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Zeng H, Yi K, Yang S, Jiang Y, Mao P, Yu Y, Feng Y, Dong Y, Dou L, Li M. Photosynthetic performance of glumes of oat spikelets is more stable for grain-filling stage under drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108890. [PMID: 38950462 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Drought stress affects plant photosynthesis, leading to a reduction in the quality and yield of crop production. Non-foliar organs play a complementary role in photosynthesis during plant growth and development and are important sources of energy. However, there are limited studies on the performance of non-foliar organs under drought stress. The photosynthetic-responsive differences of oat spikelet organs (glumes, lemmas and paleas) and flag leaves to drought stress during the grain-filling stage were examined. Under drought stress, photosynthetic performance of glume is more stable. Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), chlorophyll b, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rate (ETR) were significantly higher in the glume compared to the flag leaf. The transcriptome data revealed that stable expression of the RCCR gene under drought stress was the main reason for maintaining higher chlorophyll content in the glume. Additionally, no differential expression genes (DEGs) related to Photosystem Ⅰ (PSI) reaction centers were found, and drought stress primarily affects the Photosystem II (PSII) reaction center. In spikelets, the CP43 and CP47 subunits of PSII and the AtpB subunit of ATP synthase were increased on the thylakoid membrane, contributing to photosynthetic stabilisation of spikelets as a means of supplementing the limited photosynthesis of the leaves under drought stress. The results enhanced understanding of the photosynthetic performance of oat spikelet during the grain-filling stage, and also provided an important basis on improving the photosynthetic capacity of non-foliar organs for the selection and breeding new oat varieties with high yield and better drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanguo Zeng
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 1000101, China
| | - Kun Yi
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 1000101, China
| | - Shuangfeng Yang
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 1000101, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Peisheng Mao
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 1000101, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 1000101, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 1000101, China
| | - Yongxiang Dong
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 1000101, China
| | - Liru Dou
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 1000101, China
| | - Manli Li
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 1000101, China.
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2
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Abshire N, Hauck AL, Walia H, Obata T. Tissue- and time-dependent metabolite profiles during early grain development under normal and high night-time temperature conditions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:568. [PMID: 38886651 PMCID: PMC11184705 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat grain development in the first few days after pollination determines the number of endosperm cells that influence grain yield potential and is susceptible to various environmental conditions, including high night temperatures (HNTs). Flag leaves and seed-associated bracts (glumes, awn, palea, and lemma) provide nutrients to the developing seed. However, the specific metabolic roles of these tissues are uncertain, especially their dynamics at different developmental stages and the time in a day. Tissue- and time-dependent metabolite profiling may hint at the metabolic roles of tissues and the mechanisms of how HNTs affect daytime metabolic status in early grain development. RESULTS The metabolite profiles of flag leaf, bract, seed (embryo and endosperm), and entire spike were analyzed at 12:00 (day) and 23:00 (night) on 2, 4, and 6 days after fertilization under control and HNT conditions. The metabolite levels in flag leaves and bracts showed day/night oscillations, while their behaviors were distinct between the tissues. Some metabolites, such as sucrose, cellobiose, and succinic acid, showed contrasting oscillations in the two photosynthetic tissues. In contrast, seed metabolite levels differed due to the days after fertilization rather than the time in a day. The seed metabolite profile altered earlier in the HNT than in the control condition, likely associated with accelerated grain development caused by HNT. HNT also disrupted the day/night oscillation of sugar accumulation in flag leaves and bracts. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight distinct metabolic roles of flag leaves and bracts during wheat early seed development. The seed metabolite levels are related to the developmental stages. The early metabolic events in the seeds and the disruption of the day/night metabolic cycle in photosynthetic tissues may partly explain the adverse effects of HNT on grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Abshire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Andrew L Hauck
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Harkamal Walia
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA.
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3
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Rangan P, Furtado A, Chinnusamy V, Henry R. A multi-cell model for the C 4 photosynthetic pathway in developing wheat grains based upon tissue-specific transcriptome data. Biosystems 2024; 238:105195. [PMID: 38555052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A non-Kranz C4 photosynthesis of the NAD-ME subtype, specifically in developing wheat grains (14 dpa, days post-anthesis) was originally demonstrated using transcriptome-based RNA-seq. Here we present a re-examination of evidence for C4 photosynthesis in the developing grains of wheat and, more broadly, the Pooideae and an investigation of the evolutionary processes and implications. The expression profiles for the genes associated with C4 photosynthesis (C4- and C3-specific) were evaluated using published transcriptome data for the outer pericarp, inner pericarp, and endosperm tissues of the developing wheat grains. The expression of the C4-specific genes across these three tissues revealed the involvement of all three tissues in an orderly fashion to accomplish the non-Kranz NAD-ME-dependent C4 photosynthesis. Based on their expression levels in RPKM (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads) values, a model involving multiple cell- and tissue-types is proposed for C4 photosynthesis involved in the refixation of the respired CO2 from the endosperm tissues in the developing wheat grains. This multi-cell C4 model, proposed to involve more than two cell types, requires further biochemical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimalan Rangan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia.
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
| | | | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
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4
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Milliken AL, Fan M, Mathan J, Davey P, Lawson T. Measuring Nonfoliar Photosynthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:77-94. [PMID: 38649567 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Nonfoliar gas exchange provides a noninvasive way to measure photosynthesis and other gas exchange parameters, enabling the assessment of their potential contribution to yield. Photosynthesis in nonfoliar material has been gaining increasing attention due to its contribution to yield, especially under conditions when leaf photosynthesis is compromised. Here, we provide methods and approaches along with examples of measuring gas exchange in nonfoliar material using a specialized chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengjie Fan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Phillip Davey
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
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5
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Garrido A, Conde A, Serôdio J, De Vos RCH, Cunha A. Fruit Photosynthesis: More to Know about Where, How and Why. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2393. [PMID: 37446953 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Not only leaves but also other plant organs and structures typically considered as carbon sinks, including stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds, may exhibit photosynthetic activity. There is still a lack of a coherent and systematized body of knowledge and consensus on the role(s) of photosynthesis in these "sink" organs. With regard to fruits, their actual photosynthetic activity is influenced by a range of properties, including fruit anatomy, histology, physiology, development and the surrounding microclimate. At early stages of development fruits generally contain high levels of chlorophylls, a high density of functional stomata and thin cuticles. While some plant species retain functional chloroplasts in their fruits upon subsequent development or ripening, most species undergo a disintegration of the fruit chloroplast grana and reduction in stomata functionality, thus limiting gas exchange. In addition, the increase in fruit volume hinders light penetration and access to CO2, also reducing photosynthetic activity. This review aimed to compile information on aspects related to fruit photosynthesis, from fruit characteristics to ecological drivers, and to address the following challenging biological questions: why does a fruit show photosynthetic activity and what could be its functions? Overall, there is a body of evidence to support the hypothesis that photosynthesis in fruits is key to locally providing: ATP and NADPH, which are both fundamental for several demanding biosynthetic pathways (e.g., synthesis of fatty acids); O2, to prevent hypoxia in its inner tissues including seeds; and carbon skeletons, which can fuel the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites important for the growth of fruits and for spreading, survival and germination of their seed (e.g., sugars, flavonoids, tannins, lipids). At the same time, both primary and secondary metabolites present in fruits and seeds are key to human life, for instance as sources for nutrition, bioactives, oils and other economically important compounds or components. Understanding the functions of photosynthesis in fruits is pivotal to crop management, providing a rationale for manipulating microenvironmental conditions and the expression of key photosynthetic genes, which may help growers or breeders to optimize development, composition, yield or other economically important fruit quality aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Garrido
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ric C H De Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre (Wageningen-UR), P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Cunha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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6
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Ma C, Lin L, Yang J, Liu F, Berrettoni M, Zhang K, Liu N, Zhang H. Mechanisms of lead uptake and accumulation in wheat grains based on atmospheric deposition-soil sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163845. [PMID: 37146818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) accumulation in wheat grains depends on two aspects: i) Pb uptake by the roots and shoots, and ii) the translocation of organ Pb into the grain. However, the underlying mechanism of the uptake and transport of Pb in wheat remains unclear. This study explored this mechanism by establishing field leaf-cutting comparison treatments. Interestingly, as the organ with the highest Pb concentration, only 20.40 % of the root's relative contribution to grain Pb. The relative contributions of the spike, flag leaf, second leaf, and third leaf to grain Pb were 33.13 %, 23.57 %, 13.21 %, and 9.69 %, respectively, which was opposite to their Pb concentration distribution trends. According to Pb isotope analysis, it was found leaf-cutting treatments reduced the proportion of atmospheric Pb in grain, and grain Pb predominantly comes from atmospheric deposition (79.60 %). Furthermore, from the bottom to the top, the concentration of Pb in internodes decreased gradually, and the proportions of Pb originating from soil in the nodes also decreased, revealing that wheat nodes hindered the translocation of Pb from roots and leaves to the grain. Therefore, the hindering effect of nodes on the migration of soil Pb in wheat resulted in atmospheric Pb having a more convenient pathway to the grain than soil Pb, and further leading grain Pb accumulation primarily depended on the contribution of the flag leaf and spike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Junxing Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Fuyong Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Mario Berrettoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Ke Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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7
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Ma C, Liu F, Yang J, Liu N, Zhang K, Berrettoni M, Zhang H. The newly absorbed atmospheric lead by wheat spike during filling stage is the primary reason for grain lead pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161965. [PMID: 36737026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat spikes could directly absorb lead (Pb) from atmospheric depositions. However, the mechanism by which the spikes contribute to Pb accumulation in the grain remains unclear. To investigate this mechanism, a field experiment was conducted using three comparative spikes shading treatments: 1) exposed to atmospheric deposition and light (CK), 2) non-exposed to atmospheric deposition and light (T1), and 3) non-exposed to atmospheric deposition but light-transmitting (T2). Spikes shading treatments reduced the average rate and peak value of the accumulation of Pb in grains, which significantly decreased the grain Pb concentration by 57.44 % and 50.26 % in T1 and T2 treatments, respectively. Moreover, Pb isotopic analysis shows that the Pb in spike and grain was mainly from atmospheric deposition, and the percentage of the grain Pb originated from atmospheric Pb decreased from 85.98 % in CK to 72.87 % and 79.59 % in T1 and T2, respectively. In addition, the spikes, rather than the leaves/roots, were the largest wheat tissue source of Pb in grains, and the relative contribution of spikes to grain Pb accumulation increased to 65.57 % at the maturity stage, of which the stored Pb re-translocation of spikes and the newly absorbed Pb by spikes during the filling stage contributed 13.37 % and 52.20 % to the grain Pb, respectively. Thus, the contribution of the spike to the grain Pb was mainly from the newly absorbed Pb from the atmospheric deposition during the grain filling phase, and grain filling phase is the key stage for the absorption of Pb by the grain. In brief, the newly absorbed atmospheric Pb by wheat spike during filling stage is the primary cause of grain Pb contamination, which provided a new insight for effective control of wheat Pb pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Fuyong Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China; Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, ChIP, via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Nan Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Mario Berrettoni
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, ChIP, via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China.
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8
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Lawson T, Milliken AL. Photosynthesis - beyond the leaf. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:55-61. [PMID: 36509710 PMCID: PMC10953325 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although leaves are considered the main site for photosynthesis, other green nonfoliar tissues can carry out considerable amounts of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. With photosynthesis, a potential target for improving crop productivity, physiology and contribution of nonfoliar tissues to overall plant carbon acquisition is gaining increasing attention. This review will provide an overview of nonfoliar photosynthesis, the role of stomata in these tissues and methodologies for quantification and the contribution to overall carbon gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lawson
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterCO4 3SQUK
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9
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Novel Insights into the Contribution of Cyclic Electron Flow to Cotton Bracts in Response to High Light. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065589. [PMID: 36982664 PMCID: PMC10054306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (CEF-PSI) is shown to be an important protective mechanism to photosynthesis in cotton leaves. However, it is still unclear how CEF-PSI is regulated in non-foliar green photosynthetic tissues such as bracts. In order to learn more about the regulatory function of photoprotection in bracts, we investigated the CEF-PSI attributes in Yunnan 1 cotton genotypes (Gossypium bar-badense L.) between leaves and bracts. Our findings demonstrated that cotton bracts possessed PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5)-mediated and the choroplastic NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH)-mediated CEF-PSI by the same mechanism as leaves, albeit at a lower rate than in leaves. The ATP synthase activity of bracts was also lower, while the proton gradient across thylakoid membrane (ΔpH), rate of synthesis of zeaxanthin, and heat dissipation were higher than those of the leaves. These results imply that cotton leaves under high light conditions primarily depend on CEF to activate ATP synthase and optimize ATP/NADPH. In contrast, bracts mainly protect photosynthesis by establishing a ΔpH through CEF to stimulate the heat dissipation process.
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10
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Martínez-Peña R, Vergara-Díaz O, Schlereth A, Höhne M, Morcuende R, Nieto-Taladriz MT, Araus JL, Aparicio N, Vicente R. Analysis of durum wheat photosynthetic organs during grain filling reveals the ear as a water stress-tolerant organ and the peduncle as the largest pool of primary metabolites. PLANTA 2023; 257:81. [PMID: 36917306 PMCID: PMC10014764 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The pool of carbon- and nitrogen-rich metabolites is quantitatively relevant in non-foliar photosynthetic organs during grain filling, which have a better response to water limitation than flag leaves. The response of durum wheat to contrasting water regimes has been extensively studied at leaf and agronomic level in previous studies, but the water stress effects on source-sink dynamics, particularly non-foliar photosynthetic organs, is more limited. Our study aims to investigate the response of different photosynthetic organs to water stress and to quantify the pool of carbon and nitrogen metabolites available for grain filling. Five durum wheat varieties were grown in field trials in the Spanish region of Castile and León under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Water stress led to a significant decrease in yield, biomass, and carbon and nitrogen assimilation, improved water use efficiency, and modified grain quality traits in the five varieties. The pool of carbon (glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose, sucrose, starch, and malate) and nitrogen (glutamate, amino acids, proteins and chlorophylls) metabolites in leaf blades and sheaths, peduncles, awns, glumes and lemmas were also analysed. The results showed that the metabolism of the blades and peduncles was the most susceptible to water stress, while ear metabolism showed higher stability, particularly at mid-grain filling. Interestingly, the total metabolite content per organ highlighted that a large source of nutrients, which may be directly involved in grain filling, are found outside the blades, with the peduncles being quantitatively the most relevant. We conclude that yield improvements in our Mediterranean agro-ecosystem are highly linked to the success of shoots in producing ears and a higher number of grains, while grain filling is highly dependent on the capacity of non-foliar organs to fix CO2 and N. The ear organs show higher stress resilience than other organs, which deserves our attention in future breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martínez-Peña
- Cereals Group, Section of Herbaceous, Agro-Technological Institute of Castile and León, Junta de Castile and León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Omar Vergara-Díaz
- Plant Ecophysiology and Metabolism Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Armin Schlereth
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Melanie Höhne
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rosa Morcuende
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Teresa Nieto-Taladriz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Araus
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Nieves Aparicio
- Cereals Group, Section of Herbaceous, Agro-Technological Institute of Castile and León, Junta de Castile and León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Plant Ecophysiology and Metabolism Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.
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11
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Yang J, Yu Y, Ma C, Zhang H. Direct absorption of atmospheric lead by rapeseed siliques is the leading cause of seed lead pollution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130284. [PMID: 36332279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed cultivation is a novel approach to safely utilizing lead (Pb) contaminated farmland. However, the mechanism of Pb absorption in seeds remains uncertain. A field experiment was conducted to explore this mechanism with two contrasting treatments: rapeseed exposed to atmospheric deposition and non-exposed treatment. Non-exposed treatment ultimately decreased Pb content in leaf, silique, and seed by 46.7%, 53.7%, and 53.6%, respectively. Sub-microstructure analysis further confirmed that rapeseed leaves and siliques could directly absorb atmospheric Pb. In addition, Pb isotope analysis indicates that atmospheric deposition is the primary source of silique and seed Pb. The root and silique organs had relative Pb contributions of 28.0% and 72.0%, respectively, to seed. Thus, the direct absorption of atmospheric Pb by siliques during the filling stage was found to be the leading cause of seed Pb pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yawei Yu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China.
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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12
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Ma C, Lin L, Yang J, Zhang H. The Relative Contributions of Different Wheat Leaves to the Grain Cadmium Accumulation. TOXICS 2022; 10:637. [PMID: 36355929 PMCID: PMC9697351 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the context of increasing atmospheric particles pollution, wheat cadmium (Cd) pollution caused by atmospheric deposition in agro-ecosystems has attracted increasing attention. However, the relative contribution of different wheat leaves-to-grain Cd accumulation is still unclear. We assessed the roles of different wheat leaves on grain Cd accumulation with field-comparative experiments during the filling stage. Results show that wheat leaves can direct uptake atmospheric Cd through stomata, and the flag leaf exhibited a higher Cd concentration compared to other leaves. The relative contribution of the leaves-to-grain Cd accumulation decreased gradually during the grain-filling period, from 34.44% reaching 14.48%, indicating that the early grain-filling period is the critical period for leaf Cd contributions. Moreover, the relative contribution of flag leaves (7.27%) to grain Cd accumulation was larger than that of the sum of other leaves (7.21%) at maturity. Therefore, the flag leaf is the key leaf involved in grain Cd accumulation, and controlling the transport of Cd from leaves to grains at the early filling period, particularly flag leaf, could help to ensure wheat grain safety, thus ensuring the safety of food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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13
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Rangan P, Wankhede DP, Subramani R, Chinnusamy V, Malik SK, Baig MJ, Singh K, Henry R. Evolution of an intermediate C 4 photosynthesis in the non-foliar tissues of the Poaceae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 153:125-134. [PMID: 35648247 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) in plants are abaptive features that have evolved to sustain plant growth in unfavorable environments, especially at low atmospheric carbon levels and high temperatures. Uptake of CO2 and its storage in the aerenchyma tissues of Lycopsids and diurnal acidity fluctuation in aquatic plants during the Palaeozoic era (ca. 300 Ma.) would represent the earliest evolution of a CCM. The CCM parts of the dark reactions of photosynthesis have evolved many times, while the light reactions are conserved across plant lineages. A C4 type CCM, leaf C4 photosynthesis is evolved in the PACMAD clade of the Poaceae family. The evolution of C4 photosynthesis from C3 photosynthesis was an abaptation. Photosynthesis in reproductive tissues of sorghum and maize (PACMAD clade) has been shown to be of a weaker C4 type (high CO2 compensation point, low carbon isotope discrimination, and lack of Rubisco compartmentalization, when compared to the normal C4 types) than that in the leaves (normal C4 type). However, this does not fit well with the character polarity concept from an evolutionary perspective. In a recent model proposed for CCM evolution, the development of a rudimentary CCM prior to the evolution of a more efficient CCM (features contrasting to a weaker C4 type, leading to greater biomass production rate) has been suggested. An intermediate crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) type of CCM (rudimentary) was reported in the genera, Brassia, Coryanthes, Eriopsis, Peristeria, of the orchids (well-known group of plants that display the CAM pathway). Similarly, we propose here the evolution of a rudimentary CCM (C4-like type pathway) in the non-foliar tissues of the Poaceae, prior to the evolution of the C4 pathway as identified in the leaves of the C4 species of the PACMAD clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimalan Rangan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | | | - Rajkumar Subramani
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Surendra K Malik
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Kuldeep Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Tian H, Zhou Q, Liu W, Zhang J, Chen Y, Jia Z, Shao Y, Wang H. Responses of photosynthetic characteristics of oat flag leaf and spike to drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:917528. [PMID: 35968085 PMCID: PMC9365945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.917528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Raising crops production via improving photosynthesis has always been focused. Recently excavating and increasing the photosynthetic capacity of non-leaf organs becomes an important approach to crops yield increase. Here we studied the photosynthetic characteristics of the flag leaf and the non-leaf organs including the sheath, the glume and the lemma under greenhouse. The relative water content (RWC), the stomatal characteristics, the photosynthetic pigment contents, the enzyme activities in C3 and C4 pathway and the malate content of the flag leaf and the non-leaf organs on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after anthesis (denoted by 7DAA, 14DAA, 21DAA, and 28DAA) were determined under well-watered (CK) and water-stressed (D) treatments. Drought stress significantly reduced the RWC of the flag leaf and the non-leaf organs, while the variation of RWC in the glume and the lemma was lower than in the flag leaf. The chlorophyll a content, the chlorophyll b content, the total chlorophyll content and the xanthophyll content in the flag leaf were significantly decreased under D. However, drought stress significantly increased the photosynthetic pigment contents in the glume at the late stage (21DAA and 28DAA). In addition, the induced activities of PEPC, NADP-MDH, NADP-ME, NAD-ME, and PPDK in non-leaf organs under drought stress suggested that the C4 photosynthetic pathway in non-leaf organs compensated the limited C3 photosynthesis in the flag leaf. Non-leaf organs, in particular the glume, showed the crucial function in maintaining the stable photosynthetic performance of oat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Tian
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Youjun Chen
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhifeng Jia
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Yuqiao Shao
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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Chang TG, Shi Z, Zhao H, Song Q, He Z, Van Rie J, Den Boer B, Galle A, Zhu XG. 3dCAP-Wheat: An Open-Source Comprehensive Computational Framework Precisely Quantifies Wheat Foliar, Nonfoliar, and Canopy Photosynthesis. PLANT PHENOMICS 2022; 2022:9758148. [PMID: 36059602 PMCID: PMC9394111 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9758148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canopy photosynthesis is the sum of photosynthesis of all above-ground photosynthetic tissues. Quantitative roles of nonfoliar tissues in canopy photosynthesis remain elusive due to methodology limitations. Here, we develop the first complete canopy photosynthesis model incorporating all above-ground photosynthetic tissues and validate this model on wheat with state-of-the-art gas exchange measurement facilities. The new model precisely predicts wheat canopy gas exchange rates at different growth stages, weather conditions, and canopy architectural perturbations. Using the model, we systematically study (1) the contribution of both foliar and nonfoliar tissues to wheat canopy photosynthesis and (2) the responses of wheat canopy photosynthesis to plant physiological and architectural changes. We found that (1) at tillering, heading, and milking stages, nonfoliar tissues can contribute ~4, ~32, and ~50% of daily gross canopy photosynthesis (Acgross; ~2, ~15, and ~-13% of daily net canopy photosynthesis, Acnet) and absorb ~6, ~42, and ~60% of total light, respectively; (2) under favorable condition, increasing spike photosynthetic activity, rather than enlarging spike size or awn size, can enhance canopy photosynthesis; (3) covariation in tissue respiratory rate and photosynthetic rate may be a major factor responsible for less than expected increase in daily Acnet; and (4) in general, erect leaves, lower spike position, shorter plant height, and proper plant densities can benefit daily Acnet. Overall, the model, together with the facilities for quantifying plant architecture and tissue gas exchange, provides an integrated platform to study canopy photosynthesis and support rational design of photosynthetically efficient wheat crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Gen Chang
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zai Shi
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Honglong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingfeng Song
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhonghu He
- Insitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) China Office, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jeroen Van Rie
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center-Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bart Den Boer
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center-Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Galle
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center-Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Ma C, Xie P, Yang J, Liu F, Hu H, Du J, Zhang K, Lin L, Zhang H. Relative contribution of environmental medium and internal organs to lead accumulation of wheat grain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151832. [PMID: 34813811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) pollution in wheat has received considerable research attention globally due to its persistence and ease of accumulation, posing severe health risks to humans. This study explored the relative contribution of the environmental medium (atmospheric deposition and soil) and wheat internal organs to Pb accumulation in wheat grains, using field experiments by contrasting treatments. The concentration and bioavailability of Pb in the soil were significantly lower than those of atmospherically deposited Pb (P < 0.05). Pb accumulation rate in wheat grains was consistent with the grain filling rate, which first increased and then decreased, reaching the highest level at the middle filling stage. Pb isotope analysis showed that atmospheric deposition was the main source of Pb in the shoots of wheat plants, contributing more than 80.0% of Pb in grains. Although the roots had the highest Pb concentration, the spikes had the greatest relative contribution (58.4%) to Pb accumulation in the wheat grains, followed by that of the leaves (24.5%), whereas the contribution of roots was the lowest (17.1%) among all plant organs. In addition, among all leaves, the contribution of flag leaves to Pb accumulation in the grain was higher than the cumulative contribution of all other leaves, where flag leaves and other leaves contributed 13.8% and 10.7%, respectively. Collectively, the absorption of atmospherically deposited Pb by wheat spikes is the leading cause of Pb pollution in wheat grains. These results may aid in formulating strategies to reduce Pb concentration in grains and ensure food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Pan Xie
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Fuyong Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Huafeng Hu
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Jun Du
- Henan Academy of agricultural sciences, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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Ma C, Xie P, Zhang K, Yang J, Li X, Liu F, Lin L, Zhang H. Contribution of the flag leaf to lead absorption in wheat grain at the grain-filling stage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112722. [PMID: 34478986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wheat flag leaf (FL) is one of the primary sources of carbohydrates in grains; however, its role in grain lead (Pb) absorption remains unclear. A field experiment was conducted to assess the relative contribution of the FL to Pb accumulation in wheat grain by two contrasting treatments: without (CK) and with FL removal (FLR) at the grain-filling stage. The Pb concentration in leaves was closely related to leaf strata and decreased from FL to the third leaf. FLR treatment significantly reduced the yield and grain Pb concentration by 2.79% and 11.47%, respectively. The contribution of FL to grain Pb accumulation decreased gradually with the filling process, from 35.08% (at early stage) to 13.94% (at maturity stage). After FLR, the contribution proportion of atmospheric fallout to grain Pb decreased from 69.01% (CK) to 62.43% (FLR). Combined isotope analysis with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) revealed that the main contribution of FLs to grain Pb originated from Pb fallout in fine atmospheric particles. Therefore, taking measures to reduce the influence of fine atmospheric particles on wheat may be an effective way to control wheat grain Pb contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Pan Xie
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Junxing Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xuanzhen Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fuyong Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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Ma C, Liu F, Xie P, Zhang K, Yang J, Zhao J, Zhang H. Mechanism of Pb absorption in wheat grains. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125618. [PMID: 33735766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition is the primary source of external environmental media for lead (Pb) influx in wheat grains. However, the mechanisms of Pb grain absorption remains unclear. We explored this mechanism through comparative experiments, involving defoliating leaf blades (TG) and a control group (CK) of field wheat after the anthesis stage. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis displayed that leaves and ears can directly absorb atmospheric deposition Pb through stomata. Compared with CK, the yield, grain Pb content, and grain Pb accumulation of TG wheat were significantly decreased by 13.25%, 22.10%, and 32.58%, respectively. Combined with the Pb isotope analysis, the ear had the highest contribution to grain Pb followed by leaf and root. Simultaneously, the absorption rate of grain Pb demonstrated a dynamic trend of "N" shape. Dominant contribution periods of the root, leaf, and ear organs to grain Pb accumulation were different. Unlike the root system, the contribution of the aboveground to grain Pb increased gradually, and the contribution of leaf and ear to grain Pb were mainly concentrated in the early and late filling stage, respectively. Our findings can provide a theoretical basis for the control of Pb pollution in grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China.
| | - Fuyong Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - Pan Xie
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Junxing Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jihong Zhao
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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Liu B, Zhang D, Sun M, Li M, Ma X, Jia S, Mao P. PSII Activity Was Inhibited at Flowering Stage with Developing Black Bracts of Oat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105258. [PMID: 34067635 PMCID: PMC8156022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The color of bracts generally turns yellow or black from green during cereal grain development. However, the impact of these phenotypic changes on photosynthetic physiology during black bract formation remains unclear. Two oat cultivars (Avena sativa L.), ‘Triple Crown’ and ‘Qinghai 444’, with yellow and black bracts, respectively, were found to both have green bracts at the heading stage, but started to turn black at the flowering stage and become blackened at the milk stage for ‘Qinghai 444’. Their photosynthetic characteristics were analyzed and compared, and the key genes, proteins and regulatory pathways affecting photosynthetic physiology were determined in ‘Triple Crown’ and ‘Qinghai 444’ bracts. The results show that the actual PSII photochemical efficiency and PSII electron transfer rate of ‘Qinghai 444’ bracts had no significant changes at the heading and milk stages but decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at the flowering stage compared with ‘Triple Crown’. The chlorophyll content decreased, the LHCII involved in the assembly of supercomplexes in the thylakoid membrane was inhibited, and the expression of Lhcb1 and Lhcb5 was downregulated at the flowering stage. During this critical stage, the expression of Bh4 and C4H was upregulated, and the biosynthetic pathway of p-coumaric acid using tyrosine and phenylalanine as precursors was also enhanced. Moreover, the key upregulated genes (CHS, CHI and F3H) of anthocyanin biosynthesis might complement the impaired PSII activity until recovered at the milk stage. These findings provide a new insight into how photosynthesis alters during the process of oat bract color transition to black.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Liu
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.L.); (D.Z.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (X.M.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.L.); (D.Z.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (X.M.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.L.); (D.Z.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (X.M.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manli Li
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.L.); (D.Z.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (X.M.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiqing Ma
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.L.); (D.Z.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (X.M.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shangang Jia
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.L.); (D.Z.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (X.M.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peisheng Mao
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.L.); (D.Z.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (X.M.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-3311
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20
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Li J, Hou F, Ren J. Grazing Intensity Alters Leaf and Spike Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Related Parameters of Three Grass Species on an Alpine Steppe in the Qilian Mountains. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020294. [PMID: 33557165 PMCID: PMC7913976 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of grazing on leaf photosynthesis has been extensively studied. However, the influence of grazing on photosynthesis in other green tissues, especially spike, has remained poorly understood. This study investigated the impact of different grazing intensities (light grazing (LG), medium grazing (MG), and heavy grazing (HG)) on leaf and spike photosynthesis parameters and photosynthetic pigments of three grass species (Stipa purpurea, Achnatherum inebrians, and Leymus secalinus) on an alpine steppe in the Qilian Mountains. Grazing promoted leaf photosynthesis rate in S. purpurea and L. secalinus but reduced it in A. inebrians. Conversely, spike photosynthesis rate decreased in S. purpurea and L. secalinus under intense grazing, while there was no significant difference in spike photosynthesis rate in A. inebrians. The leaf and spike net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) in S. purpurea were the greatest among the three species, while their organ temperatures were the lowest. On the other hand, grazing stimulated leaf chlorophyll biosynthesis in S. purpurea and L. secalinus but accelerated leaf chlorophyll degradation in A. inebrians. Furthermore, spike chlorophyll biosynthesis was inhibited in the three species under grazing, and only L. secalinus had the ability to recover from the impairment. Grazing had a positive effect on leaf photosynthesis parameters of S. purpurea and L. secalinus but a negative effect on those of A. inebrians. However, spike photosynthesis parameters were negatively influenced by grazing. Among the three species investigated, S. purpurea displayed the greatest ability for leaf and spike photosynthesis to withstand and acclimate to grazing stress. This study suggests that moderate grazing enhanced leaf photosynthetic capacity of S. purpurea and L. secalinus but reduced it in A. inebrians. However, spike photosynthetic capacity of three grass species decreased in response to grazing intensities.
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AuBuchon-Elder T, Coneva V, Goad DM, Jenkins LM, Yu Y, Allen DK, Kellogg EA. Sterile Spikelets Contribute to Yield in Sorghum and Related Grasses. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3500-3518. [PMID: 32873633 PMCID: PMC7610286 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and its relatives in the grass tribe Andropogoneae bear their flowers in pairs of spikelets in which one spikelet (seed-bearing or sessile spikelet [SS]) of the pair produces a seed and the other is sterile or male (staminate). This division of function does not occur in other major cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) or rice (Oryza sativa). Additionally, one bract of the SS spikelet often produces a long extension, the awn, that is in the same position as, but independently derived from, that of wheat and rice. The function of the sterile spikelet is unknown and that of the awn has not been tested in Andropogoneae. We used radioactive and stable isotopes of carbon, RNA sequencing of metabolically important enzymes, and immunolocalization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to show that the sterile spikelet assimilates carbon, which is translocated to the largely heterotrophic SS. The awn shows no evidence of photosynthesis. These results apply to distantly related species of Andropogoneae. Removal of sterile spikelets in sorghum significantly decreases seed weight (yield) by ∼9%. Thus, the sterile spikelet, but not the awn, affects yield in the cultivated species and fitness in the wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David M Goad
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Lauren M Jenkins
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Yunqing Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Doug K Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
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Ntakirutimana F, Xie W. Unveiling the Actual Functions of Awns in Grasses: From Yield Potential to Quality Traits. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207593. [PMID: 33066600 PMCID: PMC7589186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Awns, which are either bristles or hair-like outgrowths of lemmas in the florets, are one of the typical morphological characteristics of grass species. These stiff structures contribute to grain dispersal and burial and fend off animal predators. However, their phenotypic and genetic associations with traits deciding potential yield and quality are not fully understood. Awns appear to improve photosynthesis, provide assimilates for grain filling, thus contributing to the final grain yield, especially under temperature- and water-stress conditions. Long awns, however, represent a competing sink with developing kernels for photosynthates, which can reduce grain yield under favorable conditions. In addition, long awns can hamper postharvest handling, storage, and processing activities. Overall, little is known about the elusive role of awns, thus, this review summarizes what is known about the effect of awns on grain yield and biomass yield, grain nutritional value, and forage-quality attributes. The influence of awns on the agronomic performance of grasses seems to be associated with environmental and genetic factors and varies in different stages of plant development. The contribution of awns to yield traits and quality features previously documented in major cereal crops, such as rice, barley, and wheat, emphasizes that awns can be targeted for yield and quality improvement and may advance research aimed at identifying the phenotypic effects of morphological traits in grasses.
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23
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Simkin AJ, Faralli M, Ramamoorthy S, Lawson T. Photosynthesis in non-foliar tissues: implications for yield. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1001-1015. [PMID: 31802560 PMCID: PMC7064926 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is currently a focus for crop improvement. The majority of this work has taken place and been assessed in leaves, and limited consideration has been given to the contribution that other green tissues make to whole-plant carbon assimilation. The major focus of this review is to evaluate the impact of non-foliar photosynthesis on carbon-use efficiency and total assimilation. Here we appraise and summarize past and current literature on the substantial contribution of different photosynthetically active organs and tissues to productivity in a variety of different plant types, with an emphasis on fruit and cereal crops. Previous studies provide evidence that non-leaf photosynthesis could be an unexploited potential target for crop improvement. We also briefly examine the role of stomata in non-foliar tissues, gas exchange, maintenance of optimal temperatures and thus photosynthesis. In the final section, we discuss possible opportunities to manipulate these processes and provide evidence that Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants genetically manipulated to increase leaf photosynthesis also displayed higher rates of ear assimilation, which translated to increased grain yield. By understanding these processes, we can start to provide insights into manipulating non-foliar photosynthesis and stomatal behaviour to identify novel targets for exploitation in continuing breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Simkin
- Genetics, Genomics and BreedingNIAB EMRNew Road, East MallingKentME19 6BJUK
| | - Michele Faralli
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterCO4 3SQUK
- Present address:
Department of Biodiversity and Molecular EcologyResearch and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1San Michele all'Adige (TN)38010Italy
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and TechnologyVellore Institute of TechnologyVellore632014India
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterCO4 3SQUK
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24
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Chang TG, Song QF, Zhao HL, Chang S, Xin C, Qu M, Zhu XG. An in situ approach to characterizing photosynthetic gas exchange of rice panicle. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:92. [PMID: 32647532 PMCID: PMC7336644 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthesis of reproductive organs in C3 cereals is generally regarded as important to crop yield. Whereas, photosynthetic characteristics of reproductive organs are much less understood as compared to leaf photosynthesis, mainly due to methodological limitations. To date, many indirect methods have been developed to study photosynthesis of reproductive organs and its contribution to grain yield, such as organ shading, application of herbicides and photosynthetic measurement of excised organs or tissues, which might be intrusive and cause biases. Thus, a robust and in situ approach needs to be developed. RESULTS Here we report the development of a custom-built panicle photosynthesis chamber (P-chamber), which can be connected to standard infrared gas analyzers to study photosynthetic/respiratory rate of a rice panicle. With the P-chamber, we measured panicle photosynthetic characteristics of seven high-yielding elite japonica, japonica-indica hybrid and indica rice cultivars. Results show that, (1) rice panicle is photosynthetically active during grain filling, and there are substantial inter-cultivar variations in panicle photosynthetic and respiratory rates, no matter on a whole panicle basis, on an area basis or on a single spikelet basis; (2) among the seven testing cultivars, whole-panicle gross photosynthetic rates are 17-54 nmol s-1 5 days after heading under photon flux density (PFD) of 2000 μmol (photons) m-2 s-1, which represent some 20-38% of that of the corresponding flag leaves; (3) rice panicle photosynthesis has higher apparent CO2 compensation point, light compensation point and apparent CO2 saturation point, as compared to that of a typical leaf; (4) there is a strong and significant positive correlation between gross photosynthetic rate 5 days after heading on a single spikelet basis and grain setting rate at harvest (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.93, p value < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Rice panicle gross photosynthesis is significant, has great natural variation, and plays an underappreciated role in grain yield formation. The P-Chamber can be used as a tool to study in situ photosynthetic characteristics of irregular non-foliar plant organs, such as ears, culms, leaf sheaths, fruits and branches, which is a relatively less explored area in current cereal breeding community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Gen Chang
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Qing-Feng Song
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Hong-Long Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shuoqi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Changpeng Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Mingnan Qu
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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25
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Araus JL, Serret MD, Lopes MS. Transgenic solutions to increase yield and stability in wheat: shining hope or flash in the pan? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1419-1424. [PMID: 30856274 PMCID: PMC6411371 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José L Araus
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria D Serret
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta S Lopes
- Sustainable Field Crops Program, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), Lleida, Spain
- The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Ankara, Turkey
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