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Zhou Q, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Zhou J, Liu W, Ma X, Tang S, Tang S, Tang C. Ilexgenin A inhibits lipid accumulation in macrophages and reduces the progression of atherosclerosis through PTPN2/ERK1/2/ABCA1 signalling pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159533. [PMID: 39009241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Macrophage lipid accumulation indicates a pathological change in atherosclerosis. Ilexgenin A (IA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, plays a role in preventing inflammation, bacterial infection, and fatty liver and induces a potential anti-atherogenic effect. However, the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of IA on lipid accumulation in macrophage-derived foam cells and atherogenesis in apoE-/- mice. Our results indicated that the expression of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) was up-regulated by IA, promoting cholesterol efflux and reducing lipid accumulation in macrophages, which may be regulated by the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2)/ERK1/2 signalling pathway. IA attenuated the progression of atherosclerosis in high-fat diet-fed apoE-/- mice. PTPN2 knockdown with siRNA or treatment with an ERK1/2 agonist (Ro 67-7476) impeded the effects of IA on ABCA1 upregulation and cholesterol efflux in macrophages. These results suggest that IA inhibits macrophage lipid accumulation and alleviates atherosclerosis progression via the PTPN2/ERK1/2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yaqiong Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shilin Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shangshu Tang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital University of South China / Hunan Veterans Administration Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Chaoke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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2
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Aroca-Esteban J, Souza-Neto FV, Aguilar-Latorre C, Tribaldo-Torralbo A, González-López P, Ruiz-Simón R, Álvarez-Villareal M, Ballesteros S, de Ceniga MV, Landete P, González-Rodríguez Á, Martín-Ventura JL, de Las Heras N, Escribano Ó, Gómez-Hernández A. Potential protective role of let-7d-5p in atherosclerosis progression reducing the inflammatory pathway regulated by NF-κB and vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167327. [PMID: 38945455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is increasing in the last decades, even is the main cause of death in first world countries being atherosclerosis one of the principal triggers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to decipher the underlying mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis progression. In this respect, microRNAs dysregulation is frequently involved in the progression of multiple diseases including CVDs. Our aim was to demonstrate that let-7d-5p unbalance could contribute to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker. We evaluated let-7d-5p levels in vascular biopsies and exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patients with carotid atherosclerosis and healthy donors. Moreover, we overexpressed let-7d-5p in vitro in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to decipher the targets and the underlying mechanisms regulated by let-7d-5p in atherosclerosis. Our results demonstrate that let-7d-5p was significantly upregulated in carotid plaques from overweight patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Moreover, in EVs isolated from plasma, we found that let-7d-5p levels were increased in carotid atherosclerosis patients compared to control subjects specially in overweight patients. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses confirmed its utility as a diagnostic biomarker for atherosclerosis. In VSMCs, we demonstrated that increased let-7d-5p levels impairs cell proliferation and could serve as a protective mechanism against inflammation by impairing NF-κB pathway without affecting insulin resistance. In summary, our results highlight the role of let-7d-5p as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis since its overexpression induce a decrease in inflammation and VSMCs proliferation, and also, as a novel non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for atherosclerosis in overweight patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Aroca-Esteban
- Hepatic and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco V Souza-Neto
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Aguilar-Latorre
- Hepatic and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Tribaldo-Torralbo
- Hepatic and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula González-López
- Hepatic and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Ruiz-Simón
- Hepatic and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Álvarez-Villareal
- Hepatic and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Ballesteros
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melina Vega de Ceniga
- Department of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, Hospital of Galdakao-Usansolo, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Pedro Landete
- Departmento de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Águeda González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Martín-Ventura
- IIS-Fundation Jimenez-Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia de Las Heras
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Escribano
- Hepatic and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Hepatic and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Otsugu M, Mine A, Uchida I, Miyake Y, Tachihara R, Fujiwara K, Ichimura A, Sato K, Tomura H. Low pH modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression and macropinocytotic activity in RAW264.7 cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39175331 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2024.2395310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation triggers various types of diseases that need to be addressed. Macrophages play important roles in the inflammatory responses. As atherosclerosis progresses, macrophages transform into foam cells. Extracellular acidification is observed at and around bacterial infection and atherosclerotic sites. However, the effects of acidification on the inflammatory response of macrophages and the progression of atherosclerosis have not been fully understood. This study investigates the impact of extracellular acidification on lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression and macropinocytotic activity in RAW264.7 cells. TNF-α expression is measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (relative value to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression). Macropinocytotic activity is measured by neutral red uptake (absorbance at 540 nm). Results show that TNF-α expression increased with decreasing extracellular pH in both un-foamed and foamed cells. Macropinocytotic activity was upregulated at pH 6.8 in un-foamed cells, but downregulated in foamed cells stimulated at low pH. Proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were involved in the expression of TNF-α and in the macropinocytotic activity of foamed cells. In conclusion, this study reveals that extracellular acidification differently affect various inflammatory responses such as LPS-induced TNF-α expression and macropinocytotic activity of RAW264.7 cells and different proton-sensing GPCRs are involved in the different inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Otsugu
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ayumi Mine
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Izumi Uchida
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuta Miyake
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Tachihara
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kurumi Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ayako Ichimura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tomura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- Institute of Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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4
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Tian L, Zhao S, Ding F, Zhang R. ITIH4 reversed the effects of thrombin on VSMCs stiffness via JNK and ERK signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2024; 441:114189. [PMID: 39069151 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMCs) is one of the important cell types in artery. VSMCs stiffening may regulate vascular stiffness and contribute to the development of vulnerable plaques. Thrombin, an enzyme in coagulation system, is involved in pathological processes of atherosclerosis. Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) plays an important role in regulating inflammation and may have cardiovascular protective effect. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying ITIH4-mediated VSMCs stiffening helps to provide new ideas and potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. In this study, we used specific ITIH4 expression vector and siRNA methods to transfect VSMCs. Our results found that ITIH4 expression increased VSMCs stiffness, meanwhile, ITIH4 siRNA decreased VSMCs stiffness. ITIH4 increased acetylated α-tubulin and inhibited ERK1/2 and JNK, but not P38 MAPK. ERK inhibitor (PD98059) or JNK inhibitor (SP600125) treatment increased acetylated α-tubulin expression and cell stiffness in VSMCs. ITIH4 was downregulated by thrombin treatment, ITIH4 partly reversed the effect of thrombin on acetylated α-tubulin and VSMCs stiffness. These results indicated that ITIH4 regulated acetylated α-tubulin expression in VSMCs and was against the effects of thrombin on VSMCs stiffness. JNK and ERK signaling pathways were proved to participate in this process.
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MESH Headings
- Thrombin/pharmacology
- Thrombin/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Animals
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Vascular Stiffness/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Rats
- Humans
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Peptide Hormones/metabolism
- Peptide Hormones/pharmacology
- Peptide Hormones/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Su Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghua Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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5
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An W, Zhou J, Qiu Z, Wang P, Han X, Cheng Y, He Z, An Y, Li S. Identification of crosstalk genes and immune characteristics between Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1443464. [PMID: 39188714 PMCID: PMC11345154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1443464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Advancements in modern medicine have extended human lifespan, but they have also led to an increase in age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and atherosclerosis (AS). Growing research evidence indicates a close connection between these two conditions. Methods We downloaded four gene expression datasets related to AD and AS from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE33000, GSE100927, GSE44770, and GSE43292) and performed differential gene expression (DEGs) analysis using the R package "limma". Through Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), we selected the gene modules most relevant to the diseases and intersected them with the DEGs to identify crosstalk genes (CGs) between AD and AS. Subsequently, we conducted functional enrichment analysis of the CGs using DAVID. To screen for potential diagnostic genes, we applied the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and constructed a logistic regression model for disease prediction. We established a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using STRING (https://cn.string-db.org/) and Cytoscape and analyzed immune cell infiltration using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Additionally, NetworkAnalyst (http://www.networkanalyst.ca) was utilized for gene regulation and interaction analysis, and consensus clustering was employed to determine disease subtypes. All statistical analyses and visualizations were performed using various R packages, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results Through intersection analysis of disease-associated gene modules identified by DEGs and WGCNA, we identified a total of 31 CGs co-existing between AD and AS, with their biological functions primarily associated with immune pathways. LASSO analysis helped us identify three genes (C1QA, MT1M, and RAMP1) as optimal diagnostic CGs for AD and AS. Based on this, we constructed predictive models for both diseases, whose accuracy was validated by external databases. By establishing a PPI network and employing four topological algorithms, we identified four hub genes (C1QB, CSF1R, TYROBP, and FCER1G) within the CGs, closely related to immune cell infiltration. NetworkAnalyst further revealed the regulatory networks of these hub genes. Finally, defining C1 and C2 subtypes for AD and AS respectively based on the expression profiles of CGs, we found the C2 subtype exhibited immune overactivation. Conclusion This study utilized gene expression matrices and various algorithms to explore the potential links between AD and AS. The identification of CGs revealed interactions between these two diseases, with immune and inflammatory imbalances playing crucial roles in their onset and progression. We hope these findings will provide valuable insights for future research on AD and AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peishen Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Beijing Yihua Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xinye Han
- Department of Research and Development, Beijing Yihua Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Cheng
- Department of Research and Development, Beijing Yihua Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zi He
- Department of Research and Development, Beijing Yihua Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shouwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Ma S, Qian H, Zhou Q, Lei C. Hsa_circ_0007765 Promotes Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Human Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s12012-024-09899-6. [PMID: 39126580 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs) play vital roles in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, including Atherosclerosis (AS). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to regulate the biological functions of HA-VSMCs. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of hsa_circRNA_102353 (circ_0007765) in platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced HA-VSMCs. Circ_0007765, microRNA-654-3p (miR-654-3p), and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Substrate 2 (FRS2) expression were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell proliferative ability, invasion, and migration were detected by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), Transwell, and wound healing assays. CyclinD1, MMP2, and FRS2 protein levels were assessed using a Western blot assay. Binding between miR-654-3p and circ_0007765 or FRS2 was predicted by Circinteractome or TargetScan, and verified using dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. PDGF-BB induced HA-VSMC proliferation, invasion, and migration. Circ_0007765 and FRS2 expression levels were increased in PDGF-BB-treated HA-VSMCs, and the miR-654-3p level was reduced. Moreover, circ_0007765 absence hindered PDGF-BB-induced HA-VSMC proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro. At the molecular level, circ_0007765 increased FRS2 expression by acting as a sponge for miR-654-3p. Our findings revealed that circ_0007765 boosted PDGF-BB-induced HA-VSMC proliferation and migration through elevating FRS2 expression via adsorbing miR-654-3p, providing a feasible therapeutic strategy for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Ma
- Surgical Department of Cardiothoracic Macrovascular, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, No.26 Chuyuan Avenue, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Haiyun Qian
- Surgical Department of Cardiothoracic Macrovascular, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, No.26 Chuyuan Avenue, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China.
| | - Qian Zhou
- Surgical Department of Cardiothoracic Macrovascular, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, No.26 Chuyuan Avenue, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Chengang Lei
- Surgical Department of Cardiothoracic Macrovascular, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, No.26 Chuyuan Avenue, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
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7
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Guidotti G, Liberati V, Sorrentino A, Lotti E, Crudele F, Rogolino A, Sammartino A, Slanzi M, Gori AM, Marcucci R, Berteotti M. Monoclonal Anti-PCSK9 Antibodies: Real-World Data. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4543. [PMID: 39124810 PMCID: PMC11313337 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Real-world data on the use of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in clinical practice show that about 80% of (very) high-cardiovascular (CV)-risk patients disregard the 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines' recommendations on dyslipidemias. The availability of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies (PCSK9mAb) should reduce this gap. Our aim was to provide data on PCSK9mAb use in clinical practice, investigating the achievement of the ESC Guidelines' recommendations in the real world. Methods: Between April 2018 and December 2022, patients who started on PCSK9mAb therapy (140 mg of evolocumab or 75 mg or 150 mg of alirocumab, subcutaneous injection every 2 weeks) were included in a prospective registry. Our cohort consisted of 256 patients: 95 (37.1%) were women (mean age: 65.43 ± 11.12 yrs), 53 (20.7%) were at high CV risk, and 203 (79.3%) were at very high CV risk. Results: After one year of PCSK9mAb treatment, nearly 60% of patients demonstrated full adherence to the ESC Guidelines' recommendations, defined as achieving at least a 50% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels along with reaching LDL-C target levels (≤55 and ≤70 mg/dL for very high and high risk, respectively). Concomitant high-dose statin therapy emerged as the primary predictor of LDL-C target attainment. Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH), statin intolerance, and female gender were associated with a significant lower probability of achieving LDL-C target levels. Conclusions: Our analysis confirms that PCSK9mAb treatment is safe and effective, enabling 60% of our cohort to fully achieve the LDL-C guideline recommendations. The use of high-intensity statins emerged as a significant predictor of efficacy. Conversely, familial hypercholesterolemia and female gender were identified as predictors of therapeutic failure. Hence, it is crucial to address disparities in cardiovascular disease prevention between genders and to enhance strategies for managing elevated LDL-C in HeFH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guidotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.G.); (V.L.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Viola Liberati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.G.); (V.L.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.G.); (V.L.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Elena Lotti
- Atherothrombotic Diseases, “Careggi” University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (F.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Felice Crudele
- Atherothrombotic Diseases, “Careggi” University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (F.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Angela Rogolino
- Atherothrombotic Diseases, “Careggi” University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (F.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Aniello Sammartino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.G.); (V.L.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Margherita Slanzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.G.); (V.L.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Gori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.G.); (V.L.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.G.); (M.B.)
- Atherothrombotic Diseases, “Careggi” University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (F.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Rossella Marcucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.G.); (V.L.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.G.); (M.B.)
- Atherothrombotic Diseases, “Careggi” University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (F.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Martina Berteotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.G.); (V.L.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.G.); (M.B.)
- Atherothrombotic Diseases, “Careggi” University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (F.C.); (A.R.)
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8
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Liu YF, Tian Y, Chen XF, Zhang C, Huang L. Role of osteokines in atherosclerosis. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4107. [PMID: 39154288 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite their diverse physiologies and roles, the heart, skeletal muscles, and smooth muscles all derive from a common embryonic source as bones. Moreover, bone tissue, skeletal and smooth muscles, and the heart share conserved signaling pathways. The maintenance of skeletal health is precisely regulated by osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts through coordinated secretion of bone-derived factors known as osteokines. Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of osteokines in regulating atherosclerotic vascular disease. Therefore, this review aims to examine the evidence for the role of osteokines in atherosclerosis development and progression comprehensively. Specifically discussed are extensively studied osteokines in atherosclerosis such as osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, and fibroblast growth factor 23. Additionally, we highlighted the effects of exercise on modulating these key regulators derived from bone tissue metabolism. We believe that gaining an enhanced understanding of how osteocalcin contributes to the process of atherosclerosis will enable us to develop targeted and comprehensive therapeutic strategies against diseases associated with its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fang Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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9
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Abulsoud AI, Elshaer SS, Rizk NI, Khaled R, Abdelfatah AM, Aboelyazed AM, Waseem AM, Bashier D, Mohammed OA, Elballal MS, Mageed SSA, Elrebehy MA, Zaki MB, Elesawy AE, El-Dakroury WA, Abdel-Reheim MA, Saber S, Doghish AS. Unraveling the miRNA Puzzle in Atherosclerosis: Revolutionizing Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024; 26:395-410. [PMID: 38869707 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-024-01216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To eradicate atherosclerotic diseases, novel biomarkers, and future therapy targets must reveal the burden of early atherosclerosis (AS), which occurs before life-threatening unstable plaques form. The chemical and biological features of microRNAs (miRNAs) make them interesting biomarkers for numerous diseases. We summarized the latest research on miRNA regulatory mechanisms in AS progression studies, which may help us use miRNAs as biomarkers and treatments for difficult-to-treat diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has demonstrated that miRNAs have a regulatory function in the observed changes in gene and protein expression during atherogenesis, the process that leads to atherosclerosis. Several miRNAs play a role in the development of atherosclerosis, and these miRNAs could potentially serve as non-invasive biomarkers for atherosclerosis in various regions of the body. These miRNAs have the potential to serve as biomarkers and targets for early treatment of atherosclerosis. The start and development of AS require different miRNAs. It reviews new research on miRNAs affecting endothelium, vascular smooth muscle, vascular inflammation, lipid retention, and cholesterol metabolism in AS. A miRNA gene expression profile circulates with AS everywhere. AS therapies include lipid metabolism, inflammation reduction, and oxidative stress inhibition. Clinical use of miRNAs requires tremendous progress. We think tiny miRNAs can enable personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, 11785, Egypt
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11231, Egypt
| | - Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, 11785, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11823, Egypt
| | - Nehal I Rizk
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, 11785, Egypt
| | - Reem Khaled
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Amr M Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Aboelyazed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Aly M Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | | | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, 61922, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Biochemistry, 32897, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Elesawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, 11961, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62521, Egypt.
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt.
- Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11231, Egypt.
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Palfrey HA, Kumar A, Pathak R, Stone KP, Gettys TW, Murthy SN. Adverse cardiac events of hypercholesterolemia are enhanced by sitagliptin in sprague dawley rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:54. [PMID: 39080769 PMCID: PMC11290187 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects millions worldwide and is the leading cause of death among non-communicable diseases. Western diets typically comprise of meat and dairy products, both of which are rich in cholesterol (Cho) and methionine (Met), two well-known compounds with atherogenic capabilities. Despite their individual effects, literature on a dietary combination of the two in the context of CVD are limited. Therefore, studies on the combined effects of Cho and Met were carried out using male Sprague Dawley rats. An additional interest was to investigate the cardioprotective potential of sitagliptin, an anti-type 2 diabetic drug. We hypothesized that feeding a dietary combination of Cho and Met would result in adverse cardiac effects and would be attenuated upon administration of sitagliptin. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control (Con), high Met (1.5%), high Cho (2.0%), or high Met (1.5%) + high Cho (2.0%) diet for 35 days. They were orally gavaged with an aqueous preparation of sitagliptin (100 mg/kg/d) or vehicle (water) from day 10 through 35. On day 36, rats were euthanized, and tissues were collected for analysis. RESULTS Histopathological evaluation revealed a reduction in myocardial striations and increased collagen deposition in hypercholesterolemia (HChol), responses that became exacerbated upon sitagliptin administration. Cardiac pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses were adversely impacted in similar fashion. The addition of Met to Cho (MC) attenuated all adverse structural and biochemical responses, with or without sitagliptin. CONCLUSIONS Adverse cardiac outcomes in HChol were enhanced by the administration of sitagliptin, and such effects were alleviated by Met. Our findings could be significant for understanding or revisiting the risk-benefit evaluation of sitagliptin in type 2 diabetics, and especially those who are known to consume atherogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Palfrey
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Rashmi Pathak
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Kirsten P Stone
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Thomas W Gettys
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Subramanyam N Murthy
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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11
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Tian L, Zhao S, Zhang R. ITIH4 is a predictor for coronary thrombus in coronary arteriography patients. Future Cardiol 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39041488 DOI: 10.1080/14796678.2024.2377924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore potential value of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain-4 (ITIH4) for coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosis. Patients & methods: We recruited the patients who received coronary arteriography (CAG) examination. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect plasma ITIH4. Results: ITIH4 level was lower expression in CAD patients than that in patients of control group, and was negatively correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP). ITIH4 level is no differences between ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients. However, its expression was significantly correlated with D-Dimer and thrombin time, and the logistic analysis confirmed predictive value of ITIH4 for visible thrombus in coronary. Conclusion: ITIH4 may be a useful biomarker in CAD diagnosis, and to predict visible thrombus in coronary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Guo W, Yang H, He W. Paeonol alleviates ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury by targeting the heme oxygenase-1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03307-0. [PMID: 39037459 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of vascular disease worldwide. Paeonol has been reported to have therapeutical potential in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of paeonol on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced endothelial cells injury and the underlying mechanism. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with ox-LDL (100 μg/ml) to mimic atherosclerosis in vitro. The cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and flow cytometry, respectively. The angiogenesis was detected by tube formation assay. The levels of inflammatory factor were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the levels of Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH) were detected to assess ferroptosis. The western blot was used to detect the protein expression. Ox-LDL inhibited cell viability, proliferation, and angiogenesis, but induced apoptosis and inflammation in HUVECs, and paeonol (75 μM) relieves ox-LDL-induced HUVEC injury. Also, paeonol inhibited ox-LDL-induced ferroptosis of HUVECs. Interestingly, heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) knockdown alleviated ox-LDL-induced HUVECs injury and ferroptosis. Paeonol affected ox-LDL-induced HUVECs via regulating HMOX1. In addition, paeonol regulated PI3K/AKT pathway via HMOX1, and the inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway reversed the effects of HMOX1 knockdown on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. Paeonol alleviated ox-LDL-induced HUVEC injury by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway via targeting HMOX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichong Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, 473000, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanshi Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, 473065, China
| | - Wenguang He
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1, Guangming East Road, Zengjiang Street, Zengcheng District, Guangzhou, 511300, China.
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13
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Zhou L, Wu J, Wei Z, Zheng Y. Legumain in cardiovascular diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10121. [PMID: 39104790 PMCID: PMC11298360 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, having become a global public health problem, so the pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of CVDs need further study. Legumain is a powerful enzyme that is widely distributed in mammals and plays an important role in a variety of biological processes. Recent research suggests that legumain is associated with the occurrence and progression of CVDs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of legumain in the pathogenesis of CVDs. The role of legumain in CVDs, such as carotid atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, aortic aneurysms and dissection, is discussed. The potential applications of legumain as a biomarker of these diseases are also explored. By understanding the role of legumain in the pathogenesis of CVDs, we aim to support new therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zairong Wei
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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14
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Nicolosi G, Donzella M, Polizzi A, Angjelova A, Santonocito S, Zanoli L, Annunziata M, Isola G. Early detection of cardiovascular risk markers through non-invasive ultrasound methodologies in periodontitis patients. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20241003. [PMID: 39034949 PMCID: PMC11260002 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This narrative review aims to update the current evidence and offer insight into the new non-invasive ultrasound techniques used to early identify degenerative vascular changes in subjects with periodontitis and to investigate if these methodologies could be useful to identify subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) dysfunction in periodontitis patients and to monitor changes in CVD risk after periodontal treatment. Methods Studies examining the assessment of vascular endothelial function through the latest methodologies were analyzed. Systematic reviews, observational studies, and clinical trials in the English language were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases with key search terms such as "periodontitis," "endothelial dysfunction (ED)," "arterial stiffness," and "periodontal therapy." Results Several mechanisms are involved in the association between periodontitis and CVD. The key players are periodontal bacteria and their toxins, which can enter the circulation and infiltrate blood vessel walls. The increase in proinflammatory molecules such as interleukins and chemokines, c-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and oxidative stress also plays a decisive role. In addition, an increase in parameters of ED, arterial stiffness, and atherosclerosis, such as carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, and flow-mediated dilatation, has been shown in periodontal patients. Conclusions The literature today agrees on the association of periodontitis and CVD and the positive role of periodontal therapy on systemic inflammatory indices and cardiovascular outcomes. Hopefully, these non-invasive methodologies could be extended to periodontal patients to provide a comprehensive understanding of the CVD-periodontitis link from the perspective of a personalized medicine approach in periodontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Nicolosi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Donzella
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Angjelova
- University Dental Clinical Center St. Pantelejmon, Faculty of Dentistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Simona Santonocito
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Zanoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Annunziata
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy
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15
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Huang H, Shen Y. Bezafibrate mitigates oxidized-low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced the attachment of monocytes to endothelial cells: An implication in atherosclerosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 39009501 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidized forms of low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL)-associated endothelial dysfunction and subsequent monocyte adhesion play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Bezafibrate (BEZ) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (pan-PPAR) agonist licensed as a hypolipidemic drug. However, the effects of BEZ on endothelial dysfunction are less reported. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aim to investigate the protective effects of BEZ on ox-LDL-challenged vascular endothelial cells to evaluate its potential value in treating AS. METHODS Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and THP-1 cells were used to establish an In Vitro AS model. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to test the data. RESULTS As expected, treatment with BEZ suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), tissue factor (TF), Interleukin 12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). BEZ was also found to inhibit ox-LDL-induced expression of the endothelial adhesion molecules vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HAECs. Correspondingly, BEZ prevented attachment of THP-1 monocytes to ox-LDL-incubated HAECs. Mechanically, BEZ was found to prevent NF-κB activation by reducing the levels of nuclear NF-κB p65 and inhibiting luciferase activity of NF-κB. CONCLUSION Our study revealed the pharmacological function of BEZ in protecting endothelial dysfunction against ox-LDL, which may provide valuable insight for the clinical application of BEZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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16
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Sun X, Jia X, Tan Z, Fan D, Chen M, Cui N, Liu A, Liu D. Oral Nanoformulations in Cardiovascular Medicine: Advances in Atherosclerosis Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:919. [PMID: 39065770 PMCID: PMC11279631 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of the arteries, causing them to narrow. If this occurs in the coronary arteries, the blood vessels may be completely blocked, resulting in myocardial infarction; if it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain, the blood vessels may be blocked, resulting in cerebral infarction, i.e., stroke. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves the processes of inflammation, lipid infiltration, oxidative stress, and endothelial damage, etc. SIRT, as a key factor regulating the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging, has an important impact on the pathogenesis of plaque formation, progression, and vulnerability. Statistics show that AS accounts for about 50 per cent of deaths in Western countries. Currently, oral medication is the mainstay of AS treatment, but its development is limited by side effects, low bioavailability and other unfavourable factors. In recent years, with the rapid development of nano-preparations, researchers have combined statins and natural product drugs within nanopreparations to improve their bioavailability. Based on this, this paper summarises the main pathogenesis of AS and also proposes new oral nanoformulations such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocapsules to improve their application in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aidong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (X.S.); (X.J.); (Z.T.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Da Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (X.S.); (X.J.); (Z.T.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (N.C.)
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17
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Ji Y, Wen Y, Zhang S, Xu B, Sun S, Chen Y, Shuai X, Zheng T. Black phosphorus quantum dots prevent atherosclerosis in high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:10784-10798. [PMID: 38990203 PMCID: PMC11272127 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease. Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) are a novel nanomaterial with good optical properties and biocompatibility, which was applied in the treatment of AS in mice, with good results shown in our previous study. In this study, BPQDs were injected into high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E knockout mice as a preventive drug for 12 weeks. Simvastatin, a classic preventive drug for AS, was used as a control to verify the preventive effect of BPQDs. The results showed that after preventive treatment with BPQDs, the plaque area in mice was significantly reduced, the vascular elasticity was increased, and serum lipid levels were significantly lower than those in the model group. To explore the mechanism, macrophages were induced to become foam cells using oxidized low-density lipoprotein. We found that BPQDs treatment could increase cell autophagy, thereby regulating intracellular lipid metabolism. Taken together, these data revealed that BPQDs may serve as a functional drug in preventing the development of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Ji
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Wen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Bingxuan Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P.R. China
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18
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Wang A, Ning J, Zhao L, Xu R. Lipid-lowering effect and oral transport characteristics study of curculigoside. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1426379. [PMID: 39015683 PMCID: PMC11249560 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1426379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incidence of metabolic disorders during pregnancy is increasing year by year, with diseases including hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Statins are the primary drugs for treating hyperlipidemia or atherosclerosis, yet some patients remain unresponsive to them, and pregnant women are prohibited from taking statins. Curculigoside is the major biologically active natural product present in Curculigo orchioides. Methods In this study, A high-fat mice model was developed to study the lipid-lowering effect of curculigoside. Using intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer, the curculigoside transport properties at two temperatures and possible transporters were systemically studied. Results Curculigoside at concentrations used during the experiments have no toxic effect to Caco-2 cells. The curculigoside transfer from the apical to the basolateral side was strongly influenced by temperature. P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and efflux transporters are crucial components of the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. The curculigoside can significantly affect the contents of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice. Discussion The transport properties and potential mechanism of curculigoside offer valuable insights for the design of development of hypolipidemic drugs like anti-atherosclerotic drugs and also be helpful to the further study of the pharmacological activity of curculigoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wang
- Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Renjie Xu
- Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
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19
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He Y, Zhu Y, Shui X, Huang Z, Li K, Lei W. Gut microbiome and metabolomic profiles reveal the antiatherosclerotic effect of indole-3-carbinol in high-choline-fed ApoE -/- mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155621. [PMID: 38678950 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolites produced from choline contribute to atherosclerosis (AS) pathogenesis, and the gut microbiota is redundantly essential for this process. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and brussels sprouts, helps prevent hyperlipidemia, maintain the gut microbiota balance, and decrease the production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) from choline in the diet. PURPOSE The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of I3C on choline-induced AS and to further elucidate the underlying mechanism involved. METHODS AS models of high-choline-induced ApoE-/- mice and TMAO-promoted foamy macrophages were established to observe the effect of I3C on the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and foam cells and changes in AS-related indicators (including blood biochemical indicators, TMA, TMAO, SRA, and SRB1), and integrated analyses of the microbiome and metabolome were used to reveal the mechanism of action of I3C. RESULTS We found that I3C inhibited high-choline-induced atheroma formation (50-100 mg/kg/d, in vivo) and slightly improved the lipid profile (15 mg/kg/d, in vivo). Moreover, I3C suppressed lipid influx at a concentration of 40 µmol/L in vitro, enhanced the diversity of the gut microbiota and the abundance of the phylum Verrucomicrobia, and consequently modified the gut microbial metabolites at a dosage of 50 mg/kg/d in the mice. Associative analyses based on microbiome and metabolomics revealed that 1-methyladenosine was a key modulator of the protective effect of I3C against AS in high-choline-induced ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate for the first time that I3C ameliorates AS progression through remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolomics, which paves the way for the possible therapeutic use of this vegetable-derived natural compound and may reduce the clinical severity of AS-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Xiaorong Shui
- Laboratory of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Zufeng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Kongwei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Innovative Drugs Translation of Cardiopulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Macao Region on Molecular Targets and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China; Department of Precision Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China.
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Zheng H, Tai L, Xu C, Wang W, Ma Q, Sun W. Microfluidic-based cardiovascular systems for advanced study of atherosclerosis. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38948949 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00756e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a significant global health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Extensive efforts have been made to replicate the cardiovascular system and explore the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of AS. Microfluidics has emerged as a valuable technology for modeling the cardiovascular system and studying AS. Here a brief review of the advances of microfluidic-based cardiovascular systems for AS research is presented. The critical pathogenetic mechanisms of AS investigated by microfluidic-based cardiovascular systems are categorized and reviewed, with a detailed summary of accurate diagnostic methods for detecting biomarkers using microfluidics represented. Furthermore, the review covers the evaluation and screening of AS drugs assisted by microfluidic systems, along with the fabrication of novel drug delivery carriers. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for advancing microfluidic-based cardiovascular systems in AS research are discussed and proposed, particularly regarding new opportunities in multi-disciplinary fundamental research and therapeutic applications for a broader range of disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China.
| | - Lei Tai
- Pharmacy Department, Shandong Qingdao Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Chengbin Xu
- Pharmacy Department, Shandong Qingdao Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Weijiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qingming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wentao Sun
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China.
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21
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Zhang N, Nao J, Zhang S, Dong X. Novel insights into the activating transcription factor 4 in Alzheimer's disease and associated aging-related diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024; 74:101144. [PMID: 38797197 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ageing is inherent to all human beings, most mechanistic explanations of ageing results from the combined effects of various physiological and pathological processes. Additionally, aging pivotally contributes to several chronic diseases. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a member of the ATF/cAMP response element-binding protein family, has recently emerged as a pivotal player owing to its indispensable role in the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease and aging-related diseases. Moreover, ATF4 is integral to numerous biological processes. Therefore, this article aims to comprehensively review relevant research on the role of ATF4 in the onset and progression of aging-related diseases, elucidating its potential mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Our objective is to furnish scientific evidence for the early identification of risk factors in aging-related diseases and pave the way for new research directions for their treatment. By elucidating the signaling pathway network of ATF4 in aging-related diseases, we aspire to gain a profound understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms, offering novel strategies for addressing aging and developing related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Seventh Clinical College of China Medical University, No. 24 Central Street, Xinfu District, Fushun 113000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, China.
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22
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Wang D, Sun Z, Yin Y, Xiang J, Wei Y, Ma Y, Wang L, Liu G. Vitamin D and Atherosclerosis: Unraveling the Impact on Macrophage Function. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300867. [PMID: 38864846 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in preventing atherosclerosis and in the regulation of macrophage function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the clinical evidence regarding the impact of vitamin D on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and associated risk factors. Additionally, it explores the mechanistic studies investigating the influence of vitamin D on macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Numerous findings indicate that vitamin D inhibits monocyte or macrophage recruitment, macrophage cholesterol uptake, and esterification. Moreover, it induces autophagy of lipid droplets in macrophages, promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophages, and regulates macrophage polarization. This review particularly focuses on analyzing the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways through which vitamin D modulates macrophage function in atherosclerosis. It claims that vitamin D has a direct inhibitory effect on the formation, adhesion, and migration of lipid-loaded monocytes, thus exerting anti-atherosclerotic effects. Therefore, this review emphasizes the crucial role of vitamin D in regulating macrophage function and preventing the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yajuan Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jingyi Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yuzhe Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
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Shi K, Jiao Y, Yang L, Yuan G, Jia J. New insights into the roles of olfactory receptors in cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1615-1626. [PMID: 38761351 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with seven transmembrane domains that bind to specific exogenous chemical ligands and transduce intracellular signals. They constitute the largest gene family in the human genome. They are expressed in the epithelial cells of the olfactory organs and in the non-olfactory tissues such as the liver, kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, intestines, muscle, testis, placenta, cerebral cortex, and skin. They play important roles in the normal physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Recent evidence has highlighted a close association between ORs and several metabolic diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Furthermore, ORs play an essential role in the development and functional regulation of the cardiovascular system and are implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms of CVDs, including atherosclerosis (AS), heart failure (HF), aneurysms, and hypertension (HTN). This review describes the specific mechanistic roles of ORs in the CVDs, and highlights the future clinical application prospects of ORs in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangru Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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Qian J, Huang G, Mao Y. Association between metabolic score of visceral fat and carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese health screening population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1723. [PMID: 38943105 PMCID: PMC11212235 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic score for visceral fat (METS-VF) quantifies the cumulative burden of visceral and intra-abdominal adipose tissues. However, the relationship between the METS-VF and carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) has not been extensively explored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the METS-VF and CAS. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 7089 Chinese adults who underwent physical examinations at the Zhenhai Lianhua Hospital, Zhejiang, China, in 2020. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to explore the linear relationship between METS-VF and CAS. Generalised additive models (GAM) were employed to evaluate potential nonlinear associations. The inflection points of METS-VF were determined using segmented logistic regression analysis optimised for maximum likelihood ratios and recursive algorithms. RESULTS Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between METS-VF and CAS (odds ratio [OR]: 1.824, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.753-1.899; P < 0.001). The GAM analysis confirmed a nonlinear association between them [effective degrees of freedom: 4.803, χ2: 876.7, P < 0.001], with an inflection point at a METS-VF of 8.09 (P < 0.001 for log-likelihood ratio test). Below this inflection point, METS-VF exhibited a significant positive association with CAS risk (OR: 1.874, 95% CI: 1.796-1.954; P < 0.001). Conversely, no significant association was observed when METS-VF ≥ 8.09 (OR: 0.998, 95% CI: 0.786-1.268; P = 0.989). CONCLUSIONS METS-VF and CAS demonstrated a positive non-linear correlation, with the curve indicating a saturation effect at METS-VF = 8.09.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China.
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yushan Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China.
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Nwokoye PN, Abilez OJ. Blood vessels in a dish: the evolution, challenges, and potential of vascularized tissues and organoids. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1336910. [PMID: 38938652 PMCID: PMC11210405 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1336910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathologies are prevalent in a broad spectrum of diseases, necessitating a deeper understanding of vascular biology, particularly in overcoming the oxygen and nutrient diffusion limit in tissue constructs. The evolution of vascularized tissues signifies a convergence of multiple scientific disciplines, encompassing the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into vascular cells, the development of advanced three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques, and the refinement of bioinks. These technologies are instrumental in creating intricate vascular networks essential for tissue viability, especially in thick, complex constructs. This review provides broad perspectives on the past, current state, and advancements in key areas, including the differentiation of hPSCs into specific vascular lineages, the potential and challenges of 3D bioprinting methods, and the role of innovative bioinks mimicking the native extracellular matrix. We also explore the integration of biophysical cues in vascularized tissues in vitro, highlighting their importance in stimulating vessel maturation and functionality. In this review, we aim to synthesize these diverse yet interconnected domains, offering a broad, multidisciplinary perspective on tissue vascularization. Advancements in this field will help address the global organ shortage and transform patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Nwokoye
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Oscar J. Abilez
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Pediatric CT Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Bai X, Wang S, Shu L, Cao Q, Hu H, Zhu Y, Chen C. Hawthorn leaf flavonoids alleviate the deterioration of atherosclerosis by inhibiting SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR pathway through sPLA2-ⅡA signaling in macrophages in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:118006. [PMID: 38442806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hawthorn leaves are a combination of the dried leaves of the Rosaceae plants, i.e., Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br., is primarily cultivated in East Asia, North America, and Europe. hawthorn leaf flavonoids (HLF) are the main part of extraction. The HLF have demonstrated potential in preventing hypertension, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. However, the potential pharmacological mechanism behind its anti-atherosclerotic effect has yet to be explored. AIM OF THE STUDY The in vivo and in vitro effects of HLF on lipid-mediated foam cell formation were investigated, with a specific focus on the levels of secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-II A) in macrophage cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary constituents of HLF were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In vivo, HLF, at concentrations of 5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg, were administered to apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE-/-) fed by high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Aorta and serum samples were collected to identify lesion areas and lipids through mass spectrometry analysis to dissect the pathological process. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) alone, or ox-LDL combined with different doses of HLF (100, 50, and 25 μg/ml), or ox-LDL plus 24-h sPLA2-IIA inhibitors, for cell biology analysis. Lipids and inflammatory cytokines were detected using biochemical analyzers and ELISA, while plaque size and collagen content of plaque were assessed by HE and the Masson staining of the aorta. The lipid deposition in macrophages was observed by Oil Red O staining. The expression of sPLA2-IIA and SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The chemical profile of HLF was studied using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, allowing the tentative identification of 20 compounds, comprising 1 phenolic acid, 9 flavonols and 10 flavones, including isovitexin, vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-robibioside, rutin, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, quercetin, etc. HLF decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels in ApoE-/- mice (P < 0.05), reduced ox-LDL uptake, inhibited level of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1ꞵ (P < 0.001), and alleviated aortic plaques with a thicker fibrous cap. HLF effectively attenuated foam cell formation in ox-LDL-treated RAW264.7 macrophages, and reduced levels of intracellular TC, free cholesterol (FC), cholesteryl ester (CE), IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β (P < 0.001). In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, HLF significantly downregulated the expression of sPLA2-IIA, SCAP, SREBP2, LDLR, HMGCR, and LOX-1 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, sPLA2-IIA inhibitor effectively mitigated inflammatory release in RAW264.7 macrophages and regulated SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR signaling pathway by inhibiting sPLA2-IIA secretion (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION HLF exerted a protective effect against atherosclerosis through inhibiting sPLA2-IIA to diminish SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR signaling pathway, to reduce LDL uptake caused foam cell formation, and to slow down the progression of atherosclerosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Limei Shu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Qingyu Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330052, China
| | - Huiming Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330052, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Quality Evaluation on Anti-Inflammatory Chinese Herbs, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, 330052, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Yanchen Zhu
- College of Computer Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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Berezin AE. Natural bioactive ingredients as plausible anti-atherosclerotic agent: evidence and hope from calycosin. Acta Cardiol 2024:1-2. [PMID: 38860539 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2024.2361951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Berezin
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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He J, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang R, Cao X, Liu G. Gut microbiome-derived hydrolases-an underrated target of natural product metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1392249. [PMID: 38915922 PMCID: PMC11194327 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1392249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in studying gut microbiome-derived hydrolases in relation to oral drug metabolism, particularly focusing on natural product drugs. Despite the significance of natural product drugs in the field of oral medications, there is a lack of research on the regulatory interplay between gut microbiome-derived hydrolases and these drugs. This review delves into the interaction between intestinal microbiome-derived hydrolases and natural product drugs metabolism from three key perspectives. Firstly, it examines the impact of glycoside hydrolases, amide hydrolases, carboxylesterase, bile salt hydrolases, and epoxide hydrolase on the structure of natural products. Secondly, it explores how natural product drugs influence microbiome-derived hydrolases. Lastly, it analyzes the impact of interactions between hydrolases and natural products on disease development and the challenges in developing microbial-derived enzymes. The overarching goal of this review is to lay a solid theoretical foundation for the advancement of research and development in new natural product drugs and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin He
- People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Pharmacy Department, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Pharmacy Department, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Cao
- People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Pharmacy Department, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Medical University, School of Basic Medicine, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Ningxia Medical University, School of Basic Medicine, Yinchuan, China
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Chen Y, Wei Y, Tang W. The role of hydrogen in the prevention and treatment of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 972:176586. [PMID: 38615891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD) is a primary cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis (AS), which is characterized by chronic inflammation and lipid oxidative deposition. Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an effective anti-inflammatory agent and has potential to ameliorate glycolipid metabolism disorders, which is believed to exert beneficial effects on the prevention and treatment of CHD. It is suggested that H2 reduces inflammation in CHD by regulating multiple pathways, including NF-κB inflammatory pathway, pyroptosis, mitophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Additionally, H2 may improve glycolipid metabolism by mediation of PI3K and AMPK signalling pathways, contributing to inhibition of the occurrence and development of CHD. This review elaborates pathogenesis of CHD and evaluates the role of H2 in CHD. Moreover, possible molecular mechanisms have been discussed and speculated, aiming to provide more strategies and directions for subsequent studies of H2 in CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Chen
- Research Institute of Heart Failure, Research Center for Translational Medicine & Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, PR China
| | - Youzhen Wei
- Hydrogen Medicine Center, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, PR China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Jinan People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 271100, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Research Institute of Heart Failure, Research Center for Translational Medicine & Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, PR China; Research Institute of Regenerative Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, PR China.
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Peng D, Zhuge F, Wang M, Zhang B, Zhuang Z, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Li J, Yu Z, Shi J. Morus alba L. (Sangzhi) alkaloids mitigate atherosclerosis by regulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155526. [PMID: 38564921 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis (AS) is an important cause of cardiovascular disease, posing a substantial health risk. Recognized as a chronic inflammatory disorder, AS hinges on the pivotal involvement of macrophages in arterial inflammation, participating in its formation and progression. Sangzhi alkaloid (SZ-A) is a novel natural alkaloid extracted from the mulberry branches, has extensive pharmacological effects and stable pharmacokinetic characteristics. However, the effects and mechanisms of SZ-A on AS remain unclear. PURPOSE To explore the effect and underlying mechanisms of SZ-A on inflammation mediated by macrophages and its role in AS development. METHODS Atherosclerosis was induced in vivo in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice through a high-fat and high-choline diet. We utilized macrophages and vascular endothelial cells to investigate the effects of SZ-A on macrophage polarization and its anti-inflammatory properties on endothelial cells in vitro. The transcriptomic analyses were used to investigate the major molecule that mediates cell-cell interactions and the antiatherogenic mechanisms of SZ-A based on AS, subsequently validated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS SZ-A demonstrated a significant inhibition in vascular inflammation and alleviation of AS severity by mitigating macrophage infiltration and modulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, SZ-A effectively reduced the release of the proinflammatory mediator C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-10, predominantly secreted by M1 macrophages. This reduction in CXCL-10 contributed to improved endothelial cell function, reduced recruitment of additional macrophages, and inhibited the inflammatory amplification effect. This ultimately led to the suppression of atherogenesis. CONCLUSION SZ-A exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting macrophage-mediated inflammation, providing a new therapeutic avenue against AS. This is the first study demonstrating the efficacy of SZ-A in alleviating AS severity and offers novel insights into its anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fen Zhuge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Run Zhou
- College of Nursing, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhenqiu Yu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; The Department of Hypertension, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Gao F, Zhang B, Xiao C, Sun Z, Gao Y, Liu C, Dou X, Tong H, Wang R, Li P, Heng L. IGF2BP3 stabilizes SESN1 mRNA to mitigate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by activating Nrf2 signaling. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 172:106832. [PMID: 38460759 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) represents a prevalent initiating factor for cardiovascular events. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) is an oncofetal RNA-binding protein that participates in cardiovascular diseases. This work aimed to elaborate the effects of IGF2BP3 on AS and the probable mechanism by using an oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) model. Results indicated that IGF2BP3 expression was declined in the blood of AS patients and ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. IGF2BP3 elevation alleviated ox-LDL-provoked viability loss, apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage and endothelial dysfunction in HUVECs. Moreover, IGF2BP3 bound SESN1 and stabilized SESN1 mRNA. Furthermore, SESN1 interference reversed the impacts of IGF2BP3 overexpression on the apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage and endothelial dysfunction of ox-LDL-challenged HUVECs. Additionally, the activation of Nrf2 signaling mediated by IGF2BP3 up-regulation in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs was blocked by SESN1 absence. Collectively, SESN1 stabilized by IGF2BP3 might protect against AS by activating Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunwei Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanfa Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyong Dou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China
| | - Haokun Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Heng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Y, Jiang Z, Yang X, Wang Y, Yang B, Fu Q. Engineering Nanoplatforms for Theranostics of Atherosclerotic Plaques. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303612. [PMID: 38564883 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque formation is considered the primary pathological mechanism underlying atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, leading to severe cardiovascular events such as stroke, acute coronary syndromes, and even sudden cardiac death. Early detection and timely intervention of plaques are challenging due to the lack of typical symptoms in the initial stages. Therefore, precise early detection and intervention play a crucial role in risk stratification of atherosclerotic plaques and achieving favorable post-interventional outcomes. The continuously advancing nanoplatforms have demonstrated numerous advantages including high signal-to-noise ratio, enhanced bioavailability, and specific targeting capabilities for imaging agents and therapeutic drugs, enabling effective visualization and management of atherosclerotic plaques. Motivated by these superior properties, various noninvasive imaging modalities for early recognition of plaques in the preliminary stage of atherosclerosis are comprehensively summarized. Additionally, several therapeutic strategies are proposed to enhance the efficacy of treating atherosclerotic plaques. Finally, existing challenges and promising prospects for accelerating clinical translation of nanoplatform-based molecular imaging and therapy for atherosclerotic plaques are discussed. In conclusion, this review provides an insightful perspective on the diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zeyu Jiang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qinrui Fu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
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Mhaimeed O, Burney ZA, Schott SL, Kohli P, Marvel FA, Martin SS. The importance of LDL-C lowering in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: Lower for longer is better. Am J Prev Cardiol 2024; 18:100649. [PMID: 38576462 PMCID: PMC10992711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2024.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cumulative exposure to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a key driver of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. An armamentarium of therapies to achieve robust and sustained reduction in LDL-C can reduce ASCVD risk. The gold standard for LDL-C assessment is ultracentrifugation but in routine clinical practice LDL-C is usually calculated and the most accurate calculation is the Martin/Hopkins equation. For primary prevention, consideration of estimated ASCVD risk frames decision making regarding use of statins and other therapies, and tools such as risk enhancing factors and coronary artery calcium enable tailoring of risk assessment and decision making. In patients with diabetes, lipid lowering therapy is recommended in most patients to reduce ASCVD risk with an opportunity to tailor therapy based on other risk factors. Patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) with baseline LDL-C greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are at elevated risk, and LDL-C lowering with high-intensity statin therapy is often combined with non-statin therapies to prevent ASCVD. Secondary prevention of ASCVD, including in patients with prior myocardial infarction or stroke, requires intensive lipid lowering therapy and lifestyle modification approaches. There is no established LDL-C level below which benefit ceases or safety concerns arise. When further LDL-C lowering is required beyond lifestyle modifications and statin therapy, additional medications include oral ezetimibe and bempedoic acid, or injectables such as PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies or siRNA therapy. A novel agent that acts independently of hepatic LDL receptors is evinacumab, which is approved for patients with homozygous FH. Other emerging agents are targeted at Lp(a) and CETP. In light of the expanding lipid treatment landscape, this manuscript reviews the importance of early, intensive, and sustained LDL-C-lowering for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mhaimeed
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zain A Burney
- Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stacey L Schott
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Payal Kohli
- Department of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Aurora, CO, United States
- Cherry Creek Heart, Aurora, CO, United States
- Tegna Broadcasting, MD, United States
| | - Francoise A Marvel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seth S Martin
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Yao YX, Yu YJ, Dai S, Zhang CY, Xue XY, Zhou ML, Yao CH, Li YX. Kaempferol efficacy in metabolic diseases: Molecular mechanisms of action in diabetes mellitus, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, and atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116694. [PMID: 38713943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic diseases has progressively increased, which has a negative impact on human health and life safety globally. Due to the good efficacy and limited side effects, there is growing interest in developing effective drugs to treat metabolic diseases from natural compounds. Kaempferol (KMP), an important flavonoid, exists in many vegetables, fruits, and traditional medicinal plants. Recently, KMP has received widespread attention worldwide due to its good potential in the treatment of metabolic diseases. To promote the basic research and clinical application of KMP, this review provides a timely and comprehensive summary of the pharmacological advances of KMP in the treatment of four metabolic diseases and its potential molecular mechanisms of action, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and atherosclerosis. According to the research, KMP shows remarkable therapeutic effects on metabolic diseases by regulating multiple signaling transduction pathways such as NF-κB, Nrf2, AMPK, PI3K/AKT, TLR4, and ER stress. In addition, the most recent literature on KMP's natural source, pharmacokinetics studies, as well as toxicity and safety are also discussed in this review, thus providing a foundation and evidence for further studies to develop novel and effective drugs from natural compounds. Collectively, our manuscript strongly suggested that KMP could be a promising candidate for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yu-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chao-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xin-Yan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Meng-Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chen-Hao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yun-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Li W, Bai P, Li W. UHRF1 inhibition mitigates vascular endothelial cell injury and ameliorates atherosclerosis in mice via regulating the SMAD7/YAP1 axis. Mol Immunol 2024; 170:119-130. [PMID: 38657333 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cell injury and dysfunction lead to cholesterol and lipid accumulation and atherosclerotic plaque formation in the arterial wall during atherosclerosis (AS) progression, Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1), a DNA methylation regulator, was strongly upregulated in atherosclerotic plaque lesions in mice. This study aimed to investigate the precise biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of UHRF1 on endothelial dysfunction during AS development. METHODS UHRF1 levels in the atherosclerotic plaque tissues and normal arterial intima from AS patients were tested with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry assays. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to induce an injury model and then transfected with short hairpin RNA targeting UHRF1 (sh-UHRF1). Cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, the levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the protein levels adhesion molecules including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation assay was used to determine the interactions between UHRF1 and DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1), As well as mothers against DPP homolog 7 (SMAD7) and yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). SMAD7 promoter methylation was examined with methylation-specific PCR. In addition, we established an AS mouse model to determine the in vivo effects of UHRF1 on AS progression. RESULTS UHRF1 was upregulated in atherosclerotic plaque tissues and ox-LDL-treated HUVECs. UHRF1 knockdown mitigated ox-LDL-induced proliferation and migration inhibition, apoptosis and the production of TNF-α, IL-6, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 in HUVECs. Mechanistically, UHRF1 promoted DNMT1-mediated SMAD7 promoter methylation and inhibited its expression. SMAD7 knockdown abolished the protective effects of UHRF1 knockdown on ox-LDL-induced HUVEC injury. Moreover, SMAD7 interacted with YAP1 and inhibited YAP1 expression by promoting YAP1 protein ubiquitination-independent degradation in HUVECs. YAP1 overexpression abrogated SMAD7 overexpression-mediated protective effects on ox-LDL-induced HUVEC injury. Finally, UHRF1 knockdown alleviated atherosclerotic plaque deposition and arterial lesions in AS mice. CONCLUSION UHRF1 inhibition mitigates vascular endothelial cell injury and ameliorates AS progression in mice by regulating the SMAD7/YAP1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- The Third Departments of Cardiovascular, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Pengxing Bai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China.
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Ding D, Zhao Y, Jia Y, Niu M, Li X, Zheng X, Chen H. Identification of novel genes associated with atherosclerosis in Bama miniature pig. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:377-387. [PMID: 38720469 PMCID: PMC11228093 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic cardiovascular disease of great concern. However, it is difficult to establish a direct connection between conventional small animal models and clinical practice. The pig's genome, physiology, and anatomy reflect human biology better than other laboratory animals, which is crucial for studying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. METHODS We used whole-genome sequencing data from nine Bama minipigs to perform a genome-wide linkage analysis, and further used bioinformatic tools to filter and identify underlying candidate genes. Candidate gene function prediction was performed using the online prediction tool STRING 12.0. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of proteins encoded by candidate genes. RESULTS We mapped differential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to genes and obtained a total of 102 differential genes, then we used GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to identify four candidate genes, including SLA-1, SLA-2, SLA-3, and TAP2. nsSNPs cause changes in the primary and tertiary structures of SLA-I and TAP2 proteins, the primary structures of these two proteins have undergone amino acid changes, and the tertiary structures also show slight changes. In addition, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results showed that the expression changes of TAP2 protein in coronary arteries showed a trend of increasing from the middle layer to the inner layer. CONCLUSIONS We have identified SLA-I and TAP2 as potential susceptibility genes of atherosclerosis, highlighting the importance of antigen processing and immune response in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Ding
- Laboratory Animal CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yuqiong Zhao
- Laboratory Animal CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yunxiao Jia
- Laboratory Animal CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Miaomiao Niu
- Laboratory Animal CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xuezhuang Li
- Laboratory Animal CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xinou Zheng
- Laboratory Animal CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hua Chen
- Laboratory Animal CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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Jiang G, Li J, Niu S, Dong R, Chen Y, Bi W. LY86 facilitates ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation in macrophages by upregulating SREBP2/HMGCR expression. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:289. [PMID: 38822281 PMCID: PMC11140969 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
LY86, also known as MD1, has been implicated in various pathophysiological processes including inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance, and immunoregulation. However, the role of LY86 in cholesterol metabolism remains incompletely understood. Several studies have reported significant up-regulation of LY86 mRNA in atherosclerosis; nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism by which LY86 is involved in this disease remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether LY86 affects ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation in macrophages. Firstly, we confirmed that LY86 is indeed involved in the process of atherosclerosis and found high expression levels of LY86 in human atherosclerotic plaque tissue. Furthermore, our findings suggest that LY86 may mediate intracellular lipid accumulation induced by ox-LDL through the SREBP2/HMGCR pathway. This mechanism could be associated with increased cholesterol synthesis resulting from enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jikuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Shuai Niu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Ruoyu Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- The Second Department of rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Wei Bi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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Huang J, Dong S, Wu Y, Yi H, Zhang W, Ai X. Sirtuin 6 Deacetylates Apoptosis-Associated Speck-Like Protein (ASC) to Inhibit Endothelial Cell Pyroptosis in Atherosclerosis. Int Heart J 2024; 65:466-474. [PMID: 38749754 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.23-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction is the main pathology of atherosclerosis (AS). Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a deacetylase, is involved in AS progression. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of SIRT6 on the pyroptosis of endothelial cells and its underlying mechanisms. ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the AS mouse model, atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated using oil red O staining, and blood lipids and inflammatory factors were measured using corresponding kits. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to establish the cell model, and pyroptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry, ELISA, and western blot. Immunoprecipitation (IP), co-IP, western blot, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the molecular mechanisms. The results showed that SIRT6 expression was downregulated in the blood of HFD-induced mice and ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. Overexpression of SIRT6 reduced atherosclerotic lesions, blood lipids, and inflammation in vivo and suppressed pyroptosis of HUVECs in vitro. Moreover, SIRT6 interacted with ASC to inhibit the acetylation of ASC, thus, reducing the interaction between ASC and NLRP3. Moreover, SIRT6 inhibits endothelial cell pyroptosis in the aortic roots of mice by deacetylating ASC. In conclusion, SIRT6 deacetylated ASC to inhibit its interaction with NLRP3 and then suppressed pyroptosis of endothelial cells, thus, decelerating the progression of AS. The findings provide new insights into the function of SIRT6 in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Shuilin Dong
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Vascular Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital
| | - Yanhui Wu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Vascular Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital
| | - Huiming Yi
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital
| | - Xi Ai
- Department of General Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital
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Lin Y, Xie R, Yu T. Photodynamic Therapy for Atherosclerosis: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:729. [PMID: 38931851 PMCID: PMC11206729 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review paper examines the evolution of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a novel, minimally invasive strategy for treating atherosclerosis, a leading global health concern. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipids and inflammation within arterial walls, leading to significant morbidity and mortality through cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Traditional therapeutic approaches have primarily focused on modulating risk factors such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia, with emerging evidence highlighting the pivotal role of inflammation. PDT, leveraging a photosensitizer, specific-wavelength light, and oxygen, offers targeted treatment by inducing cell death in diseased tissues while sparing healthy ones. This specificity, combined with advancements in nanoparticle technology for improved delivery, positions PDT as a promising alternative to traditional interventions. The review explores the mechanistic basis of PDT, its efficacy in preclinical studies, and the potential for enhancing plaque stability and reducing macrophage density within plaques. It also addresses the need for further research to optimize treatment parameters, mitigate adverse effects, and validate long-term outcomes. By detailing past developments, current progress, and future directions, this paper aims to highlight PDT's potential in revolutionizing atherosclerosis treatment, bridging the gap from experimental research to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Lin
- Ultrasound in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Biomechanics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China;
| | - Ruosen Xie
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
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Lei M, Weng ST, Wang JJ, Qiao S. Diagnostic potential of TSH to HDL cholesterol ratio in vulnerable carotid plaque identification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1333908. [PMID: 38863898 PMCID: PMC11166198 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1333908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the thyroid-stimulating hormone to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (THR) in identifying specific vulnerable carotid artery plaques. Methods In this retrospective analysis, we included 76 patients with carotid plaques who met the criteria for admission to Zhejiang Hospital from July 2019 to June 2021. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI) and the MRI-PlaqueView vascular plaque imaging diagnostic system were utilized to analyze carotid artery images for the identification of specific plaque components, including the lipid core (LC), fibrous cap (FC), and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH), and recording of the area percentage of LC and IPH, as well as the thickness of FC. Patients were categorized into stable plaque and vulnerable plaque groups based on diagnostic criteria for vulnerable plaques derived from imaging. Plaques were categorized based on meeting one of the following consensus criteria for vulnerability: lipid core area over 40% of total plaque area, fibrous cap thickness less than 65 um, or the presence of intraplaque hemorrhage. Plaques meeting the above criteria were designated as the LC-associated vulnerable plaque group, the IPH-associated group, and the FC-associated group. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the factors influencing carotid vulnerable plaques and specific vulnerable plaque components. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive value of serological indices for vulnerable carotid plaques. Results We found that THR (OR = 1.976; 95% CI = 1.094-3.570; p = 0.024) and TSH (OR = 1.939, 95% CI = 1.122-3.350, p = 0.018) contributed to the formation of vulnerable carotid plaques. THR exhibited an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.704 (95% CI = 0.588-0.803) (p = 0.003), and the AUC for TSH was 0.681 (95% CI = 0.564-0.783) (p = 0.008). THR was identified as an independent predictor of LC-associated vulnerable plaques (OR = 2.117, 95% CI = 1.064-4.212, p = 0.033), yielding an AUC of 0.815. THR also demonstrated diagnostic efficacy for LC-associated vulnerable plaques. Conclusion This study substantiated that THR and TSH have predictive value for identifying vulnerable carotid plaques, with THR proving to be a more effective diagnostic indicator than TSH. THR also exhibited predictive value and specificity in the context of LC-associated vulnerable plaques. These findings suggest that THR may be a promising clinical indicator, outperforming TSH in detecting specific vulnerable carotid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jinhua, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi-Ting Weng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Kara ZG, Özdemir Kara D. Anthrometric dimensions and their impact on cardiovascular risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38140. [PMID: 38788016 PMCID: PMC11124677 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Central obesity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (ASATT) can be used to evaluate central obesity. The objective of this study was to compare ASATT with cardiovascular risk factors and other anthropometric parameters to show that ASATT can be a useful tool for the early assessment of heart disease risk. In this observational cross-sectional study, anthropometric measurements of 100 autopsied decedents, including waist circumference, hip circumference, waist/height and waist/hip ratio, aortic outlet and coronary artery atheroma plaque densities, heart weight, ventricular wall thickness, and ASATT, were assessed. The research data were evaluated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows 25.0. The average ASATT of the male group was 40.36 mm (SD: 11.00), and the average of female cases was 46.34 mm (SD: 18.12). There was no statistically significant difference between the sexes and both age groups in terms of the ASATT score (P > .05). There was a positive correlation between ASATT and waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist/height ratio in both sexes (P < .05). While ASATT was not related to atheroma density in the coronary arteries of men (P > .05), it was correlated with atheroma density in all 3 coronary arteries of women (P < .05). In the male group, the aortic inner surface atheroma density was positively correlated with ASATT (P < .05). In both sexes, there was a positive correlation (P < .05) between ASATT and heart weight; however, no such correlation was observed with right and left ventricular wall thickness (P > .05). ASATT is related to other anthropometric measurements, atherosclerosis of critical vessels, and heart weight, and can be used to scan the patient population for heart disease risk assessment with noninvasive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekiye Gözde Kara
- Department of Autopsy, Turkish Council of Forensic Medicine Ankara Head Office, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Doğuş Özdemir Kara
- Department of Pathology, Turkish Council of Forensic Medicine Ankara Head Office, Ankara, Turkey
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Chen X, Fang M, Hong J, Guo Y. JNK Pathway-Associated Phosphatase Deficiency Facilitates Atherosclerotic Progression by Inducing T-Helper 1 and 17 Polarization and Inflammation in an ERK- and NF-κB Pathway-Dependent Manner. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024:64754. [PMID: 38797677 DOI: 10.5551/jat.64754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM JNK pathway-associated phosphatase (JKAP) regulates T cell-mediated immunity and inflammation, which are involved in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. This study investigated the effects of JKAP on T-helper (Th) cell polarization, inflammation, and atherosclerotic progression. METHODS Serum JKAP levels were measured in 30 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 30 controls. CHD blood naïve CD4+ T cells were acquired, followed by JKAP overexpression and knockdown with or without treatment with PD98059 (ERK inhibitor) or BAY-11-7082 (NF-κB inhibitor) in vitro. CD4+ T-cell conditional JKAP ablation mice were established in vivo, followed by the construction of an atherosclerosis model. RESULTS JKAP was reduced and negatively correlated with the Gensini score, CRP, Th1 cells, Th17 cells, and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with CHD. In vitro, JKAP overexpression suppressed Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and proinflammatory cytokines, whereas JKAP knockdown exerted the opposite effect; however, JKAP modification did not affect Th2 cell differentiation. Interestingly, JKAP negatively regulated the ERK and NF-κB pathways; meanwhile, the PD98059 and BAY-11-7082 treatments repressed Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation, and attenuated the effect of JKAP knockdown on these indices. In vivo, conditional CD4+ T-cell JKAP ablation increased Th1 and Th17 cell polarization in the spleen, lymph node, blood, and/or aortic root. Furthermore, CD4+ T-cell conditional JKAP ablation exaggerated atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, elevated CD4+ cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines in the aortic root, and activated the ERK and NF-κB pathways in the aortic root. CONCLUSION JKAP ablation facilitates atherosclerosis progression by promoting Th1 and 17 polarization and inflammation through regulation of the ERK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Provincial Hospital
| | - Mingcheng Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Provincial Hospital
| | - Jingxuan Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Provincial Hospital
| | - Yansong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Provincial Hospital
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Li X, Li Y, Jiao H, Wang A, Zheng M, Xiang C, Zhang F. Puerarin alleviates acrolein-induced atherosclerosis by activating the MYH9-mediated SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade to inhibit the activation of inflammasome. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 38783542 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Puerarin (Pue) has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work was designed to clarify and investigate the potential mechanisms of Pue in atherosclerosis (AS) progression. In vivo, acrolein (Acr) was inhaled through drinking water to construct AS model. In vitro, CCK-8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay kit were used to detect cell viability. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by commercial kit, the level of inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA, and proteins were determined by western blot. Pue administration could effectively reduce blood lipid level in Acr-fed mice. Pue suppressed oxidative stress, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, and the process of aortic histological changes. Pue pretreatment decreased MDA in HUVECs and maintained the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Pue upregulated SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade in HUVECs. Pue increased MYH9 and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins, and the inhibition of MYH9 significantly impaired Pue-induced Nrf2 activation. Moreover, HUVEC cytotoxicity and apoptosis are alleviated by Pue, in addition to NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in HUVECs induced by Acr. MYH9 inhibitors effectively suppressed the pyroptosis induced by Acr and prevented injury to HUVECs. In addition, Pue promoted SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade activation in HUVECs. Pue may alleviate Acr-induced AS by activating the MYH9-mediated SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade to inhibit inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoNing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - YeTing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - HuiHui Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - AiTing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Man Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - ChunYan Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - FengLei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
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Wang S, Chen Y, Zhou D, Zhang J, Guo G, Chen Y. Pathogenic Autoimmunity in Atherosclerosis Evolves from HSP60-Reactive CD4 + T Cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s12265-024-10516-8. [PMID: 38767798 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-024-10516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests anti-Hsp60 antibodies could contribute to atherosclerosis (AS) development, with unclear mechanisms. This study aims to explore the role of anti-HSP60-mediated autoimmunity in AS progression. HSP60-MHC tetramers were used to characterize HSP60-specific CD4 + T cells and assess TCR responses in mice. These cells were transplanted into AS mice to examine immune cell differentiation and infiltration in plaques and blood. Mice were injected with recombinant HSP60 or anti-HSP60 sera to evaluate effects on plaque progression and macrophage activity. Experiments with muMT-/-Apoe-/- mice examined humoral immunity's role in this autoimmunity. HSP60-reactive CD4 + T cells in AS mice differentiated into follicular helper cells, not Th1/Th17. Anti-HSP60 treatments increased macrophage infiltration and M1 polarization, indicating an anti-HSP60-driven inflammatory progression, dependent on humoral immunity. Anti-HSP60 influences macrophage infiltration, polarization, and plaque formation via humoral immunity, shedding light on its potential role in AS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63, Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63, Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Danyan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63, Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63, Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Guofeng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63, Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Youquan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63, Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Yin Y, Xu J, Ilyas I, Xu S. Bioactive Flavonoids in Protecting Against Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38755351 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease closely associated with factors such as hyperlipidaemia and chronic inflammation. Among them, endothelial dysfunction serves as a major predisposing factor. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is manifested by impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, enhanced oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, leukocyte adhesion and hyperpermeability, endothelial senescence, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant activity, eliminating oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, reducing platelet aggregation, alleviating ischemic damage, and improving vascular function. Flavonoids have also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity and to protect the cardiovascular system. This review focuses on the protective effects of these naturally-occuring bioactive flavonoids against the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis through their effects on endothelial cells including, but not limited to, their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and lipid-lowering properties. However, more clinical evidences are still needed to determine the exact role and optimal dosage of these compounds in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Qi J, Zhou S, Wang G, Hua R, Wang X, He J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Luo J, Shi W, Luo Y, Chen X. The Antioxidant Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharide Modulates Host Metabolism and Gut Microbiota to Alleviate High-Fat Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:599. [PMID: 38790704 PMCID: PMC11117934 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of traditional plants' medicinal and nutritional properties has opened up new avenues for developing pharmaceutical and dietary strategies to prevent atherosclerosis. However, the effect of the antioxidant Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP) on atherosclerosis is still not elucidated. PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect and the potential mechanism of DOP on high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The identification of DOP was measured by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We used high-fat diet (HFD)-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice as an animal model. In the DOP intervention stage, the DOP group was treated by gavage with 200 μL of 200 mg/kg DOP at regular times each day and continued for eight weeks. We detected changes in serum lipid profiles, inflammatory factors, anti-inflammatory factors, and antioxidant capacity to investigate the effect of the DOP on host metabolism. We also determined microbial composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate whether the DOP could improve the structure of the gut microbiota in atherosclerotic mice. RESULTS DOP effectively inhibited histopathological deterioration in atherosclerotic mice and significantly reduced serum lipid levels, inflammatory factors, and malondialdehyde (F/B) production. Additionally, the levels of anti-inflammatory factors and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), were significantly increased after DOP intervention. Furthermore, we found that DOP restructures the gut microbiota composition by decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio. The Spearman's correlation analysis indicated that serum lipid profiles, antioxidant activity, and pro-/anti-inflammatory factors were associated with Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Allobaculum, and Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that DOP has the potential to be developed as a food prebiotic for the treatment of atherosclerosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Q.); (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Shuaishuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Q.); (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Guisheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; (G.W.); (R.H.)
| | - Rongrong Hua
- Department of Radiology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; (G.W.); (R.H.)
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Zhejiang Medicine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China;
| | - Jian He
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China;
| | - Zi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Q.); (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yinhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Q.); (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Junjie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Q.); (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenbiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Q.); (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yongting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Q.); (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; (G.W.); (R.H.)
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Wang M, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Tong L, Yu S, Liu Y, Yang F. Flavonoid Compounds in Hippophae rhamnoides L. Protect Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Damage Through the PI3K/AKT-eNOS Pathway. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400300. [PMID: 38430215 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Sea buckthorn, a traditional medicinal plant, has been used for several years in China for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, a practice closely associated with its significant antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of sea buckthorn flavonoids on vascular endothelial cells in an oxidative stress environment. We isolated and extracted active compounds from sea buckthorn and investigated their impact on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity through the PI3K/AKT-eNOS signaling pathway through a combination of network pharmacology and cellular experiments, elucidating the regulatory effects of these compounds on endothelial cell functions. Three flavonoids, named Fr.4-2-1, Fr.4-2-2 and Fr.4-2-3, were obtained from sea buckthorn. The results of network pharmacology indicated that they might exert their effects by regulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. In vitro results showed that all three flavonoids were effective in alleviating the degree of oxidative stress in cells, among which Fr.4-2-1 exerted its antioxidant effects by modulating the PI3K/AKT-eNOS pathway. Flavonoids in sea buckthorn can effectively inhibit oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, preserving the integrity and functionality of endothelial cells, which is crucial for maintaining vascular health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Xingfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Zonghao Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Control of Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Song Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Control of Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Xining, 810001, China
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Zhao Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Feng M, Liu X, Chen H, Wang N, Wang Z, Cao S, Ren J, Liu X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Asprosin aggravates atherosclerosis via regulating the phenotype transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131868. [PMID: 38677690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Phenotype transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Asprosin is a newly discovered adipokine, which is critical in regulating metabolism. However, the relationship between asprosin and phenotype transformation of VSMCs in atherosclerosis remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether asprosin affects the progression of atherosclerosis by inducing phenotype transformation of VSMCs. We established an atherosclerosis model in ApoE-/- mice and administered asprosin recombinant protein and asprosin antibody to mice. Knocking down asprosin was also as an intervention. Interestingly, we found a correlation between asprosin levels and atherosclerosis. Asprosin promoted plaque formation and phenotype transformation of VSMCs. While, AspKD or asprosin antibody reduced the plaque lesion and suppressed vascular stiffness in ApoE-/- mice. Mechanistically, asprosin induced phenotype transformation of MOVAs by binding to GPR54, leading to Gαq/11 recruitment and activation of the PLC-PKC-ERK1/2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Si GPR54 or GPR54 antagonist partially inhibited the action of asprosin in MOVAs. Mutant GPR54-(267, 307) residue cancelled the binding of asprosin and GPR54. In summary, this study confirmed asprosin activated GPR54/Gαq/11-dependent ERK1/2-STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby promoting VSMCs phenotype transformation and aggravating atherosclerosis, thus providing a new target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mice
- Phenotype
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Fibrillin-1/metabolism
- Fibrillin-1/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Male
- Signal Transduction
- Disease Models, Animal
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Humans
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Province Key Laboratory of Medicine-Food Homologous Resources and Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Basic Medical College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Zhengkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Min Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Huan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shifeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yixiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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49
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Gordon LB, Basso S, Maestranzi J, Aikawa E, Clift CL, Cammardella AG, Danesi TH, del Nido PJ, Edelman ER, Hamdy A, Hegde SM, Kleinman ME, Maschietto N, Mehra MR, Mukundan S, Musumeci F, Russo M, Rybicki FJ, Shah PB, Suarez WA, Tuminelli K, Zaleski K, Prakash A, Gerhard-Herman M. Intervention for critical aortic stenosis in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1356010. [PMID: 38725831 PMCID: PMC11079313 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1356010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is an ultra-rare genetic premature aging disease that is historically fatal in teenage years, secondary to severe accelerated atherosclerosis. The only approved treatment is the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib, which improves vascular structure and function, extending average untreated lifespan of 14.5 years by 4.3 years (30%). With this longer lifespan, calcific aortic stenosis (AS) was identified as an emerging critical risk factor for cardiac death in older patients. Intervention to relieve critical AS has the potential for immediate improvement in healthspan and lifespan. However, HGPS patient-device size mismatch, pervasive peripheral arterial disease, skin and bone abnormalities, and lifelong failure to thrive present unique challenges to intervention. An international group of experts in HGPS, pediatric and adult cardiology, cardiac surgery, and pediatric critical care convened to identify strategies for successful treatment. Candidate procedures were evaluated by in-depth examination of 4 cases that typify HGPS clinical pathology. Modified transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and left ventricular Apico-Aortic Conduit (AAC) placement were deemed high risk but viable options. Two cases received TAVR and 2 received AAC post-summit. Three were successful and 1 patient died perioperatively due to cardiovascular disease severity, highlighting the importance of intervention timing and comparative risk stratification. These breakthrough interventions for treating critical aortic stenosis in HGPS patients could rewrite the current clinical perspective on disease course by greatly improving late-stage quality of life and increasing lifespan. Expanding worldwide medical and surgical competency for this ultra-rare disease through expert information-sharing could have high impact on treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie B. Gordon
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- The Progeria Research Foundation, Peabody, MA, United States
| | - Sammy Basso
- The Progeria Research Foundation, Peabody, MA, United States
- Associazione Italiana Progeria Sammy Basso, Tezze sul Brenta, Vicenza
- CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza,Unit 9 of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cassandra L. Clift
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Tommaso Hinna Danesi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedro J. del Nido
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elazer R. Edelman
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Abeer Hamdy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Sheila M. Hegde
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Monica E. Kleinman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicola Maschietto
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mandeep R. Mehra
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Srinivasan Mukundan
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francesco Musumeci
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Heart Transplantation, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Russo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Heart Transplantation, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Frank J. Rybicki
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Pinak Bipin Shah
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William A. Suarez
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, United States
| | | | - Katherine Zaleski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ashwin Prakash
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marie Gerhard-Herman
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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50
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Kong XY, Lauritzen KH, Dahl TB, Holm S, Olsen MB, Skjelland M, Nielsen C, Michelsen AE, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Sandanger Ø. CD38 deficient mice are not protected from atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 705:149734. [PMID: 38430607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional enzyme implicated in chemotaxis of myeloid cells and lymphocyte activation, but also expressed by resident cells such as endothelial and smooth muscle cells. CD38 is important for host defense against microbes. However, CD38's role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is controversial with seemingly conflicting results reported so far. To clarify the discrepancy of current literature on the effect of CD38 ablation on atherosclerosis development, we implanted a shear stress modifier around the right carotid artery in CD38-/- and WT mice. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by human gain-of-function PCSK9 (D374Y), introduced using AAV vector (serotype 9), combined with an atherogenic diet for a total of 9 weeks. Atherosclerosis was assessed at the aortic root, aortic arch and the right carotid artery. The findings can be summarized as follows: i) CD38-/- and WT mice had a similar atherosclerotic burden in all three locations, ii) No significant differences in monocyte infiltration or macrophage content could be seen in the plaques, and iii) The amount of collagen deposition in the plaques were also similar between CD38-/- and WT mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that CD38-/- mice are neither protected against nor prone to atherosclerosis compared to WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yi Kong
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Knut H Lauritzen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva Børresdatter Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Belland Olsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Nielsen
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Thrombosis Research Center (TREC), Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Sandanger
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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