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Moceri-Brooks J, Paruk J, Semenza D, Anestis MD. Correlates of dangerous firearm storage among a representative sample of firearm owners across nine states. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024. [PMID: 39023294 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify demographic and behavioral correlates of dangerous firearm storage (i.e., unlocked and loaded) among firearm owners in nine states. METHODS Online survey data from the probability-based sample were collected using Ipsos Knowledge Panel. Participants were adults residing in nine states across the United States (n = 7785). RESULTS Nearly one third of the firearm owners within the sample stored at least one of their firearms unlocked and loaded. Greater threat sensitivity was associated with dangerous firearm storage. Established firearm owners who purchased an additional firearm during the firearm purchasing surge (2020-2021) had increased odds of storing at least one firearm unlocked and loaded. Those who had direct exposure to firearm violence and those whose primary reason for having a firearm at home was protection also had increased odds of storing at least one firearm unlocked and loaded. CONCLUSIONS The results contribute to the literature on firearm storage tendencies, highlighting correlates of dangerous firearm storage within the home related to perceptions of threat and direct experiences with firearm violence. Implications include the need for broad public education on the value of secure storage targeted toward to those who have an elevated perception of danger and have been personally exposed to firearm violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayna Moceri-Brooks
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jennifer Paruk
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Semenza
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael D Anestis
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Bock JE, Daruwala SE, Tucker RP, Foster SD, Bandel SL, Gunn JF, Anestis MD. Honor Endorsement and Increased Firearm Purchasing Behavior and Intentions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241255323. [PMID: 38802302 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241255323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The surge in firearm sales from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have been linked to increases in firearm violence, which is of public concern given that having firearms in one's home is associated with increased risk for domestic violence and suicide. Consistent with pre-pandemic trends, individuals tended to purchase firearms for self-protection during COVID-19. Prior work indicates that protective firearm ownership is motivated not only by perceptions that the world (and one's local environment) is dangerous, but also by one's endorsement of masculinity norms found in U.S. cultures of honor (primarily southern and western states). Honor-based masculinity norms emphasis reputation defense, toughness, and an absolute intolerance of disrespect. The present research examined the relative motivating influences of various threat perceptions and masculine honor endorsement in predicting reasons for non-COVID-19 firearm ownership, firearm purchasing during COVID-19, and purchase intentions. Three separate samples (total N = 2483) of mostly White U.S. men completed online surveys during different months of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants completed measures of their endorsement of masculine honor norms, factors associated with firearm purchasing (e.g., dangerous world beliefs, intolerance of uncertainty), and firearm purchasing behaviors. Results indicated that masculine honor endorsement was higher among (1) protective firearm owners compared to non-owners and non-protective owners, (2) firearm owners who purchased a firearm during COVID-19 compared to non-owners and non-purchasing owners, and (3) firearm owners with intentions to purchase firearms in the next year compared to those without intentions and undecided owners. Relative to other predictors (e.g., COVID-19 concerns, dangerous world beliefs), masculine honor endorsement was consistently the strongest predictor of these outcomes. Findings add to the literature by highlighting the strength of masculine honor endorsement in motivating (protective) firearm ownership. Implications for interpersonal violence and suicide are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod E Bock
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Samantha E Daruwala
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raymond P Tucker
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Shelby L Bandel
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - John F Gunn
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- School of Public Health - Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael D Anestis
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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3
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Lee DB, Simmons M, Sokol RL, Crimmins H, LaRose J, Zimmerman MA, Carter PM. Firearm suicide risk beliefs and prevention: The role of fear of community violence and firearm ownership for protection. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 171:340-345. [PMID: 38350311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Household firearm availability is a risk factor for firearm suicide when a household member at-risk for suicide. Firearm ownership for protection and perceptions of community violence may reduce the likelihood of limiting access to firearms as a way to prevent suicide. The association between a firearm suicide risk belief and the intention to reduce firearm access as a means of preventing suicide, with fear of community violence and firearm ownership for protection as moderators, was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analytic sample consisted of 388 Missouri firearm owners from a cross-sectional, statewide survey of Missouri adults. Logistic regression models were estimated. RESULTS Among Missouri firearm owners, firearm suicide risk belief was positively associated with the intention of reducing firearm access for firearm owners who were not afraid of community violence and owned a firearm for non-protection reasons (e.g., hunting). DISCUSSION Findings suggest that firearm suicide prevention efforts must be tailored to address the underlying beliefs about their violence risk among firearm owners who indicate they principally own for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lee
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA.
| | | | - Rebeccah L Sokol
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA; University of Michigan School of Social Work, USA
| | - Haley Crimmins
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA
| | | | - Marc A Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA; University of Michigan School of Public Health, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA; University of Michigan School of Public Health, USA; University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine, USA
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4
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Roth KB, Gaveras E, Ghiathi F, Shaw EK, Shoemaker MS, Howard NA, Dhir M, Caiza GR, Szlyk HS. A Community-Engaged Approach to Understanding Suicide in a Small Rural County in Georgia: A Two-Phase Content Analysis of Individual and Focus Group Interviews. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7145. [PMID: 38131697 PMCID: PMC10743163 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20247145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is a significant public health problem, with disproportionate rates in rural areas. Rural communities face substantial structural and cultural barriers to suicide prevention. This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the need for suicide prevention and gauge the appropriateness of prevention efforts in the context of a rural Georgia county by leveraging existing community resources and knowledge. Twenty one-on-one, semi-structured interviews and two focus groups were conducted, with participants recruited via purposive snowball sampling. Data analysis included qualitative deductive and inductive content analysis from individual interviews and focus groups with community stakeholders. The findings highlight how rural contexts exacerbate drivers of death by suicide and how the substantial loss of community members to suicide contributes to the ongoing crisis and reduces available support. Access to mental health care often depended on a connection to an established public system such as schools, a military base, or Veterans Administration. There were perceived gaps in crisis and post-crisis services, with participants actively trying to address these gaps and build community support through coalition building. This study contributes knowledge to contextual drivers of suicide in rural areas beyond individual-level risk factors. Community-engaged suicide prevention research in rural areas is promising, but there is a need to develop interventions to best support coalition building and capacity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Beth Roth
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mercer University, 1250 E 66th Street, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.G.); (E.K.S.); (M.S.S.); (N.A.H.); (M.D.); (G.R.C.)
| | - Eleni Gaveras
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | - Fatima Ghiathi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mercer University, 1250 E 66th Street, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.G.); (E.K.S.); (M.S.S.); (N.A.H.); (M.D.); (G.R.C.)
| | - Eric Kendall Shaw
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mercer University, 1250 E 66th Street, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.G.); (E.K.S.); (M.S.S.); (N.A.H.); (M.D.); (G.R.C.)
| | - Melanie Shanlin Shoemaker
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mercer University, 1250 E 66th Street, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.G.); (E.K.S.); (M.S.S.); (N.A.H.); (M.D.); (G.R.C.)
| | - Nicholas Adam Howard
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mercer University, 1250 E 66th Street, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.G.); (E.K.S.); (M.S.S.); (N.A.H.); (M.D.); (G.R.C.)
| | - Meena Dhir
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mercer University, 1250 E 66th Street, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.G.); (E.K.S.); (M.S.S.); (N.A.H.); (M.D.); (G.R.C.)
| | - Genesis Rebeca Caiza
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mercer University, 1250 E 66th Street, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.G.); (E.K.S.); (M.S.S.); (N.A.H.); (M.D.); (G.R.C.)
| | - Hannah Selene Szlyk
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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Hill RM, Hussain Z, Vieyra B, Gallagher A. Reporting Ethical Procedures in Suicide Prevention Research: Current Status and Recommendations. Arch Suicide Res 2023; 27:1373-1390. [PMID: 36415164 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2131493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethical concerns frequently arise in suicide prevention research regarding participant safety and confidentiality. Despite a substantial literature on managing and navigating ethical concerns in suicide research, little attention has been paid to the reporting of ethical procedures. Furthermore, standard procedures for reporting ethical risk management procedures have not been developed. METHOD A review of the current literature was performed to examine the current state of reporting of ethical procedures within suicide research. Articles published in 2020 (N = 263) from three suicide-focused publications were screened and then coded (n = 131) to identify reporting of procedures for the ethical conduct of research and suicide risk management steps taken by the research teams. RESULTS The majority of articles reported ethical review or approval (84.7%) and reported the use of an informed consent process (77.9%). Only 28.2% included risk mitigation procedures. Of those 29.7% of those articles reported conducting risk evaluation, 66.7% reported resource dissemination, and 51.4% reported an intervention. CONCLUSION As empirical support for brief interventions accrues, suicide prevention researchers should consider establishing standards for the reporting of procedures to ensure the safety of participants with suicidal risk.HighlightsReporting suicide safety protocols helps ensure high ethical standards in research.Fewer than 1/3 of articles reviewed reported risk mitigation procedures in 2020.Standard procedures for reporting safety protocols in suicide research are needed.
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Lafferty M, O'Neill A, Cerra N, Maxim L, Mulcahy A, Wyse JJ, Carlson KF. Let's Talk About Firearms: Perspectives of Older Veterans and VA Clinicians on Universal and Dementia-Specific Firearm Safety Discussions. Clin Gerontol 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37665611 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2023.2254292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Veterans experience high rates of fatal and non-fatal firearm injuries. This risk may be compounded among Veterans who are rural-residing, aging, and/or experiencing cognitive decline or dementia. Firearm safety discussions are not broadly implemented across Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare settings due, in part, to concerns of causing Veterans to disengage from care. This study examines perceptions about firearm safety discussions to inform healthcare-based harm-reduction efforts. METHODS We conducted interviews with 34 Veterans (median age 70) and 22 clinicians from four VA facilities that treat high rates of rural patients with firearm-related injuries. RESULTS Most Veterans accepted the idea of universal firearm safety discussions at the VA. Some reported they might not be forthright in such discussions, but raising the topic would not stop them from engaging with VA care. Veterans and clinicians unanimously endorsed firearm safety discussions for older patients experiencing cognitive decline or dementia. CONCLUSIONS VA patients and clinicians are amenable to firearm safety discussions during healthcare visits and especially endorse the need for such discussions among high-risk populations. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Universal firearm safety discussions could be incorporated into standard VA practice, particularly for Veterans experiencing cognitive decline or dementia, without risking Veteran disengagement from care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lafferty
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, USA
| | - AnnaMarie O'Neill
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, USA
| | - Nicole Cerra
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, USA
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland State University, Portland, USA
| | - Lauren Maxim
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, USA
| | - Abigail Mulcahy
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, USA
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland State University, Portland, USA
| | - Jessica J Wyse
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, USA
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland State University, Portland, USA
| | - Kathleen F Carlson
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, USA
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland State University, Portland, USA
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Houtsma C, Raines AM. When safe firearm storage isn't enough: Examining risk profiles among firearm suicide decedents. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2023; 53:655-665. [PMID: 37417720 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, and firearms are the most frequently used suicide method. Research suggests risk for firearm suicide increases with greater access to firearms (e.g., storing loaded or unlocked). Although safe firearm storage is promoted as a means of risk reduction, no studies have explored factors differentiating firearm suicide decedents who stored firearms safely vs. those who stored unsafely prior to death. METHODS Utilizing data from the National Violent Death Reporting System, the current study aimed to determine which factors distinguish firearm suicide decedents who stored firearms safely vs. those who stored unsafely. The current sample included decedents for whom data were available on whether the firearm used in the suicide was stored loaded or unloaded (n = 4269) and unlocked or locked (n = 6273) prior to their death. RESULTS Results revealed using a long gun in the suicide (as opposed to a handgun) was associated with five times greater odds of storing unloaded prior to death, suggesting this safe firearm storage practice alone does not mitigate risk among all long gun owners. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a need to increase suicide prevention efforts within the long gun owning community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Houtsma
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amanda M Raines
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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8
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Practices, knowledge, and concerns for out-of-home firearm storage among those with access to firearms: results from a survey in two states. Inj Epidemiol 2023; 10:15. [PMID: 36915179 PMCID: PMC10012481 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-023-00426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporary, voluntary storage of firearms away from the home is a recommended option for individuals with risk of suicide, but it may also be used in other situations (e.g., long trips). Prior work has explored the availability of storage options and the views of storage locations. Little is known about out-of-home storage practices among those who live in homes with firearms (including owners). METHODS We surveyed English-speaking adults (18 or older) in two states (Colorado and Washington) living in a home with a firearm (June-July 2021). RESULTS Among the final sample of 1029, most respondents were white (88.1%) and non-Hispanic (85.0%); half were female (50.8%), and the most common age group was ages 35-44 (25.5%). Just over one quarter (27.3%) of respondents indicated they had stored a firearm away from their home/car/garage in the last 5 years. The place most respondents said they were somewhat or very likely to consider was at a family members home (62.7%) or at a self-storage facility (52.5%). CONCLUSION Out-of-home firearm storage is a relatively common practice and endorsed by many gun-owners, suggesting out-of-home storage is feasible for firearm owners as an approach to suicide prevention.
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Bond AE, Karnick AT, Bandel SL, Capron DW, Anestis MD. Demographic differences in the type of firearm and location of bodily injury in firearm suicide decedents. DEATH STUDIES 2022; 47:948-956. [PMID: 36382498 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2022.2144547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the type of firearm used and location of bodily injury among demographic subgroups of suicide decedents. Data on those who died by suicide via firearm from the National Violent Death Reporting System (N = 117,126) between the years 2003-2018 was utilized. A series of five logistic regression analyses examining the age of decedent, type of firearm, location of wound site, loaded vs. unloaded firearms, and locked vs. unlocked storage, using predictors including gender, race, who owns the firearm and age were performed. Findings have important public health implications. Increasing safe storage or removing the specific types of firearms one is likely to use in their death from the home during a time of crisis may decrease risk of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Bond
- The New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Aleksandr T Karnick
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Shelby L Bandel
- The New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel W Capron
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael D Anestis
- The New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Ross CS, Gradus JL, Siegel MB, Alcorn T, Garverich S, Lincoln A. Distinct groups of firearm owners with differential risk for suicide in the United States: A latent class analysis. Prev Med 2022; 164:107185. [PMID: 36041545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a leading cause of mortality and firearm suicide accounts for the majority of fatalities. Firearm owners are a diverse population and firearm-specific suicide prevention programs should be tailored to distinct at-risk firearm-owning groups. This study set out to identify groups of firearm owners with differential suicide risk having unique characteristics that could be used to customize suicide prevention efforts. We conducted a nationally-representative survey of 2646 firearm owners to assess individual suicide risk, suicide risk factors, and demographic characteristics. A Latent Class Analysis identified unique segments of firearm owners at increased risk of suicide with similar underlying suicide risk factors and demographic characteristics. We found almost one in ten (9.6%) of firearm owners were at increased risk of suicide with 25% reporting suicide ideation, 6.6% reporting suicide planning, and 1.8% reporting previous suicide attempts. We identified three unique groups of firearm owners with higher than average suicide risk. Relative to other groups of firearm owners, one at-risk group were more affluent with a history of adverse experiences and mental health challenges, a second group had more male veterans with high levels of alcohol consumption, and third group had more non-heterosexual women who experienced trauma. We conclude that there are three unique groups of firearm owners with higher than average suicide risk with very different characteristics. In addition to broad suicide prevention efforts, customized firearm suicide prevention programs should be developed individually for these different firearm-owning populations, taking into consideration the unique suicide risk factors and demographics of each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Ross
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, United States of America
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States of America.
| | - Michael B Siegel
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America
| | - Ted Alcorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032
| | - Suzanne Garverich
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Alisa Lincoln
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
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11
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Thomas AC, Siry-Bove BJ, Barnard LM, Rooney L, McCarthy M, Mustafa A, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Rivara FP, Betz ME, Knoepke C. A Qualitative study on diverse perspectives and identities of firearm owners. Inj Prev 2022; 28:434-439. [PMID: 35470245 PMCID: PMC9492625 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2022-044522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research surrounding firearm ownership is often contextualised within the perspectives of older white men. We expand this description using the perceptions of a diverse group of firearm-owning stakeholders. METHODS We conducted semistructured interviews from October 2020 to May 2021 with Colorado/Washington State stakeholders representing (1) firearm ranges/retailers; (2) law enforcement agencies or (3) relevant state/national firearm organisations. Data were analysed using standard qualitative techniques and included 25 participants, representing varied sociocultural groups including racial and ethnic minorities, political minorities and sexual minorities. RESULTS Participants for this analysis were of different self-identified sociocultural groups including racial and ethnic minorities (African American, Hispanic and Asian), political minorities (liberal) and sexual minorities, defined as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT). Perspectives on firearm ownership included an idea of gun culture as a component of (1) personal identity, (2) an expression of full citizenship and (3) necessary for self-protection. A strong subtheme was the intersection of minority group and firearm owner identities, creating a need for divergent social communities because of ideas on traditional gun culture. These communities are a safe place for individuals belonging to minority groups to escape negative external and internal group associations with firearms. CONCLUSION Perspectives on firearms and firearm ownership in the secondary analysis were heterogeneous and related to personal experiences, external and internal group pressures that influence individual behaviour. Understanding the breadth of perspectives on firearm ownership is imperative to engaging individuals for risk reduction. This study adds to the literature by expanding an understanding of the motivation for firearm ownership among diverse communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle C Thomas
- American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bonnie J Siry-Bove
- Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Leslie M Barnard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren Rooney
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan McCarthy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ayah Mustafa
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research, University of Washington Seattle Campus, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Frederick P Rivara
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marian E Betz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher Knoepke
- Department of Cardiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Adult and Child Consortium for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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12
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Revisiting evidence of primary prevention of suicide among adult populations: A systematic overview. J Affect Disord 2022; 297:641-656. [PMID: 34728288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Primary prevention of suicidal behaviors in the general population is required to interrupt the trend of self-inflicted deaths worldwide. We reviewed the evidence of the efficacy of primary prevention of suicide among the adult population. METHODS This is an overview of systematic reviews. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases to identify articles on suicide prevention strategies in non-clinical populations. For the purpose of overview, only systematic reviews were eligible. Primary outcomes: The outcomes of the present study were changes in the number of suicide death or suicide behaviors. Two reviewers assessed the methodological quality and the risk of bias of included studies. RESULTS From the initial 2,315 records, 32 articles met inclusion criteria. Evidence of reduction of suicide-related outcomes was detected, but of small magnitude. Most multicomponent prevention programs were delivered to specific populations, comprising strategies such as restriction to lethal means, educational programs, and gatekeeper training. Means restriction was the single intervention that showed some evidence of individual efficacy in reducing suicide. There is evidence that poor quality of media reporting is related with increasing suicide and better-quality reports could help suicide prevention. Most of the included SRs were of critically-low methodological quality. LIMITATIONS Publication bias, reporting bias, study designs, outcome definition and article overlap across studies are the main concerns. CONCLUSIONS Multicomponent programs and means restriction have indicated a reduction of suicide rates, mainly in specific populations. There is insufficient evidence to recommend a widespread implementation of suicide primary prevention in the general population.
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Tucker RP, Powers J, Pardue-Bourgeois S, Oakey-Frost N, Moscardini EH, Gilroy SP, Capron DW, Bryan CJ, Anestis MD. Vehicle Firearm Storage: Prevalence and Correlates in a Sample of Male Firearm Owners. Arch Suicide Res 2021; 27:479-493. [PMID: 34962216 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2021.2020698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous research has linked unsafe firearm storage practices and other ownership-related characteristics to key factors that facilitate the transition from suicidal thoughts to suicidal behaviors (i.e., acquired capability for suicide). This research has not investigated the extent to which firearm owners store firearms in their vehicles, a factor that increases ready access to the most lethal means of suicide. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of occasional and permanent vehicle firearm storage as well as demographic and psychological correlates of this practice in a sample of N = 408 adult male firearm owners oversampled for historical thoughts of suicide. METHODS Participants completed an online survey for monetary compensation. RESULTS Over 40% of participants indicated at least occasionally storing firearms in their vehicles with over 15% indicating storage of firearms unlocked and loaded. Elevated scores on measures of negative affect, worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and historical suicidal thoughts and behaviors were seen in those who endorsed vehicle firearm storage compared to those who did not. CONCLUSION Individual and public health firearm safety strategies would benefit from an explicit focus on the transition of firearms to and from one's vehicle.HIGHLIGHTSOver 40% of male firearm owners at least occasionally store a firearm in a vehicle.15% of those who store a firearm in a vehicle do so unlocked and loaded.Suicidal thought severity was related to storing a firearm in a vehicle.Historical suicidal behaviors were related to storing a firearm in a vehicle.
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Bock JE, Tucker RP, Brown RP, Harrington EE, Bauer BW, Daruwala SE, Capron DW, Anestis MD. Factors contributing to honor-endorsing men's suicide capability: Firearm ownership, practical capability, and exposure to painful and provocative events. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:1247-1258. [PMID: 34608661 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White men in U.S. cultures of honor die by suicide at greater rates than other demographic groups. This finding has been attributed to factors such as the prevalence and use of firearms in men's suicide in honor states, as well as motivational risk factors (e.g., thwarted belongingness). Other features of honor cultures (e.g., physical aggression, risk-taking behaviors) suggest that honor-endorsing men may frequently experience painful and provocative events (PPEs), which, in turn, may facilitate practical capability for suicide. The present work tested this hypothesis and honor ideology's relationship to firearm ownership and storage practices. METHOD In two samples of mostly White U.S. men-one undergraduate sample (N = 472, Mage = 19.76) and one middle- to older adult sample (N = 419, Mage = 65.17)-we assessed honor ideology endorsement, PPEs, practical capability for suicide, and firearm-related outcomes. RESULTS Honor endorsement was greater among firearm owners (particularly self-protective owners), but it was unrelated to storage practices. Honor endorsement was positively associated with PPEs and practical capability. Additionally, the relationship between honor ideology and practical capability was indirectly explained by PPE exposure. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight multiple avenues-PPEs, practical capability for suicide, (self-protective) firearm ownership-by which masculine honor norms may place men at risk for suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod E Bock
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond P Tucker
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ryan P Brown
- The Doerr Institute for New Leaders, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erin E Harrington
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Brian W Bauer
- Department of Psychology, Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Samantha E Daruwala
- Department of Psychology, Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Daniel W Capron
- Department of Psychology, Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael D Anestis
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Anestis JC, Anestis MD, Preston OC, Rodriguez TR. Dispositional characteristics in firearm ownership and purchasing behavior during the 2020 purchasing surge. Soc Sci Med 2021; 289:114408. [PMID: 34653931 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In 2020 the U.S. saw a firearm purchasing surge that was synchronous with the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic and notable community unrest. Extant literature has highlighted a potential cohort effect among 2020 firearm purchasers and the importance of characterizing these individuals to inform policy and interventions. Dispositional traits have received minimal attention in the firearm literature overall, despite research that indicates dispositional traits impact intervention interest, access, and effectiveness. OBJECTIVE The current study examined two dispositional traits indicated as important in firearm research - threat sensitivity (THT) and disinhibition (DIS). We hypothesized that 1) firearm owners overall would have lower THT and higher DIS relative to non-firearm owners, 2) mean levels of DIS (but not THT) would be higher among firearm owners who purchased during the 2020 purchasing surge relative to firearm owners who did not and non-firearm owners, and 3) DIS (but not THT) would be related to future plans for purchasing such that mean levels of DIS would be highest amongst those who have plans. METHODS This study used an online-recruited sample (N = 3500) matched to 2010 US Census data. RESULTS Firearm owners demonstrated lower THT and higher DIS than non-firearm owners. 2020 firearm purchasers had higher DIS compared to non-firearm owners and non-purchasing firearm owners, while firearm owners who did not purchase had lower THT compared to non-owners and 2020 purchasers. Plans to purchase in the next 12 months was associated with higher DIS relative to those undecided or without plans. CONCLUSIONS In combination with prior research, findings suggest elevated DIS may drive purchasing as a danger and distress management strategy, while low THT may protect against emotion-based firearm purchasing. Further research is needed to clarify the directionality of these relationships and to identify other dispositional characteristics of those purchasing firearms in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joye C Anestis
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, & Policy, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA.
| | - Michael D Anestis
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA; Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Taylor R Rodriguez
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA; Department of Psychology, School of Arts & Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Suicide is a serious public health problem in the United States, and suicide rates have been increasing for more than a decade. Rural areas are more impacted than urban areas, reinforcing that social, cultural, and economic factors contribute to risk. This article reviews recent work about these contributors to suicide and how they may inform prevention efforts. RECENT FINDINGS Current research has shown that suicide is more than a mental health problem with a psychiatric or medical solution. Universal screening and referral by gatekeepers target a large group with a low baseline risk, and there are few treatments proven to reduce death by suicide, as well as a severe shortage of mental health providers in the United States to provide them. Instead, suicide prevention polices can target various other factors that contribute to elevated suicide risk at the population level, including reducing socioeconomic deprivation and access to firearms, both of which are often higher in rural areas. Internet-based interventions also hold promise as they are highly scalable, accessible almost anywhere, and often anonymous. SUMMARY Understanding factors that increase suicide risk guide development of evidence-based policies targeted at high-risk groups. Population-level interventions should be developed in collaboration with the target audience for cultural appropriateness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Barnhorst
- BulletPoints Project
- University of California Firearm Violence Research Center
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hilary Gonzales
- BulletPoints Project
- University of California Firearm Violence Research Center
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rameesha Asif-Sattar
- BulletPoints Project
- University of California Firearm Violence Research Center
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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