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Shen W, Zhang D, Zhang Z, He J, Khalil A, Li X, Ma F, Guan Q, Niu C. The SET-Domain-Containing Protein MdSDG26 Negatively Regulates Alternaria alternata Resistance in Apple. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39257329 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Apple leaf spot is one of the most devastating diseases in the apple industry, caused by Alternaria alternata f. sp mali (A. alternata). SET-domain group (SDG) proteins function as the histone methyltransferases and participate in plant development and stress responses. However, whether SDG proteins are associated with A. alternata resistance is largely unclear. Here, we describe the pathogen-inducible MdSDG26 gene in apple (Malus × domestica). MdSDG26 has two transcript variants that function similarly in catalyzing histone methylation and A. alternata resistance. Transient overexpression of MdSDG26 increased the global levels of H3K4me3 and H3K36me3, whereas knockdown of MdSDG26 only reduced the H3K36me3 level. Transcriptome analysis revealed that MdSDG26 affected the genome-wide transcriptome changes in response to A. alternata infection. ChIP-qPCR analysis demonstrated that MdSDG26 modulates the levels of H3K36me3 and H3K4me3 at both the promoter and exon regions of MdNTL9. As a negative regulator of A. alternata resistance in apples, MdNTL9 plays a pivotal role in MdSDG26-mediated resistance to A. alternata. Therefore, our findings provide compelling evidence for the regulatory function of MdSDG26 in histone methylation and its molecular role in conferring resistance to A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dehui Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zitong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jieqiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Arij Khalil
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Horticulture, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Xuewei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chundong Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Torres E, Kalcsits L, Nieto LG. Is calcium deficiency the real cause of bitter pit? A review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1383645. [PMID: 38978516 PMCID: PMC11228315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1383645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Bitter pit is a disorder affecting the appearance of apples. Susceptibility is genetically controlled by both the cultivar and rootstock, with both environmental and horticultural factors affecting its severity and proportional incidence. Symptoms appear more frequently at the calyx end of the fruit and consist of circular necrotic spots, which take on a "corky" appearance visible through the peel. Bitter pit may develop before harvest, or after harvest, reducing the proportions of marketable fruit. In this review, current knowledge of the factors associated with the occurrence of bitter pit in apples is summarized and discussed along with their interactions with Ca uptake and distribution to fruit. This disorder has been previously linked with localized Ca deficiencies in fruit during its development. However, these relationships are not always clear. Even with over a century of research, the precise mechanisms involved in its development are still not fully understood. Additional factors also contribute to bitter pit development, like imbalances of mineral nutrients, low concentration of auxins, high concentration of gibberellins, changes in xylem functionality, or physiological responses to abiotic stress. Bitter pit remains a complex disorder with multiple factors contributing to its development including changes at whole plant and cellular scales. Apple growers must carefully navigate these complex interactions between genetics, environment, and management decisions to minimize bitter pit in susceptible cultivars. Accordingly, management of plant nutrition, fruit crop load, and tree vigor still stands as the most important contribution to reducing bitter pit development. Even so, there will be situations where the occurrence of bitter pit will be inevitable due to cultivar and/or abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanis Torres
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruitcentre, Parck AgroBiotech, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lee Kalcsits
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Luís Gonzalez Nieto
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Horticulture Section, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States
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3
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Im JH, Son S, Kim WC, Kim K, Mitsuda N, Ko JH, Han KH. Jasmonate activates secondary cell wall biosynthesis through MYC2-MYB46 module. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1099-1114. [PMID: 37983636 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Formation of secondary cell wall (SCW) is tightly regulated spatiotemporally by various developmental and environmental signals. Successful fine-tuning of the trade-off between SCW biosynthesis and stress responses requires a better understanding of how plant growth is regulated under environmental stress conditions. However, the current understanding of the interplay between environmental signaling and SCW formation is limited. The lipid-derived plant hormone jasmonate (JA) and its derivatives are important signaling components involved in various physiological processes including plant growth, development, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. Recent studies suggest that JA is involved in SCW formation but the signaling pathway has not been studied for how JA regulates SCW formation. We tested this hypothesis using the transcription factor MYB46, a master switch for SCW biosynthesis, and JA treatments. Both the transcript and protein levels of MYB46, a master switch for SCW formation, were significantly increased by JA treatment, resulting in the upregulation of SCW biosynthesis. We then show that this JA-induced upregulation of MYB46 is mediated by MYC2, a central regulator of JA signaling, which binds to the promoter of MYB46. We conclude that this MYC2-MYB46 module is a key component of the plant response to JA in SCW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Im
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Son
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihwan Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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4
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Naresh R, Srivastava R, Gunapati S, Sane AP, Sane VA. Functional characterization of GhNAC2 promoter conferring hormone- and stress-induced expression: a potential tool to improve growth and stress tolerance in cotton. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:17-32. [PMID: 38435854 PMCID: PMC10901759 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The GhNAC2 transcription factor identified from G. herbaceum improves root growth and drought tolerance through transcriptional reprogramming of phytohormone signaling. The promoter of such a versatile gene could serve as an important genetic engineering tool for biotechnological application. In this study, we identified and characterized the promoter of GhNAC2 to understand its regulatory mechanism. GhNAC2 transcription factor increased in root tissues in response to GA, ethylene, auxin, ABA, mannitol, and NaCl. In silico analysis revealed an overrepresentation of cis-regulatory elements associated with hormone signaling, stress responses and root-, pollen-, and seed-specific promoter activity. To validate their role in GhNAC2 function/regulation, an 870-bp upstream regulatory sequence was fused with the GUS reporter gene (uidA) and expressed in Arabidopsis and cotton hairy roots for in planta characterization. Histochemical GUS staining indicated localized expression in root tips, root elongation zone, root primordia, and reproductive tissues under optimal growth conditions. Mannitol, NaCl, auxin, GA, and ABA, induced the promoter-driven GUS expression in all tissues while ethylene suppressed the promoter activity. The results show that the 870 nt fragment of the GhNAC2 promoter drives root-preferential expression and responds to phytohormonal and stress signals. In corroboration with promoter regulation, GA and ethylene pathways differentially regulated root growth in GhNAC2-expressing Arabidopsis. The findings suggest that differential promoter activity governs the expression of GhNAC2 in root growth and stress-related functions independently through specific promoter elements. This multifarious promoter can be utilized to develop yield and climate resilience in cotton by expanding the options to control gene regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01411-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Naresh
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Richa Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Samatha Gunapati
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Present Address: Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Aniruddha P. Sane
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Vidhu A. Sane
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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5
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Wang Y, Li Y, He SP, Xu SW, Li L, Zheng Y, Li XB. The transcription factor ERF108 interacts with AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs to mediate cotton fiber secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4133-4154. [PMID: 37542517 PMCID: PMC10615210 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones play indispensable roles in plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phytohormone-mediated regulation of fiber secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) remain largely underexplored. Here, we provide mechanistic evidence for functional interplay between the APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor GhERF108 and auxin response factors GhARF7-1 and GhARF7-2 in dictating the ethylene-auxin signaling crosstalk that regulates fiber SCW biosynthesis. Specifically, in vitro cotton ovule culture revealed that ethylene and auxin promote fiber SCW deposition. GhERF108 RNA interference (RNAi) cotton displayed remarkably reduced cell wall thickness compared with controls. GhERF108 interacted with GhARF7-1 and GhARF7-2 to enhance the activation of the MYB transcription factor gene GhMYBL1 (MYB domain-like protein 1) in fibers. GhARF7-1 and GhARF7-2 respond to auxin signals that promote fiber SCW thickening. GhMYBL1 RNAi and GhARF7-1 and GhARF7-2 virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) cotton displayed similar defects in fiber SCW formation as GhERF108 RNAi cotton. Moreover, the ethylene and auxin responses were reduced in GhMYBL1 RNAi plants. GhMYBL1 directly binds to the promoters of GhCesA4-1, GhCesA4-2, and GhCesA8-1 and activates their expression to promote cellulose biosynthesis, thereby boosting fiber SCW formation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the collaboration between GhERF108 and GhARF7-1 or GhARF7-2 establishes ethylene-auxin signaling crosstalk to activate GhMYBL1, ultimately leading to the activation of fiber SCW biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079,China
| | - Yang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079,China
| | - Shao-Ping He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079,China
| | - Shang-Wei Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079,China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070,China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070,China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079,China
| | - Xue-Bao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079,China
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6
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Sahu SK, Liu M, Chen Y, Gui J, Fang D, Chen X, Yang T, He C, Cheng L, Yang J, Sahu DN, Li L, Wang H, Mu W, Wei J, Liu J, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Lisby M, Liu X, Xu X, Li L, Wang S, Liu H. Chromosome-scale genomes of commercial timber trees (Ochroma pyramidale, Mesua ferrea, and Tectona grandis). Sci Data 2023; 10:512. [PMID: 37537171 PMCID: PMC10400565 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood is the most important natural and endlessly renewable source of energy. Despite the ecological and economic importance of wood, many aspects of its formation have not yet been investigated. We performed chromosome-scale genome assemblies of three timber trees (Ochroma pyramidale, Mesua ferrea, and Tectona grandis) which exhibit different wood properties such as wood density, hardness, growth rate, and fiber cell wall thickness. The combination of 10X, stLFR, Hi-Fi sequencing and HiC data led us to assemble high-quality genomes evident by scaffold N50 length of 55.97 Mb (O. pyramidale), 22.37 Mb (M. ferrea) and 14.55 Mb (T. grandis) with >97% BUSCO completeness of the assemblies. A total of 35774, 24027, and 44813 protein-coding genes were identified in M. ferrea, T. grandis and O. pyramidale, respectively. The data generated in this study is anticipated to serve as a valuable genetic resource and will promote comparative genomic analyses, and it is of practical importance in gaining a further understanding of the wood properties in non-model woody species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150400, China
| | - Yewen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jinshan Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Chengzhong He
- Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Le Cheng
- BGI Research, Kunming, Yunnan, 650106, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- BGI Research, Kunming, Yunnan, 650106, China
- College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Durgesh Nandini Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Linzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Weixue Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jinpu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Forestry Bureau of Ruili, Yunnan Dehong, Ruili, 678600, China
| | | | - Shouzhou Zhang
- Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, China
| | - Michael Lisby
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150400, China.
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7
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Li C, Li Y, Song G, Yang D, Xia Z, Sun C, Zhao Y, Hou M, Zhang M, Qi Z, Wang B, Wang H. Gene expression and expression quantitative trait loci analyses uncover natural variations underlying the improvement of important agronomic traits during modern maize breeding. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:772-787. [PMID: 37186341 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major staple crop worldwide, and during modern maize breeding, cultivars with increased tolerance to high-density planting and higher yield per plant have contributed significantly to the increased yield per unit land area. Systematically identifying key agronomic traits and their associated genomic changes during modern maize breeding remains a significant challenge because of the complexity of genetic regulation and the interactions of the various agronomic traits, with most of them being controlled by numerous small-effect quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Here, we performed phenotypic and gene expression analyses for a set of 137 elite inbred lines of maize from different breeding eras in China. We found four yield-related traits are significantly improved during modern maize breeding. Through gene-clustering analyses, we identified four groups of expressed genes with distinct trends of expression pattern change across the historical breeding eras. In combination with weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified several candidate genes regulating various plant architecture- and yield-related agronomic traits, such as ZmARF16, ZmARF34, ZmTCP40, ZmPIN7, ZmPYL10, ZmJMJ10, ZmARF1, ZmSWEET15b, ZmGLN6 and Zm00001d019150. Further, by combining expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) analyses, correlation coefficient analyses and population genetics, we identified a set of candidate genes that might have been under selection and contributed to the genetic improvement of various agronomic traits during modern maize breeding, including a number of known key regulators of plant architecture, flowering time and yield-related traits, such as ZmPIF3.3, ZAG1, ZFL2 and ZmBES1. Lastly, we validated the functional variations in GL15, ZmPHYB2 and ZmPYL10 that influence kernel row number, flowering time, plant height and ear height, respectively. Our results demonstrates the effectiveness of our combined approaches for uncovering key candidate regulatory genes and functional variation underlying the improvement of important agronomic traits during modern maize breeding, and provide a valuable genetic resource for the molecular breeding of maize cultivars with tolerance for high-density planting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guangshu Song
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, 136100, China
| | - Di Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhanchao Xia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Changhe Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuelei Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mei Hou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Baobao Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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8
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Xu S, Sun M, Yao JL, Liu X, Xue Y, Yang G, Zhu R, Jiang W, Wang R, Xue C, Mao Z, Wu J. Auxin inhibits lignin and cellulose biosynthesis in stone cells of pear fruit via the PbrARF13-PbrNSC-PbrMYB132 transcriptional regulatory cascade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [PMID: 37031416 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Stone cells are often present in pear fruit, and they can seriously affect the fruit quality when present in large numbers. The plant growth regulator NAA, a synthetic auxin, is known to play an active role in fruit development regulation. However, the genetic mechanisms of NAA regulation of stone cell formation are still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that exogenous application of 200 μM NAA reduced stone cell content and also significantly decreased the expression level of PbrNSC encoding a transcriptional regulator. PbrNSC was shown to bind to an auxin response factor, PbrARF13. Overexpression of PbrARF13 decreased stone cell content in pear fruit and secondary cell wall (SCW) thickness in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. In contrast, knocking down PbrARF13 expression using virus-induced gene silencing had the opposite effect. PbrARF13 was subsequently shown to inhibit PbrNSC expression by directly binding to its promoter, and further to reduce stone cell content. Furthermore, PbrNSC was identified as a positive regulator of PbrMYB132 through analyses of co-expression network of stone cell formation-related genes. PbrMYB132 activated the expression of gene encoding cellulose synthase (PbrCESA4b/7a/8a) and lignin laccase (PbrLAC5) binding to their promotors. As expected, overexpression or knockdown of PbrMYB132 increased or decreased stone cell content in pear fruit and SCW thickness in Arabidopsis transgenic plants. In conclusion, our study shows that the 'PbrARF13-PbrNSC-PbrMYB132' regulatory cascade mediates the biosynthesis of lignin and cellulose in stone cells of pear fruit in response to auxin signals and also provides new insights into plant SCW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhuo Xu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manyi Sun
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yongsong Xue
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangyan Yang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongxiang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weitao Jiang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Runze Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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9
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The Regulation of Xylem Development by Transcription Factors and Their Upstream MicroRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710134. [PMID: 36077531 PMCID: PMC9456210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylem, as a unique organizational structure of vascular plants, bears water transport and supports functions necessary for plant survival. Notably, secondary xylem in the stem (i.e., wood) also has important economic and ecological value. In view of this, the regulation of xylem development has been widely concerned. In recent years, studies on model plants Arabidopsis and poplar have shown that transcription factors play important regulatory roles in various processes of xylem development, including the directional differentiation of procambium and cambium into xylem, xylem arrangement patterns, secondary cell wall formation and programmed cell death. This review focuses on the regulatory roles of widely and thoroughly studied HD-ZIP, MYB and NAC transcription factor gene families in xylem development, and it also pays attention to the regulation of their upstream microRNAs. In addition, the existing questions in the research and future research directions are prospected.
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10
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Du X, Su M, Jiao Y, Xu S, Song J, Wang H, Li Q. A Transcription Factor SlNAC10 Gene of Suaeda liaotungensis Regulates Proline Synthesis and Enhances Salt and Drought Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179625. [PMID: 36077020 PMCID: PMC9455740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants and play an important role in plant development and the response to adversity. In this study, we cloned a new NAC gene, SlNAC10, from the halophyte Suaeda liaotungensis K. The gene has a total length of 1584 bp including a complete ORF of 1107 bp that encodes 369 amino acids. The SlNAC10-GFP fusion protein is located in the nucleus and SlNAC10 has a transcription activation structural domain at the C-terminus. We studied the expression characteristics of SlNAC10 and found that it was highest in the leaves of S. liaotungensis and induced by drought, salt, cold, and abscisic acid (ABA). To analyze the function of SlNAC10 in plants, we obtained SlNAC10 transgenic Arabidopsis. The growth characteristics and physiological indicators of transgenic Arabidopsis were measured under salt and drought stress. The transgenic Arabidopsis showed obvious advantages in the root length and survival rate; chlorophyll fluorescence levels; and the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and the proline content was higher than that of the wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis, whereas the relative electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were lower than those of the wild-type Arabidopsis. We explored the regulatory role of SlNAC10 on proline synthesis-related enzyme genes and found that SlNAC10 binds to the AtP5CS1, AtP5CS2, and AtP5CR promoters and regulates their downstream gene transcription. To sum up, SlNAC10 as a transcription factor improves salt and drought tolerance in plants possibly by regulating proline synthesis.
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11
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Overexpression of EgrIAA20 from Eucalyptus grandis, a Non-Canonical Aux/ IAA Gene, Specifically Decouples Lignification of the Different Cell-Types in Arabidopsis Secondary Xylem. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095068. [PMID: 35563457 PMCID: PMC9100763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood (secondary xylem) formation is regulated by auxin, which plays a pivotal role as an integrator of developmental and environmental cues. However, our current knowledge of auxin-signaling during wood formation is incomplete. Our previous genome-wide analysis of Aux/IAAs in Eucalyptus grandis showed the presence of the non-canonical paralog member EgrIAA20 that is preferentially expressed in cambium. We analyzed its cellular localization using a GFP fusion protein and its transcriptional activity using transactivation assays, and demonstrated its nuclear localization and strong auxin response repressor activity. In addition, we functionally tested the role of EgrIAA20 by constitutive overexpression in Arabidopsis to investigate for phenotypic changes in secondary xylem formation. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing EgrIAA20 were smaller and displayed impaired development of secondary fibers, but not of other wood cell types. The inhibition in fiber development specifically affected their cell wall lignification. We performed yeast-two-hybrid assays to identify EgrIAA20 protein partners during wood formation in Eucalyptus, and identified EgrIAA9A, whose ortholog PtoIAA9 in poplar is also known to be involved in wood formation. Altogether, we showed that EgrIAA20 is an important auxin signaling component specifically involved in controlling the lignification of wood fibers.
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12
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Guo X, Huang JG, Buttò V, Luo D, Shen C, Li J, Liang H, Zhang S, Hou X, Zhao P, Rossi S. Auxin concentration and xylem production of Pinus massoniana in a subtropical forest in south China. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:317-324. [PMID: 34505152 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is involved in various developmental processes of plants, including cell division in cambium and xylem differentiation. However, most studies linking auxin and xylem cell production are performed in environments with a strong seasonality (i.e., temperate and boreal climates). The temporal dynamics of auxin and cambial activity of subtropical trees remain basically unknown. In this study, we sampled four microcores weekly in three individuals of Chinese red pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) from February to December 2015-16 to compare xylem formation with auxin concentration in subtropical China. During the entire period of sampling, the number of cambial cells varied from 2 to 7, while the number of cells in the enlarging zone ranged from 1 to 4 and from 1 to 5 in the wall-thickening zone. In 2015, the average auxin concentration was 3.46 ng g-1, with 33 xylem cells being produced at the end of the year. In 2016, a lower auxin concentration (2.59 ng g-1) corresponded to a reduced annual xylem production (13.7 cells). No significant relationship between auxin concentration and number of xylem cells in differentiation was found at the weekly scale. Unlike in boreal and temperate forests, the lack of wood formation seasonality in subtropical forests makes it more difficult to reveal the relationship between auxin concentration and number of xylem cells in differentiation at the intra-annual scale. The frequent and repeated samplings might have reduced auxin concentration in the developing cambium and xylem, resulting in a lower xylem cell production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Guo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Guo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Valentina Buttò
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l'Université Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Dawei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chunyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, 1 Jinming Road, Kaifeng Henan 475004, China
| | - Jingye Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Hanxue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Shaokang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l'Université Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
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13
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He H, Song XQ, Jiang C, Liu YL, Wang D, Wen SS, Chai GH, Zhao ST, Lu MZ. The role of senescence-associated gene101 (PagSAG101a) in the regulation of secondary xylem formation in poplar. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:73-86. [PMID: 34845845 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wood is produced by the accumulation of secondary xylem via proliferation and differentiation of the cambium cells in woody plants. Identifying the regulators involved in this process remains a challenging task. In this study, we isolated PagSAG101a, the homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana SAG101, from a hybrid poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) clone 84K and investigated its role in secondary xylem development. PagSAG101a was expressed predominantly in lignified stems and localized in the nucleus. Compared with non-transgenic 84K plants, transgenic plants overexpressing PagSAG101a displayed increased plant height, internode number, stem diameter, xylem width, and secondary cell wall thickness, while opposite phenotypes were observed for PagSAG101a knock-out plants. Transcriptome analyses revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for those controlling cambium cell division activity and subsequent secondary cell wall deposition during xylem formation. In addition, the tandem CCCH zinc finger protein PagC3H17, which positively regulates secondary xylem width and secondary wall thickening in poplar, could bind to the promoter of PagSAG101a and mediate the regulation of xylem differentiation. Our results support that PagSAG101a, downstream of PagC3H17, functions in wood development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xue-Qin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ying-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Dian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Guo-Hua Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shu-Tang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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14
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Wang R, Xue Y, Fan J, Yao JL, Qin M, Lin T, Lian Q, Zhang M, Li X, Li J, Sun M, Song B, Zhang J, Zhao K, Chen X, Hu H, Fei Z, Xue C, Wu J. A systems genetics approach reveals PbrNSC as a regulator of lignin and cellulose biosynthesis in stone cells of pear fruit. Genome Biol 2021; 22:313. [PMID: 34776004 PMCID: PMC8590786 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stone cells in fruits of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) negatively influence fruit quality because their lignified cell walls impart a coarse and granular texture to the fruit flesh. RESULTS We generate RNA-seq data from the developing fruits of 206 pear cultivars with a wide range of stone cell contents and use a systems genetics approach to integrate co-expression networks and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) to characterize the regulatory mechanisms controlling lignocellulose formation in the stone cells of pear fruits. Our data with a total of 35,897 expressed genes and 974,404 SNPs support the identification of seven stone cell formation modules and the detection of 139,515 eQTLs for 3229 genes in these modules. Focusing on regulatory factors and using a co-expression network comprising 39 structural genes, we identify PbrNSC as a candidate regulator of stone cell formation. We then verify the function of PbrNSC in regulating lignocellulose formation using both pear fruit and Arabidopsis plants and further show that PbrNSC can transcriptionally activate multiple target genes involved in secondary cell wall formation. CONCLUSIONS This study generates a large resource for studying stone cell formation and provides insights into gene regulatory networks controlling the formation of stone cell and lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongsong Xue
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Mengfan Qin
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qun Lian
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Manyi Sun
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bobo Song
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kejiao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongju Hu
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Cheng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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15
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Xu N, Meng L, Song L, Li X, Du S, Hu F, Lv Y, Song W. Identification and Characterization of Secondary Wall-Associated NAC Genes and Their Involvement in Hormonal Responses in Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712254. [PMID: 34594349 PMCID: PMC8476963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Secondary wall-associated NAC (SWN) genes are a subgroup of NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factors (TF) that play a key role in regulating secondary cell wall biosynthesis in plants. However, this gene family has not been systematically characterized, and their potential roles in response to hormones are unknown in Nicotiana tabacum. In this study, a total of 40 SWN genes, of which 12 from Nicotiana tomentosiformis, 13 from Nicotiana sylvestris, and 15 from Nicotiana tabacum, were successfully identified. The 15 SWNs from Nicotiana tabacum were further classified into three groups, namely, vascular-related NAC domain genes (NtVNDs), NAC secondary wall thickening promoting factor genes (NtNSTs), and secondary wall-associated NAC domain genes (NtSNDs). The protein characteristic, gene structure, and chromosomal location of 15 NtSWNs (also named Nt1 to Nt15) were also analyzed. The NtVND and NtNST group genes had five conserved subdomains in their N-terminal regions and a motif (LP[Q/x] L[E/x] S[P/A]) in their diverged C- terminal regions. Some hormones, dark and low-temperature related cis-acting elements, were significantly enriched in the promoters of NtSWN genes. A comprehensive expression profile analysis revealed that Nt4 and Nt12 might play a role in vein development. Others might be important for stem development. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that in the NtNST group, genes such as Nt7, Nt8, and Nt13 were more sensitive than the genes in NtVND and NtSND groups under abiotic stress conditions. A transactivation assay further suggested that Nt7, Nt8, and Nt13 showed a significant transactivation activity. Overall, SWN genes were finally identified and characterized in diploid and tetraploid tobacco, revealing new insights into their evolution, variation, and homology relationships. Transcriptome, cis-acting element, qRT-PCR, and transactivation assay analysis indicated the roles in hormonal and stress responses, which provided further resources in molecular mechanism and genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shasha Du
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengqin Hu
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanda Lv
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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16
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Zheng S, He J, Lin Z, Zhu Y, Sun J, Li L. Two MADS-box genes regulate vascular cambium activity and secondary growth by modulating auxin homeostasis in Populus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100134. [PMID: 34746756 PMCID: PMC8553971 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In trees, stem secondary growth depends on vascular cambium proliferation activity and subsequent cell differentiation, in which an auxin concentration gradient across the cambium area plays a crucial role in regulating the process. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for the establishment of auxin concentration is not fully understood. In this study, we identified two function-unknown MADS-box genes, VCM1 and VCM2, which are expressed specifically in the vascular cambium and modulate the subcellular homeostasis of auxin. Simultaneous knockdown of both VCM1 and VCM2 enhanced vascular cambium proliferation activity and subsequent xylem differentiation. Overexpression of VCM1 suppressed vascular cambium activity and wood formation by regulating PIN5 expression, which tuned the soluble auxin concentration in the vascular cambium area. This study reveals the role of VCM1 and VCM2 in regulating the proliferation activity of the vascular cambium and secondary growth by modulating the subcellular auxin homeostasis in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiajia He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zengshun Lin
- Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan 4101287, China
| | | | - Jiayan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
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17
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Genetic Architecture and Genome-Wide Adaptive Signatures Underlying Stem Lenticel Traits in Populus tomentosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179249. [PMID: 34502156 PMCID: PMC8431110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem lenticel is a highly specialized tissue of woody plants that has evolved to balance stem water retention and gas exchange as an adaptation to local environments. In this study, we applied genome-wide association studies and selective sweeping analysis to characterize the genetic architecture and genome-wide adaptive signatures underlying stem lenticel traits among 303 unrelated accessions of P. tomentosa, which has significant phenotypic and genetic variations according to climate region across its natural distribution. In total, we detected 108 significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms, annotated to 88 candidate genes for lenticel, of which 9 causative genes showed significantly different selection signatures among climate regions. Furthermore, PtoNAC083 and PtoMYB46 showed significant association signals and abiotic stress response, so we overexpressed these two genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and found that the number of stem cells in all three overexpression lines was significantly reduced by PtoNAC083 overexpression but slightly increased by PtoMYB46 overexpression, suggesting that both genes are involved in cell division and expansion during lenticel formation. The findings of this study demonstrate the successful application of an integrated strategy for dissecting the genetic basis and landscape genetics of complex adaptive traits, which will facilitate the molecular design of tree ideotypes that may adapt to future climate and environmental changes.
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18
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Gibberellin Signaling Promotes the Secondary Growth of Storage Roots in Panax ginseng. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168694. [PMID: 34445398 PMCID: PMC8395461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are an important group of phytohormones associated with diverse growth and developmental processes, including cell elongation, seed germination, and secondary growth. Recent genomic and genetic analyses have advanced our knowledge of GA signaling pathways and related genes in model plant species. However, functional genomics analyses of GA signaling pathways in Panax ginseng, a perennial herb, have rarely been carried out, despite its well-known economical and medicinal importance. Here, we conducted functional characterization of GA receptors and investigated their physiological roles in the secondary growth of P. ginseng storage roots. We found that the physiological and genetic functions of P. ginseng gibberellin-insensitive dwarf1s (PgGID1s) have been evolutionarily conserved. Additionally, the essential domains and residues in the primary protein structure for interaction with active GAs and DELLA proteins are well-conserved. Overexpression of PgGID1s in Arabidopsis completely restored the GA deficient phenotype of the Arabidopsis gid1a gid1c (atgid1a/c) double mutant. Exogenous GA treatment greatly enhanced the secondary growth of tap roots; however, paclobutrazol (PCZ), a GA biosynthetic inhibitor, reduced root growth in P. ginseng. Transcriptome profiling of P. ginseng roots revealed that GA-induced root secondary growth is closely associated with cell wall biogenesis, the cell cycle, the jasmonic acid (JA) response, and nitrate assimilation, suggesting that a transcriptional network regulate root secondary growth in P. ginseng. These results provide novel insights into the mechanism controlling secondary root growth in P. ginseng.
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19
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Molecular Genetic Characteristics of Different Scenarios of Xylogenesis on the Example of Two Forms of Silver Birch Differing in the Ratio of Structural Elements in the Xylem. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081593. [PMID: 34451638 PMCID: PMC8400816 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) is an economically important species in Northern Europe. The current research focused on the molecular background of different xylogenesis scenarios in the birch trunks. The study objects were two forms of silver birch, silver birch trees, and Karelian birch trees; the latter form is characterized by the formation of two types of wood, non-figured (straight-grained) and figured, respectively, while it is currently not clear which factors cause this difference. We identified VND/NST/SND genes that regulate secondary cell wall biosynthesis in the birch genome and revealed differences in their expression in association with the formation of xylem with different ratios of structural elements. High expression levels of BpVND7 accompanied differentiation of the type of xylem which is characteristic of the species. At the same time, the appearance of figured wood was accompanied by the low expression levels of the VND genes and increased levels of expression of NST and SND genes. We identified BpARF5 as a crucial regulator of auxin-dependent vascular patterning and its direct target—BpHB8. A decrease in the BpARF5 level expression in differentiating xylem was a specific characteristic of both Karelian birch with figured and non-figured wood. Decreased BpARF5 level expression in non-figured trees accompanied by decreased BpHB8 and VND/NST/SND expression levels compared to figured Karelian birch trees. According to the results obtained, we suggested silver birch forms differing in wood anatomy as valuable objects in studying the regulation of xylogenesis.
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Peng H, Neff MM. Two ATAF transcription factors ANAC102 and ATAF1 contribute to the suppression of cytochrome P450-mediated brassinosteroid catabolism in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1493-1505. [PMID: 33491178 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PHYB ACTIVATION TAGGED SUPPRESSOR 1 (BAS1) and SUPPRESSOR OF PHYB-4 7 (SOB7) are two cytochrome P450 enzymes that inactivate brassinosteroids (BRs) in Arabidopsis. The NAC transcription factor (TF) ATAF2 (ANAC081) and the core circadian clock regulator CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) both suppress the expression of BAS1 and SOB7 via direct promoter binding. Additionally, BRs cause feedback suppression on ATAF2 expression. Here, we report that two ATAF-subgroup TFs, ANAC102 and ATAF1 (ANAC002), also contribute to the transcriptional suppression of BAS1 and SOB7. ANAC102 and ATAF1 gene-knockout mutants exhibit elevated expression of both BAS1 and SOB7, expanded tissue-level accumulation of their protein products and reduced hypocotyl growth in response to exogenous BR treatments. Similar to ATAF2, both ANAC102 and ATAF1 are transcriptionally suppressed by BRs and white light. Neither BAS1 nor SOB7 expression is further elevated in ATAF double or triple mutants, suggesting that the suppression effect of these three ATAFs is not additive. In addition, ATAF single, double, and triple mutants have similar levels of BR responsiveness with regard to hypocotyl elongation. ATAF2, ANAC102, ATAF1, and CCA1 physically interact with itself and each other, suggesting that they may coordinately suppress BAS1 and SOB7 expression via protein-protein interactions. Despite the absence of CCA1-binding elements in their promoters, ANAC102 and ATAF1 have similar transcript circadian oscillation patterns as that of CCA1, suggesting that these two ATAF genes may be indirectly regulated by the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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21
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Forlani S, Mizzotti C, Masiero S. The NAC side of the fruit: tuning of fruit development and maturation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:238. [PMID: 34044765 PMCID: PMC8157701 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruits and seeds resulting from fertilization of flowers, represent an incredible evolutionary advantage in angiosperms and have seen them become a critical element in our food supply.Many studies have been conducted to reveal how fruit matures while protecting growing seeds and ensuring their dispersal. As result, several transcription factors involved in fruit maturation and senescence have been isolated both in model and crop plants. These regulators modulate several cellular processes that occur during fruit ripening such as chlorophyll breakdown, tissue softening, carbohydrates and pigments accumulation.The NAC superfamily of transcription factors is known to be involved in almost all these aspects of fruit development and maturation. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge regarding NACs that modulate fruit ripening in model species (Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum) and in crops of commercial interest (Oryza sativa, Malus domestica, Fragaria genus, Citrus sinensis and Musa acuminata).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Forlani
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Carlsbecker A, Augstein F. Xylem versus phloem in secondary growth: a balancing act mediated by gibberellins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3489-3492. [PMID: 33948652 PMCID: PMC8096596 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Ben-Targem M, Ripper D, Bayer M, Ragni L. 2021. Auxin and gibberellin signaling cross-talk promotes hypocotyl xylem expansion and cambium homeostasis. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 3647–3660.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Carlsbecker
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological Botany, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala University, Ullsv. 24E, SE-756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frauke Augstein
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological Botany, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala University, Ullsv. 24E, SE-756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kong L, Li Z, Song Q, Li X, Luo K. Construction of a Full-Length cDNA Over-Expressing Library to Identify Valuable Genes from Populus tomentosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073448. [PMID: 33810585 PMCID: PMC8036549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplar wood is the main source of renewable biomass energy worldwide, and is also considered to be a model system for studying woody plants. The Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressing (FOX) gene hunting system is an effective method for generating gain-of-function mutants. Large numbers of novel genes have successfully been identified from many herbaceous plants according to the phenotype of gain-of-function mutants under normal or abiotic stress conditions using this system. However, the system has not been used for functional gene identification with high-throughput mutant screening in woody plants. In this study, we constructed a FOX library from the Chinese white poplar, Populus tomentosa. The poplar cDNA library was constructed into the plant expression vector pEarleyGate101 and further transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress). We collected 1749 T1 transgenic plants identified by PCR. Of these, 593 single PCR bands from different transgenic lines were randomly selected for sequencing, and 402 diverse sequences of poplar genes were isolated. Most of these genes were involved in photosynthesis, environmental adaptation, and ribosome biogenesis based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation. We characterized in detail two mutant lines carrying PtoCPCa or PtoWRKY13 cDNA insertions. Phenotypic characterization showed that overexpression of these genes in A. thaliana affected trichome development or secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition, respectively. Together, the Populus-FOX-Arabidopsis library generated in our experiments will be helpful for efficient discovery of novel genes in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Keming Luo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-23-6825-3021; Fax: +86-23-6825-2365
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Gibberellin induced transcription factor bZIP53 regulates CesA1 expression in maize kernels. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244591. [PMID: 33730027 PMCID: PMC7968625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the maize kernel is of great significance for high and stable maize yield to ensure national food security. Gibberellin (GA), one of the hormones regulating plant growth, is involved in modulating the development of maize kernels. Cellulose, one of the main components of plant cells, is also regulated by gibberellin. The mechanism of hormone regulation during maize grain development is highly complicated, and reports on GA-mediated modulation of cellulose synthesis during maize grain development are rare. Our study revealed that during grain growth and development, the grain length and bulk density of GA-treated corn kernels improved significantly, and the cellulose content of grains increased, while seed coat thickness decreased. The transcription factor basic region/leucine zipper motif 53 (bZIP53), which is strongly correlated with cellulose synthase gene 1 (CesA1) expression, was screened by transcriptome sequencing and the expression of the cellulose synthase gene in maize grain development after GA treatment was determined. It was found that bZIP53 expression significantly promoted the expression of CesA1. Further, analysis of the transcription factor bZIP53 determined that the gene-encoded protein was localized in the cell and nuclear membranes, but the transcription factor bZIP53 itself showed no transcriptional activation. Further studies are required to explore the interaction of bZIP53 with CesA1.
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Hartmann FP, Rathgeber CBK, Badel É, Fournier M, Moulia B. Modelling the spatial crosstalk between two biochemical signals explains wood formation dynamics and tree-ring structure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1727-1737. [PMID: 33247732 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In conifers, xylogenesis during a growing season produces a very characteristic tree-ring structure: large, thin-walled earlywood cells followed by narrow, thick-walled latewood cells. Although many factors influence the dynamics of differentiation and the final dimensions of xylem cells, the associated patterns of variation remain very stable from one year to the next. While radial growth is characterized by an S-shaped curve, the widths of xylem differentiation zones exhibit characteristic skewed bell-shaped curves. These elements suggest a strong internal control of xylogenesis. It has long been hypothesized that much of this regulation relies on a morphogenetic gradient of auxin. However, recent modelling studies have shown that while this hypothesis could account for the dynamics of stem radial growth and the zonation of the developing xylem, it failed to reproduce the characteristic tree-ring structure. Here, we investigated the hypothesis of regulation by a crosstalk between auxin and a second biochemical signal, by using computational morphodynamics. We found that, in conifers, such a crosstalk is sufficient to simulate the characteristic features of wood formation dynamics, as well as the resulting tree-ring structure. In this model, auxin controls cell enlargement rates while another signal (e.g. cytokinin, tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor) drives cell division and auxin polar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P Hartmann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Éric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Meriem Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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26
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Vilasboa J, da Costa CT, Ransan LG, Mariath JEDA, Fett-Neto AG. Microcutting Redox Profile and Anatomy in Eucalyptus spp. With Distinct Adventitious Rooting Competence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:620832. [PMID: 33584761 PMCID: PMC7874081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.620832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) development takes place in an intricate cellular environment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses, triggered by wounding in cuttings, can modulate this process. A comparative assessment of biochemical and anatomical parameters at critical rooting stages in hard- (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) and easy- (Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden) to-root species was carried out. Microcuttings from seedlings were inoculated in auxin-free AR induction medium and, after 96 h, transferred to AR formation medium for a period of 24 h. Samples were collected upon excision (Texc) and at the 5th day post excision (Tform). Delayed xylem development, with less lignification, was recorded in E. globulus, when compared to E. grandis, suggesting lower activity of the cambium layer, an important site for AR development. Superoxide was more densely present around the vascular cylinder at both sampled times, and in greater quantity in E. globulus than E. grandis, declining with time in the former. Hydrogen peroxide was localized primarily along cell walls, more intensely in the primary xylem and phloem, and increased significantly at Tform in E. globulus. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were generally higher in E. grandis and varied as a function of time in E. globulus. Soluble guaiacol peroxidase (GPRX) activity increased from Texc to Tform in both species, whereas cell wall-bound GPRX activity increased with time in E. grandis, surpassing E. globulus. Flavonoid content increased with time in E. grandis and was higher than E. globulus at Tform. Principal component analysis showed that species- and time-derived differences contributed to almost 80% of the variance. Overall, data indicate that E. grandis shows higher cambium activity and tighter modulation of redox conditions than E. globulus. These features may influence ROS-based signaling and phytohormone homeostasis of cuttings, thereby impacting on AR development. Besides being players in the realm of AR developmental differences, the specific features herein identified could become potential tools for early clone selection and AR modulation aiming at improved clonal propagation of this forest crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnatan Vilasboa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Institute of Biosciences (Department of Botany), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cibele Tesser da Costa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Institute of Biosciences (Department of Botany), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Girardi Ransan
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Institute of Biosciences (Department of Botany), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jorge Ernesto de Araújo Mariath
- Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences (Department of Botany), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Institute of Biosciences (Department of Botany), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Díaz-Sala C. A Perspective on Adventitious Root Formation in Tree Species. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121789. [PMID: 33348577 PMCID: PMC7766270 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root formation is an organogenic process, regulated at several levels, that is crucial for the successful vegetative propagation of numerous plants. In many tree species, recalcitrance to adventitious root formation is a major limitation in the clonal propagation of elite germplasms. Information on the mechanisms underlying the competence for adventitious root formation is still limited. Therefore, increasing our understanding of the mechanisms that enable differentiated somatic cells to switch their fates and develop into root meristematic cells, especially those involved in cell developmental aging and maturation, is a priority in adventitious root-related research. The dynamic cell wall-cytoskeleton, along with soluble factors, such as cellular signals or transcriptional regulators, may be involved in adult cell responses to intrinsic or extrinsic factors, resulting in maintenance, induction of root meristematic cell formation, or entrance into another differentiating pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Díaz-Sala
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Tarelkina TV, Novitskaya LL, Galibina NA, Moshchenskaya YL, Nikerova KM, Nikolaeva NN, Sofronova IN, Ivanova DS, Semenova LI. Expression Analysis of Key Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Metabolism Genes of Betula pendula with Special Emphasis on Figured Wood Formation in Karelian Birch. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111406. [PMID: 33105649 PMCID: PMC7690449 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Auxin status in woody plants is believed to be a critical factor for the quantity and quality of the wood formed. It has been previously demonstrated that figured wood formation in Karelian birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Merckl.) Hämet-Ahti) is associated with a reduced auxin level and elevated sugar content in the differentiating xylem, but the molecular mechanisms of the abnormal xylogenesis remained largely unclear. We have identified genes involved in auxin biosynthesis (Yucca), polar auxin transport (PIN) and the conjugation of auxin with amino acids (GH3) and UDP-glucose (UGT84B1) in the B. pendula genome, and analysed their expression in trunk tissues of trees differing in wood structure. Almost all the investigated genes were overexpressed in Karelian birch trunks. Although Yucca genes were overexpressed, trunk tissues in areas developing figured grain had traits of an auxin-deficient phenotype. Overexpression of GH3s and UGT84B1 appears to have a greater effect on figured wood formation. Analysis of promoters of the differentially expressed genes revealed a large number of binding sites with various transcription factors associated with auxin and sugar signalling. These data agree with the hypothesis that anomalous figured wood formation in Karelian birch may be associated with the sugar induction of auxin conjugation.
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Ni Z, Han X, Yang Z, Xu M, Feng Y, Chen Y, Xu LA. Integrative analysis of wood biomass and developing xylem transcriptome provide insights into mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis in wood formation of Pinus massoniana. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1926-1937. [PMID: 32898541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an important renewable energy source as an excellent new battery fuel and ideal substitutes for the petrochemical industry. However, the molecular mechanism underlying lignin biosynthesis in wood formation of P. massoniana remains unexplored. Thus, an integrative analysis of wood biomass and the developing xylem transcriptome was performed to identify genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. A total of 1624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, consisting of 797 upregulated and 827 downregulated genes (MaxG vs MinG). Additionally, 122 candidate genes and 17 DEGs were successfully annotated to the lignin biosynthesis pathway. All upregulated MYB and NAC genes were regulators of secondary cell wall formation. Moreover, the qRT-PCR analyses shown that 9 lignin biosynthesis-related genes and 7 transcription factor-encoding genes were upregulated (MaxG vs MinG), which indicated that the downregulation of lignin biosynthesis-related genes might be the possible causes of growth retardation and dwarf phenotype in some P. massoniana individuals. The identification of lignin biosynthesis-related genes can provide valuable genetic basis and resource for further researches on molecular mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis and contribute to the future investigations of bioengineering and synthetic biology to regulate lignin content in wood formation for the pulp and wood utilization industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouxian Ni
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xin Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhangqi Yang
- Guangxi Institute of Forestry Science, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yuanheng Feng
- Guangxi Institute of Forestry Science, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China
| | - Yabin Chen
- Wuyi National Forest Farm Fujian Province, 808 Waihuan East Road, Zhangping 364400, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
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KÜPLEMEZ H, YILDIRIM MU. Effects of Cytokinin and Auxin on Plant Development and Vascular Tissues in Lens culinaris. COMMAGENE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.31594/commagene.704271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Denbigh GL, Dauphinee AN, Fraser MS, Lacroix CR, Gunawardena AHLAN. The role of auxin in developmentally regulated programmed cell death in lace plant. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:577-586. [PMID: 32319093 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis) leaves are remodeled via developmental programmed cell death (PCD) to produce perforations located equidistantly between longitudinal and transverse veins. Auxin has been implicated in other developmental PCD processes in plants; however, the role of auxin in perforation formation in lace plant is unknown. Here the role of auxin in developmental PCD in lace plant was studied using two auxin inhibitors N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor, and auxinole, a potent auxin antagonist. METHODS Sterile cultures of lace plants were propagated and treated with NPA or auxinole. Leaf length, leaf width, and number of perforations were then analyzed. Vein patterning and perforation area were further examined in NPA-treated plants. Downstream PCD transduction events were investigated via spectrophotometric assays, histochemical staining, and immuno-probing. RESULTS Lace plants treated with NPA or auxinole produced leaves with fewer perforations compared to their respective controls. Although NPA treatment was insufficient to completely alter vein patterning, NPA-treated leaves did have significantly more atypical areoles compared to control leaves. Events involved in perforation formation in lace plant leaves were altered following treatment with NPA, including anthocyanin production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that inhibition of auxin signaling disrupts several downstream features of the lace plant PCD signaling cascade and results in fewer or no perforations. Therefore, we concluded that auxin signaling is important for developmentally regulated PCD in lace plant leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia L Denbigh
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Adrian N Dauphinee
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Meredith S Fraser
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Tang X, Wang D, Liu Y, Lu M, Zhuang Y, Xie Z, Wang C, Wang S, Kong Y, Chai G, Zhou G. Dual regulation of xylem formation by an auxin-mediated PaC3H17-PaMYB199 module in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1545-1561. [PMID: 31596964 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wood (secondary xylem) formation in tree species is dependent on auxin-mediated vascular cambium activity in stems. However, the complex regulatory networks underlying xylem formation remain elusive. Xylem development in Populus was characterized based on microscopic observations of stem sections in transgenic plants. Transcriptomic, quantitative real-time PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses were conducted to identify target genes involved in xylem development. Yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to validate protein-protein interactions. PaC3H17 and its target PaMYB199 were found to be predominantly expressed in the vascular cambium and developing secondary xylem in Populus stems and play opposite roles in controlling cambial cell proliferation and secondary cell wall thickening through an overlapping pathway. Further, PaC3H17 interacts with PaMYB199 to form a complex, attenuating PaMYB199-driven suppression of its xylem targets. Exogenous auxin application enhances the dual control of the PaC3H17-PaMYB199 module during cambium division, thereby promoting secondary cell wall deposition. Dual regulation of xylem formation by an auxin-mediated PaC3H17-PaMYB199 module represents a novel regulatory mechanism in Populus, increasing our understanding of the regulatory networks involved in wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yamei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Congpeng Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Guohua Chai
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
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Seyfferth C, Wessels BA, Gorzsás A, Love JW, Rüggeberg M, Delhomme N, Vain T, Antos K, Tuominen H, Sundberg B, Felten J. Ethylene Signaling Is Required for Fully Functional Tension Wood in Hybrid Aspen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1101. [PMID: 31611886 PMCID: PMC6775489 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tension wood (TW) in hybrid aspen trees forms on the upper side of displaced stems to generate a strain that leads to uplifting of the stem. TW is characterized by increased cambial growth, reduced vessel frequency and diameter, and the presence of gelatinous, cellulose-rich (G-)fibers with its microfibrils oriented parallel to the fiber cell axis. Knowledge remains limited about the molecular regulators required for the development of this special xylem tissue with its characteristic morphological, anatomical, and chemical features. In this study, we use transgenic, ethylene-insensitive (ETI) hybrid aspen trees together with time-lapse imaging to show that functional ethylene signaling is required for full uplifting of inclined stems. X-ray diffraction and Raman microspectroscopy of TW in ETI trees indicate that, although G-fibers form, the cellulose microfibril angle in the G-fiber S-layer is decreased, and the chemical composition of S- and G-layers is altered than in wild-type TW. The characteristic asymmetric growth and reduction of vessel density is suppressed during TW formation in ETI trees. A genome-wide transcriptome profiling reveals ethylene-dependent genes in TW, related to cell division, cell wall composition, vessel differentiation, microtubule orientation, and hormone crosstalk. Our results demonstrate that ethylene regulates transcriptional responses related to the amount of G-fiber formation and their properties (chemistry and cellulose microfibril angle) during TW formation. The quantitative and qualitative changes in G-fibers are likely to contribute to uplifting of stems that are displaced from their original position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Seyfferth
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernard A. Wessels
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories of Materials Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Vain
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Kamil Antos
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Stora Enso AB, Nacka, Sweden
| | - Judith Felten
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Tonfack LB, Hussey SG, Veale A, Myburg AA, Mizrachi E. Analysis of Orthologous SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN1 (SND1) Promotor Activity in Herbaceous and Woody Angiosperms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4623. [PMID: 31540430 PMCID: PMC6770381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN1 (SND1) is a master regulator of fibre secondary wall deposition in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), with homologs in other angiosperms and gymnosperms. However, it is poorly understood to what extent the fibre-specific regulation of the SND1 promoter, and that of its orthologs, is conserved between diverged herbaceous and woody lineages. We performed a reciprocal reporter gene analysis of orthologous SND1 promoters from Arabidopsis (AthSND1), Eucalyptus grandis (EgrNAC61) and Populus alba × P. grandidentata (PagWND1A) relative to secondary cell wall-specific Cellulose Synthase4 (CesA4) and CesA7 promoters, in both a non-woody (Arabidopsis) and a woody (poplar) system. β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter analysis in Arabidopsis showed that the SND1 promoter was active in vascular tissues as previously reported and showed interfascicular and xylary fibre-specific expression in inflorescence stems, while reporter constructs of the woody plant-derived promoters were partial to the (pro)cambium-phloem and protoxylem. In transgenic P. tremula × P. alba plants, all three orthologous SND1 promoters expressed the GUS reporter similarly and preferentially in developing secondary xylem, ray parenchyma and cork cambium. Ours is the first study to reciprocally test orthologous SND1 promoter specificity in herbaceous and woody species, revealing diverged regulatory functions in the herbaceous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libert B Tonfack
- Plant Physiology and Improvement Unit, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Environment, Department of Plant Biology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé 0812, Cameroon.
| | - Steven G Hussey
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Adri Veale
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Tomescu AMF, Groover AT. Mosaic modularity: an updated perspective and research agenda for the evolution of vascular cambial growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1719-1735. [PMID: 30552764 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary growth from a vascular cambium, present today only in seed plants and isoetalean lycophytes, has a 400-million-yr evolutionary history that involves considerably broader taxonomic diversity, most of it hidden in the fossil record. Approaching vascular cambial growth as a complex developmental process, we review data from living plants and fossils that reveal diverse modes of secondary growth. These are consistent with a modular nature of secondary growth, when considered as a tracheophyte-wide structural feature. This modular perspective identifies putative constituent developmental modules of cambial growth, for which we review developmental anatomy and regulation. Based on these data, we propose a hypothesis that explains the sources of diversity of secondary growth, considered across the entire tracheophyte clade, and opens up new avenues for exploring the origin of secondary growth. In this hypothesis, various modes of secondary growth reflect a mosaic pattern of expression of different developmental-regulatory modules among different lineages. We outline an approach that queries three information systems (living seed plants, living seed-free plants, and fossils) and integrates data on developmental regulation, anatomy, gene evolution and phylogeny to test the mosaic modularity hypothesis and its implications, and to inform efforts aimed at understanding the evolution of secondary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - Andrew T Groover
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Fischer U, Kucukoglu M, Helariutta Y, Bhalerao RP. The Dynamics of Cambial Stem Cell Activity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:293-319. [PMID: 30822110 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell populations in meristematic tissues at distinct locations in the plant body provide the potency of continuous plant growth. Primary meristems, at the apices of the plant body, contribute mainly to the elongation of the main plant axes, whereas secondary meristems in lateral positions are responsible for the thickening of these axes. The stem cells of the vascular cambium-a secondary lateral meristem-produce the secondary phloem (bast) and secondary xylem (wood). The sites of primary and secondary growth are spatially separated, and mobile signals are expected to coordinate growth rates between apical and lateral stem cell populations. Although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been uncovered, it seems likely that hormones, peptides, and mechanical cues orchestrate primary and secondary growth. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge and recent discoveries of how cambial stem cell activity is regulated, with a focus on mobile signals and the response of cambial activity to environmental and stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Fischer
- KWS SAAT SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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37
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Law SR. New tools for engineering tomorrow's forests. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:671-672. [PMID: 30919994 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to overstate the role of wood in the story of humanity. In times that predate recorded history it provided shelter from the elements, light and warmth when burned, and a supple material with which early humans could craft their first tools. Today, it is still one of our chief building materials and an emerging industry is extending its applications through the development of novel biomaterials, such as cellulose fiber-derived nanocomposites. An article in this issue of Physiologia Plantarum (Johnsson et al. 2019) describes the influence the phytohormones auxin and gibberellic acid (GA) have on the process of wood formation, and reveals possible targets for optimizing cell wall properties in fiber cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Law
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 907 36 Umeå, Sweden
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Exogenous Application of Phytohormones Promotes Growth and Regulates Expression of Wood Formation-Related Genes in Populus simonii × P. nigra. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030792. [PMID: 30759868 PMCID: PMC6387376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although phytohormones are known to be important signal molecules involved in wood formation, their roles are still largely unclear. Here, Populus simonii × P. nigra seedlings were treated with different concentrations of exogenous phytohormones, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), and brassinosteroid (BR), and the effects of phytohormones on growth were investigated. Next, 27 genes with known roles in wood formation were selected for qPCR analysis to determine tissue-specificity and timing of responses to phytohormone treatments. Compared to the control, most IAA, GA3, and BR concentrations significantly increased seedling height. Meanwhile, IAA induced significant seedling stem diameter and cellulose content increases that peaked at 3 and 30 mg·L−1, respectively. Significant increase in cellulose content was also observed in seedlings treated with 100 mg·L−1 GA3. Neither stem diameter nor cellulose content of seedlings were affected by BR treatment significantly, although slight effects were observed. Anatomical measurements demonstrated improved xylem, but not phloem, development in IAA- and BR-treated seedlings. Most gene expression patterns induced by IAA, GA3, and BR differed among tissues. Many IAA response genes were also regulated by GA3, while BR-induced transcription was weaker and slower in Populus than for IAA and GA3. These results reveal the roles played by phytohormones in plant growth and lay the foundation for exploring molecular regulatory mechanisms of wood formation in Populus.
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