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Kausar G, Chauhan SB, Roy R, Verma V, Pandey S, Niyaz A, Chakravarty J, Engwerda CR, Nylen S, Kumar R, Wilson ME, Sundar S. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of monocyte subsets in the blood and bone marrow of Indian subjects with Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012112. [PMID: 38669292 PMCID: PMC11108134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially fatal parasitic infection caused by Leishmania donovani in India. L. donovani is an obligate intracellular protozoan residing mostly in macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system throughout chronic infection. Monocytic phagocytes are critical in the pathogenesis of different forms of leishmaniasis. Subsets of monocytes are distinguished by their surface markers into CD14+CD16- classical monocytes, CD14+CD16+ intermediate monocytes, and CD16++CD14low non-classical monocyte subsets. During cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), intermediate monocyte are reported to be a source of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF, and they express CCR2 attracting them to sites of inflammatory pathology. We examined monocyte subsets in the blood and bone marrow of patients with VL from an endemic site in Bihar, India, and found these contrasted with the roles of monocytes in CL. During VL, intermediate and non-classical CD16+ monocyte subsets expressed instead a non-inflammatory phenotype with low CCR2, high CX3CR1 and low microbicidal oxidant generation, making them more similar to patrolling monocytes than inflammatory cells. Bone marrow CD16+ monocyte subsets expressed a phenotype that might be more similar to the inflammatory subsets of CL, although our inability to obtain bone marrow from healthy donors in the endemic region hampered this interpretation Overall the data suggest that CD16+ intermediate monocyte subsets in VL patients express a phenotypes that contributes to an immunosuppressed pathologic immune state, but in contrast to CL, these do not mediate localized inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulafsha Kausar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ritirupa Roy
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vimal Verma
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sundaram Pandey
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Aziza Niyaz
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jaya Chakravarty
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Susanne Nylen
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mary E. Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa and the VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Naz S, Aroosh A, Raza N, Islam A, Fatima A, Ozbel Y, Toz S, Hayat O, Waseem S. Comparative analysis of the severity and progression of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in untreated and glucantime-treated patients. Acta Trop 2023; 248:107023. [PMID: 37717686 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a disease that has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. Understanding the immune responses responsible for tissue damage or the process of lesion healing plays a pivotal role in shaping optimal treatment strategies. In this study, we investigated immunological phenotypes for three groups: glucantime treated (n = 30) and untreated (n = 30) CL patients infected with Leishmania tropica (L. tropica), and healthy controls (n = 20). T-lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), and B lymphocytes (CD14+ and CD19+) were isolated using antibody-conjugated microbeads and magnetic field isolation to achieve high purity. A higher significant difference was observed between T-lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), and B-lymphocytes (CD14+ and CD19+) cells in CL-infected groups before and after treatment (p < 0.0001). When compared, there was also a significant difference among T-lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), B lymphocytes (CD14+ and CD19+) p < 0.0001, p < 0.0005, and p < 0.0007, respectively between CL-infected individuals (before and after treatment) to controls. Our findings suggest that an increased proportion of these cells seen in treated patients may mediate healing, while it is also possible that they may contribute to tissue injury. Understanding the immune system and lesion size of CL can help develop immunotherapies and comprehend the evolution of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Naz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Aiman Aroosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Raza
- Department of Dermatology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital (MH), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Islam
- Department of Pathology, Government Lady Reading Hospital Medical Teaching Institution, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Anam Fatima
- Department of Medicine, Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Toz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Obaid Hayat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
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3
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Leite-Silva J, Oliveira-Ribeiro C, Morgado FN, Pimentel MIF, Lyra MR, Fagundes A, Miranda LFC, Valete-Rosalino CM, Schubach AO, Conceição-Silva F. Is There Any Difference in the In Situ Immune Response in Active Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis That Respond Well or Poorly to Meglumine Antimoniate Treatment or Spontaneously Heal? Microorganisms 2023; 11:1631. [PMID: 37512804 PMCID: PMC10384164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis can either respond well or poorly to the treatment or heal spontaneously; It seems to be dependent on the parasite and/or host factors, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. We evaluated the in situ immune response in eighty-two active lesions from fifty-eight patients prior to treatment classified as early spontaneous regression (SRL-n = 14); treatment responders (GRL-n = 20); and non-responders (before first treatment/relapse, PRL1/PRL2-n = 24 each). Immunohistochemistry was used to identify cell/functional markers which were correlated with the clinical characteristics. PRL showed significant differences in lesion number/size, clinical evolution, and positive parasitological examinations when compared with the other groups. SRL presented a more efficient immune response than GRL and PRL, with higher IFN-γ/NOS2 and a lower percentage of macrophages, neutrophils, NK, B cells, and Ki-67+ cells. Compared to SRL, PRL had fewer CD4+ Tcells and more CD163+ macrophages. PRL1 had more CD68+ macrophages and Ki-67+ cells but less IFN-γ than GRL. PRL present a less efficient immune profile, which could explain the poor treatment response, while SRL had a more balanced immune response profile for lesion healing. Altogether, these evaluations suggest a differentiated profile of the organization of the inflammatory process for lesions of different tegumentary leishmaniasis evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Leite-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carla Oliveira-Ribeiro
- Service of Oncological Dermatology-National Institute of Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20570-120, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Fernandes Pimentel
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Fagundes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Freitas Campos Miranda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Valete-Rosalino
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Armando Oliveira Schubach
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
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Leishmanicidal Activity of Guanidine Derivatives against Leishmania infantum. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030141. [PMID: 36977142 PMCID: PMC10051705 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical infectious disease with thousands of cases annually; it is of great concern to global health, particularly the most severe form, visceral leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis treatments are minimal and have severe adverse effects. As guanidine-bearing compounds have shown antimicrobial activity, we analyzed the cytotoxic effects of several guanidine-bearing compounds on Leishmania infantum in their promastigote and amastigote forms in vitro, their cytotoxicity in human cells, and their impact on reactive nitrogen species production. LQOFG-2, LQOFG-6, and LQOFG-7 had IC50 values of 12.7, 24.4, and 23.6 µM, respectively, in promastigotes. These compounds exhibited cytotoxicity in axenic amastigotes at 26.1, 21.1, and 18.6 µM, respectively. The compounds showed no apparent cytotoxicity in cells from healthy donors. To identify mechanisms of action, we evaluated cell death processes by annexin V and propidium iodide staining and nitrite production. Guanidine-containing compounds caused a significant percentage of death by apoptosis in amastigotes. Independent of L. infantum infection, LQOFG-7 increased nitrite production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which suggests a potential mechanism of action for this compound. Therefore, these data suggest that guanidine derivatives are potential anti-microbial molecules, and further research is needed to fully understand their mechanism of action, especially in anti-leishmanial studies.
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5
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Oliveira WN, Dórea AS, Carneiro PP, Nascimento MT, Carvalho LP, Machado PRL, Schriefer A, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM. The Influence of Infection by Different Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Isolates on the Pathogenesis of Disseminated Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:740278. [PMID: 34568099 PMCID: PMC8462778 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.740278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated Leishmaniasis (DL) is an emerging and severe form of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection defined by the presence of 10 and up to more than 1,000 skin lesions. The mechanisms underlying parasite dissemination remain unknown. Genotypic differences among species of L. braziliensis have been associated with different clinical forms of disease. The present work compared the function of monocytes obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and DL in response to infection with L. braziliensis isolates of both these two clinical forms of disease. Mononuclear cells obtained from DL and CL patients were infected with different L. braziliensis isolates, and numbers of infected cells, parasite load, respiratory burst, TLR2 and TLR4 expression and cytokine production were evaluated. DL isolates infected more monocytes, induced greater respiratory burst, and more cytokine production compared to isolates from CL patients regardless of the origin of monocytes (DL or CL). However, greater parasite multiplication and higher TLR2 and TLR4 expression were seen in monocytes from DL patients compared to CL following infection with DL isolates. Our results indicate the participation of both parasite genotype and host factors in the pathogenesis of DL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker N Oliveira
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Andreza S Dórea
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Pedro P Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz - Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz - Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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6
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Ribeiro CS, França RR, Silva JA, Silva SCD, Uliana SRB, Boaventura VS, Machado PRL. Cellular infiltrate in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and therapeutic outcome. An Bras Dermatol 2021; 96:544-550. [PMID: 34330599 PMCID: PMC8441461 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is a challenge. A better understanding of the in situ mechanisms involved in the evolution and cure of the disease is essential for the development of new therapies. OBJECTIVE Correlate histopathological and immunological characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions with clinical outcome after different treatment regimens. METHODS The authors analyzed cellular infiltration and immunohistochemistry staining for CD4, CD8 and IL-17 in biopsy samples from 33 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis before treatment. All patients were recruited in a randomized clinical trial at Corte de Pedra (Bahia-Brazil) and assigned to receive Glucantime®, Glucantime® + Oral Tamoxifen or Glucantime® + Topical Tamoxifen. Patients were followed for 2 to 6 months to define disease outcome. RESULTS A similar expression of CD4, CD8 and IL-17 was observed in lesion samples regardless of clinical outcome. In general, a higher amount of CD8 cells were observed compared with CD4 cells. An important observation was that all patients whose cellular infiltrate did not contain plasma cells were cured after treatment. STUDY LIMITATIONS Isolated quantification of TCD8 and IL-17 using immunohistochemistry is insufficient to analyze the role of these molecules in the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In addition, the expansion of the immunohistochemistry panel would allow a more complete analysis of the immune response in situ. CONCLUSIONS The absence of plasma cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions was related to a favorable therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riam Rocha França
- Immunology Service. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sílvia R B Uliana
- Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Sampaio Boaventura
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Immunology Service. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Chanyalew M, Abebe M, Endale B, Girma S, Tasew G, Bobosha K, Zewide M, Howe R, van Zandbergen G, Ritter U, Gadisa E, Aseffa A, Laskay T. Enhanced activation of blood neutrophils and monocytes in patients with Ethiopian localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in response to Leishmania aethiopica Neutrophil activation in Ethiopian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105967. [PMID: 34029532 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest an essential role of the innate immune effector cells neutrophils and monocytes in protection or disease progression in the early course of Leishmania infection. In areas endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia most individuals are exposed to bites of infected sandflies. Still only a minor ratio of the inhabitants develops symptomatic disease. Neutrophils, followed by monocytes, are the first cells to be recruited to the site of Leishmania infection, the initial response of neutrophils to parasites appears to be crucial for the protective response and disease outcome. Our working hypothesis is that neutrophils and/or monocytes in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) patients may have defects in function of innate immune cell that contribute to failure to parasite clearance that lead to establishment of infection. The response of cells in Ethiopian LCL patients and healthy controls to Leishmania aethiopica and to the Toll like receptor (TLR) agonists lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and macrophage activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) was investigated by assessing the cell surface expression of CD62L (on neutrophil and monocyte) and CD66b (only on neutrophil), as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by using whole blood-based assays in vitro. No impaired response of neutrophils and monocytes to the microbial constituents LPS and MALP-2 was observed. Neutrophils and monocytes from LCL patients responded stronger to Leishmania aethiopica in the applied whole blood assays than cells from healthy individuals. These experimental findings do not support the hypothesis regarding a possible dysfunction of neutrophils and monocytes in cutaneous leishmaniasis. On the contrary, these cells react stronger in LCL patients as compared to healthy controls. The differential response to L. aethiopica observed between LCL patients and healthy controls have the potential to serve as biomarker to develop FACS based diagnostic/ prognostic techniques for LCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menberework Chanyalew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Markos Abebe
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birtukan Endale
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Selfu Girma
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Zewide
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen D-63225, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany.
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck D-23560, Germany.
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Systemic Inflammation and the Breakdown of Intestinal Homeostasis Are Key Events in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020744. [PMID: 33451043 PMCID: PMC7828526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the subset distribution and function of circulating monocytes, proinflammatory cytokine levels, gut barrier damage, and bacterial translocation in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Thus, 56 SCI patients and 28 healthy donors were studied. The levels of circulating CD14+highCD16-, CD14+highCD16+, and CD14+lowCD16+ monocytes, membrane TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, phagocytic activity, ROS generation, and intracytoplasmic TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation were analyzed by polychromatic flow cytometry. Serum TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured by Luminex and LPS-binding protein (LBP), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and zonulin by ELISA. SCI patients had normal monocyte counts and subset distribution. CD14+highCD16- and CD14+highCD16+ monocytes exhibited decreased TLR4, normal TLR2 and increased TLR9 expression. CD14+highCD16- monocytes had increased LPS-induced TNF-α but normal IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 production. Monocytes exhibited defective phagocytosis but normal ROS production. Patients had enhanced serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels, normal IL-1 and IL-10 levels, and increased circulating LBP, I-FABP, and zonulin levels. Chronic SCI patients displayed impaired circulating monocyte function. These patients exhibited a systemic proinflammatory state characterized by enhanced serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels. These patients also had increased bacterial translocation and gut barrier damage.
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Reis NFDC, Dupin TV, Costa CR, Toledo MDS, de Oliveira VC, Popi AF, Torrecilhas AC, Xander P. Leishmania amazonensis Promastigotes or Extracellular Vesicles Modulate B-1 Cell Activation and Differentiation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:573813. [PMID: 33194814 PMCID: PMC7662559 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.573813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells are considered an innate-like B cell population that participates in effective innate and adaptive responses to pathogens. B-1 cells produce immunoglobulins, cytokines, chemokines, migrate to inflammatory sites, and differentiate into mononuclear phagocyte-like cells. Murine B-1 cells phagocytosed Leishmaniain vitro and in vivo and participate in immunity against Leishmania. Our group showed that B-1 cells or their extracellular vesicles (EVs) led to a resistance to experimental infection by L. amazonensis. However, the B-1 cells’ responses to Leishmania or EVs isolated from parasites are still poorly characterized. Studying the activation and differentiation of B-1 cells in vivo can contribute to a better understanding of how these cells participate in immunity to L. amazonensis. Thus, we evaluated the expression of myeloid (M-csfr, G-csfr, Spi-1) and lymphoid (EBF, E2A, IL-7R) lineage commitment factors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), activation cell surface markers, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in murine peritoneal B-1 cells collected after 24 or 48 h post-infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes or EVs released by the parasites. Our results demonstrated that L. amazonensis infection did not stimulate the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, F4/80, and MHC II in B-1 cells, but a significant decrease in the production of NO and ROS was observed. The infection induced a significantly higher arginase expression in B-1 cells, but the stimulation with EVs led to a decrease in this gene expression. TLR-2 and TLR-6 had significantly higher expression in B-1 cells from mice intraperitoneally stimulated with the parasite. The TLR-9 expression was higher in animals infected or stimulated for 48 h with EVs. Interestingly, in B-1 cells the stimulus with L. amazonensis led to a substantial increase in the expression of myeloid restricted transcription factors. Thus, our study suggests that the parasites or EVs differently modulated the activation and differentiation of B-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ferraz de Campos Reis
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungi and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Vieira Dupin
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungi and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Rizzaro Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungi and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maytê Dos Santos Toledo
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungi and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian Cristina de Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Popi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungi and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Xander
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungi and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: The Complexity of Host's Effective Immune Response against a Polymorphic Parasitic Disease. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2603730. [PMID: 31871953 PMCID: PMC6913332 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2603730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive outline of the immune response displayed against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the more common zoonotic infection caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Although of polymorphic clinical presentation, classically CL is characterized by leishmaniotic lesions on the face and extremities of the patients, which can be ulcerative, and even after healing can lead to permanent injuries and disfigurement, affecting significantly their psychological, social, and economic well-being. According a report released by the World Health Organization, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to leishmaniasis are close to 2.4 million, annually there are 1.0–1.5 million new cases of CL, and a numerous population is at risk in the endemic areas. Despite its increasing worldwide incidence, it is one of the so-called neglected tropical diseases. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of the existing knowledge of the host innate and acquired immune response to cutaneous species of Leishmania. The use of animal models and of in vitro studies has improved the understanding of parasite-host interplay and the complexity of immune mechanisms involved. The importance of diagnosis accuracy associated with effective patient management in CL reduction is highlighted. However, the multiple factors involved in CL epizoology associated with the unavailability of vaccines or drugs to prevent infection make difficult to formulate an effective strategy for CL control.
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11
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Polari LP, Carneiro PP, Macedo M, Machado PRL, Scott P, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O. Leishmania braziliensis Infection Enhances Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Expression and Triggers TNF-α and IL-10 Production in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:120. [PMID: 31119102 PMCID: PMC6507514 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by infection with Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response that controls the parasite burden, but also contributes to pathology. While myeloid cells are required to eliminate the parasite, recent studies indicate that they may also participate in the inflammatory response driving disease progression. The innate immune response to leishmania is driven in part by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. In this study, we used flow cytometric analysis to compare TLR2 and TLR4 expression in monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, and non-classical) from CL patients and healthy subjects (HS). We also determined if there was an association of either the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF or the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 with TLR2 or TLR4 expression levels after L. braziliensis infection. In vitro infection with L. braziliensis caused CL monocytes to up-regulate TLR2 and TLR4 expression. We also found that intermediate monocytes expressed the highest levels of TLR2 and TLR4 and that infected monocytes produced more TNF and IL-10 than uninfected monocytes. Finally, while classical and intermediate monocytes were mainly responsible for TNF production, classical monocytes were the main source of IL-10. Collectively, our studies revealed that up-regulated TLR2/4 expression and TNF production by intermediate/inflammatory subsets of monocytes from patients correlates with detrimental outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila P Polari
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Michael Macedo
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz - Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
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12
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Quixabeira VBL, Pereira LIDA, Veras PRV, da Costa ACV, Fonseca LG, Galdino Jr. H, da Silva Jr. IA, Morato CI, Pinto SA, Pereira AJCS, Dorta ML, Oliveira MAPD, Gomes RS, Ribeiro‐Dias F. Alterations in monocyte subsets and cytokine production after TLR activation in American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12623. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Bernadete Leite Quixabeira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - Ledice Inacia de Araújo Pereira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Hospital AnuarAuad (Doenças Tropicais) Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | | | | | - Larissa Gomides Fonseca
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - Hélio Galdino Jr.
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | | | - Camila Imai Morato
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - Sebastião Alves Pinto
- Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | | | - Miriam Leandro Dorta
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro‐Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil
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13
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Gene expression profile of cytokines produced in biopsies from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2019; 189:69-75. [PMID: 30273562 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) causes a local inflammatory process, inducing expression of several cytokine genes. Particularly, IFN-γ can predict to disease susceptibility. Based in these data, this study was aimed to investigate the gene expression profile of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-27, TNF-γ, TGF-β and IL-6 produced in biopsies from ACL patients; and whether the gene expression profile of IFN-γ could determine the disease evolution. Gene expression of 6 cytokines was investigated in 40 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) biopsies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL); and 10 FFPE biopsies from patients with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) (control). All 50 patients were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Gene expression was determined by qPCR; and a normal control group was used for calculations (5 normal biopsies). Values were expressed as Relative Quantification (RQ). The 40 CL patients were classified into 2 groups. CLlowIFN-γ, 35 patients with RQ for IFN-γ below 100; and CLhighIFN-γ, 5 (12.5%) patients with RQ above 100. Significant increase of mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-27 was shown in CLhighIFN-γ group when compared with CLlowIFN-γ and ML groups. TNF-α levels in CLlowIFN-γ group were higher than CLhighIFN-γ and ML groups. TGF-β and IL-6 were similar in 3 groups. Comparison of cytokine expression/group showed that CLlowIFN-γ group had an equilibrium between the cytokines analyzed. In ML group, IFN-γ was over-expressed; but in CLhighIFN-γ group, besides IFN-γ, IL-27 was also over-expressed. The immune response to Leishmania induces to identification of some markers, which can be determined by analysis by gene expression of cytokines produced in biopsies.
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14
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Rodrigues-Alves ML, Melo-Júnior OAO, Coelho-Dos-Reis JG, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Alves-Costa H, Reis CA, Dutra WO, Silva RE, Senna MCR, Faria AC, Medeiros NI, Gomes JAS, Silveira-Lemos D, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Costa-Silva MF, Giunchetti RC, Peruhype-Magalhães V. Fcγ-RI, Fcγ-RII and IL-10 as predictive biomarkers for post-therapeutic cicatrization time in monocytes from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12565. [PMID: 29908029 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment is based on therapy with Glucantime® , yet, there are few laboratory methods to monitor its success. In this study, ex vivo and in vitro evaluations of peripheral blood monocytes were performed in a longitudinal study to characterize the impact of Glucantime® on overall phenotypic/functional features of these cells from CL patients to identify predictive biomarkers for post-therapeutic monitoring by flow cytometry. The ex vivo evaluation from CL patients demonstrated a modulatory profile before treatment, with a decrease in TLR-2, FcγRII, HLA-DR, CD86, IFN-γR, TNF, IL-12, NO, and an increase in FcγRIII and IL-10R. Conversely, treatment changes some of these biomarker expressions by decreasing FcγRIII and IL-10R and increasing IFN-γR, IL-12 and NO. Moreover, an in vitro analysis of these patients showed a reduced phagocytic capacity of Leishmania braziliensis and higher levels of IL-10 and TGF-β modulating functional profile. Regardless of the compromised L. braziliensis phagocytic capacity, treatment re-established the production of IL-12, IL-10, TGF-β and NO at the basal level. Notably, monocytes from patients with early cicatrization showed enhanced FcγRI and FcγRII expressions and reduced IL-10, which was further corroborated by a baseline fold change analysis. Finally, the logistic regression model emphasized the performance of FcγRI, FcγRII and IL-10 as robust predictive biomarkers for post-therapeutic cicatrization during cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rodrigues-Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - O A O Melo-Júnior
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J G Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M A Pascoal-Xavier
- Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Anatomia Patológica e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - H Alves-Costa
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - C A Reis
- Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - W O Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R E Silva
- Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M C R Senna
- Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - A C Faria
- Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - N I Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J A S Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - D Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - O A Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - A Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M F Costa-Silva
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R C Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - V Peruhype-Magalhães
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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15
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Viana AG, Magalhães LMD, Giunchetti RC, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ. Infection of Human Monocytes with Leishmania infantum Strains Induces a Downmodulated Response when Compared with Infection with Leishmania braziliensis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1896. [PMID: 29358935 PMCID: PMC5766652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with different species of Leishmania leads to distinct clinical manifestations, ranging from relatively mild cutaneous (Leishmania braziliensis) to severe visceral (Leishmania infantum) forms of leishmaniasis. Here, we asked whether in vitro infection of human monocytes by Leishmania strains responsible for distinct clinical manifestations leads to early changes in immunological characteristics and ability of the host cells to control Leishmania. We evaluated the expression of toll-like receptors and MHC class II molecules, cytokines, and Leishmania control by human monocytes following short-term infection with L. braziliensis (M2904), a reference strain of L. infantum (BH46), and a wild strain of L. infantum (wild). The induction of TLR2, TLR9, and HLA-DR were all lower in L. infantum when compared with L. braziliensis-infected cells. Moreover, L. infantum-infected monocytes (both strains) produced lower TNF-alpha and a lower TNF-alpha/IL-10 ratio, resulting in a weaker inflammatory profile and a 100-fold less effective control of Leishmania than cells infected with L. braziliensis. Our results show that L. infantum strains fail to induce a strong inflammatory response, less activation, and less control of Leishmania from human monocytes, when compared with that induced by L. braziliensis infection. This functional profile may help explain the distinct clinical course observed in patients infected with the different Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Gonçalves Viana
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Gollob
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto Mario Penna, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Saldanha MG, Queiroz A, Machado PRL, de Carvalho LP, Scott P, de Carvalho Filho EM, Arruda S. Characterization of the Histopathologic Features in Patients in the Early and Late Phases of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:645-652. [PMID: 28115669 PMCID: PMC5361539 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), characterized by an ulcerated lesion, is the most common clinical form of human leishmaniasis. Before the ulcer develops, patients infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis present a small papule at the site of the sandfly bite, referred to as early cutaneous leishmaniasis (E-CL). Two to four weeks later the typical ulcer develops, which is considered here as late CL (L-CL). Although there is a great deal known about T-cell responses in patients with L-CL, there is little information about the in situ inflammatory response in E-CL. Histological sections of skin biopsies from 15 E-CL and 28 L-CL patients were stained by hematoxilin and eosin to measure the area infiltrated by cells, as well as tissue necrosis. Leishmania braziliensis amastigotes, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and CD68+ cells were identified and quantified by immunohistochemistry. The number of amastigotes in E-CL was higher than in L-CL, and the inflammation area was larger in classical ulcers than in E-CL. There was no relationship between the number of parasites and magnitude of the inflammation area, or with the lesion size. However, there was a direct correlation between the number of macrophages and the lesion size in E-CL, and between the number of macrophages and necrotic area throughout the course of the disease. These positive correlations suggest that macrophages are directly involved in the pathology of L. braziliensis-induced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra G Saldanha
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adriano Queiroz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas P de Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edgar M de Carvalho Filho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Arruda
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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17
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Cordeiro CA, Vieira ELM, Castro VM, Dutra WO, Costa RA, Orefice JL, Campos WR, Orefice F, Young LH, Teixeira AL. T cell immunoregulation in active ocular toxoplasmosis. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:84-91. [PMID: 28214536 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection is an important cause of infectious ocular disease. The physiopathology of retinochoroidal lesions associated with this infection is not completely understood. The present study was undertaken to investigate cytokine production by T cells from individuals with active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis (TR) comparing with controls. Eighteen patients with active TR and 15 healthy controls (6 controls IgG+ to Toxoplasma and 9 negative controls) were included in the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated in the presence or absence of T. gondii antigen (STAg), and stained against CD4, CD8, TNF, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Baseline expression of cytokines was higher in TR/IgG+ patients in comparison with controls. Cytokine expression was not increased by STAg in vitro stimulation in controls. After stimulation, TR/IgG+ patients' lymphocytes increased cytokine as compared to cultures from both controls. While T cells were the main source of IL-10, but also IFN-γ and TNF, other lymphocyte populations were relevant source of inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, it was observed a negative correlation between ocular lesion size and IL-10 expression by CD4+ lymphocytes. This study showed that T cells are the main lymphocyte populations expressing IL-10 in patients with TR. Moreover, expression of IL-10 plays a protective role in active TR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Cordeiro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Centro Brasileiro de Ciências Visuais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Retina Department, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica L M Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius M Castro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Centro Brasileiro de Ciências Visuais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rogerio A Costa
- Centro Brasileiro de Ciências Visuais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Wesley R Campos
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Setor de Uveítes, Hospital São Geraldo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Orefice
- Centro Brasileiro de Ciências Visuais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucy H Young
- Retina Department, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Health, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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Galdino H, Saar Gomes R, Dos Santos JC, Pessoni LL, Maldaner AE, Marques SM, Gomes CM, Dorta ML, de Oliveira MAP, Joosten LAB, Ribeiro-Dias F. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis amastigotes induces the expression of TNFα and IL-10 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro in a TLR4-dependent manner. Cytokine 2016; 88:184-192. [PMID: 27649507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been investigated in murine models of tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, the interaction between TLRs and Leishmania sp. has not been investigated in human cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of TLR4 in cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced by L. braziliensis, and whether the parasite alters the expression of TLR4 on monocytes/macrophages. Amastigote forms were obtained from mice lesions and PBMCs were isolated from healthy donors. PBMCs were cultured in absence or presence of IFNγ, TLR4 neutralizing antibodies, natural antagonist of TLR4 (Bartonella LPS), TLR4 agonist (E. coli LPS), and amastigote forms. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were assayed by ELISA and TLR4 expression by flow cytometry. Amastigotes forms of L. braziliensis induced TNFα and IL-10 production only in IFNγ-primed PBMCs. The TNFα and IL-10 production was inhibited by TLR4 neutralization, both with anti-TLR4 antibodies and Bartonella LPS. Interestingly, addition of E. coli LPS further increased TNFα but not IL-10 production induced by L. braziliensis amastigotes. Amastigotes of L. braziliensis strongly reduced membrane TLR4 expression on monocytes/macrophages, apparently by internalization after the infection. The present study reveals that TLR4 drives the production of TNFα and IL-10 induced by L. braziliensis amastigotes and that the parasites decrease TLR4 expression on monocyte surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio Galdino
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Jessica Cristina Dos Santos
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lívia Lara Pessoni
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Anetícia Eduarda Maldaner
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Stéfanne Madalena Marques
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Clayson Moura Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Miriam Leandro Dorta
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Leo A B Joosten
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Falcão SDAC, Jaramillo TMG, Ferreira LG, Bernardes DM, Santana JM, Favali CBF. Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis: Differences and Similarities to Evade the Innate Immune System. Front Immunol 2016; 7:287. [PMID: 27536300 PMCID: PMC4971394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe form of the disease, caused by Leishmania infantum in the New World. Patients present an anergic immune response that favors parasite establishment and spreading through tissues like bone marrow and liver. On the other hand, Leishmania braziliensis causes localized cutaneous lesions, which can be self-healing in some individuals. Interactions between host and parasite are essential to understand disease pathogenesis and progression. In this context, dendritic cells (DCs) act as essential bridges that connect innate and adaptive immune responses. In this way, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of these two Leishmania species, in some aspects of human DCs' biology for better understanding of the evasion mechanisms of Leishmania from host innate immune response. To do so, DCs were obtained from monocytes from whole peripheral blood of healthy volunteer donors and from those infected with L. infantum or L. braziliensis for 24 h. We observed similar rates of infection (around 40%) as well as parasite burden for both Leishmania species. Concerning surface molecules, we observed that both parasites induced CD86 expression when DCs were infected for 24 h. On the other hand, we detected a lower surface expression of CD209 in the presence of both L. braziliensis and L. infantum, but only the last one promoted the survival of DCs after 24 h. Therefore, DCs infected by both Leishmania species showed a higher expression of CD86 and a decrease of CD209 expression, suggesting that both enter DCs through CD209 molecule. However, only L. infantum had the ability to inhibit DC apoptotic death, as an evasion mechanism that enables its spreading to organs like bone marrow and liver. Lastly, L. braziliensis was more silent parasite, once it did not inhibit DC apoptosis in our in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Athayde Couto Falcão
- Department of Cell Biology, Biology Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Núcleo de Medicina Tropical (NMT), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tatiana M G Jaramillo
- Department of Cell Biology, Biology Institute, University of Brasília , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Luciana G Ferreira
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical (NMT), University of Brasília , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Daniela M Bernardes
- Department of Cell Biology, Biology Institute, University of Brasília , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Jaime M Santana
- Department of Cell Biology, Biology Institute, University of Brasília , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Cecília B F Favali
- Department of Cell Biology, Biology Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Núcleo de Medicina Tropical (NMT), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Perez-Franco JE, Cruz-Barrera ML, Robayo ML, Lopez MC, Daza CD, Bedoya A, Mariño ML, Saavedra CH, Echeverry MC. Clinical and Parasitological Features of Patients with American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis that Did Not Respond to Treatment with Meglumine Antimoniate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004739. [PMID: 27243811 PMCID: PMC4887049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a complicated disease producing about 67.000 new cases per year. The severity of the disease depends on the parasite species; however in the vast majority of cases species confirmation is not feasible. WHO suggestion for ACL produced by Leishmania braziliensis, as first line treatment, are pentavalent antimonial derivatives (Glucantime or Sodium Stibogluconate) under systemic administration. According to different authors, pentavalent antimonial derivatives as treatment for ACL show a healing rate of about 75% and reasons for treatment failure are not well known. METHODS In order to characterise the clinical and parasitological features of patients with ACL that did not respond to Glucantime, a cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a cohort of 43 patients recruited in three of the Colombian Army National reference centers for complicated ACL. Clinical and paraclinical examination, and epidemiological and geographic information were recorded for each patient. Parasitological, histopathological and PCR infection confirmation were performed. Glucantime IC50 and in vitro infectivity for the isolated parasites were estimated. RESULTS Predominant infecting Leishmania species corresponds to L. braziliensis (95.4%) and 35% of the parasites isolated showed a significant decrease in in vitro Glucanatime susceptibility associated with previous administration of the medicament. Lesion size and in vitro infectivity of the parasite are negatively correlated with decline in Glucantime susceptibility (Spearman: r = (-)0,548 and r = (-)0,726; respectively). CONCLUSION A negative correlation between lesion size and parasite resistance is documented. L. braziliensis was found as the main parasite species associated to lesion of patients that underwent treatment failure or relapse. The indication of a second round of treatment in therapeutic failure of ACL, produced by L. braziliensis, with pentavalent antimonial derivatives is discussable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo E. Perez-Franco
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Unidad de infectología Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mónica L. Cruz-Barrera
- Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marta L. Robayo
- Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Myriam C. Lopez
- Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos D. Daza
- Facultad de Medicina Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angela Bedoya
- Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria L. Mariño
- Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos H. Saavedra
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria C. Echeverry
- Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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The Role of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Killing of Leishmania braziliensis by Monocytes from Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148084. [PMID: 26840253 PMCID: PMC4739692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis, presents an exaggerated Th1 response that is associated with ulcer development. Macrophages are the primary cells infected by Leishmania parasites and both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are important in the control of Leishmania by these cells. The mechanism involved in the killing of L. braziliensis is not well established. In this study, we evaluate the role of ROS and NO in the control of L. braziliensis infection by monocytes from CL patients. After in vitro infection with L. braziliensis, the oxidative burst by monocytes from CL patients was higher when compared to monocytes from healthy subjects (HS). Inhibition of the ROS pathway caused a significant decrease in the oxidative burst in L. braziliensis infected monocytes from both groups. In addition, we evaluated the intracellular expression of ROS and NO in L. braziliensis-infected monocytes. Monocytes from CL patients presented high expression of ROS after infection with L. braziliensis. The expression of NO was higher in monocytes from CL patients as compared to expression in monocytes from HS. A strong positive correlation between NO production and lesion size of CL patients was observed. The inhibition of ROS production in leishmania-infected monocytes from CL patients allowed the growth of viable promastigotes in culture supernatants. Thus, we demonstrate that while production of ROS is involved in L. braziliensis killing, NO alone is not sufficient to control infection and may contribute to the tissue damage observed in human CL.
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Functional activity of monocytes and macrophages in HTLV-1 infected subjects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3399. [PMID: 25521499 PMCID: PMC4270688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infects predominantly T cells, inducing proliferation and lymphocyte activation. Additionally, HTLV-1 infected subjects are more susceptible to other infections caused by other intracellular agents. Monocytes/macrophages are important cells in the defense against intracellular pathogens. Our aims were to determine the frequency of monocytes subsets, expression of co-stimulatory molecules in these cells and to evaluate microbicidal ability and cytokine and chemokine production by macrophages from HTLV-1 infected subjects. Participants were 23 HTLV-1 carriers (HC), 22 HAM/TSP patients and 22 healthy subjects (HS) not infected with HTLV-1. The frequencies of monocyte subsets and expression of co-stimulatory molecules were determined by flow cytometry. Macrophages were infected with L. braziliensis or stimulated with LPS. Microbicidal activity of macrophages was determined by optic microscopy. Cytokines/chemokines from macrophage supernatants were measured by ELISA. HAM/TSP patients showed an increase frequency of intermediate monocytes, but expression of co-stimulatory molecules was similar between the groups. Macrophages from HTLV-1 infected individuals were infected with L. braziliensis at the same ratio than macrophages from HS, and all the groups had the same ability to kill Leishmania parasites. However, macrophages from HTLV-1 infected subjects produced more CXCL9 and CCL5, and less IL-10 than cells from HS. While there was no correlation between IFN-γ and cytokine/chemokine production by macrophages, there was a correlation between proviral load and TNF and CXCL10. These data showed a dissociation between the inflammatory response and microbicidal ability of macrophages from HTLV-1 infected subjects. While macrophages ability to kill an intracellular pathogen did not differ among HTLV-1 infected subjects, these cells secreted high amount of chemokines even in unstimulated cultures. Moreover the increasing inflammatory activity of macrophages was similar in HAM/TSP patients and HC and it was related to HTLV-1 proviral load rather than the high IFN-γ production observed in these subjects.
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Roy S, Mukhopadhyay D, Mukherjee S, Ghosh S, Kumar S, Sarkar K, Pal D, Bhowmik P, Mandal K, Modak D, Guha SK, Pramanik N, Goswami RP, Saha B, Chatterjee M. A Defective Oxidative Burst and Impaired Antigen Presentation are Hallmarks of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Clin Immunol 2014; 35:56-67. [PMID: 25479930 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Survival of the Leishmania parasite within monocytes hinges on its ability to effectively nullify their microbicidal effector mechanisms. Accordingly, this study aimed to delineate this biological niche in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODS In monocytes, the redox status, antigen presenting capacity, expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), co-stimulatory molecules (CD80/86) and generation of intracellular cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10 and LAP-TGF-β1) was measured by flow cytometry, levels of circulating cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10 and GM-CSF) by ELISA and arginase activity by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Within monocytes, generation of an oxidative burst was markedly attenuated as evident by decreased generation of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, concomitant with raised levels of thiols. This was accompanied by lowered frequency of TLR4(+) monocytes, but the arginase activity remained unaltered. Pathogen persistence was enhanced by the predominance of anti-inflammatory cytokines within monocytes, notably IL-10. Alongside, development of adaptive immunity was severely attenuated as manifested by a pronounced impairment of antigen presentation and co-stimulation evident by down regulation of CD54, HLA-DR and CD86. Treatment corrected the redox imbalance and reversed the impaired antigen presentation. CONCLUSIONS In VL, monocyte functions were severely impaired facilitating parasite persistence; anti-leishmanial chemotherapy mediated parasite elimination through modulation of the macrophage microenvironment by restoring its redox status and antigen presenting capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, West Bengal, India
| | - Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, West Bengal, India
| | - Shibabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, West Bengal, India
| | - Susmita Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, West Bengal, India
| | - Shishir Kumar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Kumkum Sarkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipankar Pal
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Pratik Bhowmik
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Kausik Mandal
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Dolanchampa Modak
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhasish Kamal Guha
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Netai Pramanik
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Rama Prosad Goswami
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Bibhuti Saha
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, West Bengal, India.
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Gollob KJ, Viana AG, Dutra WO. Immunoregulation in human American leishmaniasis: balancing pathology and protection. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:367-76. [PMID: 24471648 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis covers a broad spectrum of diseases with distinct, and sometimes overlapping, characteristics. The common thread in all forms of leishmaniasis is the infection by the parasite Leishmania belonging to the genus Leishmania. Upon infection of humans, there can be at least three outcomes, (i) control of Leishmania by the host immune response resulting in asymptomatic disease, (ii) patent infection and development of a relatively mild form of leishmaniasis and (iii) patent infection and development of severe clinical forms. The factors that determine the outcome of an initial inoculation with Leishmania are many, with the species of Leishmania representing one of the strongest predictive factors for the development of a given clinical form of disease. This is seen with L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis, infection leading mostly to tegumentary forms of disease, and L. infantum with the potential to induce visceral disease. However, it is also clear that the host immune response is a key factor in disease progression, not only responsible for control of Leishmania, but also playing an important role in disease progression and pathology. This duality between protective and pathogenic immune responses in individuals infected with Leishmania in the Americas is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Gollob
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Biomedicine, Institute for Education and Research, Hospital Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; National Institute for Science and Technology - Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Cañeda-Guzmán IC, Salaiza-Suazo N, Fernández-Figueroa EA, Carrada-Figueroa G, Aguirre-García M, Becker I. NK cell activity differs between patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis infected with Leishmania mexicana: a comparative study of TLRs and cytokines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112410. [PMID: 25397678 PMCID: PMC4232367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania mexicana causes localized (LCL) or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). The cause of dissemination in DCL remains unknown, yet NK cells possibly play a role in activating leishmanicidal mechanisms during innate and adaptive immune responses. We had previously shown that Leishmania lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a ligand for TLR2, activating human NK cells. We have now analyzed NK cells in LCL and DCL patients. NK numbers and effector mechanisms differed drastically between both groups of patients: DCL patients showed reduced NK cell numbers; diminished IFN-γ and TNF-α production; and lower TLR2, TLR1, and TLR6 expression as compared to LCL patients. The altered protein expression found in NK cells of DCL patients correlated with their down-regulation of IFN-γ gene expression in LPG-stimulated and non-stimulated cells as compared to LCL patients. NK cell response was further analyzed according to gender, age, and disease evolution in LCL patients showing that female patients produced higher IFN-γ levels throughout the disease progression, whereas TLR2 expression diminished in both genders with prolonged disease evolution and age. We furthermore show the activation pathway of LPG binding to TLR2 and demonstrated that TLR2 forms immunocomplexes with TLR1 and TLR6. In addition to the reduced NK cell numbers in peripheral blood, DCL patients also showed reduced NK cell numbers in the lesions. They were randomly scattered within the lesions, showing diminished cytokine production, which contrasts with those of LCL lesions, where NK cells produced IFN-γ and TNF-α and were found within organized granulomas. We conclude that in DCL patients the reduced NK-cell numbers and their diminished activity, evidenced by low TLR expression and low cytokine production, are possibly involved in the severity of the disease. Our results provide new information on the contribution of NK cells in Leishmania infections of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Cañeda-Guzmán
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Edith A. Fernández-Figueroa
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | | | - Magdalena Aguirre-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
- * E-mail:
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Gomes CM, Ávila LR, Pinto SA, Duarte FB, Pereira LIA, Abrahamsohn IA, Dorta ML, Vieira LQ, Ribeiro-Dias F, Oliveira MAP. Leishmania braziliensis amastigotes stimulate production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nonendemic area healthy residents. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:225-31. [PMID: 24575815 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causes cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in several countries in Latin America. In mammals, the parasites live as amastigotes, interacting with host immune cells and stimulating cytokine production that will drive the type of the specific immune responses. Generation of Th17 lymphocytes is associated with tissue destruction and depends on IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β and IL-23 production, whereas IL-10 and TGF-β are associated with tissue protection. Here, we evaluate whether amastigotes stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors to produce the major cytokines responsible for the generation of Th17. Seven L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from patients with different clinical forms of leishmaniasis were expanded in interferon-γ knockout mice to obtain amastigotes and in culture to get promastigotes. The parasites were used to stimulate PBMCs from healthy donors, and cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA or qPCR. Amastigotes and promastigotes induced IL-10 production in PBMCs; however, only amastigotes induced IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β. These data demonstrate for the first time that L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes directly stimulate production of a unique pattern of cytokines that could contribute to the generation of Th17.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
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Nateghi Rostami M, Saghafipour A, Vesali E. A newly emerged cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in central Iran. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e1198-206. [PMID: 24011629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological status of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the most important endemic foci of Qom Province, central Iran. The city of Qom is the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world and is a significant pilgrimage destination. METHODS During 2006-2011, all suspected CL patients with skin lesion(s) referred to regional health centers of Ghomrood and Ghanavat regions, and all actively detected cases, were examined clinically and parasitologically for CL. Patient information was recorded and patients were categorized based on the number and size of the lesions. Odds ratios (OR) of different risk factors were calculated. RESULTS A total of 849 (59.2% male, 40.8% female) confirmed cases of CL were enrolled; the average incidence rate of the disease was 14.9 per 100000 people. During the study period 2006-2011, the trend in CL incidence showed no sudden variations in the areas studied, except for an outbreak of CL in 2009. Leishmania major was identified as the causative agent based on internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA PCR analysis. During the study period, the age distribution of CL cases was relatively stable, with the majority (50%) of patients aged 1-25 years. Most cases (n=468; 55.1%) had a single lesion and 82 (9.6%) patients had four or more lesions (range 1-29). The risk of developing multiple lesions was significantly increased in patients with seasonal jobs (summer workers) (p=0.023; OR 1.516) and significantly decreased in patients who were affected in winter (p=0.010; OR 0.398). The risk of developing large-sized lesions (>1cm) was significantly increased in patients in the age groups>25 years (p=0.001-0.015; OR 2.5-3.5) and decreased in patients with seasonal jobs (summer workers) (p=0.005; OR 0.570). CONCLUSIONS The present data show the importance of CL as a health problem in suburban areas of Qom Province. In order to identify other epidemiological aspects of leishmaniasis in this area, studies on vectors and reservoirs are recommended. Since leishmaniasis caused by L. major is typically zoonotic, control measures should focus on rodents as the main reservoirs and Phlebotomus papatasi as the main vector. Awareness should be raised in the high-risk populations comprising people with diabetes, young adults (<25 years old), and those who work outdoors during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Nateghi Rostami
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Ruhollah Sq., 14739-79966, Qom, Iran.
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