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Gielen J, Stessens L, Meeusen R, Aerts JM. Identifying time-varying dynamics of heart rate and oxygen uptake from single ramp incremental running tests. Physiol Meas 2024; 45:065008. [PMID: 38861999 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad56f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Objective.The fact that ramp incremental exercise yields quasi-linear responses for pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2) and heart rate (HR) seems contradictory to the well-known non-linear behavior of underlying physiological processes. Prior research highlights this issue and demonstrates how a balancing of system gain and response time parameters causes linearV˙O2responses during ramp tests. This study builds upon this knowledge and extracts the time-varying dynamics directly from HR andV˙O2data of single ramp incremental running tests.Approach.A large-scale open access dataset of 735 ramp incremental running tests is analyzed. The dynamics are obtained by means of 1st order autoregressive and exogenous models with time-variant parameters. This allows for the estimates of time constant (τ) and steady state gain (SSG) to vary with work rate.Main results.As the work rate increases,τ-values increase on average from 38 to 132 s for HR, and from 27 to 35 s forV˙O2. Both increases are statistically significant (p< 0.01). Further, SSG-values decrease on average from 14 to 9 bpm (km·h-1)-1for HR, and from 218 to 144 ml·min-1forV˙O2(p< 0.01 for decrease parameters of HR andV˙O2). The results of this modeling approach are line with literature reporting on cardiorespiratory dynamics obtained using standard procedures.Significance.We show that time-variant modeling is able to determine the time-varying dynamics HR andV˙O2responses to ramp incremental running directly from individual tests. The proposed method allows for gaining insights into the cardiorespiratory response characteristics when no repeated measurements are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Gielen
- Biosystems Department, Research Group M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Loes Stessens
- Biosystems Department, Research Group M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Aerts
- Biosystems Department, Research Group M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Ferri Marini C, Micheli L, Grossi T, Federici A, Piccoli G, Zoffoli L, Correale L, Dell’Anna S, Naldini CA, Lucertini F, Vandoni M. Are incremental exercise relationships between rating of perceived exertion and oxygen uptake or heart rate reserve valid during steady-state exercises? PeerJ 2024; 12:e17158. [PMID: 38711624 PMCID: PMC11073009 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is considered a valid method for prescribing prolonged aerobic steady-state exercise (SSE) intensity due to its association with physiological indicators of exercise intensity, such as oxygen uptake (V̇O2) or heart rate (HR). However, these associations between psychological and physiological indicators of exercise intensity were found during graded exercise tests (GXT) but are currently used to prescribe SSE intensity even though the transferability and validity of the relationships found during GXT to SSE were not investigated. The present study aims to verify whether (a) RPE-HR or RPE-V̇O2 relations found during GXTs are valid during SSEs, and (b) the duration and intensity of SSE affect these relations. Methods Eight healthy and physically active males (age 22.6 ± 1.2 years) were enrolled. On the first visit, pre-exercise (during 20 min standing) and maximal (during a GXT) HR and V̇O2 values were measured. Then, on separate days, participants performed 4 SSEs on the treadmill by running at 60% and 80% of the HR reserve (HRR) for 15 and 45 min (random order). Individual linear regressions between GXTs' RPE (dependent variable) and HRR and V̇O2 reserve (V̇O2R) values (computed as the difference between maximal and pre-exercise values) were used to predict the RPE associated with %HRR (RPEHRR) and %V̇O2R (RPEV̇O2R) during the SSEs. For each relation (RPE-%HRR and RPE-%V̇O2R), a three-way factorial repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05) was used to assess if RPE (dependent variable) was affected by exercise modality (i.e., RPE recorded during SSE [RPESSE] or GXT-predicted), duration (i.e., 15 or 45 min), and intensity (i.e., 60% or 80% of HRR). Results The differences between RPESSE and GXT-predicted RPE, which were assessed by evaluating the effect of modality and its interactions with SSE intensity and duration, showed no significant differences between RPESSE and RPEHRR. However, when RPESSE was compared with RPEV̇O2R, although modality or its interactions with intensity were not significant, there was a significant (p = 0.020) interaction effect of modality and duration yielding a dissociation between changes of RPESSE and RPEV̇O2R over time. Indeed, RPESSE did not change significantly (p = 0.054) from SSE of 15 min (12.1 ± 2.0) to SSE of 45 min (13.5 ± 2.1), with a mean change of 1.4 ± 1.8, whereas RPEV̇O2R decreased significantly (p = 0.022) from SSE of 15 min (13.7 ± 3.2) to SSE of 45 min (12.4 ± 2.8), with a mean change of -1.3 ± 1.5. Conclusion The transferability of the individual relationships between RPE and physiological parameters found during GXT to SSE should not be assumed as shown by the results of this study. Therefore, future studies modelling how the exercise prescription method used (e.g., RPE, HR, or V̇O2) and SSE characteristics (e.g., exercise intensity, duration, or modality) affect the relationships between RPE and physiological parameters are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ferri Marini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Micheli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Tommaso Grossi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Ario Federici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Luca Zoffoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
- Scientific Research & Innovation Department, Technogym S.p.A, Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Luca Correale
- Sports Science Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Stefano Dell’Anna
- Sports Science Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, CO, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Naldini
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Francesco Lucertini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
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Li H, Early KS, Zhang G, Ma P, Wang H. Personalized Hydration Strategy to Improve Fluid Balance and Intermittent Exercise Performance in the Heat. Nutrients 2024; 16:1341. [PMID: 38732589 PMCID: PMC11085813 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Sweat rate and electrolyte losses have a large inter-individual variability. A personalized approach to hydration can overcome this issue to meet an individual's needs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a personalized hydration strategy (PHS) on fluid balance and intermittent exercise performance. Twelve participants conducted 11 laboratory visits including a VO2max test and two 5-day trial arms under normothermic (NOR) or hyperthermic (HYP) environmental conditions. Each arm began with three days of familiarization exercise followed by two random exercise trials with either a PHS or a control (CON). Then, participants crossed over to the second arm for: NOR+PHS, NOR+CON, HYP+PHS, or HYP+CON. The PHS was prescribed according to the participants' fluid and sweat sodium losses. CON drank ad libitum of commercially-available electrolyte solution. Exercise trials consisted of two phases: (1) 45 min constant workload; (2) high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT) until exhaustion. Fluids were only provided in phase 1. PHS had a significantly greater fluid intake (HYP+PHS: 831.7 ± 166.4 g; NOR+PHS: 734.2 ± 144.9 g) compared to CON (HYP+CON: 369.8 ± 221.7 g; NOR+CON: 272.3 ± 143.0 g), regardless of environmental conditions (p < 0.001). HYP+CON produced the lowest sweat sodium concentration (56.2 ± 9.0 mmol/L) compared to other trials (p < 0.001). HYP+PHS had a slower elevated thirst perception and a longer HIIT (765 ± 452 s) compared to HYP+CON (548 ± 283 s, p = 0.04). Thus, PHS reinforces fluid intake and successfully optimizes hydration status, regardless of environmental conditions. PHS may be or is an important factor in preventing negative physiological consequences during high-intensity exercise in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicheng Li
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (H.L.); (G.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Kate S. Early
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907, USA;
| | - Guangxia Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (H.L.); (G.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Pengwei Ma
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (H.L.); (G.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Haoyan Wang
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (H.L.); (G.Z.); (P.M.)
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Yoder HA, Mulholland AM, MacDonald HV, Wingo JE. Acute work rate adjustments during high-intensity interval training in a hot and temperate environment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:962-973. [PMID: 37657087 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate drifts upward over time during interval exercise and during exercise in hot conditions. As such, work rate must be lowered to maintain target heart rate. The purpose was to characterize acute work rate adjustments during high-intensity interval training based on target heart rate. Seven humans (three females) completed five study visits: a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to measure maximal heart rate (HRmax) in ∼22 °C and four trials performed in ∼22 °C (TEMP) or ∼35 °C (HOT), consisting of an 8 min warm-up at 70% HRmax followed by one (15TEMP and 15HOT) or five (43TEMP and 43HOT) rounds of high-intensity interval training (one round = 4 min work at 90% HRmax and 3 min recovery at 70% HRmax) totaling 15 min or 43 min of exercise, respectively. Work rate was lowered 33 ± 20 W (p = 0.005) in 43TEMP and 56 ± 30 W (p = 0.003) in 43HOT between the first and fifth work intervals. Thermal strain (0.2 °C higher rectal temperature, p = 0.01) and cardiovascular strain (6 beats·min-1 larger increase in heart rate from first to fifth recovery interval, p = 0.01) were greater in 43HOT versus 43TEMP. Using target heart rate during high-intensity interval training may reduce the training stimulus, especially in hot environments, but it may also limit thermal strain and enable participants to complete the prescribed workout despite the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Yoder
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Anne M Mulholland
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Hayley V MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Jonathan E Wingo
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Pérez-Quintero M, Toro-Román V, Grijota FJ, Maynar-Mariño M. Heart Rate and Body Temperature Evolution in an Interval Program of Passive Heat Acclimation at High Temperatures (100 ± 2 °C) in a Sauna. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2082. [PMID: 36767447 PMCID: PMC9916041 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heat exposure provokes stress on the human body. If it remains constant, it leads to adaptations such as heat acclimation. This study aims to observe the evolution of heart rate (HR), core temperature (Tcore), and skin temperature (Tskin) in an intervallic program of exposure to extreme heat. Twenty-nine healthy male volunteers were divided into a control group (CG; n = 14) and an experimental group (EG; n = 15). EG experienced nine sessions (S) of intervallic exposure to high temperatures (100 ± 2 °C), whereas CG was exposed to ambient temperatures (22 ± 2 °C). HR, Tskin, and Tcore were monitored in S1, 4, 5, 8, and 9. An important increase in HR occurred in the S4 compared to the rest (p < 0.05) in EG. A lower HR was discovered in S8 and S9 compared to S4 and in S9 in relation to S1 (p < 0.05) in EG. EG experiences a gradual decrease in Tcore and Tskin, which was detected throughout the assessments, although it was only significant in the S8 and S9 (p < 0.05). Interval exposure to heat at 100 ± 2 °C elicits stress on the human organism, fundamentally increasing Tcore, Tskin, and FC. This recurring stress in the full program caused a drop in the thermoregulatory response as an adaptation or acclimation to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Siquier-Coll
- SER Research Group, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, Comillas Pontifical University, Costa de Saragossa 16, 07013 Palma Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Henry Collet, 52-70, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mario Pérez-Quintero
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Víctor Toro-Román
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Grijota
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
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Comparison of Two Types of High-Intensity Interval Training: Heart Rate Based vs. Speed/Time Based. Asian J Sports Med 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm-123355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Monitoring exercise intensity accurately is a constant concern for athletes and researchers. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of controlling high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with heart rate (HTHR) and speed/time (HTST) on some fatigue-related variables. Methods: Twenty young male athletes (age 22.75 ± 2.5 years, weight 76.6 ± 8.8 kg, height 179.7 ± 6.5 cm) were randomly allocated to one of the two arms. Then two-time acute running was performed with intensity control based on heart rates (HR) and speed/time for 40 min on the treadmill with a one-week washout. In order to measure vVo2max, a VIFT test (30 - 15 intermittent fitness test) was taken. Serum levels of glucose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, and creatine kinase were measured before and at the end of each exercise. The normality of data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The t-test and univariate test were used to analyze within- and inter-group changes between the two types of HIIT, respectively. Results: The speed decreases at the identical intensity HTHR over time. The average speed in HTST was significantly higher (P < 0.05), but the maximum and minimum speed in HTHR was significantly higher and lower, respectively. The average distance covered by subjects in HTST was significantly higher (P < 0.05). The post-exercise blood fatigue indexes (i.e., pH, creatine kinase, lactate, glycerol, lactate/pyruvate, and glucose) in HTHR was significantly less compared to those in HTST. Heart rate increases at the identical intensity based on vVIFT in HTST gradually. Conclusions: In general, HTHR can exert the recovery and relative intensity between subjects more accurately. In fact, training based on HR, in contrast to speed/time, decreases internal load differences and increases external load differences between individuals.
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Foreman NA, Lee EJ, Lundstrom CJ. Assessment of a Treadmill Speed Incline Conversion Chart: A Validation Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1030-1036. [PMID: 35299154 PMCID: PMC10707652 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the validity of a treadmill speed incline conversion chart using physiological and subjective measures. METHODS Two groups of experienced runners (SLOW and FAST: divided based on their easy run pace) ran 6 speed incline combinations for 5 minutes each. Stages were equivalent according to the HillRunner.com chart, and stage order was randomized. Due to limitations of the chart, SLOW (n = 11) ran at inclines up to 4%, while FAST (n = 22) ran at inclines up 10%. Oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, blood lactate, overall rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and leg RPE were measured for each stage. VO2 was compared against the VO2 predicted by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) equation (ACSM VO2). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to detect differences between stages and inclines, and Hedges g was used as a measure of effect size. RESULTS Pooled results (0%-4%, N = 33) showed no incline effect on VO2, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, blood lactate, or RPE (P > .05; ηp2=.198), validating the chart at these inclines. At or above 6%, meaningful and significant increases occur in VO2 (g > 0.9, P < .05), with increases in heart rate, blood lactate, and leg RPE at higher inclines. ACSM VO2 underestimated oxygen consumption at all inclines up to 8% (P < .05) but not at 10% (45.9 [4.0] vs 46.7 [2.4] mL·kg-1·min-1; P = .186). CONCLUSION The HillRunner.com chart is only valid at or below 4%. At higher inclines, supposedly equivalent stages result in increased exercise intensity. ACSM VO2 underestimates VO2 in trained runners at inclines up to 8%.
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Climate change: the next game changer for sport and exercise psychology. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [PMCID: PMC9098786 DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change experts, recent changes across the climate system are unprecedented, and the next decades are the most decisive in human history to drastically reduce global annual greenhouse gas emissions. This text argues that sport and exercise psychology, as a scientific discipline, needs to address anthropogenic climate change by helping athletes, sport students, psychologists, coaches, physical educators, youth, sport communities and stakeholders and all populations concerned by our field to adopt adaptation and mitigation behaviors and trigger social changes in their respective communities. We briefly present the bidirectional associations between physical activity, sport and climate change. Then, we highlight three key points about climate change: its effects on health, equity issues and behaviors change in line with currently needed climate efforts. Furthermore, we suggest a series of research questions for physical activity and sport psychology domains. Finally, we conclude by presenting a call to action.
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Ferri Marini C, Federici A, Skinner JS, Piccoli G, Stocchi V, Zoffoli L, Correale L, Dell’Anna S, Naldini CA, Vandoni M, Lucertini F. Effect of steady-state aerobic exercise intensity and duration on the relationship between reserves of heart rate and oxygen uptake. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13190. [PMID: 35497191 PMCID: PMC9048681 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The percentages of heart rate (%HRR) or oxygen uptake (%V̇O2R) reserve are used interchangeably for prescribing aerobic exercise intensity due to their assumed 1:1 relationship, although its validity is debated. This study aimed to assess if %HRR and %V̇O2R show a 1:1 relationship during steady-state exercise (SSE) and if exercise intensity and duration affect their relationship. Methods Eight physically active males (age 22.6 ± 1.2 years) were enrolled. Pre-exercise and maximal HR and V̇O2 were assessed on the first day. In the following 4 days, different SSEs were performed (running) combining the following randomly assigned durations and intensities: 15 min, 45 min, 60% HRR, 80% HRR. Post-exercise maximal HR and V̇O2 were assessed after each SSE. Using pre-exercise and post-exercise maximal values, the average HR and V̇O2 of the last 5 min of each SSE were converted into percentages of the reserves (%RES), which were computed in a 3-way RM-ANOVA (α = 0.05) to assess if they were affected by the prescription parameter (HRR or V̇O2R), exercise intensity (60% or 80% HRR), and duration (15 or 45 min). Results The %RES values were not affected by the prescription parameter (p = 0.056) or its interactions with intensity (p = 0.319) or duration and intensity (p = 0.117), while parameter and duration interaction was significant (p = 0.009). %HRRs and %V̇O2Rs did not differ in the 15-min SSEs (mean difference [MD] = 0.7 percentage points, p = 0.717), whereas %HRR was higher than %V̇O2R in the 45-min SSEs (MD = 6.7 percentage points, p = 0.009). Conclusion SSE duration affects the %HRR-%V̇O2R relationship, with %HRRs higher than %V̇O2Rs in SSEs of longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ferri Marini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Ario Federici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - James S. Skinner
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Human Sciences for the Promotion of Quality of Life, University San Raffaele Roma, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Luca Zoffoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy,Scientific Research & Innovation Department, Technogym S.p.A., Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Luca Correale
- Sports Science Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Stefano Dell’Anna
- Sports Science Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy,Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, CO, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Naldini
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Francesco Lucertini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
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A new perspective on cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise. Life Sci 2021; 287:120109. [PMID: 34717912 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exercise induces cardiovascular drift, which is characterized by decreasing mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume and heart rate increase. Cardiovascular drift has been debated for a long time. Although the exact mechanisms underlying cardiovascular drift are still unknown, two theories have been proposed. The first is that increased skin blood flow displaces blood volume from central circulation to the periphery, which reduces stroke volume. According to this theory, the rise in heart rate is presumably responding to the drop in stroke volume and MAP. The alternative theory is that an increase in heart rate is due to an increase in sympathetic nervous activity causing reducing time at diastole, and therefore stroke volume. It may be difficult to determine a single robust factor accounting for cardiovascular drift, due to the broad range of circumstances. The primary focus of this review is to elucidate our understanding of cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise through nitric oxide and force-frequency relationship. We highlight for the very first time that cardiovascular drift (in some conditions and within a specific time period) may be considered as a protective strategy against potential damage that could be induced by the intense and prolonged contraction of the myocardium.
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Exercise Intensity during Olympic-Distance Triathlon in Well-Trained Age-Group Athletes: An Observational Study. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020018. [PMID: 33494505 PMCID: PMC7912546 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the exercise intensity during the swimming, cycling, and running legs of nondraft legal, Olympic-distance triathlons in well-trained, age-group triathletes. Seventeen male triathletes completed incremental swimming, cycling, and running tests to exhaustion. Heart rate (HR) and workload corresponding to aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, maximal workloads, and maximal HR (HRmax) in each exercise mode were analyzed. HR and workload were monitored throughout the race. The intensity distributions in three HR zones for each discipline and five workload zones in cycling and running were quantified. The subjects were then assigned to a fast or slow group based on the total race time (range, 2 h 07 min–2 h 41 min). The mean percentages of HRmax in the swimming, cycling, and running legs were 89.8% ± 3.7%, 91.1% ± 4.4%, and 90.7% ± 5.1%, respectively, for all participants. The mean percentage of HRmax and intensity distributions during the swimming and cycling legs were similar between groups. In the running leg, the faster group spent relatively more time above HR at anaerobic threshold (AnT) and between workload at AnT and maximal workload. In conclusion, well-trained male triathletes performed at very high intensity throughout a nondraft legal, Olympic-distance triathlon race, and sustaining higher intensity during running might play a role in the success of these athletes.
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Perez-Quintero M, Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Robles-Gil MC, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Three weeks of passive and intervallic heat at high temperatures (100±2 °C) in a sauna improve acclimation to external heat (42±2 °C) in untrained males. J Therm Biol 2021; 96:102837. [PMID: 33627275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the effect of passive heat acclimation on aerobic performance is still controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to observe the effect of passive and intervallic exposure to high temperatures (100 ± 2 °C) in untrained males. Forty healthy untrained men participated in this investigation. They were randomised into a Control Group (CG; n = 18) and an Experimental Group (EG; n = 22). Both groups performed maximum incremental tests until exhaustion in normothermia (GXT1; 22 ± 2 °C), and 48h afterwards, in hyperthermia (GXT2; 42 ± 2 °C). The EG performed 9 sessions of intervallic exposure to heat (100 ± 2 °C) over 3 weeks. Subsequently, both groups performed two maximal incremental trials in normothermia (GXT3; 22 ± 2 °C) and 48h later, in hyperthermia (GXT4; 42 ± 2 °C). In each test, the maximal ergospirometric parameters and the aerobic (VT1), anaerobic (VT2) and recovery ventilatory thresholds were recorded. The Wilcoxon Test was used for intra-group comparisons and the Mann-Whitney U for inter-group comparisons. There were improvements in absolute VO2max (p = 0.049), W (p = 0.005) and O2pulse (p = 0.006) in hyperthermia. In VT1 there was an increase in W (p = 0.046), in VO2 in absolute (p = 0.025) and relative (p = 0.013) values, O2pulse (p = 0.006) and VE (p = 0.028) in hyperthermia. While W increased in hyperthermia (p = 0.022) at VT2. The results suggest that passive and intervallic acclimation at high temperatures improves performance in hyperthermia. This protocol could be implemented in athletes when they have to compete in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain; Movement, Brain and Health Research Group (MOBhE), Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez (Comillas Pontifical University), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M C Robles-Gil
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, School of Teacher Training, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Sport Sciences Faculty. University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
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Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Pérez-Quintero M, Muñoz D, Robles MC, Maynar-Mariño M. Influence of a high-temperature programme on serum, urinary and sweat levels of selenium and zinc. J Therm Biol 2020; 88:102492. [PMID: 32125980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of hyperthermia on the antioxidant system in the human organism is well known. AIM The objective of this study was to observe the effects of heat on the concentration of Se and Zn, elements related to antioxidant systems. METHODS Twenty-nine subjects voluntarily participated in this study. They were divided into a control group (CG; n = 14) and an experimental group (EG; n = 15). All of them underwent two incremental tests until exhaustion in normothermia (22 °C, 20-40%RH) and hyperthermia (42 °C, 20-40%RH). EG experienced nine sessions of repeated heat exposure at high temperatures (100 °C, 20%RH) for three weeks (HEHT). After the intervention, the initial measurements were repeated. Urine and blood samples were collected before and after each test. Additionally, sweat samples were collected after tests in hyperthermia. RESULTS There were no significant changes in serum. An increase in the elimination of Zn and Se in EG was observed in urine after HEHT (p < .05). The elimination of Zn by sweating decreased after HEHT in EG (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to heat at high temperatures increases the urinary excretion of Se and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences. University of Extremadura, Spain.
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences. University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M Pérez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences. University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M C Robles
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences. University of Extremadura, Spain
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14
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Ihsan M, Périard JD, Racinais S. Integrating Heat Training in the Rehabilitation Toolbox for the Injured Athlete. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1488. [PMID: 31920696 PMCID: PMC6917657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ihsan
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Julien D Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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15
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Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Perez-Quintero M, Grijota FJ, Robles MC, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Influence of a physical exercise until exhaustion in normothermic and hyperthermic conditions on serum, erythrocyte and urinary concentrations of magnesium and phosphorus. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:1-6. [PMID: 30784472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the performance of a maximal exercise test until exhaustion in normothermic and hyperthermic conditions on body concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P). METHODS 19 adult males (age: 22.58 ± 1.05 years) performed two maximum incremental exercise tests on a cycloergometer separated by 48 h. The first was performed in normothermia (22 ± 2 °C) and the second in hyperthermic conditions induced with a sauna (42 ± 2 °C). Blood and urine samples were taken before and after each test. RESULTS The tests in hyperthermia did not produce ergospirometric alterations or a noticeable cardiovascular drift. Serum Mg concentrations underwent a reduction after the stress test in hyperthermia (p > 0.05) but not in normothermia. Nevertheless, urinary and erythrocyte concentrations of Mg, and urinary, erythrocyte and serum concentrations of P did not undergo alterations in either conditions. CONCLUSIONS It seems that exercise in hyperthermic conditions induces a tissue redistribution of Mg in the body, a fact which was not observed in normothermic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain.
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M Perez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - F J Grijota
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, School of Teacher Training, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M C Robles
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
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16
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Sheahen BL, Fell JW, Zadow EK, Hartley TF, Kitic CM. Intestinal damage following short-duration exercise at the same relative intensity is similar in temperate and hot environments. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1314-1320. [PMID: 29874478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing temperature and exercise disrupt tight junctions of the gastrointestinal tract although the contribution of environmental temperature to intestinal damage when exercising is unknown. This study investigated the effect of 2 different environmental temperatures on intestinal damage when exercising at the same relative intensity. Twelve men (mean ± SD; body mass, 81.98 ± 7.95 kg; height, 182.6 ± 7.4 cm) completed randomised cycling trials (45 min, 70% maximal oxygen uptake) in 30 °C/40% relative humidity (RH) and 20 °C/40%RH. A subset of participants (n = 5) also completed a seated passive trial (30 °C/40%RH). Rectal temperature and thermal sensation (TSS) were recorded during each trial and venous blood samples collected at pre- and post-trial for the analysis of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level as a marker of intestinal damage. Oxygen uptake was similar between 30 °C and 20 °C exercise trials, as intended (p = 0.94). I-FABP increased after exercise at 30 °C (pre-exercise: 585 ± 188 pg·mL-1; postexercise: 954 ± 411 pg·mL-1) and 20 °C (pre-exercise: 571 ± 175 pg·mL-1; postexercise: 852 ± 317 pg·mL-1) (p < 0.0001) but the magnitude of damage was similar between temperatures (p = 0.58). There was no significant increase in I-FABP concentration following passive heat exposure (p = 0.59). Rectal temperature increased during exercise trials (p < 0.001), but not the passive trial (p = 0.084). TSS increased more when exercising in 30 °C compared with 20 °C (p < 0.001). There was an increase in TSS during the passive heat trial (p = 0.03). Intestinal damage, as measured by I-FABP, following exercise in the heat was similar to when exercising in a cooler environment at the same relative intensity. Passive heat exposure did not increase I-FABP. It is suggested that when exercising in conditions of compensable heat stress, the increase in intestinal damage is predominantly attributable to the exercise component, rather than environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie L Sheahen
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - James W Fell
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Emma K Zadow
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Thomas F Hartley
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
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17
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Choe Y, Han JY, Choi IS, Park HK. Changes in Oxygen Consumption and Heart Rate After Acute Myocardial Infarction During 6-Month Follow-up. PM R 2017; 10:587-593. [PMID: 29222074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise intensity is a particularly important determinant of physiological responses to exercise training in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Heart rate (HR) is commonly used as a practical way of prescribing and monitoring exercise as specific intensities based on a linear relationship between the percentage of maximum HR (%HRmax) and the percentage of maximum oxygen consumption (%VO2max) regardless of age, gender, or exercise mode. OBJECTIVE To examine the change in variability in the correlation between %HRmax and %VO2max after acute myocardial infarction. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Regional cardio-cerebrovascular center at a tertiary hospital. PATIENTS A total of 66 patients were enrolled who were referred for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after percutaneous intervention, and who had reached stage 3 of the modified Bruce Protocol (mBP) on an exercise tolerance test (ETT). METHODS There were 54 men and 12 women with an average age of 56.7 ± 9.48 years, ejection fraction (EF) of 56.4% ± 8.89%, and body mass index (BMI) of 24.73 ± 2.86 kg/m2. All patients participated in a 4-week outpatient CR program and underwent ETT with a gas analyzer to determine maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption before CR and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after CR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS VO2max and HRmax were defined as the highest values attained during the ETT. The HR and VO2 values at each stage of the mBP were expressed as percentages of their maximum. %HRmax and %VO2max were calculated at each stage of the mBP. RESULTS The maximum METs and VO2max significantly improved at 1 month after CR, but not significantly at 3 and 6 months after CR. The correlation between VO2max and HRmax progressively changed in a favorable manner during CR. The relationship between %HRmax and %VO2max indicated a coefficient of variation before and 1, 3, and 6 months after of 0.800, 0.826, 0.832, and 0.880, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the %HRmax correlates better with the %VO2max in the late-stage post-AMI than in the initial stage. We should therefore set and monitor the exercise intensity using maximal oxygen consumption in the early stage of exercise training after onset of acute myocardial infarction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Choe
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Gwangju Veterans Hospital, Gwangju City, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, 42 Jebong-Ro, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Han
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Gwangju Veterans Hospital, Gwangju City, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, 42 Jebong-Ro, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sung Choi
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Gwangju Veterans Hospital, Gwangju City, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, 42 Jebong-Ro, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeng-Kyu Park
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Gwangju Veterans Hospital, Gwangju City, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, 42 Jebong-Ro, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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18
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MORALES-PALOMO FELIX, RAMIREZ-JIMENEZ MIGUEL, ORTEGA JUANFERNANDO, PALLARES JESUSGARCIA, MORA-RODRIGUEZ RICARDO. Cardiovascular Drift during Training for Fitness in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:518-526. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Willmott AGB, Hayes M, Waldock KAM, Relf RL, Watkins ER, James CA, Gibson OR, Smeeton NJ, Richardson AJ, Watt PW, Maxwell NS. Short-term heat acclimation prior to a multi-day desert ultra-marathon improves physiological and psychological responses without compromising immune status. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2249-2256. [PMID: 27935427 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1265142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multistage, ultra-endurance events in hot, humid conditions necessitate thermal adaptation, often achieved through short term heat acclimation (STHA), to improve performance by reducing thermoregulatory strain and perceptions of heat stress. This study investigated the physiological, perceptual and immunological responses to STHA prior to the Marathon des Sables. Eight athletes (age 42 ± 4 years and body mass 81.9 ± 15.0 kg) completed 4 days of controlled hyperthermia STHA (60 min·day‒1, 45°C and 30% relative humidity). Pre, during and post sessions, physiological and perceptual measures were recorded. Immunological measures were recorded pre-post sessions 1 and 4. STHA improved thermal comfort (P = 0.02), sensation (P = 0.03) and perceived exertion (P = 0.04). A dissociated relationship between perceptual fatigue and Tre was evident after STHA, with reductions in perceived Physical (P = 0.04) and General (P = 0.04) fatigue. Exercising Tre and HR did not change (P > 0.05) however, sweat rate increased 14% (P = 0.02). No changes were found in white blood cell counts or content (P > 0.05). Four days of STHA facilitates effective perceptual adaptations, without compromising immune status prior to an ultra-endurance race in heat stress. A greater physiological strain is required to confer optimal physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G B Willmott
- a Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Sport and Exercise Science Consultancy Unit (SESCU) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Mark Hayes
- a Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Sport and Exercise Science Consultancy Unit (SESCU) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Kirsty A M Waldock
- a Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Sport and Exercise Science Consultancy Unit (SESCU) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Rebecca L Relf
- a Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Sport and Exercise Science Consultancy Unit (SESCU) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Emily R Watkins
- a Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Sport and Exercise Science Consultancy Unit (SESCU) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Carl A James
- b National Sports Institute (Institut Sukan Negara) , National Sport Complex , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Oliver R Gibson
- c Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation , Brunel University London , London , UK
| | - Nicholas J Smeeton
- a Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Sport and Exercise Science Consultancy Unit (SESCU) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Alan J Richardson
- a Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Sport and Exercise Science Consultancy Unit (SESCU) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Peter W Watt
- a Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Sport and Exercise Science Consultancy Unit (SESCU) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Neil S Maxwell
- a Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Sport and Exercise Science Consultancy Unit (SESCU) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
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20
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Périard JD, Racinais S. Training and competing in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 25 Suppl 1:2-3. [PMID: 25943651 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Périard
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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