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Thompson KMA, Pethick WA, Clarke J, Winegarden A, Johnson E, Coates AM, Stellingwerff T, Burr JF. Blood Flow-Restricted Training and Time Trial Performance: A Cohort Study of World-Class Rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1606-1614. [PMID: 38619968 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to explore the potential impact of incorporating blood flow restriction (BFR) training within a training block characterized by minimal high-intensity work on 2000-m rowing ergometer time trial (TT) performance in elite/world-class rowers. Physiological markers often associated with endurance performance (maximal aerobic capacity, V̇O 2max ; blood lactate thresholds and hemoglobin mass, Hb mass ) were measured to determine whether changes are related to an improvement in performance. METHODS Using a quasi-experimental, observational study design (no control group), 2000-m TT performance, V̇O 2max , submaximal work rates eliciting blood lactate concentrations of ~2 and ~4 mmol·L -1 , and Hb mass were measured before and after 4 wk of noncompetitive season training, which included BFR rowing. BFR training consisted of 11 sessions of 2 × 10 min of BFR rowing at a workload equating to blood lactate concentrations of ~2 mmol·L -1 . Paired t -tests were used to compare pre-/postvalues, and Pearson correlation was used to examine whether physiological changes were associated with changes to TT performance. RESULTS TT performance improved in both female (1.09% ± 1.2%, ~4.6 ± 5.2 s; P < 0.01) and male (1.17% ± 0.48%, ~4.5 ± 1.9 s; P < 0.001) athletes. V̇O 2max increased in female rowers only ( P < 0.01), but both sexes had an increase in work rates eliciting blood lactate concentrations of 2 mmol·L -1 (female: 184 ± 16 to 195 ± 15 W, P < 0.01; male: 288 ± 23 to 317 ± 26 W, P = 0.04) and 4 mmol·L -1 (female: 217 ± 13 to 227 ± 14 W, P = 0.02; male: 339 ± 43 to 364 ± 39 W, P < 0.01). No changes in Hb mass (both sexes, P = 0.8) were observed. Improvements in TT performance were not related to physiological changes (all correlations P ≥ 0.2). CONCLUSIONS After 4 wk of training with BFR, the improvement in TT performance was greater than what is typical for this population. Physiological variables improved during this training block but did not explain improved TT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M A Thompson
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Wendy A Pethick
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Jordan Clarke
- Rowing Canada Aviron National Training Centre, North Cowichan, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Anneke Winegarden
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Elizabeth Johnson
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Alexandra M Coates
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | | | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
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Teixeira Filho CAT, Junior EP, Vendrame JW, Da Silva GM, Cavina APDS, Lemos LK, Vanderlei FM. Effect of Aerobic Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Strength and Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:724-732. [PMID: 38190980 DOI: 10.1055/a-2240-7659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis is to compare the effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy of low and high-intensity aerobic training with BFR (LI-BFR and HI-BFR) versus low and high-intensity aerobic training without BFR (LI and HI). The search was performed in five databases, by two independent researchers, and the terms and keywords used to optimize the searches were related to blood flow restriction and aerobic training. All studies were evaluated for methodological quality using the PEDro scale and for quality of evidence using the GRADE system. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan software. After data extraction, 11 studies met all eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. The results of the overall analysis between LI-BFR vs. LI showed a significant difference in muscle strength of knee extensors; for hypertrophy, LI was superior to LI-BFR with clinical relevance. Comparing HI-BFR vs. HI there was no superiority for muscle strength. In conclusion, for strength gains very low-quality evidence was found to support no superiority between LI-BFR and HI-BFR compared to LI and HI, respectively. For muscle hypertrophy, superiority of LI was found compared to LI-BFR, with a very low level of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- Postgraduate program in Movement Sciences
- Postgraduate program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT - UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo - Brazil
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Cho C, Lee S. The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Blood Biomarkers, and Cardiovascular Function: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9274. [PMID: 39273223 PMCID: PMC11394695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction exercise has emerged as a promising alternative, particularly for elderly individuals and those unable to participate in high-intensity exercise. However, existing research has predominantly focused on blood flow restriction resistance exercise. There remains a notable gap in understanding the comprehensive effects of blood flow restriction aerobic exercise (BFRAE) on body composition, lipid profiles, glycemic metabolism, and cardiovascular function. This review aims to explore the physiological effects induced by chronic BFRAE. Chronic BFRAE has been shown to decrease fat mass, increase muscle mass, and enhance muscular strength, potentially benefiting lipid profiles, glycemic metabolism, and overall function. Thus, the BFRAE offers additional benefits beyond traditional aerobic exercise effects. Notably, the BFRAE approach may be particularly suitable for individuals with low fitness levels, those prone to injury, the elderly, obese individuals, and those with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeeun Cho
- Department of Human Movement Science, Graduate School, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Lee
- Division of Sport Science, College of Arts & Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Sport Science Institute, College of Arts & Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Health Promotion Center, College of Arts & Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Research Center of Brain-Machine Interface, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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Kuhn M, Clarenbach CF, Kläy A, Kohler M, Mayer LC, Lüchinger M, Andrist B, Radtke T, Haile SR, Sievi NA, Kohlbrenner D. Exploring immediate cardiorespiratory responses: low-intensity blood flow restricted cycling vs. moderate-intensity traditional exercise in a randomized crossover trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:172. [PMID: 39148127 PMCID: PMC11325739 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood-flow restriction (BFR) endurance training may increase endurance performance and muscle strength similar to traditional endurance training while requiring a lower training intensity. We aimed to compare acute cardiorespiratory responses to low-intensity interval exercise under BFR with moderate-intensity traditional interval exercise (TRA). METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover study. The protocol involved three cycling intervals interspersed with 1 min resting periods. With a 48-h washout period, individuals performed the protocol twice in random order: once as BFR-50 (i.e., 50% incremental peak power output [IPPO] and 50% limb occlusion pressure [LOP]) and once as TRA-65 (65% IPPO without occlusion). TRA-65 intervals lasted 2 min, and time-matched BFR-50 lasted 2 min and 18 s. Respiratory parameters were collected by breath-by-breath analysis. The ratings of perceived breathing and leg exertion (RPE, 0 to 10) were assessed. Linear mixed models were used for analysis. RESULTS Out of the 28 participants initially enrolled in the study, 24 healthy individuals (18 males and 6 females) completed both measurements. Compared with TRA-65, BFR-50 elicited lower minute ventilation (VE, primary outcome) (-3.1 l/min [-4.4 to -1.7]), oxygen consumption (-0.22 l/min [-0.28 to -0.16]), carbon dioxide production (-0.25 l/min [-0.29 to -0.20]) and RPE breathing (-0.9 [-1.2 to -0.6]). RPE leg was significantly greater in the BFR-50 group (1.3 [1.0 to 1.7]). CONCLUSION BFR endurance exercise at 50% IPPO and 50% LOP resulted in lower cardiorespiratory work and perceived breathing effort compared to TRA at 65% IPPO. BFR-50 could be an attractive alternative for TRA-65, eliciting less respiratory work and perceived breathing effort while augmenting perceived leg muscle effort. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05163600; December 20, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kuhn
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christian F Clarenbach
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Kläy
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura C Mayer
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lüchinger
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Belinda Andrist
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R Haile
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noriane A Sievi
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Kohlbrenner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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Praetorius A. [Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) in patients before and after total knee arthroplasty]. ORTHOPADIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024:10.1007/s00132-024-04543-1. [PMID: 39120683 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-024-04543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In healthy individuals, blood flow restriction training (BFRT) has shown positive effects on muscle mass, strength, fatigue resistance, as well as tendon and bone metabolism. BFRT reduces blood flow in the extremities using inflatable cuffs, creating local muscular hypoxia, which produces an anabolic metabolic environment. This promotes significant muscular and cardiovascular adaptations even at low mechanical training loads. KNEE ENDOPROSTHESES BFRT also shows promising initial results in pre- and postoperative applications for knee endoprostheses (KTEP). Both preoperative and postoperative BFRT can improve muscle strength and joint function, accelerate recovery, and alleviate pain. Although the method is generally safe, potential risks such as discomfort and rare side effects must be considered. Clear application protocols are still lacking, necessitating further research and individualized programs to achieve optimal training effects. BFRT thus offers an innovative way to effectively rehabilitate patients despite their low load tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Praetorius
- Klinik für Arthroskopische Chirurgie, Sporttraumatologie und Sportmedizin, Motoriklabor Athletikum Rhein Ruhr, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Großenbaumer Allee 250, 47259, Duisburg, Deutschland.
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Yang K, Chee CS, Abdul Kahar J, Tengku Kamalden TF, Li R, Qian S. Effects of blood flow restriction training on physical fitness among athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16615. [PMID: 39025894 PMCID: PMC11258269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is an effective, scientific and safe training method, but its effect on the overall quality of athletes remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to clarify the effects of BFRT on the physical fitness among athletes. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and SCOUPS, the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to assess methodological quality, and RevMan 5.4 and STATA 15.0 software were used to analyze the data. A meta-analysis of 28 studies with a total sample size of 542 athletes aged 14-26 years and assessed as low risk for quality was performed. Our results revealed that the BFRT intervention had small to large improvements in the athletes' strength (ES = 0.74-1.03), power (ES = 0.46), speed (ES = 0.54), endurance (ES = 1.39-1.40), body composition (ES = 0.28-1.23), while there was no significant effect on body mass (p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses revealed that moderator variables (training duration, frequency, load, cuff pressure, and pressurization time) also had varying degrees of effect on athletes' physical fitness parameters. In conclusion, BFRT had a positive effect on the physical fitness parameters of the athletes, with significantly improved strength, power, speed, endurance and body composition, but not body mass parameters. When the training frequency ≥ 3 times/week, cuff pressure ≥ 160 mmHg, and pressurization time ≥ 10 min, the BFRT group was more favorable for the improvement of physical fitness parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Soon Chee
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Johan Abdul Kahar
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Rui Li
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shaowen Qian
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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de Lemos Muller CH, Farinha JB, Leal-Menezes R, Ramis TR. Aerobic Training With Blood Flow Restriction on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1341-1349. [PMID: 38900180 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT de Lemos Muller, CH, Farinha, JB, Leal-Menezes, R, and Ramis, TR. Aerobic training with blood flow restriction on muscle hypertrophy and strength: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1341-1349, 2024-Integrating strength and endurance training in a single exercise session, even on separate days, can be physically demanding and time-consuming. Therefore, there is a growing interest in identifying efficient training methods that can concurrently enhance cardiovascular and neuromuscular performance through a singular training modality. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effects of aerobic training with blood flow restriction (AT + BFR) on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in healthy individuals. Our study was registered at PROSPERO and used multiple databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science), seeking clinical trials that examined AT + BFR influence on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in individuals aged 18-60 years and comparing with aerobic training without BFR. The risk of bias and method quality were assessed using the ROB2.0 tool and PEDro scale, respectively, and the quality of evidence was evaluated with the GRADE method. A random-effects model was used for meta-analysis, and standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated for each outcome. Of 4,462 records, 29 full texts were assessed for eligibility, with 7 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that AT + BFR was more beneficial for inducing muscle hypertrophy than aerobic training without BFR (SMD [95% CI] = 0.86 [0.37-1.35]; I2 = 42%). Furthermore, AT + BFR was associated with greater improvements in muscle strength (SMD [95% CI] = 0.41 [0.10-0.72]; I2 = 0%). Despite the generally high risk of bias for both outcomes, these encouraging findings underscore the clinical significance of AT + BFR as a compelling tool for enhancing neuromuscular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henrique de Lemos Muller
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX) and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto-Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliano B Farinha
- Teaching School of the Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Leal-Menezes
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto-Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Ramis
- Center in Natural and Exact Sciences, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; and
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory (BIOEX), Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Pugh CF, Paton CD, Ferguson RA, Driller MW, Martyn Beaven C. Acute physiological responses of blood flow restriction between high-intensity interval repetitions in trained cyclists. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:777-787. [PMID: 38874956 PMCID: PMC11235839 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) is increasingly being used to enhance aerobic performance in endurance athletes. This study examined physiological responses to BFR applied in recovery phases within a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session in trained cyclists. Eleven competitive road cyclists (mean ± SD, age: 28 ± 7 years, body mass: 69 ± 6 kg, peak oxygen uptake: 65 ± 9 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed two randomised crossover conditions: HIIT with (BFR) and without (CON) BFR applied during recovery phases. HIIT consisted of six 30-s cycling bouts at an intensity equivalent to 85% of maximal 30-s power (523 ± 93 W), interspersed with 4.5-min recovery. BFR (200 mmHg, 12 cm cuff width) was applied for 2-min in the early recovery phase between each interval. Pulmonary gas exchange (V̇O2, V̇CO2, and V̇E), tissue oxygen saturation index (TSI), heart rate (HR), and serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration (VEGF) were measured. Compared to CON, BFR increased V̇CO2 and V̇E during work bouts (both p < 0.05, dz < 0.5), but there was no effect on V̇O2, TSI, or HR (p > 0.05). In early recovery, BFR decreased TSI, V̇O2, V̇CO2, and V̇E (all p < 0.05, dz > 0.8) versus CON, with no change in HR (p > 0.05). In late recovery, when BFR was released, V̇O2, V̇CO2, V̇E, and HR increased, but TSI decreased versus CON (all p < 0.05, dz > 0.8). There was a greater increase in VEGF at 3-h post-exercise in BFR compared to CON (p < 0.05, dz > 0.8). Incorporating BFR into HIIT recovery phases altered physiological responses compared to exercise alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Pugh
- Te Huataki Waiora School of HealthUniversity of WaikatoHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Carl D. Paton
- School of Health and Sport ScienceTe PukengaThe Eastern Institute of TechnologyNapierNew Zealand
| | - Richard A. Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Matthew W. Driller
- Sport, Performance and Nutrition Research GroupSchool of Allied Health, Human Services and SportLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - C. Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of HealthUniversity of WaikatoHamiltonNew Zealand
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Cockfield BA, Wedig IJ, Vinckier AL, McDaniel J, Elmer SJ. Physiological and perceptual responses to acute arm cranking with blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1509-1521. [PMID: 38142449 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lower-body aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) offers a unique approach for stimulating improvements in muscular function and aerobic capacity. While there are more than 40 reports documenting acute and chronic responses to lower-body aerobic exercise with BFR, responses to upper-body aerobic exercise with BFR are not clearly established. PURPOSE We evaluated acute physiological and perceptual responses to arm cranking with and without BFR. METHODS Participants (N = 10) completed 4 arm cranking (6 × 2 min exercise, 1 min recovery) conditions: low-intensity at 40%VO2peak (LI), low-intensity at 40%VO2peak with BFR at 50% of arterial occlusion pressure (BFR50), low-intensity at 40%VO2peak with BFR at 70% of arterial occlusion pressure (BFR70), and high-intensity at 80%VO2peak (HI) while tissue oxygenation, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses were assessed. RESULTS During exercise, tissue saturation for BFR50 (54 ± 6%), BFR70 (55 ± 6%), and HI (54 ± 8%) decreased compared to LI (61 ± 5%, all P < 0.01) and changes in deoxyhemoglobin for BFR50 (11 ± 4), BFR70 (15 ± 6), and HI (16 ± 10) increased compared to LI (4 ± 2, all P < 0.01). During recovery intervals, tissue saturation for BFR50 and BFR70 decreased further and deoxyhemoglobin for BFR50 and BFR70 increased further (all P < 0.04). Heart rate for BFR70 and HI increased by 9 ± 9 and 50 ± 15b/min, respectively, compared to LI (both P < 0.02). BFR50 (8 ± 2, 1.0 ± 1.0) and BFR70 (10 ± 2, 2.1 ± 1.4) elicited greater arm-specific perceived exertion (6-20 scale) and pain (0-10 scale) compared to LI (7 ± 1, 0.2 ± 0.5, all P < 0.05) and pain for BFR70 did not differ from HI (1.7 ± 1.9). CONCLUSION Arm cranking with BFR decreased tissue saturation and increased deoxyhemoglobin without causing excessive cardiorespiratory strain and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Cockfield
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, College of Science and Arts, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Isaac J Wedig
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, College of Science and Arts, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- School of Health and Human Performance, Marquette, MI, USA
| | - Alyssa L Vinckier
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, College of Science and Arts, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - John McDaniel
- Exercise Physiology Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven J Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, College of Science and Arts, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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de Queiros VS, Rolnick N, Sabag A, Wilde P, Peçanha T, Aniceto RR, Rocha RFC, Delgado DZ, de Araújo Tinôco Cabral BG, Dantas PMS. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Exercise versus Continuous Low-Intensity Aerobic Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction on Psychophysiological Responses: A Randomized Crossover Study. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:114-125. [PMID: 38455431 PMCID: PMC10915608 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the effect of continuous low-intensity aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction (LI-AE-BFR) versus high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), matching total external mechanical work between conditions, on perceptual (exertion, pain, affective and pleasure) and physiological responses (heart rate [HR], blood lactate [BL] and muscle fatigue). Ten healthy untrained men (25.6 ± 3.78 years old; 75.02 ± 12.02 kg; 172.2 ± 6.76 cm; 24.95 ± 3.16 kg/m²) completed three visits to the laboratory. In visit 1, anthropometry, blood pressure and peak running velocity on the treadmill were measured. In visits 2 and 3, participants were randomly assigned to HIIE or LI-AE-BFR, both in treadmill. HIIE consisted of 10 one-minute stimuli at 80% of peak running velocity interspersed with one-minute of passive recovery. LI-AE-BFR consisted of 20-minutes of continuous walking at 40% of peak running velocity with bilateral cuffs inflated to 50% of arterial occlusion pressure. BL and maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC - fatigue measure) were measured pre- and immediately post-exercise. HR, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and rating of perceived pain (RPP) were recorded after each stimulus in HIIE and every two minutes in LI-AE-BFR. Affective response to the session, pleasure, and future intention to exercise (FIE) were assessed 10 minutes after the intervention ended. Increases in BL concentrations were greater in HIIE (p = 0.028; r = 0.51). No effects time or condition were reported for MIVC. HR was higher in HIIE at all analyzed time points (p < 0.001; d = 3.1 to 5.2). RPE did not differ between conditions (p > 0.05), while average session RPP was higher in LI-AE-BFR (p = 0.036; r = 0.46). Affective positive response (p = 0.019; d = 0.9) and FIE (p = 0.013; d = 0.97) were significantly higher in HIIE. Therefore, HIIE elicited higher physiological stress, positive affective response, and intention to engage in future exercise bouts compared to LI-AE-BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S de Queiros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, New York, USA
| | - Angelo Sabag
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phelipe Wilde
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Thiago Peçanha
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ramalho Aniceto
- Study and Research Group in Biomechanics and Psychophysiology of Exercise, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Currais Novos-RN, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Z Delgado
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
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Holmes AJ, Stratton MT, Bailly AR, Gottschall JS, Feito Y, Ha PL, Lavigne A, Persaud K, Gagnon HL, Krueger A, Modjeski A, Esmat TA, Harper LN, VanDusseldorp TA, Hester GM. Effects of plyometric- and cycle-based high-intensity interval training on body composition, aerobic capacity, and muscle function in young females: a field-based group fitness assessment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:932-945. [PMID: 37556856 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective alternative to moderate intensity continuous training for improvements in body composition and aerobic capacity; however, there is little work comparing different modalities of HIIT. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of plyometric- (PLYO) and cycle-oriented (CYC) HIIT on body composition, aerobic capacity, and skeletal muscle size, quality, and function in recreationally trained females. Young (21.7 ± 3.1 yrs), recreationally active females were quasi-randomized (1:1 ratio) to 8 weeks of twice weekly PLYO (n = 15) or CYC (n = 15) HIIT. Body composition (four-compartment model), VO2peak, countermovement jump performance, muscle size, and echo intensity (muscle quality), as well as strength and power of the knee extensors and plantar flexors were measured before and after training. Both groups showed a similar decrease in body fat percentage (p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.409) and echo intensity (p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.558), and an increase in fat-free mass (p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.367) and VO2peak (p = 0.001;η p 2 = 0.318). Muscle size was unaffected (p > 0.05), whereas peak torque was reduced similarly in both groups (p = 0.017;η p 2 = 0.188) and rapid torque capacity was diminished only for the knee extensors after CYC (p = 0.022; d = -0.67). These results suggest that PLYO and CYC HIIT are similarly effective for improving body composition, aerobic capacity, and muscle quality, whereas muscle function may express moderate decrements in recreationally active females. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05821504).
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Holmes
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - M T Stratton
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, AL, USA
| | - A R Bailly
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - J S Gottschall
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Y Feito
- Nea Onnim Consultancy, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - P L Ha
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - A Lavigne
- Dr. Betty L. Siegel Student Recreation and Activities Center, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - K Persaud
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - H L Gagnon
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - A Krueger
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - A Modjeski
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - T A Esmat
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - L N Harper
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - T A VanDusseldorp
- Bonafide Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, NY, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville University, FL, USA
| | - G M Hester
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
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12
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McClean ZJ, Zhang J, Khaledi N, Yacoub M, Aboodarda SJ. Intermittent blood flow occlusion modulates neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory determinants of exercise tolerance during cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2295-2306. [PMID: 37278835 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Constant blood flow occlusion (BFO) superimposed on aerobic exercise can impair muscle function and exercise tolerance; however, no study has investigated the effect of intermittent BFO on the associated responses. Fourteen participants (n = 7 females) were recruited to compare neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to shorter (5:15s, occlusion-to-release) and longer (10:30s) BFO applied during cycling to task failure. METHODS In randomized order, participants cycled to task failure (task failure 1) at 70% of peak power output with (i) shorter BFO, (ii) longer BFO, and (iii) no BFO (Control). Upon task failure in the BFO conditions, BFO was removed, and participants continued cycling until a second task failure (task failure 2). Maximum voluntary isometric knee contractions (MVC) and femoral nerve stimuli were performed along with perceptual measures at baseline, task failure 1, and task failure 2. Cardiorespiratory measures were recorded continuously across the exercises. RESULTS Task failure 1 was longer in Control than 5:15s and 10:30s (P < 0.001), with no differences between the BFO conditions. At task failure 1, 10:30s elicited a greater decline in twitch force compared to 5:15s and Control (P < 0.001). At task failure 2, twitch force remained lower in 10:30s than Control (P = 0.002). Low-frequency fatigue developed to a greater extent in 10:30s compared to Control and 5:15s (P < 0.047). Dyspnea and Fatigue were greater for Control than 5:15s and 10:30s at the end of task failure 1 (P < 0.002). CONCLUSION Exercise tolerance during BFO is primarily dictated by the decline in muscle contractility and accelerated development of effort and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary John McClean
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Neda Khaledi
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthew Yacoub
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Saied Jalal Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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13
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Wang X, Qin XM, Ji S, Dong D. Effects of Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Explosive Power of Lower Limbs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:259-268. [PMID: 38053964 PMCID: PMC10694717 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/168308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare changes in explosive power between blood flow restriction training and traditional resistance training protocols. Searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and OVID Medline were conducted for studies. Inclusion criteria were: (a) healthy people; (b) randomized controlled or controlled trials; (c) outcome measures of explosive performance (peak power, rate of force development, jump performance, sprint performance, etc.); (d) involving a comparison between blood flow restriction training and traditional resistance training. Quality assessment was conducted using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A total of 12 studies (262 subjects) were finally included for analysis. The PEDro scale score had a median of 5 of 10 points (range: 3-6 points). Significant small to moderate improvements were observed in blood flow restriction training [jump: standard mean difference (SMD) of 0.36 (95% CI: 0.02; 0.69); sprint: SMD of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.00; 1.07); power: SMD of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.17; 1.27)] when compared to traditional resistance training. The findings indicate that blood flow restriction training is more effective in improving explosive power of lower limbs compared to traditional resistance training in healthy people. In addition, blood flow restriction with a wide cuff (≥ 10 cm) during training improved explosive power better than with a narrow cuff or during the rest interval. Blood flow restriction training is very suitable for athletes in short competitive seasons and those who are not able to tolerate high loads (i.e., rehabilitators and the elderly).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xin-Min Qin
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Shuyu Ji
- School of Teacher Education, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Delong Dong
- Department of Physical Education, Ludong University, Shandong, China
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14
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Smith NDW, Abbiss CR, Girard O, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ. Blood-Flow Restriction Is Associated With More Even Pacing During High-Intensity Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:667-673. [PMID: 37130589 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the influence of blood-flow restriction (BFR) on the distribution of pace, physiological demands, and perceptual responses during self-paced cycling. METHODS On separate days, 12 endurance cyclists/triathletes were instructed to produce the greatest average power output during 8-minute self-paced cycling trials with BFR (60% arterial occlusion pressure) or without restriction (CON). Power output and cardiorespiratory variables were measured continuously. Perceived exertion, muscular discomfort, and cuff pain were recorded every 2 minutes. RESULTS Linear regression analysis of the power output slope was statistically significant (ie, deviated from the intercept) for CON (2.7 [3.2] W·30 s-1; P = .009) but not for BFR (-0.1 [3.1] W·30 s-1; P = .952). Absolute power output was ∼24% (12%) lower at all time points (P < .001) during BFR compared with CON. Oxygen consumption (18% [12%]; P < .001), heart rate (7% [9%]; P < .001), and perceived exertion (8% [21%]; P = .008) were reduced during BFR compared with CON, whereas muscular discomfort (25% [35%]; P = .003) was greater. Cuff pain was rated as "strong" (5.3 [1.8] au; 0-10 scale) for BFR. CONCLUSION Trained cyclists adopted a more even distribution of pace when BFR was applied compared with a negative distribution during CON. By presenting a unique combination of physiological and perceptual responses, BFR is a useful tool to understand how the distribution of pace is self-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Exercise Science, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Exercise Science, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Exercise Science, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
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15
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Frechette ML, Scott BR, Vallence AM, Cook SB. Acute physiological responses to steady-state arm cycling ergometry with and without blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:901-909. [PMID: 36580109 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), blood lactate (BL), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during arm cycling with and without a blood flow restriction (BFR). METHODS Twelve healthy males (age: 23.9 ± 3.75 years) completed four, randomized, 15-min arm cycling conditions: high-workload (HW: 60% maximal power output), low-workload (LW: 30% maximal power output), low-workload with BFR (LW-BFR), and BFR with no exercise (BFR-only). In the BFR conditions, cuff pressure to the proximal biceps brachii was set to 70% of occlusion pressure. HR, VO2, and RPE were recorded throughout the exercise, and BL was measured before, immediately after, and five minutes post-exercise. Within-subject repeated-measures ANOVA was used to evaluate condition-by-time interactions. RESULTS HW elicited the greatest responses in HR (91% of peak; 163.3 ± 15.8 bpm), VO2 (71% of peak; 24.0 ± 3.7 ml kg-1 min-1), BL (7.7 ± 2.5 mmol L-1), and RPE (14 ± 1.7) and was significantly different from the other conditions (p < 0.01). The LW and LW-BFR conditions did not differ from each other in HR, VO2, BL, and RPE mean of conditions: ~ 68%, 41%, 3.5 ± 1.6 mmol L-1, 10.4 ± 1.6, respectively; p > 0.05). During the BFR-only condition, HR increased from baseline by ~ 15% (on average) (p < 0.01) without any changes in VO2, BL, and RPE (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HW arm cycling elicited the largest and most persistent physiological responses compared to LW arm cycling with and without a BFR. As such, practitioners who prescribe arm cycling for their clients should be advised to augment the demands of exercise via increases in exercise intensity (i.e., power output), rather than by adding BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela L Frechette
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, 124 Main Street, New Hampshire Hall, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Vallence
- Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Summer B Cook
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, 124 Main Street, New Hampshire Hall, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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16
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Held S, Rappelt L, Deutsch JP, Rein R, Wiedenmann T, Schiffer A, Bieder A, Staub I, Donath L. Low-intensity swimming with blood flow restriction over 5 weeks increases VO 2peak: A randomized controlled trial using Bayesian informative prior distribution. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-7. [PMID: 36780333 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2180671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and speed at first (LT1, minimal lactate equivalent) and second lactate threshold (LT2 = LT1 +1.5 mmol·L-1) are crucial swimming performance surrogates. The present randomized controlled study investigated the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) during low-intensity swimming (LiT) on VO2peak, LT1, and LT2. Eighteen male swimmers (22.7 ±3.0 yrs; 69.9 ±8.5 kg; 1.8 ±0.1 m) were either assigned to the BFR or control (noBFR) group. While BFR was applied during LiT, noBFR completed the identical LIT without BFR application. BFR of the upper limb was applied via customized pneumatic cuffs (75% of occlusion pressure: 135 ±10 mmHg; 8 cm cuff width). BFR training took place three times a week over 5 weeks (accumulated weekly net BFR training: 60 min·week-1; occlusion per session: 2-times 10 min·session-1) and was used exclusively at low intensities. VO2peak, LT1, and LT2 diagnostics were employed. Bayesian credible intervals revealed notable VO2peak improvements by +0.29 L·min-1 kg-1 (95% credible interval: -0.26 to +0.85 L·min-1 kg-1) when comparing BFR vs. noBFR. Speed at LT1 -0.01 m·s-1 (-0.04 to +0.02 m·s-1) and LT2 -0.01 m·s-1 (-0.03 to +0.02 m·s-1) did not change meaningfully when BFR was employed. Fifteen sessions of LIT swimming (macrocycle of 5 h over 5 weeks) with a weekly volume of 60 min with BFR application adds additional impact on VO2peak improvement compared to noBFR LIT swimming. Occasional BFR applications should be considered as a promising means to improve relevant performance surrogates in trained swimmers. HighlightsLow-intensity swimming with blood flow restricted (BFR) induced superior peak oxygen consumption adaptations compared to non-restricted swimming training over a 5-week lasting training periodBFR and non-BFR swimming training-induced similar adaptations regarding swimming speed at first and second lactate thresholdIn conclusion, BFR served as a feasible, promising and beneficial complementary training stimuli to traditional swimming training regarding oxygen consumption adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Deutsch
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Wiedenmann
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anton Schiffer
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Bieder
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilka Staub
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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17
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McClean ZJ, Young A, Pohl AJ, Fine NM, Burr JF, MacInnis M, Aboodarda SJ. Blood flow restriction during high-intensity interval cycling exacerbates psychophysiological responses to a greater extent in females than males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:596-609. [PMID: 36701480 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00567.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with superimposed blood flow restriction in males and females. Twenty-four, healthy individuals (n = 12 females) completed two cycling HIIT protocols to task failure (1-min work phases at 90% of peak power output interspersed by 1-min rest phases). The blood flow restriction (BFR) and control (CON) protocols were identical except for the presence and absence of BFR during rest phases, respectively. The interpolated twitch technique, including maximal voluntary isometric knee extension (MVC) and femoral nerve electrical stimuli, was performed at baseline, every six intervals, and task failure. Perceptual and cardiorespiratory responses were recorded every three intervals and continuously during exercise, respectively. Bayesian inference was used to obtain the joint posterior distribution for all parameters and evidence of an effect was determined via the marginal posterior probability (PP). The BFR shortened task duration by 57.3% compared with CON (PP > 0.99), without a sex difference. The application of BFR exacerbated the rate of decline in neuromuscular measures (MVC and twitch force output), increase of perceptual responses (perceived effort, pain, dyspnea, fatigue), and development of cardiorespiratory parameters (minute ventilation and heart rate), compared with CON (PP > 0.95). In addition, BFR exacerbated the neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to a greater extent in females than males (PP > 0.99). Our results suggest that superimposition of blood flow restriction exacerbates psychophysiological responses to a HIIT protocol to a greater extent in females than males.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, no study has explored sex differences in the neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory indices characterizing exercise tolerance during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) applied only during rest periods. Our results suggest that BFR elicited a decline in exercise performance that could be attributed to integration of psychophysiological responses. However, this integration was sex-dependent where females demonstrated an exacerbated rate of change in these responses compared with males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J McClean
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abbey Young
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Pohl
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nowell M Fine
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saied J Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Smith NDW, Scott BR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ. Aerobic Training With Blood Flow Restriction for Endurance Athletes: Potential Benefits and Considerations of Implementation. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3541-3550. [PMID: 34175880 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Smith, NDW, Scott, BR, Girard, O, and Peiffer, JJ. Aerobic training with blood flow restriction for endurance athletes: potential benefits and considerations of implementation. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3541-3550, 2022-Low-intensity aerobic training with blood flow restriction (BFR) can improve maximal oxygen uptake, delay the onset of blood lactate accumulation, and may provide marginal benefits to economy of motion in untrained individuals. Such a training modality could also improve these physiological attributes in well-trained athletes. Indeed, aerobic BFR training could be beneficial for those recovering from injury, those who have limited time for training a specific physiological capacity, or as an adjunct training stimulus to provide variation in a program. However, similarly to endurance training without BFR, using aerobic BFR training to elicit physiological adaptations in endurance athletes will require additional considerations compared with nonendurance athletes. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the acute and chronic aspects of aerobic BFR exercise for well-trained endurance athletes and highlight considerations for its effective implementation. This review first highlights key physiological capacities of endurance performance. The acute and chronic responses to aerobic BFR exercise and their impact on performance are then discussed. Finally, considerations for prescribing and monitoring aerobic BFR exercise in trained endurance populations are addressed to challenge current views on how BFR exercise is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
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19
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Chua MT, Sim A, Burns SF. Acute and Chronic Effects of Blood Flow Restricted High-Intensity Interval Training: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:122. [PMID: 36178530 PMCID: PMC9525532 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The implementation of blood flow restriction (BFR) during exercise is becoming an increasingly useful adjunct method in both athletic and rehabilitative settings. Advantages in pairing BFR with training can be observed in two scenarios: (1) training at lower absolute intensities (e.g. walking) elicits adaptations akin to high-intensity sessions (e.g. running intervals); (2) when performing exercise at moderate to high intensities, higher physiological stimulus may be attained, leading to larger improvements in aerobic, anaerobic, and muscular parameters. The former has been well documented in recent systematic reviews, but consensus on BFR (concomitant or post-exercise) combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols is not well established. Therefore, this systematic review evaluates the acute and chronic effects of BFR + HIIT. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies. A systematic search on 1 February 2022, was conducted on four key databases: ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. Quality of each individual study was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Extraction of data from included studies was conducted using an adapted version of the 'Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome' (PICO) framework. Results A total of 208 articles were identified, 18 of which met inclusion criteria. Of the 18 BFR + HIIT studies (244 subjects), 1 reported both acute and chronic effects, 5 examined acute responses and 12 investigated chronic effects. Acutely, BFR challenges the metabolic processes (vascular and oxygenation responses) during high-intensity repeated sprint exercise—which accelerates central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue mechanisms resulting in performance impairments. Analysis of the literature exploring the chronic effects of BFR + HIIT suggests that BFR does provide an additive physiological training stimulus to HIIT protocols, especially for measured aerobic, muscular, and, to some extent, anaerobic parameters. Conclusion Presently, it appears that the addition of BFR into HIIT enhances physiological improvements in aerobic, muscular, and, to some extent, anaerobic performance. However due to large variability in permutations of BFR + HIIT methodologies, it is necessary for future research to explore and recommend standardised BFR guidelines for each HIIT exercise type.
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20
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Lauver JD, Moran A, Guilkey JP, Johnson KE, Zanchi NE, Rotarius TR. Acute Responses to Cycling Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction During Various Intensities. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3366-3373. [PMID: 34341317 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lauver, JD, Moran, A, Guilkey, JP, Johnson, KE, Zanchi, NE, and Rotarius, TR. Acute responses to cycling exercise with blood flow restriction during various intensities. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3366-3373, 2022-The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute physiological responses during cycling at various intensities with blood flow restriction (BFR). Subjects ( N = 9; V̇ o2 peak = 36.09 ± 5.80 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) performed 5 protocols: high-intensity (HIGH), control (CON-90), 90% of ventilatory threshold (VT) work rate with BFR (90-BFR), 70% of VT with BFR (70-BFR), and 30% V̇ o2 peak with BFR (30-BFR). Protocols consisted of five 2-minute work intervals interspersed with 1-minute recovery intervals. Blood flow restriction pressure was 80% of limb occlusion pressure. V̇ o2 , muscle excitation, tissue oxygen saturation (StO 2 ), discomfort, and level of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed. Muscle excitation was higher during HIGH (302.9 ± 159.9 %BSL [baseline]) compared with 70-BFR (99.7 ± 76.4 %BSL) and 30-BFR (98.2 ± 70.5 %BSL). StO 2 was greater during 90-BFR (40.7 ± 12.5 ∆BSL), 70-BFR (34.4 ± 15.2 ∆BSL), and 30-BFR (31.9 ± 18.7 ∆BSL) compared with CON-90 (4.4 ± 11.5 ∆BSL). 90-BFR (39.6 ± 12.0 ∆BSL) resulted in a greater StO 2 -Avg compared with HIGH (20.5 ± 13.8 ∆BSL). Also, HIGH (23.68 ± 5.31 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) resulted in a greater V̇ o2 compared with 30-BFR (15.43 ± 3.19 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ), 70-BFR (16.65 ± 3.26 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ), and 90-BFR (18.28 ± 3.89 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ); 90-BFR (intervals: 4 = 15.9 ± 2.3; intervals: 5 = 16.4 ± 2.5) resulted in a greater RPE compared with 30-BFR (intervals: 4 = 13.3 ± 1.4; intervals: 5 = 13.7 ± 1.7) during intervals 4 and 5. These results suggest that when adding BFR to various intensities of aerobic exercise, consideration should be given to peak work and VT to provide a balance between high local physiological stress and perceptual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob D Lauver
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina
| | - Austin Moran
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina
| | - Justin P Guilkey
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina
| | - Kelly E Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina
| | - Nelo E Zanchi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhao (UFMA), Sao Luis, Brazil; and
| | - Timothy R Rotarius
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan
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Hori A, Saito R, Suijo K, Kushnick MR, Hasegawa D, Ishida K, Hotta N. Blood flow restriction accelerates aerobic training-induced adaptation of [Formula: see text] kinetics at the onset of moderate-intensity exercise. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18160. [PMID: 36307460 PMCID: PMC9616915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether blood flow restriction (BFR) accelerates the adaptation of the time constant (τ) of phase II oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) kinetics in the moderate-intensity exercise domain via moderate-intensity aerobic training. Therefore, healthy participants underwent moderate-intensity [45-60% [Formula: see text] Reserve] aerobic cycle training with or without BFR (BFR group, n = 9; CON group, n = 9) for 8 weeks to evaluate [Formula: see text] kinetics during moderate-intensity cycle exercise before (Pre) and after 4 (Mid) and 8 (Post) weeks of training. Both groups trained for 30 min, 3 days weekly. BFR was performed for 5 min every 10 min by applying cuffs to the upper thighs. The τ significantly decreased by Mid in the BFR group (23.7 ± 2.9 s [Pre], 15.3 ± 1.8 s [Mid], 15.5 ± 1.4 s [Post], P < 0.01) and by Post in the CON group (27.5 ± 2.0 s [Pre], 22.1 ± 0.7 s [Mid], 18.5 ± 1.9 s [Post], P < 0.01). Notably, the BFR group's τ was significantly lower than that of the CON group at Mid (P < 0.01) but not at Post. In conclusion, BFR accelerates the adaptation of the [Formula: see text] kinetics of phase II by moderate-intensity aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amane Hori
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Saito
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Suijo
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Michael R. Kushnick
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL USA
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Hotta
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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Effect of Low-Intensity Aerobic Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction on Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Vascular Responses in Recreational Runners. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091789. [PMID: 36141401 PMCID: PMC9499162 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of low-intensity aerobic training combined with blood flow restriction (LABFR) on body composition, physical fitness, and vascular functions in recreational runners. The participants were 30 healthy male recreational runners, randomized between the LABFR (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The LABFR group performed five sets of a repeated pattern of 2 min running at 40% VO2max and 1 min passive rest, while wearing the occlusion cuff belts on the proximal end of the thigh. The frequency was three times a week for the period of eight weeks. The control group performed the identical running protocol without wearing the occlusion cuff belts. At the end of the training, the participants’ body composition (fat mass, body fat, muscle mass, and right and left thigh circumference), physical fitness (power and VO2max), and vascular responses (flow-mediated dilation (FMD), brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), ankle brachial index (ABI), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) were measured. The results showed a significant time × group interaction effect on muscle mass (F = 53.242, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.664) and right thigh circumference (F = 4.544, p = 0.042, ηp2 = 0.144), but no significant variation in any other factors, including fat mass, body fat, left thigh circumference, FMD, baPWV, ABI, SBP, and DBP (p > 0.05). Overall, our results suggested that eight-week LABFR exerted a positive effect on the body composition, especially muscle mass and thigh circumference, of recreational runners.
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Giovanna M, Solsona R, Sanchez AMJ, Borrani F. Effects of short-term repeated sprint training in hypoxia or with blood flow restriction on response to exercise. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:32. [PMID: 36057591 PMCID: PMC9440585 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study compared the effects of a brief repeated sprint training (RST) intervention performed with bilateral blood flow restriction (BFR) conditions in normoxia or conducted at high levels of hypoxia on response to exercise. Thirty-nine endurance-trained athletes completed six repeated sprints cycling sessions spread over 2 weeks consisting of four sets of five sprints (10-s maximal sprints with 20-s active recovery). Athletes were assigned to one of the four groups and subjected to a bilateral partial blood flow restriction (45% of arterial occlusion pressure) of the lower limbs during exercise (BFRG), during the recovery (BFRrG), exercised in a hypoxic room simulating hypoxia at FiO2 ≈ 13% (HG) or were not subjected to additional stress (CG). Peak aerobic power during an incremental test, exercise duration, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and accumulated oxygen uptake (VO2) during a supramaximal constant-intensity test were improved thanks to RST (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the groups (p > 0.05). No further effect was found on other variables including time-trial performance and parameters of the force-velocity relationship (p > 0.05). Thus, peak aerobic power, exercise duration, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and VO2 were improved during a supramaximal constant-intensity exercise after six RST sessions. However, combined hypoxic stress or partial BFR did not further increase peak aerobic power.
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Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy for Muscular Strength, Hypertrophy, and Endurance in Healthy and Special Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:531-545. [PMID: 36083329 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is an increasingly applied tool with potential benefits in muscular hypertrophy, strength, and endurance. This study investigates the effectiveness of BFR training relative to other forms of training on muscle strength, hypertrophy, and endurance. DATA SOURCES We performed systematic searches of MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed and assessed the methodological quality of included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. MAIN RESULTS We included 53 randomized controlled trials with 31 included in meta-analyses. For muscular strength comparing low-intensity BFR (LI-BFR) training with high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), the pooled mean difference (MD) for 1 repetition maximum was 5.34 kg (95% CI, 2.58-8.09; P < 0.01) favoring HIRT. When comparing LI-BFR training with HIRT for torque, the MD was 6.35 N·m (95% CI, 0.5-12.3; P = 0.04) also favoring HIRT. However, comparing LI-BFR with low-intensity resistance training (LIRT) for torque, there was a MD of 9.94 N·m (95% CI, 5.43-14.45; P < 0.01) favoring BFR training. Assessing muscle hypertrophy, the MD in cross-sectional area was 0.96 cm2 (95% CI, 0.21-1.7; P = 0.01) favoring pooled BFR training compared with nonocclusive training. Assessing endurance, V̇o2 maximum demonstrated a greater mean increase of 0.37 mL/kg/min (95% CI, -0.97 to 3.17; P = 0.64) in BFR endurance training compared with endurance training alone. CONCLUSION Blood flow restriction training produced increases in muscular strength, hypertrophy, and endurance. Comparing LI-BFR training with HIRT, HIRT was a significantly better training modality for increasing muscle hypertrophy and strength. However, LI-BFR was superior when compared with a similar low-intensity protocol. Blood flow restriction training is potentially beneficial to those unable to tolerate the high loads of HIRT; however, better understanding of its risk to benefit ratio is needed before clinical application. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 1.
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Pedon WR, Lima FV, Cipriano G, da Silva WA, Fernandes MVS, Gomes NS, Chiappa AMG, Pena de Sousa R, Pereira da Silva ME, Chiappa GR. Acute hemodynamic responses from Low- load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction in young and older individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Trials. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:396-412. [PMID: 35808940 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the existing evidence on the acute response of low-load (LL) resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) on hemodynamic parameters. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE (via Scopus), SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, and MedRxiv databases were searched from inception to February 2022. REVIEW METHODS Cross-over trials investigating the acute effect of LLRE+BFR vs. passive (no exercise) and active control methods (LLRE or HLRE) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean (MBP) blood pressure responses. RESULTS The quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale, risk of bias using the RoB 2.0 tool for cross-over trials, and certainty of the evidence using the GRADE method. A total of 15 randomized cross-over studies with 466 participants were eligible for analyses. Our data showed that LLRE+BFR increases all hemodynamic parameters compared to passive control, but not compared to conventional resistance exercise. Subgroup analysis did not demonstrate any differences between LLRE+BFR and low- (LL) or high-load (HL) resistance exercise protocols. Studies including younger volunteers presented higher chronotropic responses (HR) than those with older volunteers. CONCLUSIONS Despite causing notable hemodynamic responses compared to no exercise, the short-term low-load resistance exercise with BFR modulates all hemodynamic parameters HR, SBP, DBP, and MBP, similarly to a conventional resistance exercise protocol, whether at low or high-intensity. The chronotropic response is slightly higher in younger healthy individuals despite the similarity regarding pressure parameters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Pedon
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | | | | | - Weder A da Silva
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | - Marcos V S Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | - Natalia S Gomes
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Pena de Sousa
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | | | - Gaspar R Chiappa
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
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Effects of blood flow restriction training on aerobic capacity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Muscle Fatigue Is Attenuated When Applying Intermittent Compared With Continuous Blood Flow Restriction During Endurance Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1126-1131. [PMID: 35551112 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify a blood-flow-restriction (BFR) endurance exercise protocol that maximizes metabolic strain and minimizes muscle fatigue. METHODS Twelve healthy participants accomplished 5 different interval cycling endurance exercises (2-min work, 1-min rest) in a randomized order: (1) control, low intensity with unrestricted blood flow (CON30); (2) low intensity with intermittent BFR (i-BFR30, ∼150 mm Hg); (3) low intensity with continuous BFR (c-BFR, ∼100 mm Hg); (4) unloaded cycling with i-BFR0 (∼150 mm Hg); and (5) high intensity (HI) with unrestricted blood flow. Force production, creatine kinase activity, antioxidant markers, blood pH, and potassium (K+) were measured in a range of 5 minutes before and after each cycling exercise protocol. RESULTS HI showed the highest reduction (Δ = -0.26 [0.05], d = 5.6) on blood pH. Delta pH for c-BRF30 (Δ = -0.02 [0.03], d = 0.8) and Δ pH for i-BRF30 (Δ = -0.04 [0.03], d = 1.6) were different from each other, and both were higher compared with CON30 (Δ = 0.03 [0.03]). There was significant before-to-after force loss following HI (Δ = 55 [40] N·m-1, d = 1.5) and c-BFR30 (Δ = 27 [21] N·m-1, d = 0.7) protocols only, which were accompanied by significant increases in K+ (HI: Δ = 0.94 [0.65] mmol·L-1, d = 1.8; c-BFR30: Δ = 0.72 [0.85] mmol·L-1, d = 1.2). Moreover, all BFR conditions elicited slight increases in plasma creatine kinase, but not for HI and CON30. Glutathione changes from before to after were significant for all BFR conditions and HI, but not for CON30. CONCLUSIONS The attenuation in fatigue-induced reductions in maximal force suggests that i-BFR exercise could be preferable to c-BFR in improving exercise capacity, with considerably less biologic stress elicited from HI exercises.
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Tangchaisuriya P, Chuensiri N, Tanaka H, Suksom D. Physiological Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction in Masters Road Cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:830-840. [PMID: 34967801 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and blood flow restriction (BFR) training have been used to enhance athletic performance and cardiovascular health. Combining these training modalities might be an effective training modality for masters athletes who seek to enhance athletic performance and to reduce cardiovascular risks. METHODS Fifty masters road cyclists age 35-49 yr were randomly assigned to the continuous exercise training (n = 16), continuous plus HIIT (n = 17), and continuous plus BFR training combined with HIIT (BFRIT; n = 17) for 12 wk. Both HIIT and BFRIT were performed on a cycle ergometer twice a week. RESULTS Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) increased in the HIIT and BFRIT groups (P < 0.05). This was accompanied by significant improvements in maximal cardiac output and stroke volume (P < 0.05). Forty-kilometer time trial performance improved in all three groups (P < 0.05). Peak power output increased in both HIIT and BFRIT groups (P < 0.05). Flow-mediated dilation in both brachial and popliteal arteries increased in all three groups (all P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in any of the groups. Total lean mass, muscle cross-sectional area and thickness in rectus femoris and vastus lateralis, and peak torque of isokinetic knee extension increased only in the BFRIT group (all P < 0.05). Tissue saturation index decreased only in the BFRIT group (P < 0.05). Changes in 40-km time trial performance were associated with corresponding changes in V̇O2max (r = -0.312, P = 0.029) and peak isokinetic extensor torque (r = -0.432, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Including HIIT particularly with BFR in the routine continuous training may be more effective in enhancing performance and physiological functions in masters road cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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Smith NDW, Girard O, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ. Blood flow restriction during self-paced aerobic intervals reduces mechanical and cardiovascular demands without modifying neuromuscular fatigue. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:755-765. [PMID: 35400303 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2062056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined cardiovascular, perceptual, and neuromuscular fatigue characteristics during and after cycling intervals with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). Fourteen endurance cyclists/triathletes completed four 4-minute self-paced aerobic cycling intervals at the highest sustainable intensity, with and without intermittent BFR (60% of arterial occlusion pressure). Rest interval durations were six, four, and four minutes respectively. Power output, cardiovascular demands, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were averaged over each interval. Knee extension torque and vastus lateralis electromyography responses following electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve were recorded pre-exercise, post-interval one (+1, 2, and 4-minutes) and post-interval four (+1, 2, 4, 6 and 8-minutes). Power output during BFR intervals was lower than non-BFR (233 ± 54 vs 282 ± 60W, p < 0.001). Oxygen uptake and heart rate during BFR intervals were lower compared to non-BFR (38.7 ± 4.5 vs 44.7 ± 6.44mL·kg-1·min-1, p < 0.001; 160 ± 14 vs 166 ± 10bpm, p < 0.001), while RPE was not different between conditions. Compared to pre-exercise, maximal voluntary contraction torque and peak twitch torque were reduced after the first interval with further reductions following the fourth interval (p < 0.001) independent of condition (p = 0.992). Voluntary activation (twitch interpolation) did not change between timepoints (p = 0.375). Overall, intermittent BFR reduced the mechanical and cardiovascular demands of self-paced intervals without modifying RPE or knee-extensor neuromuscular characteristics. Therefore, BFR reduced the cardiovascular demands while maintaining the muscular demands associated with self-paced intervals. Self-paced BFR intervals could be used to prevent cardiovascular and perceptual demands being the limiting factor of exercise intensity, thus allowing greater physiological muscular demands compared to intervals without BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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Silva JCG, Freitas EDS, Aniceto RR, Silva KF, Araújo JP, Bembem MG, Batista GR, Sousa MSC. Aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction: energy expenditure, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and respiratory exchange ratio. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:241-249. [PMID: 35357762 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) to high-intensity aerobic exercise on energy expenditure (EE), excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during and after exercise. Twenty-two recreationally active males randomly completed the following experimental conditions: AE - aerobic exercise without BFR, AE+BFR - aerobic exercise with BFR, HIAE - high-intensity aerobic exercise, CON - non-exercise control condition. EE was significantly (p<0.05) greater during exercise for HIAE compared to all conditions, and for AE+BFR compared to AE and CON during and post-exercise exercise. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in EPOC between HIAE and AE+BFR at any time point, however, both conditions were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than the AE (d = 1.50 and d = 1.03, respectively) and CON at the first 10 minutes post-exercise. RER during exercise for HIAE was significantly (p<0.05) greater than AE+BFR at the first 6 minutes of exercise (p = 0.003, d = 0.88), however, no significant differences were observed from 9 min up to the end of the exercise. HIAE was also significantly (p<0.05) greater than AE and CON at all time points during exercise, whereas, AE+BFR was significantly (p<0.05) greater than CON at all time points but not significantly (p < 0.05) different than AE (p<0.05); although the overall session RER was significantly (p<0.05) greater during AE+BFR than AE. Altogether, continuous AE+BFR results in greater EE compared to volume matched AE, as well as a similar EPOC compared to HIAE. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C G Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Professional Master's in Family Health, Nursing and Medical Schools, Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Center for higher education and Development (CESED/UNIFACISA/FCM/ESAC), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo R Aniceto
- Study and Research Group in Biomechanics and Psychophysiology of Exercise, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Currais Novos-RN, Brazil
| | - Kalinne F Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Joamira P Araújo
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Michael G Bembem
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Gilmário R Batista
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Maria S C Sousa
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Kilgas MA, Yoon T, McDaniel J, Phillips KC, Elmer SJ. Physiological Responses to Acute Cycling With Blood Flow Restriction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:800155. [PMID: 35360241 PMCID: PMC8963487 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.800155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) can improve muscular function and aerobic capacity. However, the extent to which cuff pressure influences acute physiological responses to aerobic exercise with BFR is not well documented. We compared blood flow, tissue oxygenation, and neuromuscular responses to acute cycling with and without BFR. Ten participants completed four intermittent cycling (6 × 2 min) conditions: low-load cycling (LL), low-load cycling with BFR at 60% of limb occlusion pressure (BFR60), low-load cycling with BFR at 80% of limb occlusion pressure (BFR80), and high-load cycling (HL). Tissue oxygenation, cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses were assessed during cycling and blood flow was measured during recovery periods. Pre- to post-exercise changes in knee extensor function were also assessed. BFR60 and BFR80 reduced blood flow (~33 and ~ 50%, respectively) and tissue saturation index (~5 and ~15%, respectively) when compared to LL (all p < 0.05). BFR60 resulted in lower VO2, heart rate, ventilation, and perceived exertion compared to HL (all p < 0.05), whereas BFR80 resulted in similar heart rates and exertion to HL (both p > 0.05). BFR60 and BFR80 elicited greater pain compared to LL and HL (all p < 0.05). After exercise, knee extensor torque decreased by ~18 and 40% for BFR60 and BFR80, respectively (both p < 0.05), and was compromised mostly through peripheral mechanisms. Cycling with BFR increased metabolic stress, decreased blood flow, and impaired neuromuscular function. However, only BFR60 did so without causing very severe pain (>8 on pain intensity scale). Cycling with BFR at moderate pressure may serve as a potential alternative to traditional high-intensity aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Kilgas
- School of Health and Human Performance, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Tejin Yoon
- Department of Physical Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - John McDaniel
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kevin C. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Steven J. Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
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The Effect of Low-intensity Aerobic Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction on Maximal Strength, Muscle Mass, and Cycling Performance in a Cyclist with Knee Displacement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052993. [PMID: 35270686 PMCID: PMC8910006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity aerobic training combined with blood flow restriction (LI + BFR) has resulted in increases in aerobic and neuromuscular capacities in untrained individuals. This strategy may help cyclists incapable of training with high intensity bouts or during a rehabilitation program. However, there is a lack of evidence about the use of LI + BFR in injured trained cyclists. Thus, we investigated the effects of LI + BFR on aerobic capacity, maximal isometric strength, cross-sectional area of vastus lateralis (CSAVL), time to exhaustion test (TTE), and 20 km cycling time-trial performance (TT20 km) in a male cyclist with knee osteoarthritis (OA). After a 4-week control period, a 9-week (2 days/week) intervention period started. Pre- and post-intervention TT20 km, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), power output of the 1st and 2nd ventilatory thresholds (1st WVT and 2nd WVT), maximum power output (Wmax), TTE, muscle strength and CSAVL of both legs were measured. Training intensity was fixed at 30% of Wmax while the duration was progressively increased from 12 min to 24 min. There was a reduction in time to complete TT20 km (−1%) with increases in TT20 km mean power output (3.9%), VO2peak (11.4%), 2nd WVT (8.3%), Wmax (3.8%), TTE (15.5%), right and left legs maximal strength (1.3% and 8.5%, respectively) and CSAVL (3.3% and 3.7%, respectively). There was no alteration in 1st WVT. Based on the results, we suggest that LI + BFR may be a promising training strategy to improve the performance of knee-injured cyclists with knee OA.
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Magni N, McNair P, Rice D. Six weeks of resistance training (plus advice) vs advice only in hand osteoarthritis: A single-blind, randomised, controlled feasibility trial. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2022; 57:102491. [PMID: 34872042 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with hand osteoarthritis (OA) may benefit from resistance training interventions. To date the feasibility of a such interventions for symptomatic hand OA, as per international guidelines, is unknown. OBJECTIVE Determine the feasibility of a clinical trial comparing resistance training to an advice only control group in people with symptomatic hand OA. DESIGN Single-blind, randomised, controlled feasibility study. METHODS The American College of Rheumatology criteria for hand OA were utilised for inclusion. Participants were randomly allocated (1:1:1) to advice and blood flow restriction training (BFRT), advice and traditional high intensity training (HIT), or advice only (control). Participants receiving BFRT and HIT underwent supervised hand exercises three times a week for six weeks. Feasibility measures included recruitment rate, adherence, exercise induced pain, training acceptability, pain flares, and adverse events. Number of treatment responders, pain, grip strength, and hand function were also recorded. RESULTS In total, 191 participants were screened, 59 (31%) were included. Retention rate was 89% for BFRT and 79% for HIT. Exercise did not worsen pain following training sessions, and training acceptability was equal between groups. Pain flares occurred in 1.6% (BFRT) and 4% (HIT) out of all the training sessions. There was one adverse event in the HIT group, with the participants withdrawing from the study due to pain. The number of treatment responders, and improvements in pain, were greater with BFRT and HIT. Grip and function did not improve. CONCLUSION A clinical trial comparing resistance training to advice for people with symptomatic hand OA is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Magni
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - P McNair
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Rice
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hughes L, Hackney KJ, Patterson SD. Optimization of Exercise Countermeasures to Spaceflight Using Blood Flow Restriction. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:32-45. [PMID: 35063054 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5855.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: During spaceflight missions, astronauts work in an extreme environment with several hazards to physical health and performance. Exposure to microgravity results in remarkable deconditioning of several physiological systems, leading to impaired physical condition and human performance, posing a major risk to overall mission success and crew safety. Physical exercise is the cornerstone of strategies to mitigate physical deconditioning during spaceflight. Decades of research have enabled development of more optimal exercise strategies and equipment onboard the International Space Station. However, the effects of microgravity cannot be completely ameliorated with current exercise countermeasures. Moreover, future spaceflight missions deeper into space require a new generation of spacecraft, which will place yet more constraints on the use of exercise by limiting the amount, size, and weight of exercise equipment and the time available for exercise. Space agencies are exploring ways to optimize exercise countermeasures for spaceflight, specifically exercise strategies that are more efficient, require less equipment, and are less time-consuming. Blood flow restriction exercise is a low intensity exercise strategy that requires minimal equipment and can elicit positive training benefits across multiple physiological systems. This method of exercise training has potential as a strategy to optimize exercise countermeasures during spaceflight and reconditioning in terrestrial and partial gravity environments. The possible applications of blood flow restriction exercise during spaceflight are discussed herein.Hughes L, Hackney KJ, Patterson SD. Optimization of exercise countermeasures to spaceflight using blood flow restriction. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 93(1):32-45.
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Blood Flow Restriction Therapy and Its Use for Rehabilitation and Return to Sport: Physiology, Application, and Guidelines for Implementation. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e71-e76. [PMID: 35141538 PMCID: PMC8811521 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) is an expanding rehabilitation modality that uses a tourniquet to reduce arterial inflow and occlude venous outflow in the setting of resistance training or exercise. Initially, this technique was seen as a way to stimulate muscular development, but improved understanding of its physiologic benefits and mechanism of action has allowed for innovative clinical applications. BFR represents a way to decrease stress placed on the joints without compromising improvements in strength, whereas for postoperative, injured, or load-compromised individuals BFR represents a way to accelerate recovery and prevent atrophy. There is also growing evidence to suggest that it augments cardiovascular fitness and attenuates pain. The purpose of this review is to highlight the physiology and evidence behind the various applications of BFR, with a focus on postoperative rehabilitation. While much remains to be learned, it is clear that blood flow restriction therapy stimulates muscle hypertrophy via a synergistic response to metabolic stress and mechanical tension, with supplemental benefits on cardiovascular fitness and pain. New forms of BFR and expanding applications in postoperative patients and athletes hold promise for expedited recovery. Continued adherence to rehabilitation guidelines and exploration of BFRs physiology and various applications will help optimize its effect and prescription. Level of Evidence V, expert opinion.
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Self-Paced Cycling at the Highest Sustainable Intensity With Blood Flow Restriction Reduces External but Not Internal Training Loads. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1272-1279. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study compared training loads and internal:external load ratios from an aerobic interval session at the highest perceptually sustainable intensity with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). Methods: On separate days, 14 endurance cyclists/triathletes completed four 4-minute self-paced aerobic cycling intervals at their highest sustainable intensity, with and without BFR (60% of arterial occlusion pressure). Internal training load was quantified using 3 training impulses (TRIMP; Banister, Lucia, and Edwards) and sessional ratings of perceived exertion. External load was assessed using total work done (TWD). Training load ratios between all internal loads were calculated relative to TWD. Results: Lucia TRIMP was lower for the BFR compared with non-BFR session (49 [9] vs 53 [8] arbitrary units [au], P = .020, dz = −0.71). No between-conditions differences were observed for Banister TRIMP (P = .068), Edwards TRIMP (P = .072), and training load in sessional ratings of perceived exertion (P = .134). The TWD was lower for the BFR compared with non-BFR session (223 [52] vs 271 [58] kJ, P < .001, dz = −1.27). Ratios were greater for the BFR session compared with non-BFR for Lucia TRIMP:TWD (0.229 [0.056] vs 0.206 [0.056] au, P < .001, dz = 1.21), Edwards TRIMP:TWD (0.396 [0.105] vs 0.370 [0.088] au, P = .031, dz = 0.66), and training load in sessional ratings of perceived exertion:TWD (1.000 [0.266] vs 0.890 [0.275] au, P = .044, dz = 0.60), but not Banister TRIMP:TWD (P = .306). Conclusions: Practitioners should consider both internal and external loads when monitoring BFR exercise to ensure the demands are appropriately captured. These BFR-induced changes were reflected by the Lucia TRIMP:TWD and Edwards TRIMP:TWD ratio, which could be used to monitor aerobic BFR training loads. The Lucia TRIMP:TWD ratio likely represents BFR-induced changes more appropriately compared with ratios involving either Edwards or Banister TRIMP.
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Bielitzki R, Behrendt T, Behrens M, Schega L. Current Techniques Used for Practical Blood Flow Restriction Training: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2936-2951. [PMID: 34319939 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bielitzki, R, Behrendt, T, Behrens, M, and Schega, L. Current techniques used for practical blood flow restriction training: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2936-2951, 2021-The purpose of this article was to systematically review the available scientific evidence on current methods used for practical blood flow restriction (pBFR) training together with application characteristics as well as advantages and disadvantages of each technique. A literature search was conducted in different databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) for the period from January 2000 to December 2020. Inclusion criteria for this review were (a) original research involving humans, (b) the use of elastic wraps or nonpneumatic cuffs, and (c) articles written in English. Of 26 studies included and reviewed, 15 were conducted using an acute intervention (11 in the lower body and 4 in the upper body), and 11 were performed with a chronic intervention (8 in the lower body, 1 in the upper body, and 2 in both the upper and the lower body). Three pBFR techniques could be identified: (a) based on the perceptual response (perceived pressure technique), (b) based on the overlap of the cuff (absolute and relative overlap technique), and (c) based on the cuffs' maximal tensile strength (maximal cuff elasticity technique). In conclusion, the perceived pressure technique is simple, valid for the first application, and can be used independently of the cuffs' material properties, but is less reliable within a person over time. The absolute and relative overlap technique as well as the maximal cuff elasticity technique might be applied more reliably due to markings, but require a cuff with constant material properties over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; and
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; and
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Acute physiological and perceptual responses to moderate intensity cycling with different levels of blood flow restriction. Biol Sport 2021; 38:437-443. [PMID: 34475624 PMCID: PMC8329982 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare: i) the physiological and perceptual responses of low-load exercise [(moderate intensity exercise (MI)] with different levels of blood flow restriction (BFR), and ii) MI with BFR on the bike with high intensity (HI) exercise without BFR. The protocol involved large muscle mass exercise at different levels of BFR, and this differentiates our study from others. Twenty-one moderately trained males (age: 24.6 ± 2.4 years; VO2peak: 47.2 ± 7.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, mean ± sd) performed one maximal graded exercise test and seven 5-min constant-load cycling bouts. Six bouts were at MI [40% peak power (Ppeak), 60%VO2peak], one without BFR and five with different levels of BFR (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% of estimated arterial occlusion pressure). The HI bout (70%Ppeak, 90%VO2peak) was without BFR. Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and tissue oxygen saturation (TSI) were recorded. Regardless of pressure, HR, BLa and RPE during MI-BFR were higher compared to MI (p < 0.05, ES: moderate to very large), and TSI reduction was greater in MI-BFR than MI (p < 0.05, ES: moderate to large). The responses of VO2, HR, BLa, RPE and TSI induced by the different levels of BFR in MI-BFR were similar. Regardless of pressure, the responses of VO2, HR, BLa and RPE induced by MI-BFR were lower than HI (p < 0.05), except for TSI. TSI change was similar between MI-BFR and HI. It appears that BFR equal to 40% of arterial occlusion pressure is sufficient to reduce TSI when exercising with a large muscle mass.
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Silva JCG, Domingos-Gomes JR, Freitas EDS, Neto GR, Aniceto RR, Bemben MG, Lima-Dos-Santos A, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Aerobic Exercise With and Without Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2479-2485. [PMID: 31136546 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Silva, JCG, Domingos-Gomes, JR, Freitas, EDS, Neto, GR, Aniceto, RR, Bemben, MG, Lima-dos-Santos, A, and Cirilo-Sousa, MS. Physiological and perceptual responses to aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2479-2485, 2021-Although previous studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of aerobic exercise (AE) with blood flow restriction (BFR), these findings have been limited by the approaches used to determine the occlusive pressure. In addition, the physiological and perceptual responses of AE with BFR compared to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) remain unclear. Thus, we investigated the physiological and perceptual responses to AE with and without BFR, and HIIE. Twenty-two men were randomly assigned to 4 experimental conditions: AE (40% of maximal oxygen consumption [V˙o2peak]), AE with 50% of BFR (AE-BFR: 40% VV˙o2peak), HIIE (80% V˙o2peak), and a no exercise control condition (CON: 50% of BFR). Each exercise bout lasted 18 minutes, during which oxygen consumption (V˙o2), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at rest and at every 3 minutes during exercise. Ratings of discomfort before and after each trial. The HIIE condition induced the greatest increases in V˙o2 and HR (p < 0.05), whereas AE-BFR was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than AE and CON. HIIE and AE-BFR also elicited the greatest (p < 0.05), but similar (p > 0.05), increases in RPE during exercise, although AE-BFR was significantly greater than HIIE immediately after exercise (p < 0.05). AE-BFR and HIIE also induced similar levels of discomfort after exercise (p > 0.05). In conclusion, HIIE induced the greatest increases in V˙o2 and HR, although the perceptual responses were essentially the same compared with AE-BFR. However, albeit inferior to HIIE, V˙o2 was greater during AE-BFR compared with AE, indicating that this training method may be used to replace HIIE and still significantly elevate V˙o2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio C G Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Jarbas R Domingos-Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Eduardo D S Freitas
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Neuromuscular Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Gabriel R Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Rodrigo R Aniceto
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Neuromuscular Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Adeilma Lima-Dos-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Maria S Cirilo-Sousa
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
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Miller BC, Tirko AW, Shipe JM, Sumeriski OR, Moran K. The Systemic Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:978-990. [PMID: 34386277 PMCID: PMC8329318 DOI: 10.26603/001c.25791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has been reported to have significant benefits on local skeletal muscle including increasing local muscle mass, strength, and endurance while exercising with lower resistance. As a result, patients unable to perform traditional resistance training may benefit from this technique. However, it is unclear what effects BFR may have on other body systems, such as the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. It is important to explore the systemic effects of BFR training to ensure it is safe for use in physical therapy. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to systematically review the systemic effects of blood flow restriction training when combined with exercise intervention. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS Three literature searches were performed: June 2019, September 2019, and January 2020; using MedLine, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane Reviews and CINAHL Complete. Inclusion criteria included: at least one outcome measure addressing a cardiovascular, endocrinological, systemic or proximal musculoskeletal, or psychosocial outcome, use of clinically available blood flow restriction equipment, use of either resistance or aerobic training in combination with BFR, and use of quantitative measures. Exclusion criteria for articles included only measuring local or distal musculoskeletal changes due to BFR training, examining only passive BFR or ischemic preconditioning, articles not originating from a scholarly peer-reviewed journal, CEBM level of evidence less than two, or PEDro score less than four. Articles included in this review were analyzed with the CEBM levels of evidence hierarchy and PEDro scale. RESULTS Thirty-five articles were included in the review. PEDro scores ranged between 4 and 8, and had CEBM levels of evidence of 1 and 2. Common systems studied included cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and psychosocial. This review found positive or neutral effects of blood flow restriction training on cardiovascular, endocrinological, musculoskeletal, and psychosocial outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although BFR prescription parameters and exercise interventions varied, the majority of included articles reported BFR training to produce favorable or non-detrimental effects to the cardiovascular, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems. This review also found mixed effects on psychosocial outcomes when using BFR. Additionally, this review found no detrimental outcomes directly attributed to blood flow restriction training on the test subjects or outcomes tested. Thus, BFR training may be an effective intervention for patient populations that are unable to perform traditional exercise training with positive effects other than traditional distal muscle hypertrophy and strength and without significant drawbacks to the individual. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1b.
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Pignanelli C, Christiansen D, Burr JF. Blood flow restriction training and the high-performance athlete: science to application. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1163-1170. [PMID: 33600282 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00982.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of blood flow in conjunction with skeletal muscle contraction has greatly informed the physiological understanding of muscle fatigue, blood pressure reflexes, and metabolism in humans. Recent interest in using intentional blood flow restriction (BFR) has focused on elucidating how exercise during periods of reduced blood flow affects typical training adaptations. A large initial appeal for BFR training was driven by studies demonstrating rapid increases in muscle size, strength, and endurance capacity, even when notably low intensities and resistances, which would typically be incapable of stimulating change in healthy populations, were used. The incorporation of BFR exercise into the training of strength- and endurance-trained athletes has recently been shown to provide additive training effects that augment skeletal muscle and cardiovascular adaptations. Recent observations suggest BFR exercise alters acute physiological stressors such as local muscle oxygen availability and vascular shear stress, which may lead to adaptations that are not easily attained with conventional training. This review explores these concepts and summarizes both the evidence base and knowledge gaps regarding the application of BFR training for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pignanelli
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danny Christiansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Razi O, Mohammadi M, Zamani N, Hackney AC, Tourny C, Zouita S, Laher I, Zouhal H. Walking exercise and lower-body blood flow restriction: Effects on systemic inflammation, lipid profiles and hematological indices in overweight middle-aged males. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:41-49. [PMID: 33593160 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1888100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of present study is to investigate the effects of walk training with and without blood flow restriction (BFR and no-BFR) on lipid profiles, inflammatory and haematological factors in over-weighed men. Participants were divided into BFR (n = 9) or no-BFR (n = 9) groups. Both groups were exposed to 8-week walk training on a treadmill: 3 sessions/week at a speed of 50 m/min, 5 sets × 2 min/session. There were differences in pre- to post-levels of (TG) and fibrinogen in the BFR group (p ≤ 0.05) that were accompanied by changes in red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB) and haematocrit (HCT) levels (p ≤ 0.05). RBC levels were increased in the BFR group (p ≤ 0.05). The groups differed in their mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). These findings suggest the efficiency of BFR walk training in individuals exposed to chronic diseases associated with overweight, such as metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nastaran Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Sghaeir Zouita
- ISSEP Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France
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Ferguson RA, Mitchell EA, Taylor CW, Bishop DJ, Christiansen D. Blood-flow-restricted exercise: Strategies for enhancing muscle adaptation and performance in the endurance-trained athlete. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:837-860. [PMID: 33486814 DOI: 10.1113/ep089280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise represents a potential approach to augment the adaptive response to training and improve performance in endurance-trained individuals. What advances does it highlight? When combined with low-load resistance exercise, low- and moderate-intensity endurance exercise and sprint interval exercise, BFR can provide an augmented acute stimulus for angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. These augmented acute responses can translate into enhanced capillary supply and mitochondrial function, and subsequent endurance-type performance, although this might depend on the nature of the exercise stimulus. There is a requirement to clarify whether BFR training interventions can be used by high-performance endurance athletes within their structured training programme. ABSTRACT A key objective of the training programme for an endurance athlete is to optimize the underlying physiological determinants of performance. Training-induced adaptations are governed by physiological and metabolic stressors, which initiate transcriptional and translational signalling cascades to increase the abundance and/or function of proteins to improve physiological function. One important consideration is that training adaptations are reduced as training status increases, which is reflected at the molecular level as a blunting of the acute signalling response to exercise. This review examines blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise as a strategy for augmenting exercise-induced stressors and subsequent molecular signalling responses to enhance the physiological characteristics of the endurance athlete. Focus is placed on the processes of capillary growth and mitochondrial biogenesis. Recent evidence supports that BFR exercise presents an intensified training stimulus beyond that of performing the same exercise alone. We suggest that this has the potential to induce enhanced physiological adaptations, including increases in capillary supply and mitochondrial function, which can contribute to an improvement in performance of endurance exercise. There is, however, a lack of consensus regarding the potency of BFR training, which is invariably attributable to the different modes, intensities and durations of exercise and BFR methods. Further studies are needed to confirm its potential in the endurance-trained athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma A Mitchell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Conor W Taylor
- Ineos Grenadiers Cycling Team, Bollin House, Wilmslow, UK
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Christiansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Karabulut M, Esparza B, Dowllah IM, Karabulut U. The impact of low-intensity blood flow restriction endurance training on aerobic capacity, hemodynamics, and arterial stiffness. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:877-884. [PMID: 33314880 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the effects of short-term low-intensity blood flow restriction (BFR) endurance training (ET) programs on measures of aerobic capacity, hemodynamics, and arterial stiffness in healthy young males. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy young recreationally active males participated in this short-term training study. They were randomly assigned to a high-intensity (HI; N.=11; trained at 60-70% of VO<inf>2</inf> reserve [VO<inf>2</inf>R]), low-intensity (LI; N.=8; trained at 30-40% of VO<inf>2</inf>R), low-intensity with BFR (LI-BFR; N.=10; trained at 30-40% of VO<inf>2</inf>R with BFR) or a non-exercising control group (N.=10). The exercising subjects completed a 6-wk training protocol on a treadmill. Assessment of aerobic capacity (VO<inf>2max</inf>), hemodynamics and arterial stiffness were done before and after training. RESULTS Statistical analyses revealed a significant condition main effect (P<0.05) for VO<inf>2max</inf>, indicating significant increase (P<0.05) in VO<inf>2max</inf> in LI-BFR group compared to control. There were no significant changes for resting heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (PWV), and carotid-femoral PWV (P>0.05). However, femoral-tibial PWV decreased significantly (P<0.05) from baseline to post-training. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the application of BFR during ET may cause faster and/or greater adaptations in one or more physiological systems resulting in improved cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA -
| | - Brittany Esparza
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Imtiaz M Dowllah
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Ulku Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
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Munhoz SV, Ramis TR, dos Santos LP, Ribeiro JL. Comparison of cardiopulmonary exercise testing performed with blood flow restriction vs. a traditional maximum test on execution speed, ventilatory thresholds and maximum oxygen uptake. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rolnick N, Schoenfeld BJ. Can Blood Flow Restriction Used During Aerobic Training Enhance Body Composition in Physique Athletes? Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hwang H, Mizuno S, Kasai N, Kojima C, Sumi D, Hayashi N, Goto K. Muscle oxygenation, endocrine and metabolic regulation during low-intensity endurance exercise with blood flow restriction. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:30-37. [PMID: 32698259 PMCID: PMC7451842 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the effect of endurance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) performed at either 25% maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2 max) or 40% V˙O2 max) on muscle oxygenation, energy metabolism, and endocrine responses. METHODS Ten males were recruited in the present study. The subjects performed three trials: (1) endurance exercise at 40% V˙O2 max without BFR (NBFR40), (2) endurance exercise at 25% V˙O2 max with BFR (BFR25), and (3) endurance exercise at 40% V˙O2 max with BFR (BFR40). The exercises were performed for 15 min during which the pedaling frequency was set at 70 rpm. In BFR25 and BFR40, 2 min of pressure phase (equivalent to 160 mmHg) followed by 1 min of release phase were repeated five times (5 × 3 min) throughout 15 minutes of exercise. During exercise, muscle oxygenation and concentration of respiratory gases were measured. The blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after 15 min of exercise, and at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after completion of exercise. RESULTS Deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) level during exercise was significantly higher with BFR25 and BFR40 than that with NBFR40. BFR40 showed significantly higher total-hemoglobin (total-Hb) than NBFR40 during 2 min of pressure phase. Moreover, exercise-induced lactate elevation and pH reduction were significantly augmented in BFR40, with concomitant increase in serum cortisol concentration after exercise. Carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was significantly higher with BFR40 than that with NBFR40 and BFR25, whereas fat oxidation was lower with BFR40. CONCLUSION Deoxy-Hb and total Hb levels were significantly increased during 15 min of pedaling exercise in BFR25 and BFR40, indicating augmented local hypoxia and blood volume (blood perfusion) in the muscle. Moreover, low-and moderate-intensity exercise with BFR facilitated CHO oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Hwang
- Graduate school of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, ShigaJapan
- Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, SeoulKorea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, SeoulKorea
| | - Sahiro Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, NagoyaJapan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, TokyoJapan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, TokyoJapan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, OsakaJapan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, OsakaJapan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, OsakaJapan
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Christiansen D, Eibye K, Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. Training with blood flow restriction increases femoral artery diameter and thigh oxygen delivery during knee-extensor exercise in recreationally trained men. J Physiol 2020; 598:2337-2353. [PMID: 32246768 DOI: 10.1113/jp279554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Endurance-type training with blood flow restriction (BFR) increases maximum oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 max ) and exercise endurance of humans. However, the physiological mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain uncertain. In the present study, we show that BFR-interval training reduces the peripheral resistance to oxygen transport during dynamic, submaximal exercise in recreationally-trained men, mainly by increasing convective oxygen delivery to contracting muscles. Accordingly, BFR-training increased oxygen uptake by, and concomitantly reduced net lactate release from, the contracting muscles during relative-intensity-matched exercise, at the same time as invoking a similar increase in diffusional oxygen conductance compared to the training control. Only BFR-training increased resting femoral artery diameter, whereas increases in oxygen transport and uptake were dissociated from changes in the skeletal muscle content of mitochondrial electron-transport proteins. Thus, physically trained men benefit from BFR-interval training by increasing leg convective oxygen transport and reducing lactate release, thereby improving the potential for increasing the percentage of V ̇ O 2 max that can be sustained throughout exercise. ABSTRACT In the present study, we investigated the effect of training with blood flow restriction (BFR) on thigh oxygen transport and uptake, and lactate release, during exercise. Ten recreationally-trained men (50 ± 5 mL kg-1 min-1 ) completed 6 weeks of interval cycling with one leg under BFR (BFR-leg; pressure: ∼180 mmHg) and the other leg without BFR (CON-leg). Before and after the training intervention (INT), thigh oxygen delivery, extraction, uptake, diffusion capacity and lactate release were determined during knee-extensor exercise at 25% incremental peak power output (iPPO) (Ex1), followed by exercise to exhaustion at 90% pre-training iPPO (Ex2), by measurement of femoral-artery blood flow and femoral-arterial and -venous blood sampling. A muscle biopsy was obtained from legs before and after INT to determine mitochondrial electron-transport protein content. Femoral-artery diameter was also measured. In the BFR-leg, after INT, oxygen delivery and uptake were higher, and net lactate release was lower, during Ex1 (vs. CON-leg; P < 0.05), with an 11% larger increase in workload (vs. CON-leg; P < 0.05). During Ex2, after INT, oxygen delivery was higher, and oxygen extraction was lower, in the BFR-leg compared to the CON-leg (P < 0.05), resulting in an unaltered oxygen uptake (vs. CON-leg; P > 0.05). In the CON-leg, at both intensities, oxygen delivery, extraction, uptake and lactate release remained unchanged (P > 0.05). Resting femoral artery diameter increased with INT only in the BFR-leg (∼4%; P < 0.05). Oxygen diffusion capacity was similarly raised in legs (P < 0.05). Mitochondrial protein content remained unchanged in legs (P > 0.05). Thus, BFR-interval training enhances oxygen utilization by, and lowers lactate release from, submaximally-exercising muscles of recreationally-trained men mainly by increasing leg convective oxygen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Christiansen
- Section of Integrative Physiology. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Eibye
- Section of Integrative Physiology. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Naderi-Boldaji V, Joukar S, Noorafshan A, Bahreinipour MA. Limb Blood Flow Restriction Plus Mild Aerobic Exercise Training Protects the Heart Against Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Injury in Old Rats: Role of GSK-3β. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:210-219. [PMID: 30406466 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) training on cardiac resistance to isoproterenol (ISO) induced heart injury in old rats and examined the hypothesis that BFR training may interfere with age-associated impairment of mitochondria by the inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9. Old male Wistar rats were divided into the following six groups: CTL (control), ISO (isoproterenol-treated), Sh + ISO (sham-operated plus ISO), BFR + ISO (blood flow restriction plus ISO), Sh-Ex + ISO (sham-operated subjected to exercise and ISO), and BFR-Ex + ISO (blood flow restriction along with exercise and ISO). 10 weeks of exercise training was considered. Then, cardiac injury was induced and physiological, histological, and biochemical parameters were recorded and assessed. Compared to CTL group, isoproterenol administration significantly reduced the systolic arterial pressure (SAP), left-ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), and ± dp/dt max (P < 0.05). BFR training improved these parameters in the way that BFR-Ex + ISO group had higher SAP, LVSP and ± dp/dt max (P < 0.05) and lower LVEDP (left-ventricular end diastolic pressure) (P < 0.01) than untrained and Sh-Ex + ISO groups. The pS9-GSK-3β and pS9-GSK-3β/GSK-3β ratio were increased in the BFR-Ex + ISO group compared to CTL, ISO, Sh + ISO, and BFR + ISO groups (P < 0.05). The level of plasma cardiac Troponin-I and the severity of the injuries were significantly reduced in BFR-Ex + ISO group versus other cardiac damaged groups. In conclusion, our findings clearly confirmed the cardio-protective effect of BFR training against ISO-induced myocardial injury. Increased phosphorylated GSK-3β and angiogenesis in this model of exercise justify the resistance of old hearts facing stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Naderi-Boldaji
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 7616914115, Kerman, Iran. .,Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Noorafshan
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Bahreinipour
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Shahid Chamran, Kerman Branch, Technical and Vocational University (YVU), Tehran, Iran
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Corvino RB, Oliveira MFM, Denadai BS, Rossiter HB, Caputo F. Speeding of oxygen uptake kinetics is not different following low-intensity blood-flow-restricted and high-intensity interval training. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1858-1867. [PMID: 31613029 DOI: 10.1113/ep087727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can interval blood-flow-restricted (BFR) cycling training, undertaken at a low intensity, promote a similar adaptation to oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 ) kinetics to high-intensity interval training? What is the main finding and its importance? Speeding of pulmonary V ̇ O 2 on-kinetics in healthy young subjects was not different between low-intensity interval BFR training and traditional high-intensity interval training. Given that very low workloads are well tolerated during BFR cycle training and speed V ̇ O 2 on-kinetics, this training method could be used when high mechanical loads are contraindicated. ABSTRACT Low-intensity blood-flow-restricted (BFR) endurance training is effective to increase aerobic capacity. Whether it speeds pulmonary oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 p ), CO2 output ( V ̇ C O 2 p ) and ventilatory ( V ̇ Ep ) kinetics has not been examined. We hypothesized that low-intensity BFR training would reduce the phase 2 time constant (τp ) of V ̇ O 2 p , V ̇ C O 2 p and V ̇ Ep by a similar magnitude to traditional high-intensity interval training (HIT). Low-intensity interval training with BFR served as a control. Twenty-four participants (25 ± 6 years old; maximal V ̇ O 2 46 ± 6 ml kg-1 min-1 ) were assigned to one of the following: low-intensity BFR interval training (BFR; n = 8); low-intensity interval training without BFR (LOW; n = 7); or high-intensity interval training without BFR (HIT; n = 9). Training was 12 sessions of two sets of five to eight × 2 min cycling and 1 min resting intervals. LOW and BFR were conducted at 30% of peak incremental power (Ppeak ), and HIT was at ∼103% Ppeak . For BFR, cuffs were inflated on both thighs (140-200 mmHg) during exercise and deflated during rest intervals. Six moderate-intensity step transitions (30% Ppeak ) were averaged for analysis of pulmonary on-kinetics. Both BFR (pre- versus post-training τp = 18.3 ± 3.2 versus 14.5 ± 3.4 s; effect size = 1.14) and HIT (τp = 20.3 ± 4.0 versus 13.1 ± 2.9 s; effect size = 1.75) reduced the V ̇ O 2 p τp (P < 0.05). As expected, there was no change in LOW ( V ̇ O 2 p τp = 17.9 ± 6.2 versus 17.7 ± 4.3 s; P = 0.9). The kinetics of V ̇ C O 2 p and V ̇ Ep were speeded only after HIT (38.5 ± 10.6%, P < 0.001 and 31.2 ± 24.7%, P = 0.004, respectively). Both HIT and low-intensity BFR training were effective in speeding moderate-intensity V ̇ O 2 p kinetics. These data support the findings of others that low-intensity cycling training with BFR increases muscle oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério B Corvino
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Mariana F M Oliveira
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianopolis, Brazil.,Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of the State of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of the State of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.,Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Center at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Fabrizio Caputo
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianopolis, Brazil
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