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Sunscreens and their usefulness: have we made any progress in the last two decades? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:189-244. [PMID: 33721254 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreens have now been around for decades to mitigate the Sun's damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation which, although essential for the existence of life, is a recognized prime carcinogen. Accordingly, have suncreams achieved their intended purposes towards protection against sunburns, skin photo-ageing and the like? Most importantly, however, have they provided the expected protection against skin cancers that current sunscreen products claim to do? In the last two decades, there have been tens, if not hundreds of studies on sunscreens with respect to skin protection against UVB (280‒320 nm)-traditionally sunscreens with rather low sun protection factors (SPF) were intended to protect against this type of radiation-and UVA (320‒400 nm) radiation; a distinction between SPF and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) is made. Many of the studies of the last two decades have focused on protection against the more skin-penetrating UVA radiation. This non-exhaustive article reviews some of the important facets of what is currently known about sunscreens with regard (i) to the physical UV filters titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) and the mostly photo-unstable chemical UVB/UVA filters (e.g., octinoxate (OMC) and avobenzone (AVO), among others), (ii) to novel chemical sunscreen agents, (iii) to means that minimize the breakdown of chemical filters and improve their stability when exposed to UV sunlight, (iv) to SPF factors, and (v) to a short discussion on non-melanoma skin cancers and melanoma. Importantly, throughout the article we allude to the safety aspects of sunscreens and at the end ask the question: do active ingredients in sunscreen products pose a risk to human health, and what else can be done to enhance protection? Significant loss of skin protection from two well-known commercial suncreams when exposed to simulated UV sunlight. Cream I: titanium dioxide, ethylhexyl triazone, avobenzone, and octinoxate; Cream II: octyl salicylate, oxybenzone, avobenzone, and octinoxate.
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Shankar N, Guimarães AO, Napoli E, Giulivi C. Forensic determination of hair deposition time in crime scenes using electron paramagnetic resonance. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:72-82. [PMID: 32986869 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several types of biological samples, including hair strands, are found at crime scenes. Apart from the identification of the value and the contributor of the probative evidence, it is important to prove that the time of shedding of hair belonging to a suspect or victim matches the crime window. To this end, to estimate the ex vivo aging of hair, we evaluated time-dependent changes in melanin-derived free radicals in blond, brown, and black hairs by using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Hair strands aged under controlled conditions (humidity 40%, temperature 20-22°C, indirect light, with 12/12 hour of light/darkness cycles) showed a time-dependent decay of melanin-derived radicals. The half-life of eumelanin-derived radicals in hair under our experimental settings was estimated at 22 ± 2 days whereas that of pheomelanin was about 2 days suggesting better stabilization of unpaired electrons by eumelanin. Taken together, this study provides a reference for future forensic studies on determination of degradation of shed hair in a crime scene by following eumelanin radicals by utilizing the non-invasive, non-destructive, and highly specific EPR technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhita Shankar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - André O Guimarães
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Lee CC, Lin YH, Hou WC, Li MH, Chang JW. Exposure to ZnO/TiO 2 Nanoparticles Affects Health Outcomes in Cosmetics Salesclerks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176088. [PMID: 32825657 PMCID: PMC7504197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on human health are being raised by researchers because the risks of nanocosmetics like sunscreen are unknown. We explored the association between urinary oxidative stress markers and exposure of cosmetics salesclerks to 20 cosmetics that might contain titanium dioxide (TiO2)/zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs. We then recruited 40 cosmetics salesclerks and 24 clothing salesclerks and categorized them based on their exposure to ZnO and TiO2 NPs. Nineteen and 15 samples met the EU definition for TiO2 and ZnO nanomaterials, respectively. Participants with a higher co-exposure index of ZnO and TiO2 NPs had a significantly higher base level of urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosin (8-OHdG) concentrations than the lower co-exposure group (5.82 vs. 2.85 ng/mL, p < 0.001). After potential confounding factors had been adjusted for, the TiO2 and ZnO NP co-exposure index was significantly positively associated with the urinary 8-OHdG base concentration (β = 0.308, 95% CI = 0.106 to 0.510) and the creatinine-adjusted concentration (β = 0.486, 95% CI = 0.017 to 0.954). Current evidence suggests that the likelihood of harm from using sunscreens containing nanoparticles might result in higher urinary 8-OHdG. However, our limited number and types of sample cosmetics might underestimate the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Research Center for Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Wen-Che Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Meng-Han Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Jung-Wei Chang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2826-7948; Fax: +886-2-2827-8254
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Morlando A, Chaki Borrás M, Rehman Y, Bakand S, Barker P, Sluyter R, Konstantinov K. Development of CeO 2 nanodot encrusted TiO 2 nanoparticles with reduced photocatalytic activity and increased biocompatibility towards a human keratinocyte cell line. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4016-4028. [PMID: 32347289 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly wavelengths between 320-400 nm, has raised concern over their safe use in health and cosmetic related products such as sunscreens. Cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have been demonstrated to display biocompatible properties and antioxidant activity due to redox cycling of the Ce3+/Ce4+ oxidation states. In this work, CeO2/TiO2 nanocomposites were prepared through a standard precipitation method at atomic concentrations (at%) of Ce relative to Ti of 2.5, 5 and 10 at%, with the aim of reducing the photocatalytic activity of the core TiO2 nanoparticles and improve biocompatibility. The UV absorptive properties of the nanocomposite samples revealed excellent absorbance across the UV region as compared to pristine TiO2 and CeO2. Furthermore, a drastic reduction in the photocatalysed decomposition of crystal violet, when in the presence of the nanocomposite samples, under both UV and solar simulated light was observed compared to the highly photoactive pristine TiO2. An optimal CeO2 nanodot loading, displaying both high UV attenuation and low photocatalytic performance was determined at 5 at% and further in vitro biological testing revealed minimal impact on the cell viability of the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) over a 24 h period with and without prior exposure to UV irradiation. In contrast, pristine TiO2 nanoparticles induced toxicity to HaCaT cells with prior UV exposure before incubation, particularly at a dosage of 100 mg L-1. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of CeO2 nanodots in improving biocompatibility and its potential as a coating material for active inorganic UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Morlando
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marcela Chaki Borrás
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia and Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yaser Rehman
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shahnaz Bakand
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia and School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Philip Barker
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia and Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Konstantin Konstantinov
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Qiao Y, Dong H, Zhang X. A Versatile Sunscreen with Minimal ROS Damage and Low Permeability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6217-6225. [PMID: 31920066 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic and inorganic ultraviolet (UV) filters possess themselves advantages, while they suffer from different limitations including photostability, penetration, and cytotoxicity. Integrating organic and inorganic UV filters in a single unit holds great potential for enhanced UV protection. Herein, the dendritic silicon dioxide microspheres (DSMs) are encapsulated with Bi2Ti2O7 nanocomposites (BTO-DSMs), an inorganic filter, and decorated with organic filters including sinapoyl malate (SM) and baicalin (BS/BTO-DSM) to enhance UV protection while significantly reducing ROS and skin permeability under UV exposure. The inorganic BTO-DSM component presents an expanded UV shield range and suppressed photocatalytic properties while preventing the organic filter SM direct contact with the epidermis and penetration behaviors. The baicalin efficiently scavenges the generated ROS from SM and reduces the transmittance of blue light. Notably, the results show that the proposed combined system significantly broadens the UV absorption region. Thus, the BS/BTO-DSM presents advanced in vitro anti-UV performance and in vivo UV protection against keratinocyte apoptosis and epidermal hyperplasia without long-term toxicity. The excellent anti-UV properties coupling with the suppressed photocatalytic capability and minimal epidermal penetration of BS/BTO-DSM make it promising for skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Qiao
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , 30 Xueyuan Road , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , 30 Xueyuan Road , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , 30 Xueyuan Road , Beijing 100083 , China
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Roach KA, Stefaniak AB, Roberts JR. Metal nanomaterials: Immune effects and implications of physicochemical properties on sensitization, elicitation, and exacerbation of allergic disease. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:87-124. [PMID: 31195861 PMCID: PMC6649684 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1605553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent surge in incorporation of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterials into consumer products and their corresponding use in occupational settings have raised concerns over the potential for metals to induce size-specific adverse toxicological effects. Although nano-metals have been shown to induce greater lung injury and inflammation than their larger metal counterparts, their size-related effects on the immune system and allergic disease remain largely unknown. This knowledge gap is particularly concerning since metals are historically recognized as common inducers of allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, and allergic adjuvancy. The investigation into the potential for adverse immune effects following exposure to metal nanomaterials is becoming an area of scientific interest since these characteristically lightweight materials are easily aerosolized and inhaled, and their small size may allow for penetration of the skin, which may promote unique size-specific immune effects with implications for allergic disease. Additionally, alterations in physicochemical properties of metals in the nano-scale greatly influence their interactions with components of biological systems, potentially leading to implications for inducing or exacerbating allergic disease. Although some research has been directed toward addressing these concerns, many aspects of metal nanomaterial-induced immune effects remain unclear. Overall, more scientific knowledge exists in regards to the potential for metal nanomaterials to exacerbate allergic disease than to their potential to induce allergic disease. Furthermore, effects of metal nanomaterial exposure on respiratory allergy have been more thoroughly-characterized than their potential influence on dermal allergy. Current knowledge regarding metal nanomaterials and their potential to induce/exacerbate dermal and respiratory allergy are summarized in this review. In addition, an examination of several remaining knowledge gaps and considerations for future studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Roach
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
- b School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- c Respiratory Health Division (RHD) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
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Dréno B, Alexis A, Chuberre B, Marinovich M. Safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetics. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33 Suppl 7:34-46. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dréno
- Onco‐Dermatology Department CHU Nantes CRCINA University Nantes Nantes France
| | - A. Alexis
- Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - B. Chuberre
- L'Oréal Cosmetique Active International Levallois‐Perret France
| | - M. Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences University of Milan Milan Italy
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Lohan SB, Vitt K, Scholz P, Keck CM, Meinke MC. ROS production and glutathione response in keratinocytes after application of β-carotene and VIS/NIR irradiation. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 280:1-7. [PMID: 29203372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The skin is exposed to many stress factors which, in turn, can promote a shift of the antioxidant (AO) network towards the prooxidative side, supporting the development of various skin disorders. A balanced diet, in combination with a healthy lifestyle could reduce oxidative stress. Carotenoids are essential nonenzymatic AOs and main components of the exogenous AO system. To examine the interdependence between endogenous and exogenous AOs, secondary keratinocytes (HaCaT) were treated with various Beta (β-)-carotene concentrations with subsequent stress treatment by moderate irradiation (700-2000 nm). To facilitate the uptake of β-carotene, an innovative nanocrystal solution was used. Cell viability assay was applied to HaCaT cells to evaluate suitable concentration of β-carotene, whereby the uptake was measured by resonant Raman spectroscopy. The redox status was determined before and after supplementation with two selected β-carotene concentrations (0.02 and 0.1 μg/ml) and irradiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and the AO glutathione (GSH) by a fluorescent-based assay for evaluating the endogenous redox status. An increase of ROS and a reduction of GSH after irradiation was observed. Interestingly, the applied β-carotene, already induce oxidative stress. Nevertheless, an effective protection against irradiation could be observed for the lower dose. The high dose turned pro-oxidative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke B Lohan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kristina Vitt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
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Zaccariello G, Back M, Zanello M, Canton P, Cattaruzza E, Riello P, Alimonti A, Benedetti A. Formation and Controlled Growth of Bismuth Titanate Phases into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: An Efficient Self-Sealing Nanosystem for UV Filtering in Cosmetic Formulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:1913-1921. [PMID: 28001044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanosized inorganic UV filters in cosmetic field is limited by their high photocatalytic properties that could induce the degradation or dangerous transformation of the organic molecules in sunscreen formulations. To overcome this problem and simultaneously enlarge the window of filter's absorption, we propose the growth of bismuth titanates BixTiyOz into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN). We investigated the chemical-physical properties by means of XRPD, TEM, UV-vis spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, XPS, and SF-ICP-MS analysis, while the influence on the environment was evaluated through photocatalytic tests. The growing process of this new nanosystem is discussed underlining the key role of the Bi3+ ion that, acting as a low-melting point agent for the silica framework, led to a self-sealing mechanism. The excellent UV shielding properties combined with a radical suppression of the photocatalytic activity make the proposed nanosystem a perfect candidate for the development of the next generation nanomaterials for sunscreen formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zaccariello
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems and Centro di Microscopia Elettronica "Giovanni Stevanato", Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia , Via Torino 155/b, Venezia-Mestre I-30172, Italy
| | - Michele Back
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems and Centro di Microscopia Elettronica "Giovanni Stevanato", Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia , Via Torino 155/b, Venezia-Mestre I-30172, Italy
| | - Marta Zanello
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems and Centro di Microscopia Elettronica "Giovanni Stevanato", Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia , Via Torino 155/b, Venezia-Mestre I-30172, Italy
| | - Patrizia Canton
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems and Centro di Microscopia Elettronica "Giovanni Stevanato", Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia , Via Torino 155/b, Venezia-Mestre I-30172, Italy
| | - Elti Cattaruzza
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems and Centro di Microscopia Elettronica "Giovanni Stevanato", Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia , Via Torino 155/b, Venezia-Mestre I-30172, Italy
| | - Pietro Riello
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems and Centro di Microscopia Elettronica "Giovanni Stevanato", Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia , Via Torino 155/b, Venezia-Mestre I-30172, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alimonti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Bioelement and Health Unit, Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health , Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Alvise Benedetti
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems and Centro di Microscopia Elettronica "Giovanni Stevanato", Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia , Via Torino 155/b, Venezia-Mestre I-30172, Italy
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Phenolic Melatonin-Related Compounds: Their Role as Chemical Protectors against Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111442. [PMID: 27801875 PMCID: PMC6274579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no doubt about the serious threat that oxidative stress (OS) poses to human health. Therefore, a crucial strategy to maintain a good health status is to identify molecules capable of offering protection against OS through chemical routes. Based on the known efficiency of the phenolic and melatonin (MLT) families of compounds as antioxidants, it is logical to assume that phenolic MLT-related compounds should be (at least) equally efficient. Unfortunately, they have been less investigated than phenols, MLT and its non-phenolic metabolites in this context. The evidence reviewed here strongly suggests that MLT phenolic derivatives can act as both primary and secondary antioxidants, exerting their protection through diverse chemical routes. They all seem to be better free radical scavengers than MLT and Trolox, while some of them also surpass ascorbic acid and resveratrol. However, there are still many aspects that deserve further investigations for this kind of compounds.
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In vivo biodistribution and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of inhaled fresh and aged cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:45. [PMID: 27542346 PMCID: PMC4992249 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles used as a diesel fuel additive can be emitted into the ambient air leading to human inhalation. Although biological studies have shown CeO2 nanoparticles can cause adverse health effects, the extent of the biodistribution of CeO2 nanoparticles through inhalation has not been well characterized. Furthermore, freshly emitted CeO2 nanoparticles can undergo an aging process by interaction with other ambient airborne pollutants that may influence the biodistribution after inhalation. Therefore, understanding the pharmacokinetic of newly-generated and atmospherically-aged CeO2 nanoparticles is needed to assess the risks to human health. Methods A novel experimental system was designed to integrate the generation, aging, and inhalation exposure of Sprague Dawley rats to combustion-generated CeO2 nanoparticles (25 and 90 nm bimodal distribution). Aging was done in a chamber representing typical ambient urban air conditions with UV lights. Following a single 4-hour nose-only exposure to freshly emitted or aged CeO2 for 15 min, 24 h, and 7 days, ICP-MS detection of Ce in the blood, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, brain, olfactory bulb, urine, and feces were analyzed with a mass balance approach to gain an overarching understanding of the distribution. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that includes mucociliary clearance, phagocytosis, and entry into the systemic circulation by alveolar wall penetration was developed to predict the biodistribution kinetic of the inhaled CeO2 nanoparticles. Results Cerium was predominantly recovered in the lungs and feces, with extrapulmonary organs contributing less than 4 % to the recovery rate at 24 h post exposure. No significant differences in biodistribution patterns were found between fresh and aged CeO2 nanoparticles. The PBPK model predicted the biodistribution well and identified phagocytizing cells in the pulmonary region accountable for most of the nanoparticles not eliminated by feces. Conclusions The biodistribution of fresh and aged CeO2 nanoparticles followed the same patterns, with the highest amounts recovered in the feces and lungs. The slow decrease of nanoparticle concentrations in the lungs can be explained by clearance to the gastrointestinal tract and then to the feces. The PBPK model successfully predicted the kinetic of CeO2 nanoparticles in various organs measured in this study and suggested most of the nanoparticles were captured by phagocytizing cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0156-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Lu CF, Yuan XY, Li LZ, Zhou W, Zhao J, Wang YM, Peng SQ. Combined exposure to nano-silica and lead induced potentiation of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human lung epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:537-544. [PMID: 26432026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has confirmed that exposure to ambient particulate matters (PM) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Ambient PM is a complex mixture of particles and air pollutants. Harmful effects of PM are specifically associated with ultrafine particles (UFPs) that can adsorb high concentrations of toxic air pollutants and are easily inhaled into the lungs. However, combined effects of UFPs and air pollutants on human health remain unclear. In the present study, we elucidated the combined toxicity of silica nanoparticles (nano-SiO2), a typical UFP, and lead acetate (Pb), a typical air pollutant. Lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were exposed to nano-SiO2 and Pb alone or their combination, and their combined toxicity was investigated by focusing on cellular oxidative stress and DNA damage. Factorial analyses were performed to determine the potential interactions between nano-SiO2 and Pb. Our results showed that exposure of A549 cells to a modest cytotoxic concentration of Pb alone induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. In addition, exposure of A549 cells to Pb alone induced DNA damage, as evaluated by alkaline comet assay. Exposure of A549 cells to non-cytotoxic concentration of nano-SiO2 did not induce cellular oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, exposure to the combination of nano-SiO2 and Pb potentiated oxidative stress and DNA damage in A549 cells. Factorial analyses indicated that the potentiation of combined toxicity of nano-SiO2 and Pb was induced by additive or synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Feng Lu
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yuan
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Li-Zhong Li
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yi-Mei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China.
| | - Shuang-Qing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China.
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13
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Caputo F, De Nicola M, Sienkiewicz A, Giovanetti A, Bejarano I, Licoccia S, Traversa E, Ghibelli L. Cerium oxide nanoparticles, combining antioxidant and UV shielding properties, prevent UV-induced cell damage and mutagenesis. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15643-56. [PMID: 26349675 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Efficient inorganic UV shields, mostly based on refracting TiO2 particles, have dramatically changed the sun exposure habits. Unfortunately, health concerns have emerged from the pro-oxidant photocatalytic effect of UV-irradiated TiO2, which mediates toxic effects on cells. Therefore, improvements in cosmetic solar shield technology are a strong priority. CeO2 nanoparticles are not only UV refractors but also potent biological antioxidants due to the surface 3+/4+ valency switch, which confers anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing and therapeutic properties. Herein, UV irradiation protocols were set up, allowing selective study of the extra-shielding effects of CeO2vs. TiO2 nanoparticles on reporter cells. TiO2 irradiated with UV (especially UVA) exerted strong photocatalytic effects, superimposing their pro-oxidant, cell-damaging and mutagenic action when induced by UV, thereby worsening the UV toxicity. On the contrary, irradiated CeO2 nanoparticles, via their Ce(3+)/Ce(4+) redox couple, exerted impressive protection on UV-treated cells, by buffering oxidation, preserving viability and proliferation, reducing DNA damage and accelerating repair; strikingly, they almost eliminated mutagenesis, thus acting as an important tool to prevent skin cancer. Interestingly, CeO2 nanoparticles also protect cells from the damage induced by irradiated TiO2, suggesting that these two particles may also complement their effects in solar lotions. CeO2 nanoparticles, which intrinsically couple UV shielding with biological and genetic protection, appear to be ideal candidates for next-generation sun shields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Caputo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
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14
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Ryu HJ, Seong NW, So BJ, Seo HS, Kim JH, Hong JS, Park MK, Kim MS, Kim YR, Cho KB, Seo MY, Kim MK, Maeng EH, Son SW. Evaluation of silica nanoparticle toxicity after topical exposure for 90 days. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 2:127-36. [PMID: 25565831 PMCID: PMC4279761 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s57929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica is a very common material that can be found in both crystalline and amorphous forms. Well-known toxicities of the lung can occur after exposure to the crystalline form of silica. However, the toxicities of the amorphous form of silica have not been thoroughly studied. The majority of in vivo studies of amorphous silica nanoparticles (NPs) were performed using an inhalation exposure method. Since silica NPs can be commonly administered through the skin, a study of dermal silica toxicity was necessary to determine any harmful effects from dermal exposures. The present study focused on the results of systemic toxicity after applying 20 nm colloidal silica NPs on rat skin for 90 days, in accordance with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development test guideline 411 with a good laboratory practice system. Unlike the inhalation route or gastrointestinal route, the contact of silica NPs through skin did not result in any toxicity or any change in internal organs up to a dose of 2,000 mg/kg in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jung Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nak-won Seong
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Byoung Joon So
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-sik Seo
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Jun-ho Kim
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Sup Hong
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Myeong-kyu Park
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Cho
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Shinheung College, Uijeongbu, South Korea
| | - Mu Yeb Seo
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Meyoung-Kon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ho Maeng
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Sang Wook Son
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Vogt A, Rancan F, Ahlberg S, Nazemi B, Choe CS, Darvin ME, Hadam S, Blume-Peytavi U, Loza K, Diendorf J, Epple M, Graf C, Rühl E, Meinke MC, Lademann J. Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:2363-2373. [PMID: 25551064 PMCID: PMC4273260 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of nanoparticle interactions with tissues is complex. High levels of standardization, ideally testing of different material types in the same biological model, and combinations of sensitive imaging and detection methods are required. Here, we present our studies on nanoparticle interactions with skin, skin cells, and biological media. Silica, titanium dioxide and silver particles were chosen as representative examples for different types of skin exposure to nanomaterials, e.g., unintended environmental exposure (silica) versus intended exposure through application of sunscreen (titanium dioxide) or antiseptics (silver). Because each particle type exhibits specific physicochemical properties, we were able to apply different combinations of methods to examine skin penetration and cellular uptake, including optical microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy on cells and tissue sections, flow cytometry of isolated skin cells as well as Raman microscopy on whole tissue blocks. In order to assess the biological relevance of such findings, cell viability and free radical production were monitored on cells and in whole tissue samples. The combination of technologies and the joint discussion of results enabled us to look at nanoparticle-skin interactions and the biological relevance of our findings from different angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Vogt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahlberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Berouz Nazemi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chun Sik Choe
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Kim Il Sung University, Ryongnam-Dong, Taesong District, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hadam
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Jörg Diendorf
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christina Graf
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Ahlberg S, Meinke MC, Werner L, Epple M, Diendorf J, Blume-Peytavi U, Lademann J, Vogt A, Rancan F. Comparison of silver nanoparticles stored under air or argon with respect to the induction of intracellular free radicals and toxic effects toward keratinocytes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:651-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Graham UM, Tseng MT, Jasinski JB, Yokel RA, Unrine JM, Davis BH, Dozier AK, Hardas SS, Sultana R, Grulke EA, Butterfield DA. In Vivo Processing of Ceria Nanoparticles inside Liver: Impact on Free-Radical Scavenging Activity and Oxidative Stress. Chempluschem 2014; 79:1083-1088. [PMID: 26322251 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of ceria ultimately lies in its electronic structure, which is defined by the crystal structure, composition, and size. Despite previous studies focused on ceria uptake, distribution, biopersistance, and cellular effects, little is known about its chemical and structural stability and solubility once sequestered inside the liver. Mechanisms will be presented that elucidate the in vivo transformation in the liver. In vivo processed ceria reveals a particle-size effect towards the formation of ultrafines, which represent a second generation of ceria. A measurable change in the valence reduction of the second-generation ceria can be linked to an increased free-radical scavenging potential. The in vivo processing of the ceria nanoparticles in the liver occurs in temporal relation to the brain cellular and protein clearance responses that stem from the ceria uptake. This information is critical to establish a possible link between cellular processes and the observed in vivo transformation of ceria. The temporal linkage between the reversal of the pro-oxidant effect (brain) and ceria transformation (liver) suggests a cause-effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uschi M Graham
- Center for Applied Energy Research and Catalysis Research and Testing Center, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511 (USA)
| | - Michael T Tseng
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40204 (USA)
| | - Jacek B Jasinski
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40204 (USA)
| | - Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
| | - Burtron H Davis
- Center for Applied Energy Research and Catalysis Research and Testing Center, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511 (USA)
| | - Alan K Dozier
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH 45226 (USA)
| | - Sarita S Hardas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
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