisms that inhabit the human body, has emerged as a promising area of research for its potential role in melanoma development and treatment response. Recent studies have highlighted the role of microbiota in influencing the immune system and its response to melanoma, as well as its influence on the development of immune-related adverse events associated with immunotherapy. In this article, we discuss the complex multifactorial mechanisms through which skin and gut microbiota can affect the development of melanoma including microbial metabolites, intra-tumor microbes, UV light, and the immune system. In addition, we will discuss the pre-clinical and clinical studies that have demonstrated the influence of different microbial profiles on response to immunotherapy. Additionally, we will explore the role of microbiota in the development of immune-mediated adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Bouferraa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Callie Fares
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 2020, Lebanon
| | - Maroun Bou Zerdan
- Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, New York, NY 13205, USA
| | - Lucy Boyce Kennedy
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Wang J, Zhang J, Wang J, Hu X, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Small-Molecule Modulators Targeting Toll-like Receptors for Potential Anticancer Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6437-6462. [PMID: 37163340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system and serve as a crucial link between innate and acquired immunity. In addition to immune function, TLRs are involved in other important pathological processes, including tumorigenesis. TLRs have dual regulatory effects on tumor immunity by activating nuclear factor κ-B signaling pathways, which induce tumor immune evasion or enhance the antitumor immune response. Therefore, TLRs have become a popular target for cancer prevention and treatment, and TLR agonists and antagonists offer considerable potential for drug development. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod (1) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for malignant skin cancer. Herein, the structure, signaling pathways, and function of the TLR family are summarized, and the structure-activity relationships associated with TLR selective and multitarget modulators and their potential application in tumor therapy are systematically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Luan C, Jin S, Hu Y, Zhou X, Liu L, Li R, Ju M, Huang D, Chen K. Whole-genome identification and construction of the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network in patients with actinic keratosis. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 11:4070-4078. [PMID: 36523309 PMCID: PMC9745357 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-22-842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common premalignant lesion induced by chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation and may develop into invasive cutaneous squamous carcinoma (cSCC). The identification of specific biomarkers in AK are still unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides, significantly involving in multiple biologic processes, especially in the development of tumors. METHODS In our study, we obtained data from RNA-sequencing analysis using two AK lesion tissues and three normal cutaneous tissues to comparatively analyze the differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Firstly, we used microarray analyses to identify DE lncRNAs and DE mRNAs. Secondly, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis to analyze the primary function and find out significant pathways of these DE mRNA and lncRNAs. Finally, we used the top ten DE lncRNAs to construct a lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network. RESULTS Our results showed that there were a total of 2,097 DE lncRNAs and 2,043 DE mRNAs identified. GO and KEGG analysis and the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network (using the top 10 DE lncRNAs comprises 130 specific co-expressed mRNAs to construct) indicated that lncRNA uc011fnr.2 may negatively regulate SCIMP and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and play an important role in Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK-STAT3) signaling pathway of AK. CONCLUSIONS lncRNA uc011fnr.2 may play an important role in JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway of AK by modulating SCIMP, TLR4 and IL-6. Further research is required to validate the value of lncRNA uc011fnr.2 in the progression of AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Luan
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Jin
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuyue Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingxi Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Ju
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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Lee MK, Ryu H, Lee JY, Jeong HH, Baek J, Van JY, Kim MJ, Jung WK, Lee B. Potential Beneficial Effects of Sargassum spp. in Skin Aging. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:540. [PMID: 36005543 PMCID: PMC9410049 DOI: 10.3390/md20080540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds are receiving much attention as a rich source of bioactive compounds with cosmeceutical potential. Recent studies have revealed that Sargassum spp., a genus of brown algae in the family Sargassaceae, has multiple functions in preventing and improving skin aging. Sargassum spp. contains many bioactive compounds, such as fucoidan, fucoxanthin, terpenoids, flavonoids, and meroterpenoids. These Sargassum spp. extracts and derivative compounds have excellent potential for skincare, as they exhibit skin health-promoting properties, including antioxidants, anti-inflammation, whitening, skin barrier repair, and moisturizing. Therefore, searching for bioactive compounds in marine resources such as Sargassum spp. could be an attractive approach to preventing and improving skin aging. The current review focused on the various biological abilities of Sargassum extracts or derived compounds for anti-skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Heeyeon Ryu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Hyeon Hak Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Jiwon Baek
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Van
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Myeong-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Bonggi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea
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Negbenebor NA, Shayegan LH, Cohen LM, Kroumpouzos G. Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in the Setting of Erosive Pustular Dermatosis of the Scalp: A Case Series and Comment on Management Implications. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15584. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.15584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Negbenebor
- Department of Dermatology Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Leila H. Shayegan
- Department of Dermatology Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Lisa M. Cohen
- Dermatopathology Section, StrataDx Lexington Massachusetts USA
| | - George Kroumpouzos
- Department of Dermatology Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
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7
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Kavasi RM, Neagu M, Constantin C, Munteanu A, Surcel M, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D. Matrix Effectors in the Pathogenesis of Keratinocyte-Derived Carcinomas. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:879500. [PMID: 35572966 PMCID: PMC9100789 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.879500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), referred to as keratinocyte carcinomas, are skin cancer with the highest incidence. BCCs, rarely metastasize; whereas, though generally not characterized by high lethality, approximately 2–4% of primary cSCCs metastasize with patients exhibiting poor prognosis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a scaffold that provides structural and biological support to cells in all human tissues. The main components of the ECM, including fibrillar proteins, proteoglycans (PGs), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, are secreted by the cells in a tissue-specific manner, critical for the proper function of each organ. The skin compartmentalization to the epidermis and dermis compartments is based on a basement membrane (BM), a highly specialized network of ECM proteins that separate and unify the two compartments. The stiffness and assembly of BM and tensile forces affect tumor progenitors' invasion at the stratified epithelium's stromal border. Likewise, the mechanical properties of the stroma, e.g., stiffness, are directly correlated to the pathogenesis of the keratinocyte carcinomas. Since the ECM is a pool for various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, its' intense remodeling in the aberrant cancer tissue milieu affects biological functions, such as angiogenesis, adhesion, proliferation, or cell motility by regulating specific signaling pathways. This review discusses the structural and functional modulations of the keratinocyte carcinoma microenvironment. Furthermore, we debate how ECM remodeling affects the pathogenesis of these skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela-Maria Kavasi
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Munteanu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Forensic Science Department, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George N. Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- *Correspondence: Dragana Nikitovic
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Ruiz VH, Encinas-Basurto D, Sun B, Eedara BB, Dickinson SE, Wondrak GT, Chow HHS, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Mansour HM. Design, Physicochemical Characterization, and In Vitro Permeation of Innovative Resatorvid Topical Formulations for Targeted Skin Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040700. [PMID: 35456534 PMCID: PMC9026853 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancies worldwide and affect more than 5 million people in the United States every year. NMSC is directly linked to the excessive exposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) rays. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist, resatorvid (TAK-242), is a novel prototype chemo preventive agent that suppresses the production of inflammation mediators induced by UV exposure. This study aimed to design and develop TAK-242 into topical formulations using FDA-approved excipients, including DermaBaseTM, PENcreamTM, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400, propylene glycol (PG), carbomer gel, hyaluronic acid (HA) gel, and Pluronic® F-127 poloxamer triblock copolymer gel for the prevention of skin cancer. The physicochemical properties of raw TAK-242, which influence the compatibility and solubility in the selected base materials, were confirmed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot-stage microscopy (HSM), Raman spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The permeation behavior of TAK-242 from the prepared formulations was determined using Strat-M® transdermal diffusion membranes, and 3D cultured primary human-derived epidermal keratinocytes (EpiDermTM). Despite TAK-242′s high molecular weight and hydrophobicity, it can permeate through reconstructed human epidermis from all formulations. The findings, reported for the first time in this study, emphasize the capabilities of the topical application of TAK-242 via these multiple innovative topical drug delivery formulation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H. Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
| | - David Encinas-Basurto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
| | - Basanth Babu Eedara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
- Center for Translational Science, Florida Interational University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Sally E. Dickinson
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Georg T. Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
| | - H. -H. Sherry Chow
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
- Center for Translational Science, Florida Interational University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-772-345-4731
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9
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Sherwani MA, Abdelgawad A, Chung M, Ibrahim S, Eraslan M, Elmets CA, Yusuf N. Toll-Like Receptor-4 Antagonist Enhances the Repair of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Augments Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215406. [PMID: 34771569 PMCID: PMC8582386 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is largely responsible for the development of skin cancer. When UVB-induced DNA damage in cells is not repaired, it can lead to the initiation of non-melanoma skin cancers. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) disease is caused by a defect in the repair of damaged DNA. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) belong to the family of innate immune receptors and are highly expressed in skin tumors. In this study, we determined the mechanism through which TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 regulates inflammation and prevents skin cancer. Abstract Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of the skin is related to the development of skin cancer. UVB also causes DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which can result in stable mutations. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a component of innate immunity, plays a key role in cancer. Previous studies from our laboratory have observed that TLR4 deficiency resulted in the repair of UVB-induced DNA damage, inhibition of UVB-induced immune suppression, and carcinogenesis. In this study, we determined the efficacy of TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 in regulation of UVB-induced DNA damage, inflammation, and tumor development. Our results indicate that TAK-242 treatment increased the expression of xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) mRNA, resulting in the repair of UVB-induced CPDs in skin of SKH-1 mice. Treatment with TAK-242 also inhibited the activation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in UVB-exposed skin of SKH-1 mice. Cutaneous carcinogenesis was significantly reduced in mice treated with TAK-242 in comparison to vehicle-treated mice. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were also found to be significantly greater in vehicle-treated mice than TAK-242-treated mice. Finally, treatment with TAK-242 augmented anti-tumor immune responses in mice. Our data provide further evidence that activation of the TLR4 pathway promotes the development of UV-induced non-melanoma skin cancer mediated at least in part on its negative effects on DNA damage. Moreover, treatment with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 may be effective for prevention of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif Sherwani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, VH 566A, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (S.I.); (M.E.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Abdelgawad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, VH 566A, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (S.I.); (M.E.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Minh Chung
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, VH 566A, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (S.I.); (M.E.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Saad Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, VH 566A, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (S.I.); (M.E.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Mualla Eraslan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, VH 566A, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (S.I.); (M.E.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, VH 566A, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (S.I.); (M.E.); (C.A.E.)
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, VH 566A, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (S.I.); (M.E.); (C.A.E.)
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(205)-934-7432; Fax: +1-(205)-934-0532
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10
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Pihl C, Togsverd-Bo K, Andersen F, Haedersdal M, Bjerring P, Lerche CM. Keratinocyte Carcinoma and Photoprevention: The Protective Actions of Repurposed Pharmaceuticals, Phytochemicals and Vitamins. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153684. [PMID: 34359586 PMCID: PMC8345172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Keratinocyte carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. Sun exposure and ultraviolet radiation are significant contributors to the development of carcinogenesis, mediated by DNA damage, increased oxidative stress, inflammation, immunosuppression and dysregulated signal transduction. Photoprevention involves using different compounds to delay or prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancer. In this review, we look at new avenues for systemic photoprevention that are based on pharmaceuticals, plant-derived phytochemicals and vitamins. We also investigate the mechanisms underlying these strategies for preventing the onset of carcinogenesis. Abstract Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) arising from sun exposure represents a major risk factor in the development of keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs). UVR exposure induces dysregulated signal transduction, oxidative stress, inflammation, immunosuppression and DNA damage, all of which promote the induction and development of photocarcinogenesis. Because the incidence of KCs is increasing, better prevention strategies are necessary. In the concept of photoprevention, protective compounds are administered either topically or systemically to prevent the effects of UVR and the development of skin cancer. In this review, we provide descriptions of the pathways underlying photocarcinogenesis and an overview of selected photoprotective compounds, such as repurposed pharmaceuticals, plant-derived phytochemicals and vitamins. We discuss the protective potential of these compounds and their effects in pre-clinical and human trials, summarising the mechanisms of action involved in preventing photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Pihl
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.-B.); (M.H.); (C.M.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Katrine Togsverd-Bo
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.-B.); (M.H.); (C.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Andersen
- Department of Dermatology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark; (F.A.); (P.B.)
- Private Hospital Molholm, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.-B.); (M.H.); (C.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Bjerring
- Department of Dermatology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark; (F.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Catharina Margrethe Lerche
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.-B.); (M.H.); (C.M.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Liu H, Guo X, Yi T, Zhu Y, Ren X, Guo R, Dai Y, Liang S. Frog Skin Derived Peptides With Potential Protective Effects on Ultraviolet B-Induced Cutaneous Photodamage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:613365. [PMID: 34149681 PMCID: PMC8206783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.613365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyla annectans is a tree frog living in the southwestern plateau area of China where there is strong ultraviolet radiation and long duration of sunshine. So their naked skin may possess chemical defense components that protect it from acute photo-damage. However, no such peptide or components has been identified till to date. In the current work, two novel peptides (FW-1, FWPLI-NH2 and FW-2, FWPMI-NH2) were identified from the skin of the tree frog. Five copies of FW-1 and four copies of FW-2 are encoded by an identical gene and released from the same protein precursor, which possess 167 amino acid residues. FW-1 and -2 can exert significant anti-inflammatory functions by directly inhibiting Ultraviolet B irradiation (UVB)-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). They may achieve this function by modulating the UV-induced stress signaling pathways such as Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB). Besides, FW-1 and -2 showed potential antioxidant effects on epidermis by attenuating the UVB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through an unknown mechanism. Considering small peptides' easy production, storage, and potential photo-protective activity, FW-1/2 might be exciting leading compounds or templates for the development of novel pharmacological agents for the suppression of UVB-induced skin inflammation. Moreover, this study might expand our knowledge on skin defensive mechanism of tree frog upon UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaopu Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tangwei Yi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Renxian Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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12
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Dickinson SE, Khawam M, Kirschnerova V, Vaishampayan P, Centuori SM, Saboda K, Calvert VS, Petricoin EF, Curiel-Lewandrowski C. Increased PD-L1 Expression in Human Skin Acutely and Chronically Exposed to UV Irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:778-784. [PMID: 33615483 DOI: 10.1111/php.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of PD-L1 (CD274) on tumor cells may represent a hallmark of immune evasion, and overexpression has been documented in several tumors including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). While PD-L1/PD-1 activity in the skin has been primarily described in inflammatory models, our goal was to examine PD-L1 expression in human keratinocytes exposed to UV irradiation. We assessed PD-L1 expression in human sun-protected (SP) and sun-damaged (SD) skin, actinic keratosis (AK), and cSCC using IHC and protein microarray. Both methods found low baseline levels of PD-L1 in SP and SD skin and significantly increased expression in cSCC. Next, we examined PD-L1 expression in acute models of UV exposure. In human SP skin exposed to 2-3 MED of UV (n = 20), epidermal PD-L1 was induced in 70% of subjects after 24 h (P = 0.0001). SKH-1 mice exposed to acute UV also showed significant epidermal PD-L1 induction at 16, 24 and 48 h. A time- and dose-dependent induction of PD-L1 was confirmed in cultured human keratinocytes after UV, which was markedly reduced in the presence of MEK/ERK, JNK or STAT3 inhibitors. These findings suggest that UV induces upregulation of PD-L1 through established, pharmacologically targetable stress-signaling pathways in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Dickinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | | | - Sara M Centuori
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Valerie S Calvert
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA
| | - Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ.,College of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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13
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Kumar V. Going, Toll-like receptors in skin inflammation and inflammatory diseases. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:52-79. [PMID: 33510592 PMCID: PMC7838829 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Indian Ayurvedic physicians knew the concept of inflammation dating back to 1500 BC. The continuous progress in the immunology of inflammation has explained its undiscovered mechanisms. For example, the discovery of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in humans (1997) has revolutionized the field of infection biology and innate immunity. The laboratory mice have shown twelve TLRs and express TLR10 (CD290) as a disrupted pseudogene, and humans have ten functional TLRs. Now, it is well established that TLRs play a significant role in different infectious and inflammatory diseases. Skin inflammation and other associated inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD), acne vulgaris, and psoriasis, along with many skin cancers are major health problems all over the world. The continuous development in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases has opened the window of opportunity for TLRs in studying their role. Hence, the manuscript explores the role of different TLRs in the pathogenesis of skin inflammation and associated inflammatory diseases. The article starts with the concept of inflammation, its origin, and the impact of TLRs discovery on infection and inflammation biology. The subsequent section describes the burden of skin-associated inflammatory diseases worldwide and the effect of the geographical habitat of people affecting it. The third section explains skin as an immune organ and explains the expression of different TLRs on different skin cells, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), skin fibroblasts, and melanocytes. The fourth section describes the impact of TLRs on these cells in different skin-inflammatory conditions, including acne vulgaris, AD, psoriasis, and skin cancers. The article also discusses the use of different TLR-based therapeutic approaches as specific to these inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia
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14
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Naghavi Alhosseini M, Mazandarani M, Enayati A, Saiedi M, Davoodi H. Anticancer Activity of Ethnopharmacological Plants of Golestan Province/Iran against AGS, HT-29 and KYSE-30 Cell Lines through Promoting the Apoptosis and Immunomodulatory Effects. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:636-646. [PMID: 34904014 PMCID: PMC8653648 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.114451.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of medicinal plants from Golestan province, as a promising source of cancer therapy against gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, were investigated in this study. The ethanolic root/aerial part extracts of 9 medicinal plants were screened for their cytotoxicity against normal mouse fibroblast cells (L-929) and three human cancer cell lines including gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS), colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and esophagus adenocarcinoma (KYSE-30) by performing MTT assay to determine the IC50 of the extracts. The in-vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolic (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of extracts was evaluated. Flow cytometry and Real-Time PCR were used for apoptosis assay and evaluation of expression of some genes involved in cell signaling; TLR-4, AKT, ERK1/2, and NFκB. Out of the 9 plant extracts screened, Arctiumlappa root (ALR), showed the most potent cytotoxicity against AGS, KYSE-30, and HT-29 cells with IC50 values of 10, 200, and 2030 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, ALR exerts high TPC (215.8 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g), TFC (69.03 ± 0.7 mg QUE/g) and high radical scavenging activity with IC50 (1250 ± 0.1 µg/mL) in DPPH method. Also, ALR stimulates TLR-4 signaling, increased apoptosis, and decreased cancer cell attachment to the surface compared to the untreated cells. This plant, with a strong cytotoxic effect on cancer cells as well as increased apoptosis and its effect on molecules involved in TLR4 signaling as the immunomodulatory effect can be a suitable candidate for in-vivo studies in the future for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Naghavi Alhosseini
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- M. N. A. and A. E. contributed equally to this work.
| | | | - Ayesheh Enayati
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- M. N. A. and A. E. contributed equally to this work.
| | - Mohsen Saiedi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Homa Davoodi
- Cancer Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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15
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Ahmad I, Nasti TH, Rihan HM, Jimenez H, Elmets CA, Yusuf N. Toll-like receptor-4 deficiency inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced tumor development by modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Mol Carcinog 2020; 60:60-70. [PMID: 33283918 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation of the skin induces acute inflammation, as characterized by erythema, edema, and immunosuppression, and is subsequently linked to the progression of skin cancer. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a component of innate immunity, has been shown to play an important role in cancer. To elucidate the role of TLR4 in UVB-induced tumor development, TLR4-proficient (C3H/HeN) and TLR4-deficient (C3H/HeJ) mice were exposed to multiple doses of UVB radiation (200 mJ/cm2 ) for 40 weeks. Photocarcinogenesis was retarded in terms of tumor incidence, and tumor latency, in mice deficient in TLR4 compared with TLR4-proficient mice, whereas significantly greater numbers of tumors occurred in TLR4-proficient mice. There was significant upregulation of inflammatory markers like COX-2, PGE2 , S100A8, and S100A9 in the skin of TLR4-proficient mice than the skin of TLR4-deficient mice. Furthermore, we found that TLR4-proficient mice had a significantly higher number of Gr1+CD11b+ myeloid cells CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells than TLR4-deficient mice. Furthermore, the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ cytokine was increased and the levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-17 cytokines were decreased in serum, skin, and tumor lysates of TLR4-deficient mice in comparison with samples from TLR4-proficient mice. Together, our data indicate that TLR4-mediated inflammation may cause suppression of antitumor responses and trigger the development of UVB-induced skin cancers. Thus, strategies to inhibit TLR4-mediated immune suppression may allow us to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches for the management of UVB-induced cutaneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tahseen H Nasti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Heba M Rihan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hugo Jimenez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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16
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Kashani B, Zandi Z, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D, Ghaffari SH. The role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in cancer progression: A possible therapeutic target? J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4121-4137. [PMID: 33230811 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The toll-like receptor (TLR) family consists of vital receptors responsible for pattern recognition in innate immunity, making them the core proteins involved in pathogen detection and eliciting immune responses. The most studied member of this family, TLR4, has been the center of attention regarding its contributory role in many inflammatory diseases including sepsis shock and asthma. Notably, mounting pieces of evidence have proved that this receptor is aberrantly expressed on the tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment in a wide range of cancer types and it is highly associated with the initiation of tumorigenesis as well as tumor progression and drug resistance. Cancer therapy using TLR4 inhibitors has recently drawn scientists' attention, and the promising results of such studies may pave the way for more investigation in the foreseeable future. This review will introduce the key proteins of the TLR4 pathway and how they interact with major growth factors in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, we will discuss the many aspects of tumor progression affected by the activation of this receptor and provide an overview of the recent therapeutic approaches using various TLR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Kashani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Zandi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Narayanankutty A, Sasidharan A, Job JT. Targeting Toll like Receptors in Cancer: Role of TLR Natural and Synthetic Modulators. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5040-5053. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200720235058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors belonging to the
broad class pattern recognition receptors (PRR), involved in recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
(PAMPs) thereby inducing an immune response. Apart from these exogenous PAMPs, numerous endogenous
PAMPs are also ligands for various TLRs thereby activating the TLR dependent immune response, subsequently
leading to the onset of an inflammatory response. Prolonged activation of TLR by these endogenous
PAMPs leads to chronic inflammatory insults to the body and which in turn alters the proliferative patterns of the
cells, which ultimately leads to the development of cancer.
Objectives:
The present review aims to provide a detailed outline of the differential roles of various TLRs in
cancer and the possible use of them as a therapeutic target.
Methods:
Data were collected from PubMed/Sciencedirect/Web of Science database and sorted; the latest literature
on TLRs was incorporated in the review.
Results:
Among the different TLRs, few are reported to be anti-neoplastic, which controls the cell growth and
multiplication in response to the endogenous signals. On the contrary, numerous studies have reported the procarcinogenic
potentials of TLRs. Hence, TLRs have emerged as a potential target for the prevention and treatment
of various types of cancers. Several molecules, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors and
natural products have shown promising anticancer potential by effectively modulating the TLR signalling.
Conclusion:
Toll-like receptors play vital roles in the process of carcinogenesis, hence TLR targeting is a promising
approach for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala-673 008, India
| | | | - Joice T. Job
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala-673 008, India
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18
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Wilgus TA. Inflammation as an orchestrator of cutaneous scar formation: a review of the literature. PLASTIC AND AESTHETIC RESEARCH 2020; 7:54. [PMID: 33123623 PMCID: PMC7592345 DOI: 10.20517/2347-9264.2020.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key phase in the cutaneous wound repair process. The activation of inflammatory cells is critical for preventing infection in contaminated wounds and results in the release of an array of mediators, some of which stimulate the activity of keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts to aid in the repair process. However, there is an abundance of data suggesting that the strength of the inflammatory response early in the healing process correlates directly with the amount of scar tissue that will eventually form. This review will summarize the literature related to inflammation and cutaneous scar formation, highlight recent discoveries, and discuss potential treatment modalities that target inflammation to minimize scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Zandi Z, Kashani B, Bashash D, Poursani EM, Mousavi SA, Chahardoli B, Ghaffari SH. The anticancer effect of the TLR4 inhibition using TAK‐242 (resatorvid) either as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy: A novel therapeutic potential for breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1623-1634. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zandi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Bahareh Kashani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ensieh M. Poursani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed A. Mousavi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Bahram Chahardoli
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed H. Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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20
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Zandi Z, Kashani B, Poursani EM, Bashash D, Kabuli M, Momeny M, Mousavi-pak SH, Sheikhsaran F, Alimoghaddam K, Mousavi SA, Ghaffari SH. TLR4 blockade using TAK-242 suppresses ovarian and breast cancer cells invasion through the inhibition of extracellular matrix degradation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Li XP, Liu P, Li YF, Zhang GL, Zeng DS, Liu DL. LPS induces activation of the TLR4 pathway in fibroblasts and promotes skin scar formation through collagen I and TGF-β in skin lesions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2121-2129. [PMID: 31934034 PMCID: PMC6949634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars are proliferative diseases of dermal fibroblasts that produce abundant amounts of collagen and extracellular matrix in the skin after severe burns, inflammation and trauma. Hypertrophic scars affect the daily life of patients and cause a series of problems. The biological mechanism of hypertrophic scar formation is still unclear and has received much attention in plastic surgery. Therefore, we hypothesized that LPS can activate TLR4 signaling, leading to the overexpression of collagen I and TGF-β and the induction of hypertrophic scar formation. In the present study, we used LPS to validate the role of the TLR4 signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 cells in vitro and hypertrophic scar mouse models to determine the role of the TLR4 signaling pathway in proliferative scar formation in vivo. The results suggested that LPS leads to the activation of the TLR4 pathway in fibroblasts, and inhibitor experiments confirmed that TLR4 is involved in the expression of collagen I by regulating the NF-κB pathway. The mouse skin wound model experiments demonstrated that TLR4 is involved in wound healing and scar formation. Our experiments demonstrated that the TLR4-IRAK4-NF-κB pathway is involved in the production of hypertrophic scars and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Meiyidu Medical Cosmetology ClinicShenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Liu
- Shenzhen Meiyidu Medical Cosmetology ClinicShenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Feng Li
- Shenzhen Meiyidu Medical Cosmetology ClinicShenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gan-Lin Zhang
- Shenzhen Meiyidu Medical Cosmetology ClinicShenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - De-Shan Zeng
- Shenzhen Meiyidu Medical Cosmetology ClinicShenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Lie Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Mikami E, Kudo M, Ohashi R, Kawahara K, Kawamoto Y, Teduka K, Fujii T, Kitamura T, Kure S, Ishino K, Sakatani T, Wada R, Saeki H, Naito Z. Toll‑like receptor 4 plays a tumor‑suppressive role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:2179-2188. [PMID: 31081044 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key regulator of the innate immune system, is expressed not only in immune cells, but also in a number of cancer cells. A biological role for TLR4 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), however, is unclear. In this study, we first examined TLR4 expression and localization in cases of SCC, actinic keratosis (AK) and Bowen's disease (BD) by immunohistochemistry. TLR4 expression was significantly higher in the SCC than in the AK or BD tissues. We then determined the TLR4 expression level in vivo, in 3 histological subtypes of SCC. TLR4 expression in poorly differentiated SCC was significantly lower compared with that of the moderately and well‑differentiated type. In addition, the CD44 immunoreactivity tended to be high in the cell membrane of poorly differentiated SCC. Of note, poorly differentiated SCC is a risk factor of unfavorable outcomes in affected patients. We then assessed the biological role of TLR4 in HSC‑1 and HSC‑5 SCC cells and HaCaT human keratinocytes. TLR4 knockdown by transfection with siRNA accelerated HSC‑1 and HaCaT cell migration and invasion compared to the control siRNA‑transfected cells. TLR4 knockdown resulted in an increased CD44 expression and in an enhanced filopodia protrusion formation, particularly in HSC‑1. On the whole, these results suggest that a reduced TLR4 expression enhances the malignant features in SCC cases and cultured SCC cell lines. TLR4 may thus play an anti‑tumor role in cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Mikami
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kudo
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211‑8533, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kawahara
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Yoko Kawamoto
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Teduka
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Takenori Fujii
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Taeko Kitamura
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Shoko Kure
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Kousuke Ishino
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakatani
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Wada
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Zenya Naito
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
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23
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Neagu M, Constantin C, Caruntu C, Dumitru C, Surcel M, Zurac S. Inflammation: A key process in skin tumorigenesis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4068-4084. [PMID: 30944600 PMCID: PMC6444305 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The extremely delicate shift from an inflammatory process to tumorigenesis is a field of major scientific interest. While the inflammation induced by environmental agents has well known underlying mechanisms, less is known concerning the oncogenic changes that follow an inflammatory chronic status in the tissue microenvironment that can lead to pro-tumorigenic processes. Regardless of the origin of the environmental factors, the maintenance of an inflammatory microenvironment is a clear condition that favors tumorigenesis. Inflammation sustains the proliferation and survival of malignant transformed cells, can promote angiogenesis and metastatic processes, can negatively regulate the antitumoral adaptive and innate immune responses and may alter the efficacy of therapeutic agents. There is an abundance of studies focusing on molecular pathways that trigger inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis, and these data have revealed a series of biomarkers that can improve the diagnosis and prognosis in oncology. In skin there is a clear connection between tissue destruction, inflammation and tumor onset. Inflammation is a self-limiting process in normal physiological conditions, while tumor is a constitutive process activating new pro-tumor mechanisms. Among skin cancers, the most commonly diagnosed skin cancers, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) have important inflammatory components. The most aggressive skin cancer, melanoma, is extensively research in regards to the new context of novel developed immune-therapies. In skin cancers, inflammatory markers can find their place in the biomarker set for improvement of diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunobiology Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Dumitru
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunobiology Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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24
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Dickinson SE, Wondrak GT. TLR4 in skin cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical interventions. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1086-1093. [PMID: 31020719 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The health and economic burden imposed by skin cancer is substantial, creating an urgent need for the development of improved molecular strategies for its prevention and treatment. Cutaneous exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a causative factor in skin carcinogenesis, and TLR4-dependent inflammatory dysregulation is an emerging key mechanism underlying detrimental effects of acute and chronic UV exposure. Direct and indirect TLR4 activation, upstream of inflammatory signaling, is elicited by a variety of stimuli, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (such as lipopolysaccharide) and damage-associated molecular patterns (such as HMGB1) that are formed upon exposure to environmental stressors, such as solar UV. TLR4 involvement has now been implicated in major types of skin malignancies, including nonmelanoma skin cancer, melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma. Targeted molecular interventions that positively or negatively modulate TLR4 signaling have shown promise in translational, preclinical, and clinical investigations that may benefit skin cancer patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Dickinson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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25
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Dickinson SE, Wondrak GT. TLR4-directed Molecular Strategies Targeting Skin Photodamage and Carcinogenesis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5487-5502. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170828125328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a causative factor in
skin photodamage and carcinogenesis, and inflammatory dysregulation is a key mechanism
underlying detrimental effects of acute and chronic UV exposure. The health and economic
burden of skin cancer treatment is substantial, creating an increasingly urgent need for the development
of improved molecular strategies for photoprotection and photochemoprevention.
Methods:
A structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature
revealed 139 articles including our own that are presented and critically evaluated in this
TLR4-directed review.
Objective:
To understand the molecular role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a key regulator
of skin anti-microbial defense, wound healing, and cutaneous tumorigenic inflammation. The
specific focus of this review is on recent published evidence suggesting that TLR4 represents
a novel molecular target for skin photoprotection and cancer photochemoprevention.
Results:
Cumulative experimental evidence indicates that pharmacological and genetic antagonism
of TLR4 suppresses UV-induced inflammatory signaling involving the attenuation
of cutaneous NF-κB and AP-1 stress signaling observable in vitro and in vivo. TLR4-directed
small molecule pharmacological antagonists [including eritoran, (+)-naloxone, ST2825, and
resatorvid] have now been identified as a novel class of molecular therapeutics. TLR4 antagonists
are in various stages of preclinical and clinical development for the modulation of
dysregulated TLR4-dependent inflammatory signaling that may also contribute to skin photodamage
and photocarcinogenesis in human populations.
Conclusion:
Future research should explore the skin photoprotective and photochemopreventive
efficacy of topical TLR4 antagonism if employed in conjunction with other molecular
strategies including sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E. Dickinson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Georg T. Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
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26
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Blohm-Mangone K, Burkett NB, Tahsin S, Myrdal PB, Aodah A, Ho B, Janda J, McComas M, Saboda K, Roe DJ, Dong Z, Bode AM, Petricoin EF, Calvert VS, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Alberts DS, Wondrak GT, Dickinson SE. Pharmacological TLR4 Antagonism Using Topical Resatorvid Blocks Solar UV-Induced Skin Tumorigenesis in SKH-1 Mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:265-278. [PMID: 29437671 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An urgent need exists for the development of more efficacious molecular strategies targeting nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the most common malignancy worldwide. Inflammatory signaling downstream of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been implicated in several forms of tumorigenesis, yet its role in solar UV-induced skin carcinogenesis remains undefined. We have previously shown in keratinocyte cell culture and SKH-1 mouse epidermis that topical application of the specific TLR4 antagonist resatorvid (TAK-242) blocks acute UV-induced AP-1 and NF-κB signaling, associated with downregulation of inflammatory mediators and MAP kinase phosphorylation. We therefore explored TLR4 as a novel target for chemoprevention of UV-induced NMSC. We selected the clinical TLR4 antagonist resatorvid based upon target specificity, potency, and physicochemical properties. Here, we confirm using ex vivo permeability assays that topical resatorvid can be effectively delivered to skin, and using in vivo studies that topical resatorvid can block UV-induced AP-1 activation in mouse epidermis. We also report that in a UV-induced skin tumorigenesis model, topical resatorvid displays potent photochemopreventive activity, significantly suppressing tumor area and multiplicity. Tumors harvested from resatorvid-treated mice display reduced activity of UV-associated signaling pathways and a corresponding increase in apoptosis compared with tumors from control animals. Further mechanistic insight on resatorvid-based photochemoprevention was obtained from unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of protein readouts via reverse-phase protein microarray revealing a significant attenuation of key UV-induced proteomic changes by resatorvid in chronically treated high-risk SKH-1 skin prior to tumorigenesis. Taken together, our data identify TLR4 as a novel molecular target for topical photochemoprevention of NMSC. Cancer Prev Res; 11(5); 265-78. ©2018 AACRSee related editorial by Sfanos, p. 251.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shekha Tahsin
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Paul B Myrdal
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alhassan Aodah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,The National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brenda Ho
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jaroslav Janda
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - Denise J Roe
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.,Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, The Hormel Institute, The University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Ann M Bode
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, The Hormel Institute, The University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Valerie S Calvert
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David S Alberts
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Georg T Wondrak
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sally E Dickinson
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona. .,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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27
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Rojo de la Vega M, Krajisnik A, Zhang DD, Wondrak GT. Targeting NRF2 for Improved Skin Barrier Function and Photoprotection: Focus on the Achiote-Derived Apocarotenoid Bixin. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121371. [PMID: 29258247 PMCID: PMC5748821 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2) orchestrates major cellular defense mechanisms including phase-II detoxification, inflammatory signaling, DNA repair, and antioxidant response. Recent studies strongly suggest a protective role of NRF2-mediated gene expression in the suppression of cutaneous photodamage induced by solar UV (ultraviolet) radiation. The apocarotenoid bixin, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved natural food colorant (referred to as ‘annatto’) originates from the seeds of the achiote tree native to tropical America, consumed by humans since ancient times. Use of achiote preparations for skin protection against environmental insult and for enhanced wound healing has long been documented. We have recently reported that (i) bixin is a potent canonical activator of the NRF2-dependent cytoprotective response in human skin keratinocytes; that (ii) systemic administration of bixin activates NRF2 with protective effects against solar UV-induced skin damage; and that (iii) bixin-induced suppression of photodamage is observable in Nrf2+/+ but not in Nrf2−/− SKH-1 mice confirming the NRF2-dependence of bixin-induced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, bixin displays molecular activities as sacrificial antioxidant, excited state quencher, PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) α/γ agonist, and TLR (Toll-like receptor) 4/NFκB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) antagonist, all of which might be relevant to the enhancement of skin barrier function and environmental stress protection. Potential skin photoprotection and photochemoprevention benefits provided by topical application or dietary consumption of this ethno-pharmacologically validated phytochemical originating from the Americas deserves further preclinical and clinical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Rojo de la Vega
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Andrea Krajisnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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28
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Noske K. Secreted immunoregulatory proteins in the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:3-10. [PMID: 29111181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The skin, thought initially to protect the body passively from pathogenic organisms and other environmental insults, is now recognised additionally as a sophisticated immune organ that actively regulates local immunity. Studies linking local innate and adaptive immunity to skin health and disease have revealed a complex network of cell communication and cytokine signalling. Here, we review the last 10 years of literature on this topic, and its relevance to skin immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Noske
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia.
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29
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Justiniano R, Perer J, Hua A, Fazel M, Krajisnik A, Cabello CM, Wondrak GT. A Topical Zinc Ionophore Blocks Tumorigenic Progression in UV-exposed SKH-1 High-risk Mouse Skin. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1472-1482. [PMID: 28503778 DOI: 10.1111/php.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy in the United States representing a considerable public health burden. Pharmacological suppression of skin photocarcinogenesis has shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies, but more efficacious photochemopreventive agents are needed. Here, we tested feasibility of harnessing pharmacological disruption of intracellular zinc homeostasis for photochemoprevention in vitro and in vivo. Employing the zinc ionophore and FDA-approved microbicidal agent zinc pyrithione (ZnPT), used worldwide in over-the-counter (OTC) topical consumer products, we first demonstrated feasibility of achieving ZnPT-based intracellular Zn2+ overload in cultured malignant keratinocytes (HaCaT-ras II-4; SCC-25) employing membrane-permeable fluorescent probes. Zinc overload was accompanied by induction of intracellular oxidative stress, associated with mitochondrial superoxide release as substantiated by MitoSOX Red™ fluorescence microscopy. ZnPT-induced cell death observable in malignant keratinocytes was preceded by induction of metal (MT2A), proteotoxic (HSPA6, HSPA1A, DDIT3, HMOX1) and genotoxic stress response (GADD45A, XRCC2) gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Comet analysis revealed introduction of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg)-sensitive oxidative DNA lesions. In a photocarcinogenesis model (UV-exposed SKH-1 high-risk mouse skin), topical ZnPT administration post-UV caused epidermal zinc overload and stress response gene expression with pronounced blockade of tumorigenesis. Taken together, these data suggest feasibility of repurposing a topical OTC drug for zinc-directed photochemoprevention of solar UV-induced NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Justiniano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jessica Perer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Anh Hua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mohammad Fazel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrea Krajisnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Christopher M Cabello
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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