1
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Guerra LO, Cortinoz JR, Vasques LI, Leonardi GR. Methods for skin image analysis and their applications in dermatology and cosmetic research: a comprehensive review. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2024; 159:146-160. [PMID: 38376503 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.23.07704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, several non-invasive imaging methods have been introduced to facilitate studies in dermatology and cosmetic research, almost completely replacing invasive methods such as biopsy. Imaging devices have proven to be useful tools in skin analysis and therapy monitoring. This review aimed to investigate the most recent studies in cosmetic dermatology the imaging technology and methods that are being used to assess skin characteristics and summarize its fundamentals, possible applications, advantages, and limitations, and to give a future perspective to the clinical trials. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION For that, a literature review was carried out in the main scientific database platforms and the studies associating skin image analysis with dermatology and cosmetic research were selected and discussed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS It was possible to infer that skin image analyses are not only practical and effective, but have also become increasingly essential for the skin sciences. The in vivo and real-time image analyses allow a more complete evaluation and the follow-up of the same region for different periods. It was also possible to observe that macroscopic, microscopic, and mesoscopic imaging methods are complementary, allowing different approaches in the same study. CONCLUSIONS These technologies are expected to evolve more and more quickly in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas O Guerra
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- ALS Life Sciences-Allergisa Pesquisa Dermato-Cosmética Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina R Cortinoz
- ALS Life Sciences-Allergisa Pesquisa Dermato-Cosmética Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise I Vasques
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil -
| | - Gislaine R Leonardi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Zhou C, Lee C, Salas J, Luke J. Guide to tinted sunscreens in skin of color. Int J Dermatol 2024; 63:272-276. [PMID: 38073075 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Disorders of hyperpigmentation, such as melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, disproportionately affect skin of color and have a profound impact on quality of life. Exposure to ultraviolet light (UVL) is a well-documented factor in these disorders. However, recent studies show that visible light (VL) is a significant and underrecognized contributor to hyperpigmentation, especially in skin of color. Our objective is to review the role of VL in disorders of hyperpigmentation and that of tinted sunscreens in protecting against VL. Tinted sunscreens containing iron oxides should be recommended over nontinted sunscreens for patients prone to disorders of hyperpigmentation, as iron oxides protect against VL in addition to UVL. Tinted sunscreens are more effective than nontinted sunscreens in preventing melasma relapses and reducing hyperpigmentation, and they may also enhance the depigmenting efficacy of topical hydroquinone. In the search for an ideal tinted sunscreen for a particular patient, several factors must be considered, including a broad spectrum with adequate coverage of both UVL and VL, tint, formulation texture, active ingredients, and cost. VL is increasingly recognized as a major contributor of hyperpigmentation, and adequate treatment for disorders of hyperpigmentation should include protection against VL. Tinted sunscreens are ideal but require consideration of cosmesis, efficacy, and affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cici Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Lee
- University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jesse Salas
- University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Janiene Luke
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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3
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Goh CL, Kang HY, Morita A, Zhang C, Wu Y, Prakoeswa CRS, Sau NH, Kerob D, Flament F, Wei L. Awareness of sun exposure risks and photoprotection for preventing pigmentary disorders in Asian populations: Survey results from three Asian countries and expert panel recommendations. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2024; 40:e12932. [PMID: 38059515 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this article, we review and discuss the photoprotection behavior of Asians based on the literature, along with a subanalysis of an original online survey, and make recommendations to optimize photoprotection for Asian populations to prevent photoaging and pigmentary disorders. METHODS An international panel of eight dermatologists from Asia (China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Indonesia, and Vietnam) met to discuss sunscreen photoprotection for Asian patients. Additionally, a subanalysis of an online survey by 3000 respondents from three Asian countries (China, Indonesia, and Japan) investigated general public awareness and attitudes to sun exposure. RESULTS A pre-meeting survey of the eight experts from Asia showed key concerns of Asian patients consulting dermatologists are pigmentary disorders, especially actinic/senile lentigo, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, vitiligo, and Hori's nevus. The survey subanalysis of participants from China, Indonesia, and Japan with predominantly Fitzpatrick skin types (FST) II to IV revealed that they are particularly concerned about sun exposure causing photoaging and pigmentary disorders. Most of the respondents indicated they have limited knowledge on sunlight radiation and appropriate sunscreen protection factors. Only 22%, 13%, and 3% for China, Indonesia, and Japan, respectively, systematically use multiple protective measures (using sunscreen, avoiding midday sun, staying in the shade, wearing a hat, protective clothing, and sunglasses) when exposed to the sun. CONCLUSIONS Further education is needed for Asian populations on the importance of comprehensive daily photoprotection, including broad-spectrum sunscreen, with high UVA and visible light protection, to reduce and prevent photoaging and pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Dr Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nguyen Huu Sau
- Hanoi Medical University and National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Delphine Kerob
- Laboratoire Dermatologique La Roche-Posay, Levallois-Perret, France
| | | | - Liu Wei
- Department of Dermatology, The General Hospital of Air Force PLA, Beijing, China
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4
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Cohen L, Brodsky MA, Zubair R, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Sadeghpour M. Cutaneous interaction with visible light: What do we know? J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:560-568. [PMID: 32289393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Visible light has been used therapeutically in dermatology for years for a variety of cosmetic and medical indications, including skin rejuvenation and the treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic conditions, among others. Until recently, visible light was thought to be relatively inert compared to its spectral neighbors, ultraviolet and infrared radiation. However, recent literature has described the ability of visible light to cause erythema in light skin and pigmentary changes in individuals with darker skin types. Concern surrounding its potentially damaging cutaneous effects has been raised in both the medical community and social media outlets. In this article, we provide an evidenced-based review describing what is currently known about visible light, focusing on its role in dermatologic diseases including disorders of hyperpigmentation such as melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Raheel Zubair
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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5
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Tuchayi SM, Wang Z, Yan J, Garibyan L, Bai X, Gilchrest BA. Sunscreens: Misconceptions and Misinformation. J Invest Dermatol 2023:S0022-202X(23)01977-2. [PMID: 37054947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 70 years sunscreens have evolved from "beach products" designed to prevent sunburn to more cosmetically elegant skincare products intended to protect against multiple longterm adverse consequences of characteristically low intensity daily ultraviolet and visible light exposure. Sunscreen testing and labeling intended to quantify such protection are unfortunately often misunderstood by users and have also led to illegal misleading and potentially dangerous industry practices. Changes in regulatory requirements, better policing, and more informative sunscreen labeling would benefit users and their physician advisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moradi Tuchayi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Zixiao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lilit Garibyan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Barbara A Gilchrest
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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6
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Krutmann J, Piquero-Casals J, Morgado-Carrasco D, Granger C, Trullàs C, Passeron T, Lim HW. Photoprotection for people with skin of colour: needs and strategies. Br J Dermatol 2023; 188:168-175. [PMID: 36763874 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Skin of colour or pigmented skin has unique characteristics: it has a higher eumelanin-to-pheomelanin ratio, more mature melanosomes, an increased amount of melanin distributed in the upper layers of the epidermis, and more efficient DNA repair compared with lighter skin. However, individuals with skin of colour are at a significant risk of skin damage caused by ultraviolet radiation, including the development of photodermatoses and photoageing changes such as uneven skin tone, and are predisposed to pigmentary disorders. In fact, one of the most common conditions leading to dermatology consultations by patients with skin of colour is photoexacerbated pigmentary disorders. Unfortunately, individuals with skin of colour may be less prone to engage in photoprotective measures, including the use of sunscreens. Physicians are also less likely to prescribe sunscreens for them. There is thus a clear need for better education on photodamage and for more efficient and suitable photoprotection in populations with skin of colour. However, this need has thus far only partially been met, and the development of sunscreen products designed to provide optimal photoprotection for people with skin of colour remains a challenge. Targeted sunscreens for individuals with skin of colour require optimal cosmetic appeal (leaving no white residue and not disrupting skin tone). They should include broad-spectrum [ultraviolet (UV)B/UVA] protection with high sun protection factor, as well as protection against long-wave UVA (UVA1) and visible light, as these wavelengths are capable of inducing or augmenting pigmentary disorders. They may also contain depigmenting agents for patients with pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Morgado-Carrasco
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Thierry Passeron
- University Côte d'Azur, CHU Nice, Department of Dermatology, Nice, France.,University Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Henry W Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
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7
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Hydrolipidic Characteristics and Clinical Efficacy of a Dermocosmetic Formulation for the Improvement of Homeostasis on Oily Mature Skin. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010087. [PMID: 36676036 PMCID: PMC9861166 DOI: 10.3390/life13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the scientific literature associates mature skin with dry skin and the secretion of sebum on the face decreases over the years, in tropical countries, such as Brazil, mature skin can still present oily characteristics. Thus, the knowledge of the hydrophilic characteristics of mature skin is fundamental to help the development of more effective treatments for this skin type. In this context, the study aimed to evaluate the hydrophilic characteristics and the clinical efficacy of a cosmetic formulation for mature skin added with alfalfa and lentil extracts by using biophysical and skin imaging techniques. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy females aged between 45 and 59 years were enrolled. Measurements of the stratum corneum water content, sebum content, transepidermal water loss, skin microrelief, and pores count were performed before and after the 28-day formulation application. RESULTS The mature skin presented as oily with wrinkles and pores. The proposed formulation significantly reduced the sebum content and the number of fine and large pores and improved skin microrelief and hydration after a 28-day period of the application when compared to the vehicle. CONCLUSIONS The proposed formulation was effective in oily mature skin treatment, improving its general skin aging and oiliness conditions, and reducing pores count in just 28 days.
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8
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Bernerd F, Passeron T, Castiel I, Marionnet C. The Damaging Effects of Long UVA (UVA1) Rays: A Major Challenge to Preserve Skin Health and Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158243. [PMID: 35897826 PMCID: PMC9368482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Within solar ultraviolet (UV) light, the longest UVA1 wavelengths, with significant and relatively constant levels all year round and large penetration properties, produce effects in all cutaneous layers. Their effects, mediated by numerous endogenous chromophores, primarily involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative stress is the major mode of action of UVA1, responsible for lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA lesions and subsequent intracellular signaling cascades. These molecular changes lead to mutations, apoptosis, dermis remodeling, inflammatory reactions and abnormal immune responses. The altered biological functions contribute to clinical consequences such as hyperpigmentation, inflammation, photoimmunosuppression, sun allergies, photoaging and photocancers. Such harmful impacts have also been reported after the use of UVA1 phototherapy or tanning beds. Furthermore, other external aggressors, such as pollutants and visible light (Vis), were shown to induce independent, cumulative and synergistic effects with UVA1 rays. In this review, we synthetize the biological and clinical effects of UVA1 and the complementary effects of UVA1 with pollutants or Vis. The identified deleterious biological impact of UVA1 contributing to clinical consequences, combined with the predominance of UVA1 rays in solar UV radiation, constitute a solid rational for the need for a broad photoprotection, including UVA1 up to 400 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bernerd
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-48-68-95-95
| | - Thierry Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Nice, University Côte d’Azur, 151, Route de Ginestière, 06200 Nice, France;
- Research Center C3M, INSERM Unit 1065, University Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Castiel
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, 3 Rue Dora Maar, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France;
| | - Claire Marionnet
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France;
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9
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Ruvolo E, Boothby-Shoemaker W, Kumar N, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW, Kohli I. Evaluation of efficacy of antioxidant-enriched sunscreen prodcuts against long wavelength ultraviolet A1 and visible light. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:394-402. [PMID: 35587114 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The synergistic effects of VL and long wavelength UVA1 (VL+UVA1, 370-700 nm) on inducing pigmentation and erythema in skin have been demonstrated and linked to exacerbation of dermatologic conditions including melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. This study aims to compare the photoprotection of organic sunscreens enriched with antioxidant (AO) combinations against VL+UVA1 induced biologic effects. The efficacy was compared to that offered by a commercially available tinted sunscreen. METHODS Ten healthy adult subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes IV-VI were enrolled (nine completed). VL+UVA1 dose of 380 J/cm2 was utilized. Assessment methods were polarized photography, investigator global scoring, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Measurements were obtained at baseline and immediately, 24 hours, and 7 days after irradiation. RESULTS Sites treated with tinted sunscreen product had significantly less pigmentation compared with untreated but irradiated skin at all time points. However, DRS results demonstrated that the 5-AO sunscreen performed comparably or better than all sunscreens tested with relatively lower dyschromia, delayed erythema and pigmentation. CONCLUSION These results highlight the potential of AO enriched sunscreens to be photoprotective against VL+UVA1. The combination of efficacy and the cosmetic appearance of this product may provide wider acceptability which is crucial considering the limited available means of protection against this waveband.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wyatt Boothby-Shoemaker
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nishant Kumar
- College of Literature, Science and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Iltefat H Hamzavi
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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10
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Duteil L, Cadars B, Queille‐Roussel C, Giraud I, Drulhon F, Graizeau C, Guyoux A, Passeron T. A new
in vitro
method to predict
in vivo
photoprotection of skin hyperpigmentation induced by visible light. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:922-926. [PMID: 35224781 PMCID: PMC9314032 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Ultraviolet radiation is the main cause of skin pigmentation, but more recently visible light has been shown to be an important contributor especially in melano‐competent subjects. Photoprotection from visible light can improve several hyperpigmentation disorders. Recently, a visible light photoprotection assessment method has been proposed based on in vivo pigmentation; the visible light photoprotection factor (VL‐PF) is determined by assessment of the change in colorimetry parameter ITA over several days measured using a chromameter. Although in vivo methods remain the most representative of real life, in vitro methods are more suited to screening sunscreen formulations. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between in vivo and in vitro methods in assessing protection against visible light induced pigmentation. Methods We first analysed the in vitro protective properties of the 10 commercially available sunscreens using transmission measurements in the visible spectrum. Then, we performed a monocentric, double‐blind, randomized controlled study with intra‐individual comparisons in 20 healthy subjects and measure the VL‐PF in vivo of those sunscreens. The correlation between the VL‐PF and the percentage of blocked light was evaluated using the coefficient of determination R2. Results A strong significant correlation was demonstrated between in vivo visible light protection factor and in vitro transmittance measurements, with the highest correlation factor at 420 nm and in the spectrum covering from 400 to 469 nm. Conclusion Transmittance measurements were found to be a good predictive tool to evaluate sunscreen visible light photoprotection efficacy and could be used to select formulations for final in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Duteil
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology Applied to Dermatology (CPCAD) L’Archet 2 Hospital Nice France
| | - B. Cadars
- NAOS, Research and Development Department Lyon France
| | - C. Queille‐Roussel
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology Applied to Dermatology (CPCAD) L’Archet 2 Hospital Nice France
| | - I. Giraud
- NAOS Les Laboratoires Research and Development Department Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - F. Drulhon
- NAOS Les Laboratoires Research and Development Department Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - C. Graizeau
- NAOS ILS, Research and Development Department Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - A. Guyoux
- NAOS Les Laboratoires Research and Development Department Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - T. Passeron
- Department of Dermatology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice University Côte d’Azur Nice France
- C3M, INSERM U1065 University Côte d’Azur Nice France
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11
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Lawrence KP, Sarkany RPE, Acker S, Herzog B, Young AR. A new visible light absorbing organic filter offers superior protection against pigmentation by wavelengths at the UVR-visible boundary region. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 227:112372. [PMID: 34954519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR; ~295-400 nm) is well established. More recently, visible light (VL; 400-740 nm) has been shown to induce rapid pigmentation. Such pigmentation is thought to be caused by oxidative stress, which has associations with skin cancer and photoageing. However, the UVR-VL boundary region has been less well studied. The lower back of healthy Fitzpatrick skin type II-IV individuals was irradiated with increasing doses of narrow-band 385 nm and 405 nm radiation. Pigmentation change was measured immediately, 6 h and 24 h post-irradiation using two reflectance spectroscopy devices and visual grading. Pigmentation was dose-dependently increased in all skin types and time points for both spectra. Two sunscreens, both labelled SPF 15 and UVA protective in the EU and USA (but with different Boots star rating in the UK, 2* vs 5*) were compared. Their formulations were the same apart from the addition of a new organic filter bis-(diethylaminohydroxybenzoyl benzoyl) piperazine (BDBP) that absorbs between 350 and 425 nm. The product that lacked BDBP provided minimal protection against pigmentation, but its addition provided almost complete protection. This demonstrates the needs to improve photoprotection at the UVR-visible border and for sunscreens to act as neutral density filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P Lawrence
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Robert P E Sarkany
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | | | - Antony R Young
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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12
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Phenylene Bis-Diphenyltriazine (TriAsorB), a new sunfilter protecting the skin against both UVB + UVA and blue light radiations. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1475-1486. [PMID: 34643936 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight induces actinic keratosis, skin cancers and photoaging. Photoprotection is thus a major issue in public health to prevent the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiations. Recent data have shown that the visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) radiations can lead to skin damage by oxidative stress, suggesting that a balanced protection across the entire spectrum of sunlight is necessary to prevent cutaneous alterations. In this context, we developed a new generation of sunfilter called Phenylene Bis-Diphenyltriazine or TriAsorB (CAS N°55514-22-2). The aim of the present study was to assess the photoprotective efficacy of TriAsorB from UV to IR light. Spectrophotometric assays were performed to measure absorption and reflectance of TriAsorB in the different spectral ranges of sunlight: UV, VIS including blue light or high energy visible (HEV) and IR. DNA damage was evaluated using reconstructed human epidermis (RHE): 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) in response to HEV exposure, pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) photoproducts following solar-simulated radiation (SSR). TriAsorB is a broad spectrum UVB + UVA filter including long UVA. Interestingly, it also absorbs VIS radiations, especially in the HEV region. These radiations are also reflected. Protection in the IR spectral range is weak. Furthermore, the sunfilter specifically protects the skin against the oxidative lesions 8OHdG induced by HEV and prevents SSR-induced DNA damage. Thus, TriAsorB is an innovative sunfilter that might be used in sun care products for skin photoprotection from UV to VIS radiations. Finally, it prevents sunlight genotoxicity and protected the skin against solar radiations, especially blue light.
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13
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Lim HW, Kohli I, Granger C, Trullàs C, Piquero-Casals J, Narda M, Masson P, Krutmann J, Passeron T. Photoprotection of the Skin from Visible Light‒Induced Pigmentation: Current Testing Methods and Proposed Harmonization. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2569-2576. [PMID: 34112516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Visible light (VL) can induce pigmentary alterations, especially in dark-skinned individuals, and exacerbate photodermatoses and pigmentary disorders. Currently, there is no standardized method for assessing sunscreen protection against VL. On the basis of a critical review of published in vitro and in vivo methods, a VL photoprotection assessment method based on pigmentation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Thierry Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalaire Universitaire de Nice, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; C3M, INSERM U1065, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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14
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Passeron T, Krutmann J, Andersen ML, Katta R, Zouboulis CC. Clinical and biological impact of the exposome on the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 34 Suppl 4:4-25. [PMID: 32677068 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The skin exposome is defined as the totality of environmental exposures over the life course that can induce or modify various skin conditions. Here, we review the impact on the skin of solar exposure, air pollution, hormones, nutrition and psychological factors. Photoageing, photocarcinogenesis and pigmentary changes are well-established consequences of chronic exposure of the skin to solar radiation. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution contributes to skin ageing. Particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide cause skin pigmentation/lentigines, while ozone causes wrinkles and has an impact on atopic eczema. Human skin is a major target of hormones, and they exhibit a wide range of biological activities on the skin. Hormones decline with advancing age influencing skin ageing. Nutrition has an impact on numerous biochemical processes, including oxidation, inflammation and glycation, which may result in clinical effects, including modification of the course of skin ageing and photoageing. Stress and lack of sleep are known to contribute to a pro-inflammatory state, which, in turn, affects the integrity of extracellular matrix proteins, in particular collagen. Hormone dysregulation, malnutrition and stress may contribute to inflammatory skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne and rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Passeron
- Côte d'Azur University, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Centre Nice, Nice, France.,Côte d'Azur University, INSERM U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - J Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)/Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Katta
- Volunteer Clinical Faculty, Baylor College of Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
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15
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Passeron T, Lim HW, Goh CL, Kang HY, Ly F, Morita A, Ocampo Candiani J, Puig S, Schalka S, Wei L, Dréno B, Krutmann J. Photoprotection according to skin phototype and dermatoses: practical recommendations from an expert panel. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1460-1469. [PMID: 33764577 PMCID: PMC8252523 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence on the impact of the different wavelengths of sunlight on the skin demonstrates the need for tailored recommendations of sunscreen according to skin phototype and dermatoses, which is now possible due to advances in the filters and formulations of sunscreens. A selective literature search was performed by an international expert panel, focusing on the type of sunscreen to recommend for photoaging, skin cancers, photodermatoses, pigmentary disorders and skin inflammatory disorders. Protection against ultraviolet (UV)B is especially important for light skin as there is a high risk of sunburn, DNA damage and skin cancers. Darker skin may be naturally better protected against UVB but is more prone to hyperpigmentation induced by visible light (VL) and UVA. Protection against UVA, VL and infrared A can be helpful for all skin phototypes as they penetrate deeply and cause photoaging. Long‐wave UVA1 plays a critical role in pigmentation, photoaging, skin cancer, DNA damage and photodermatoses. Adapting the formulation and texture of the sunscreen to the type of skin and dermatoses is also essential. Practical recommendations on the type of sunscreen to prescribe are provided to support the clinician in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, Côte d'Azur University, Nice University Hospital Center, Nice, France.,INSERM U1065, C3M, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France
| | - H W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - C-L Goh
- National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Y Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - F Ly
- Department of Dermatology, Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar University, EPS Institute of Social Hygiene, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - J Ocampo Candiani
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty University Hospital of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - S Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Barcelona University Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Schalka
- Medcin Skin Research Center and Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Wei
- Department of Dermatology, The General Hospital of Air Force PLA, Beijing, China
| | - B Dréno
- Department of Dermato-Oncology, CIC 1413, CRCINA, Nantes University Hospital Center, Nantes, France
| | - J Krutmann
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
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16
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Krutmann J, Schalka S, Watson REB, Wei L, Morita A. Daily photoprotection to prevent photoaging. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2021; 37:482-489. [PMID: 33896049 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extrinsic skin aging or photoaging was previously thought to be almost exclusively due to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, recent literature has described other contributing factors and clarification is thus required as to what extent and what type of daily photoprotection is needed to mitigate extrinsic skin aging. METHODS We reviewed the existing scientific evidence on daily photoprotection, and specific requirements at the product level, to prevent extrinsic skin aging. We critically reviewed the existing evidence on potential ecological and toxicological risks which might be associated with daily photoprotection. RESULTS Evidence shows that broad protection against the entire solar range of UVB, UVA, UVA1, visible light, and short infrared (IRA) is required to prevent extrinsic aging. Other exposome factors, such as air pollution and smoking, also contribute to skin aging. Daily broad-spectrum sunscreen photoprotection should thus contain antioxidant ingredients for additional benefits against UV, IRA, and pollution-induced oxidative stress as well as anti-aging active ingredients to provide clinical benefits against skin aging signs, such as wrinkles and dark spots. Broad-spectrum sunscreen containing pigments, such as iron oxide, may be required for melasma prevention. There is no conclusive clinical evidence that daily sunscreen use is unsafe or that it compromises vitamin D synthesis. CONCLUSION Daily use of broad-spectrum sunscreen containing antioxidant and anti-aging active ingredients can effectively reduce extrinsic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Krutmann
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany.,Medical faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sérgio Schalka
- Medcin Skin research Center and Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rachel Elizabeth Beatrice Watson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester & Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Liu Wei
- Department of Dermatology, The General Hospital of Air Force PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Geisler AN, Austin E, Nguyen J, Hamzavi I, Jagdeo J, Lim HW. Visible light. Part II: Photoprotection against visible and ultraviolet light. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 84:1233-1244. [PMID: 33640513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous photobiology studies have focused primarily on the ultraviolet portion of the solar spectrum. Visible light (VL), which comprises 50% of the electromagnetic radiation that reaches the Earth's surface and, as discussed in Part I of this CME, has cutaneous biologic effects, such as pigment darkening and erythema. Photoprotection against VL includes avoiding the sun, seeking shade, and using photoprotective clothing. The organic and inorganic ultraviolet filters used in sunscreens do not protect against VL, only tinted sunscreens do. In the United States, these filters are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as an over-the-counter drug and are subject to more stringent regulations than in Europe, Asia, and Australia. There are no established guidelines regarding VL photoprotection. Alternative measures to confer VL photoprotection are being explored. These novel methods include topical, oral, and subcutaneous agents. Further development should focus on better protection in the ultraviolet A1 (340-400 nm) and VL ranges while enhancing the cosmesis of the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Austin
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Photomedicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Photomedicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Iltefat Hamzavi
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Photomedicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York.
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
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18
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Abstract
Skin aging results from the interaction of genetic and nongenetic so-called exposomal, factors. Among the exposomal factors, chronic, life-long exposure to sunlight is of eminent importance for the development of skin aging characteristics. Importantly, photoaging of human skin is not only caused by ultraviolet (UV) B and A radiation, but is also the consequence of exposure to wavelengths beyond the UV spectrum. These include visible, i.e. blue light (400-440 nm) as well as the short part of infrared radiation, i.e. IRA (760-1200 nm). Here we summarize the scientific evidence supporting these conclusions and emphasize the resulting consequences for daily photoprotection of human skin. We also explain the clinical significance of the concept that is offered by the skin aging exposome, which e.g. takes into account the fact that sunlight interacts with other exposomal factors and that this interaction is important for photoaging of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz-Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
| | - M Berneburg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, UKR - Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
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19
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D'Angelo Costa GM, Maia Campos PMBG. Efficacy of topical antioxidants in the skin hyperpigmentation control: A clinical study by reflectance confocal microscopy. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:538-545. [PMID: 33151621 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some in vitro studies have reported the potential of antioxidants for the reduction of melanogenesis. However, it is important to assess the clinical efficacy of these substances in reducing skin hyperpigmentation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of dermocosmetic formulations based on antioxidants using Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). METHODS Thirty-two healthy females aged 39-55 years were enrolled and divided into four groups: Vehicle (V), V with ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate (ATIP), V with Spirulina sp., and V with hydroxytyrosol-titrated olive extract. Imaging analyses by high-resolution methods and RCM were performed in the malar region of the face before and after a 42-day period of application of the studied formulations. RESULTS Reflectance confocal microscopy imaging analyses showed a significant reduction of number of hyperreflective pixels and basal layer brightness after 42 days of application of formulations containing the antioxidants compared to vehicle and baseline values, suggesting an improvement of the skin pigmentation pattern. CONCLUSION Reflectance confocal microscopy permitted the identification of skin hyperpigmentation and the assessment of the clinical efficacy of dermocosmetic formulations based on antioxidants in a noninvasive way. All formulations containing antioxidants significantly reduced skin hyperpigmentation after the period of application.
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20
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Lyons AB, Trullas C, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW. Photoprotection beyond ultraviolet radiation: A review of tinted sunscreens. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:1393-1397. [PMID: 32335182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation and visible light both have biologic effects on the skin. Visible light can induce erythema in light-skinned individuals and pigmentation in dark-skinned individuals. Broad-spectrum sunscreens protect against ultraviolet radiation but do not adequately protect against visible light. For a sunscreen to protect against visible light, it must be visible on the skin. Inorganic filters (also known as mineral filters), namely, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, are used in the form of nanoparticles in sunscreens to minimize the chalky and white appearance on the skin; as such, they do not protect against visible light. Tinted sunscreens use different formulations and concentrations of iron oxides and pigmentary titanium dioxide to provide protection against visible light. Many shades of tinted sunscreens are available by combining different amounts of iron oxides and pigmentary titanium dioxide to cater to all skin phototypes. Therefore, tinted sunscreens are beneficial for patients with visible light-induced photodermatoses and those with hyperpigmentation disorders such as melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis B Lyons
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
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21
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Narla S, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW. Visible light in photodermatology. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:99-104. [PMID: 31922171 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00425d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, visible light (VL) had been regarded to be without significant photobiologic effect on the skin. Updated research suggests that this is not the case and the measurable effect of visible light on the skin is being documented in all skin types. Recent studies have demonstrated that in dark-skinned individuals, visible light can induce more intense and longer lasting pigmentation of the skin compared to UVA1. This effect was potentiated when VL was combined with a small percentage of ultraviolet A1 radiation (UVA1). Further, the combination of VL + UVA1 was also able to induce erythema in light-skinned individuals, a novel finding since the erythemogenic spectrum of sunlight had primarily been attributed to ultraviolet B (UVB) and short wavelength UVA (320-340 nm). Based on these findings, VL and UVA1 may also potentially play a role in conditions aggravated by sun exposure such as phototoxicity in light-skinned patients and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and melasma, especially in dark-skinned individuals. Currently available organic (chemical) UV filters are not sufficient to protect the skin from the effect of VL. VL is emerging as a key player in photodermatology and additional research is needed on the cutaneous effects of VL, as well as the development of filters and other means of photoprotection against the harmful effects of the VL spectrum. The aim of this manuscript is to review the literature on the cutaneous effects of VL as well as to highlight areas of dermatology where VL may play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Narla
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Iltefat H Hamzavi
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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22
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Mann T, Eggers K, Rippke F, Tesch M, Buerger A, Darvin ME, Schanzer S, Meinke MC, Lademann J, Kolbe L. High-energy visible light at ambient doses and intensities induces oxidative stress of skin-Protective effects of the antioxidant and Nrf2 inducer Licochalcone A in vitro and in vivo. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 36:135-144. [PMID: 31661571 PMCID: PMC7078816 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solar radiation causes skin damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While UV filters effectively reduce UV-induced ROS, they cannot prevent VIS-induced (400-760 nm) oxidative stress. Therefore, potent antioxidants are needed as additives to sunscreen products. METHODS We investigated VIS-induced ROS formation and the photoprotective effects of the Nrf2 inducer Licochalcone A (LicA). RESULTS Visible spectrum of 400-500 nm dose-dependently induced ROS in cultured human fibroblasts at doses equivalent to 1 hour of sunshine on a sunny summer day (150 J/cm2 ). A pretreatment for 24 hours with 1 µmol/L LicA reduced ROS formation to the level of unirradiated cells while UV filters alone were ineffective, even at SPF50+. In vivo, topical treatment with a LicA-containing SPF50 + formulation significantly prevented the depletion of intradermal carotenoids by VIS irradiation while SPF50 + control did not protect. CONCLUSION LicA may be a useful additive antioxidant for sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mann
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Eggers
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Rippke
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Tesch
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anette Buerger
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Schanzer
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludger Kolbe
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Schalka S, de Paula Corrêa M, Sawada LY, Canale CC, de Andrade TN. A novel method for evaluating sun visible light protection factor and pigmentation protection factor of sunscreens. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:605-616. [PMID: 31695466 PMCID: PMC6718061 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s207256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The role of visible light (VL) in the process of skin pigmentation by solar radiation has been demonstrated. Sunscreens with the presence of pigments, particularly iron oxide (IO), have a greater protective effect against VL and are, therefore, highly recommended for prevention and treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders. This study aimed to evaluate 33 sunscreen formulations, and through spectrophotometric measurements, proposes new methods to evaluate the VL protection factor and the pigmentation protection factor. Methods 33 sunscreen formulations marketed in Brazil were evaluated, including 17 products containing pigments and 16 products with no pigments. Spectrophotometric measurements were taken to determine solar VL protection factor and the pigmentation protection factor, based on the absorption curve of the product, the pigmentation action spectrum and sun spectrum. Results Sunscreen with pigments presented a higher solar VL protection factor and pigmentation protection factor compared to products without pigment. The statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between the solar VL protection factor and the integral of the absorption curve in the VL range and the transmittance reduction (%) in the same range. The correlation between the VL protection factor and the pigmentation protection factor was also demonstrated. Conclusion The VL protection factor and the pigmentation protection factor showed to be adequate metrics to estimate the effectiveness of sunscreens in the prevention of the pigmentary effect of solar VL and the pigmentary effect of the complete spectrum of immediate pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Schalka
- Department of Dermatology, Medcin Clinical Research Center, Osasco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila C Canale
- Department of Pharmacy, Medcin Clinical Research Center, Osasco, Brazil
| | - Thayna N de Andrade
- Department of Photoprotection, Medcin Clinical Research Center, Osasco, Brazil
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Maia Campos PMBG, Melo MO, Mercurio DG. Use of Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Characterization of Oily Skin. Front Physiol 2019; 10:254. [PMID: 30971936 PMCID: PMC6443891 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessively oily skin leads to clinical signs that cause discomfort to patients, such as excessive shine, enlarged pores, acne, and an imbalance of the hydrolipidic layer. In this context, a constant demand for the research and development of products that prevent these features, has been noted in the field of cosmetics and dermatology. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the cutaneous characteristics of oily skin due an excessive production of sebum through biophysical and skin imaging techniques. 19 participants with different skin types were selected and the following parameters were evaluated: pore count, determination of the number of sebaceous glands and amount of sebum in infundibulum, determination of cutaneous microrelief, count of comedones, evaluation of epidermis thickness, characterization of the cellular, and comedone size and its characteristics. These evaluations were done through biophysical and skin imaging techniques. The obtained results showed that different regions of the face presented different characteristics related to oiliness, quantity, and the appearance of pores and comedones. The malar region had a lower epidermis thickness and a larger number of large pores. Moreover, in this region excessive sebum production, which can be related to pores, not comedones, was noted. The nose region presented higher sebum content in the infundibulum and lower active sebaceous glands, showing a higher activity of sebaceous production in this region. The chin region presented a positive correlation between the sebum content, roughness parameter and the number of pores and comedones. As different skin properties are related and influence the appearance of undesirable clinical signs, we identified the need for a multifactorial approach for the effective treatment of oily skin. The rational development of multifunctional cosmetic products that promote the control of oily skin, that regulate the keratinization process, improve the microrelief and leads to a better epidermis and dermis structure, will not only improve oily skin conditions but will also allow for the reduction or disappearance of clinical signs that result from excessive oiliness, all of which causes concern and results in a relentless search for cosmetic and dermatological products that address the unaesthetic nature of these conditions.
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