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Nikooyeh B, Zargaraan A, Ebrahimof S, Kalayi A, Zahedirad M, Yazdani H, Rismanchi M, Karami T, Khazraei M, Jafarpour A, Neyestani TR. Added γ-oryzanol boosted anti-inflammatory effects of canola oil in adult subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:425-433. [PMID: 37971692 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to examine the effects of daily intake of γ-oryzanol (ORZ)-fortified canola oil, as compared with plain canola and sunflower oils, on certain inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in adult subjects with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). METHODS We randomly allocated 92 adult subjects with T2D from both sexes to one of the following groups to receive: (a) ORZ-fortified canola oil (ORZO; n1 = 30); (b) unfortified canola oil (CANO; n2 = 32); or (c) sunflower oil (SUFO; n3 = 30) for 12 weeks. Dietary and laboratory evaluations were performed initially and finally. RESULTS Serum hs-CRP concentrations significantly decreased in ORZO group (from 3.1 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.2 mg/L), as compared with CANO (p = 0.003) and SUFO (p < 0.001) groups. Serum IL-6 significantly decreased just in ORZO (- 22.8%, p = 0.042) and CANO groups (- 19.8%, p = 0.038). However, the between-group differences were not significant. Serum IL-1β slightly decreased in ORZO (- 28.1%, p = 0.11) and increased in SUFO (+ 20.6%, p = 0.079) but between-group difference was statistically significant (p = 0.017). Serum IFN-γ concentrations decreased significantly only in ORZO (from 3.3 ± 0.08 to 2.9 ± 0.21 IU/mL, p = 0.044). Salivary IgA concentrations increased significantly in all three intervention groups. Notwithstanding, only the difference between ORZO and CANO groups was statistically significant (p = 0.042). Similarly, circulating malondialdehyde concentrations significantly decreased in all three groups but with no between-group significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of ORZ-fortified canola oil, compared with unfortified canola and sunflower oils, for 12 weeks resulted in boosting of certain anti-inflammatory effects of canola oil. These findings may have preventive implications for both clinicians and policy makers. This clinical trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (03.08.2022; NCT05271045).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nikooyeh
- Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azizollaah Zargaraan
- Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Ebrahimof
- Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kalayi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Zahedirad
- Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hootan Yazdani
- Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Rismanchi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Karami
- Department of Research and Development, Kourosh Food Industry, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Jafarpour
- Quality Assurance Unit, Kourosh Food Industry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tirang R Neyestani
- Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hatch-McChesney A, Smith TJ. Nutrition, Immune Function, and Infectious Disease in Military Personnel: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4999. [PMID: 38068857 PMCID: PMC10708187 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Consuming a diet that meets energy demands and provides essential nutrients promotes a healthy immune system, while both under- and over-nutrition have been associated with immune dysfunction. Military personnel comprise a unique population who frequently endure multi-stressor environments, predisposing them to immune decrements. Additionally, 49% and 22% of active duty U.S. military personnel are classified as overweight and obese, respectively. A literature search on PubMed was conducted to identify studies, reports, review papers, and references within those sources relevant to the topic area. Military personnel experiencing either under- or over-nutrition can suffer from degraded health, readiness, and performance. Insufficient intake of nutrients during military operations increases infection risk and negatively impacts infection recovery. Energy, protein, iron, zinc, and vitamins C and D are nutritional areas of concern that may impact immune competence in a multi-stressor environment. Over-nutrition can promote accretion of excess body fat and obesity, which contributes to a chronic inflammatory state that coincides with immune impairments. Prioritizing efforts to optimize nutrient intake is one approach for reducing disease burden and improving readiness. This review discusses nutritional concerns concomitant to multi-stressor environments that impact immune function, and the relevance of obesity to infectious disease risk in the military population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey J. Smith
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA 01760, USA;
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Ho E, Drake VJ, Michels AJ, Nkrumah-Elie YM, Brown LL, Scott JM, Newman JW, Shukitt-Hale B, Soumyanath A, Chilton FH, Lindemann SR, Shao A, Mitmesser SH. Perspective: Council for Responsible Nutrition Science in Session. Optimizing Health with Nutrition-Opportunities, Gaps, and the Future. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:948-958. [PMID: 37270030 PMCID: PMC10509435 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving optimal health is an aspirational goal for the population, yet the definition of health remains unclear. The role of nutrition in health has evolved beyond correcting malnutrition and specific deficiencies and has begun to focus more on achieving and maintaining 'optimal' health through nutrition. As such, the Council for Responsible Nutrition held its October 2022 Science in Session conference to advance this concept. Here, we summarize and discuss the findings of their Optimizing Health through Nutrition - Opportunities and Challenges workshop, including several gaps that need to be addressed to advance progress in the field. Defining and evaluating various indices of optimal health will require overcoming these key gaps. For example, there is a strong need to develop better biomarkers of nutrient status, including more accurate markers of food intake, as well as biomarkers of optimal health that account for maintaining resilience-the ability to recover from or respond to stressors without loss to physical and cognitive performance. In addition, there is a need to identify factors that drive individualized responses to nutrition, including genotype, metabotypes, and the gut microbiome, and to realize the opportunity of precision nutrition for optimal health. This review outlines hallmarks of resilience, provides current examples of nutritional factors to optimize cognitive and performance resilience, and gives an overview of various genetic, metabolic, and microbiome determinants of individualized responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ho
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; Nutrition Program, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
| | - Victoria J Drake
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | | | - LaVerne L Brown
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M Scott
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W Newman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen R Lindemann
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Andrew Shao
- ChromaDex External Research Program, Los Angeles, California
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Rips L, Toom A, Kuik R, Varblane A, Mölder H, Tammaru M, Kull M, Ööpik V, Kartus JT, Gapeyeva H, Rahu M. Seven-month wintertime supplementation of 1200 IU vitamin D has no effect on hand grip strength in young, physically active males: A randomized, controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:437-454. [PMID: 35875694 PMCID: PMC9302007 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Study Design Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Leho Rips
- Tartu University Hospital, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu, Estonia
- University of Tartu, Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alar Toom
- Central Finland Central Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Rein Kuik
- Tartu University Hospital, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ahti Varblane
- Estonian National Defence College, Centre of Military Disaster Medicine, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanno Mölder
- Medical Centre of the 2nd Infantry Brigade CSS Battalion, Estonian Defence Forces, Võru, Estonia
| | - Marika Tammaru
- East-Tallinn Central Hospital, Research Department, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mart Kull
- Viljandi Hospital, Jämejala Viljandi, Estonia
| | - Vahur Ööpik
- University of Tartu, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jüri-Toomas Kartus
- Tartu University Hospital, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu, Estonia
- University of Tartu, Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu, Estonia
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Siences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helena Gapeyeva
- University of Tartu, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Tartu, Estonia
- East-Tallinn Central Hospital, Clinic of Medical Rehabilitation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Madis Rahu
- Tartu University Hospital, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu, Estonia
- University of Tartu, Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu, Estonia
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Seminario AL, Kemoli A, Fuentes W, Wang Y, Rajanbabu P, Wamalwa D, Benki-Nugent S, John-Stewart G, Slyker JA. The effect of antiretroviral therapy initiation on vitamin D levels and four oral diseases among Kenyan children and adolescents living with HIV. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275663. [PMID: 36227876 PMCID: PMC9560522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The impact of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on the occurrence of oral diseases among children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV) is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ART timing on vitamin D levels and the prevalence of four oral diseases (dry mouth, dental caries, enamel hypoplasia, and non-herpes oral ulcer) among Kenyan CALHIV from two pediatric HIV cohorts. METHODS This nested cross-sectional study was conducted at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. CALHIV, 51 with early-ART initiated at <12 months of age and 27 with late-ART initiated between 18 months-12 years of age, were included. Demographics, HIV diagnosis, baseline CD4 and HIV RNA viral load data were extracted from the primary study databases. Community Oral Health Officers performed oral health examinations following standardized training. RESULTS Among 78 CALHIV in the study, median age at the time of the oral examination was 11.4 years old and median ART duration at the time of oral examination was 11 years (IQR: 10.1, 13.4). Mean serum vitamin D level was significantly higher among the early-ART group than the late-ART group (29.5 versus 22.4 ng/mL, p = 0.0002). Children who received early-ART had a 70% reduction in risk of inadequate vitamin D level (<20 ng/mL), compared to those who received late-ART (p = 0.02). Although both groups had similar prevalence of oral diseases overall (early-ART 82.4%; late-ART 85.2%; p = 0.2), there was a trend for higher prevalence of dry mouth (p = 0.1) and dental caries (p = 0.1) in the early versus late ART groups. The prevalence of the four oral diseases was not associated with vitamin D levels (p = 0.583). CONCLUSIONS After >10 years of ART, CALHIV with early-ART initiation had higher serum vitamin D levels compared to the late-ART group. The four oral diseases were not significantly associated with timing of ART initiation or serum vitamin D concentrations in this cohort. There was a trend for higher prevalence of dry mouth and dental caries in the early-ART group, probably as side-effects of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucia Seminario
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Arthur Kemoli
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walter Fuentes
- Petaluma Health Center, University of California San Francisco, Petaluma, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Poojashree Rajanbabu
- University of Washington Timothy A. DeRouen Center for Global Oral Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Benki-Nugent
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Smith TJ, Wilson M, Whitney C, Fagnant H, Neumeier WH, Smith C, Heaton KJ, Cho E, Spielmann G, Walsh NP, Karl JP. Supplemental Protein and a Multinutrient Beverage Speed Wound Healing after Acute Sleep Restriction in Healthy Adults. J Nutr 2022; 152:1560-1573. [PMID: 35285906 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiologic and psychologic stress slow healing from experimental wounds by impairing immune function. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether supplemental protein and multinutrient supplementation improved wound healing markers after acute stress induced by acute sleep restriction. METHODS In this single-blind, crossover study in generally healthy young adults (18 males/2 females; mean ± SD age: 19.7 ± 2.30 y), experimental wounds were created by removing the top layer of forearm blisters induced via suction after 48 h of 72-h sleep restriction (2-h nightly sleep), a protocol previously shown to delay wound healing. Skin barrier restoration (measured by transepidermal water loss) assessed wound healing ≤10 d postblistering, and local immune responses were evaluated by serial measurement of cytokine concentrations in fluid collected at wound sites for 48 h postblistering. Participants consumed controlled, isocaloric diets with either 0.900 g · kg-1 · d-1 protein plus placebo (PLA) or 1.50 g · kg-1 · d-1 protein plus multinutrient beverage [l-arginine: 20.0 g/d; l-glutamine: 30.0 g/d; omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids: 1.00 g/d; zinc sulfate: 24.0 mg/d; cholecalciferol: 800 IU/d; and vitamin C: 400 mg/d] (NUT) during sleep restriction and for 4 d afterwards. RESULTS Skin barrier restoration (primary outcome) was shorter for NUT (median: 3.98 d; IQR: 1.17 d) than for PLA (median: 5.25 d; IQR: 1.05 d) (P = 0.001). Cytokines from wound fluid (secondary outcome) increased over time (main effect of time P ≤ 0.001), except IL-13 (P = 0.07); however, no effects of treatment were observed. CONCLUSIONS Supplemental nutrition may promote wound healing after sleep restriction in healthy adults including military personnel, the latter of which also have a high incidence of wounds and infection.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03525184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Smith
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Marques Wilson
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Claire Whitney
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Heather Fagnant
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - William H Neumeier
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Carl Smith
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Kristin J Heaton
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eunhan Cho
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Neil P Walsh
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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HARRISON SOPHIEE, OLIVER SAMUELJ, KASHI DANIELS, CARSWELL ALEXANDERT, EDWARDS JASONP, WENTZ LAURELM, ROBERTS ROSS, TANG JONATHANCY, IZARD RACHELM, JACKSON SARAH, ALLAN DONALD, RHODES LESLEYE, FRASER WILLIAMD, GREEVES JULIEP, WALSH NEILP. Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation by Simulated Sunlight or Oral D3 on Respiratory Infection during Military Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1505-1516. [PMID: 33481482 PMCID: PMC8208091 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the relationship between vitamin D status and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of physically active men and women across seasons (study 1) and then to investigate the effects on URTI and mucosal immunity of achieving vitamin D sufficiency (25(OH)D ≥50 nmol·L-1) by a unique comparison of safe, simulated sunlight or oral D3 supplementation in winter (study 2). METHODS In study 1, 1644 military recruits were observed across basic military training. In study 2, a randomized controlled trial, 250 men undertaking military training received placebo, simulated sunlight (1.3× standard erythemal dose, three times per week for 4 wk and then once per week for 8 wk), or oral vitamin D3 (1000 IU·d-1 for 4 wk and then 400 IU·d-1 for 8 wk). URTI was diagnosed by a physician (study 1) and by using the Jackson common cold questionnaire (study 2). Serum 25(OH)D, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and cathelicidin were assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In study 1, only 21% of recruits were vitamin D sufficient during winter. Vitamin D-sufficient recruits were 40% less likely to suffer URTI than recruits with 25(OH)D <50 nmol·L-1 (OR = 0.6, 95% confidence interval = 0.4-0.9), an association that remained after accounting for sex and smoking. Each URTI caused, on average, three missed training days. In study 2, vitamin D supplementation strategies were similarly effective to achieve vitamin D sufficiency in almost all (≥95%). Compared with placebo, vitamin D supplementation reduced the severity of peak URTI symptoms by 15% and days with URTI by 36% (P < 0.05). These reductions were similar with both vitamin D strategies (P > 0.05). Supplementation did not affect salivary secretory immunoglobulin A or cathelicidin. CONCLUSION Vitamin D sufficiency reduced the URTI burden during military training.
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Affiliation(s)
- SOPHIE E. HARRISON
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - SAMUEL J. OLIVER
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - DANIEL S. KASHI
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UNITED KINGDOM
- Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - ALEXANDER T. CARSWELL
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UNITED KINGDOM
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JASON P. EDWARDS
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UNITED KINGDOM
- Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - LAUREL M. WENTZ
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Nutrition and Health Care Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
| | - ROSS ROBERTS
- College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JONATHAN C. Y. TANG
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - RACHEL M. IZARD
- Headquarters Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, Upavon, Wiltshire, UNITED KINGDOM
- Defence Science and Technology, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - SARAH JACKSON
- Army Health and Physical Performance, Army HQ, Andover, Hampshire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - DONALD ALLAN
- Medical Physics Department, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - LESLEY E. RHODES
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - WILLIAM D. FRASER
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UNITED KINGDOM
- Departments of Endocrinology and Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JULIE P. GREEVES
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UNITED KINGDOM
- Army Health and Physical Performance, Army HQ, Andover, Hampshire, UNITED KINGDOM
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - NEIL P. WALSH
- Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
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Tourkochristou E, Triantos C, Mouzaki A. The Influence of Nutritional Factors on Immunological Outcomes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665968. [PMID: 34135894 PMCID: PMC8201077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Through food intake, humans obtain a variety of nutrients that are essential for growth, cellular function, tissue development, energy, and immune defense. A special interaction between nutrients and gut-associated lymphoid tissue occurs in the intestinal tract. Enterocytes of the intestinal barrier act as sensors for antigens from nutrients and the intestinal microbiota, which they deliver to the underlying immune system of the lamina propria, triggering an immune response. Studies investigating the mechanism of influence of nutrition on immunological outcomes have highlighted an important role of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, antioxidants, probiotics) in modulating immune homeostasis. Nutrients exert their role in innate immunity and inflammation by regulating the expression of TLRs, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus interfering with immune cell crosstalk and signaling. Chemical substrates derived from nutrient metabolism may act as cofactors or blockers of enzymatic activity, influencing molecular pathways and chemical reactions associated with microbial killing, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Immune cell function appears to be influenced by certain nutrients that form parts of the cell membrane structure and are involved in energy production and prevention of cytotoxicity. Nutrients also contribute to the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses by modulating B and T lymphocyte differentiation, proliferation and activation, and antibody production. The purpose of this review is to present the available data from the field of nutritional immunology to elucidate the complex and dynamic relationship between nutrients and the immune system, the delineation of which will lead to optimized nutritional regimens for disease prevention and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Tourkochristou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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