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Dhanalakshmi M, Dhanze H, Bhilegaonkar KN, Mote A, Gupta I, Agri H, Di Bari C, Singh BB. Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus in pig populations of Tamil Nadu, India: Exploring the tropical endemic link of virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:102189. [PMID: 38718722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of encephalitis in Southeast Asia. Tamil Nadu, a state located in the southern part of India, contributes substantially to the national burden of human JE cases every year. However, limited information is available on the epidemiology of JE in pig populations of Tamil Nadu. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess JEV prevalence in pig populations of Tamil Nadu. A total of 710 pigs reared in 118 farms across 10 districts of Tamil Nadu were sampled using multistage cluster random sampling. Serum samples were analyzed for their JEV status using Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). At the animal-level, the apparent JEV seroprevalence was 60.4% (95% CI: 56.8% - 64.0%) and the true seroprevalence was 50.1% (95% CI: 47.0% - 53.2%). The herd-level apparent seroprevalence was 94.1% (95% CI: 88.1% - 97.5%) and the true seroprevalence was 93.3% (95% CI: 89.5% - 96.2%). The intensity of JEV circulation was high in all the districts, with seroprevalence ranging between 43% and 100%. Pigs across all age categories were seropositive and a high overall seroprevalence of 95.2% (95% CI: 76.2% - 99.9%) was recorded in pigs older than 12 months. JEV seropositivity was recorded in all the seasons but the prevalence peaked in the monsoon (67.9%, 95% CI: 61.1% - 74.2%) followed by winter (65.1%, 95%CI: 57.4% - 72.2%) and summer (53.3%, 95% CI: 47.8% - 58.8%) seasons. The results indicate that JEV is endemic in pigs populations of the state and a one health approach is essential with collaborative actions from animal and public health authorities to control JE in Tamil Nadu, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dhanalakshmi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India; Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Himani Dhanze
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - K N Bhilegaonkar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akash Mote
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ishita Gupta
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Himani Agri
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Balbir B Singh
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Punjab, India
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Dhanze H, Singh BB, Walsh M, Kumar MS, Kumar A, Bhilegaonkar KN, Brookes VJ. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013-2022. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:429-441. [PMID: 38484761 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in India. Although pigs are considered important hosts and sentinels for JE outbreaks in people, limited information is available on JE virus (JEV) surveillance in pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of JEV seroprevalence and its association with climate variables in 4451 samples from pigs in 10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, over 10 years from 2013 to 2022. The mean seroprevalence of IgG (2013-2022) and IgM (2017-2022) was 14% (95% CI 12.8-15.2) and 10.98% (95% CI 9.8-12.2), respectively. Throughout the region, higher seroprevalence from 2013 to 2017 was observed and was highly variable with no predictable spatio-temporal pattern between districts. Seroprevalence of up to 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur district in 2017 for IgG and IgM was observed, respectively. IgG seroprevalence did not increase with age. Monthly time-series decomposition of IgG and IgM seroprevalence demonstrated annual cyclicity (3-4 peaks) with seasonality (higher, broader peaks in the summer and monsoon periods). However, most variance was due to the overall trend and the random components of the time series. Autoregressive time-series modelling of pigs sampled from Gorakhpur was insufficiently predictive for forecasting; however, an inverse association between humidity (but not rainfall or temperature) was observed. CONCLUSIONS Detection patterns confirm seasonal epidemic periods within year-round endemicity in pigs in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lack of increasing age-associated seroprevalence indicates that JEV might not be immunizing in pigs which needs further investigation because models that inform public health interventions for JEV could be inaccurate if assuming long-term immunity in pigs. Although pigs are considered sentinels for human outbreaks, sufficient timeliness using sero-surveillance in pigs to inform public health interventions to prevent JEV in people will require more nuanced modelling than seroprevalence and broad climate variables alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Dhanze
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balbir B Singh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Michael Walsh
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - M Suman Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Victoria J Brookes
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Kardena IM, Adi AAAM, Astawa INM, Oka IBM, Sahibzada S, Bruce M, O’Dea M. Seroconversion, genotyping, and potential mosquito vector identification of Japanese encephalitis virus in pig sentinel settings in Bali, Indonesia. Vet World 2024; 17:89-98. [PMID: 38406355 PMCID: PMC10884589 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.89-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Despite the endemicity of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in humans and animals in the Province of Bali, Indonesia, there is little data on whether seroconversion to the virus occurs in pigs, JEV genotypes circulating, and it's potential mosquito vectors in the area. The aims of this study were to (i) Determine whether JEV infection in Balinese pigs occurs before reaching their sexual maturity, (ii) identify the genotypes of circulating JEV, and (iii) identify potential JEV mosquito vectors at the study sites in urban and peri-urban areas of Bali. Materials and Methods Sixteen 1-week-old Landrace piglets from two different sows were housed in Denpasar. Similarly, 18 one-week-old mixed-breed piglets of two different sows were housed in Badung Regency. The piglets were bled every 1 to 4 weeks for up to 24 weeks. Serum samples from the 11 piglets were tested for antibodies against JEV, and seroconversion-suspected sera were titrated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood of seroconverted sera from pigs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the genetic sequence of JEV. The mosquitoes in the sentinels were trapped throughout the study period to identify the potential mosquito vectors of JEV. Results Antibodies were detected in most of the selected piglets' sera from weeks 1 to 24 of their age. However, sera of pig B9 collected from the sentinel setting in Badung Regency showed a four-fold increase in antibody titer from week 4 to week 8, indicating seroconversion. PCR testing of blood from B9 (pooled blood sample collected from week 5 to week 8) identified JEV nucleic acids, which were phylogenetically classified as belonging to the JEV genotype III. Meanwhile, 1271 of two genera of mosquitoes, Anopheles spp. and Culex spp. were trapped in the pig sentinels. Conclusion JEV seroconversion likely occurs before the pig reaches sexual maturity in Badung Regency. Sequence data indicate that JEV genotype III is circulating in the pig sentinel setting in the regency; however, circulating genotypes need to be clarified through increased surveillance. Meanwhile, Culex spp. and most likely Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles spp. were the dominant mosquitoes present in the study sites set in the urban area of Denpasar and peri-urban areas of Badung, Bali, indicating that these are likely vectors in spread of JEV in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Made Kardena
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Anak Agung Ayu Mirah Adi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - I Nyoman Mantik Astawa
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Made Oka
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Mark O’Dea
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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Brindle HE, Nadjm B, Choisy M, Christley R, Griffiths M, Baker S, Bryant JE, Campbell JI, Nguyen VVC, Nguyen TND, Vu TTH, Nguyen VH, Hoang BL, Le XL, Pham HM, Ta TDN, Ho DTN, Tran TN, Nguyen THN, Tran MP, Pham THP, Le VT, Nguyen DT, Hau TTT, Nguyen NV, Wertheim HFL, Thwaites GE, van Doorn HR. Aetiology and Potential Animal Exposure in Central Nervous System Infections in Vietnam. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:463-474. [PMID: 36227390 PMCID: PMC9558024 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01611-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 73% of emerging infections are zoonotic in origin, with animal contact and encroachment on their habitats increasing the risk of spill-over events. In Vietnam, close exposure to a wide range of animals and animal products can lead to acquisition of zoonotic pathogens, a number of which cause central nervous system (CNS) infections. However, studies show the aetiology of CNS infections remains unknown in around half of cases. We used samples and data from hospitalised patients with CNS infections, enrolled into the Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections multicentre study, to determine the association between aetiology and animal contact including those in whom the cause was unknown. Among 933 patients, a pathogen or an antibody response to it was identified in 291 (31.2%, 95% CI 28.3-34.3%). The most common pathogens were Streptococcus suis (n = 91 (9.8%, 8.0-11.9%)) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) (n = 72 (7.7%, 6.1-9.7%)). Commonly reported animal contact included keeping, raising or handling (n = 364 (39.0%, 35.9-42.2%)) and handling, cooking or consuming raw meat, blood or viscera in the 2 weeks prior to symptom onset (n = 371 (39.8%, 36.6-43.0%)), with the latter most commonly from pigs (n = 343 (36.9%, 33.8-40.1%). There was no association between an unknown aetiology and exposure to animals in a multivariate logistic regression. Further testing for unknown or undetected pathogens may increase diagnostic yield, however, given the high proportion of zoonotic pathogens and the presence of risk factors, increasing public awareness about zoonoses and preventive measures can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Brindle
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and National Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Behzad Nadjm
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Serekunda, The Gambia
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rob Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and National Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Griffiths
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and National Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James I Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Ty Thi Hang Vu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Bao Long Hoang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Luat Le
- National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha My Pham
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - My Phuc Tran
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Van Tan Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Thi Thu Trang Hau
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Group 2, AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Heiman F L Wertheim
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Modelling Japanese encephalitis virus transmission dynamics and human exposure in a Cambodian rural multi-host system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010572. [PMID: 35816555 PMCID: PMC9302853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne zoonosis and the leading cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia. Its transmission cycle is usually described as involving wild birds as reservoirs and pigs as amplifying hosts. JE is endemic in Cambodia, where it circulates in areas with low pig densities (<70 pigs per km2), and could be maintained in a multi-host system composed of pigs, but also poultry as competent hosts, and dogs, cattle and humans as non-competent hosts. We used a mathematical model representing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission in a traditional Cambodian village that we calibrated with field data collected in 3 districts of Kandal province, Cambodia. First, R0 calculations allowed us to assess the capacity of the epidemiological system to be invaded by JEV and sustain virus transmission in villages in the 3 districts, and we predicted human exposure at the epidemiological equilibrium, based on simulations. Changes in spatial density of livestock, in agricultural practices, and epizootics (e.g., African swine fever), can profoundly alter the composition of host communities, which could affect JEV transmission and its impact on human health. In a second step, we then used the model to analyse how host community composition affected R0 and the predicted human exposure. Lastly, we evaluated the potential use of dog JE seroprevalence as an indicator of human exposure to JEV. In the modeled villages, the calculated R0 ranged from 1.07 to 1.38. Once the equilibrium reached, predicted annual probability of human exposure ranged from 9% to 47%, and predicted average age at infection was low, between 2 and 11 years old, highlighting the risk of severe forms of JEV infection and the need to intensify child immunization. According to the model, increasing the proportion of competent hosts induced a decrease in age at infection. The simulations also showed that JEV could invade a multi-host system with no pigs, reinforcing the assumption of poultry acting as reservoirs. Finally, the annual human exposure probability appeared linearly correlated with dog seroprevalence, suggesting that in our specific study area, dog seroprevalence would be a good proxy for human exposure. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is endemic in Cambodia and remains the most common cause of acute viral encephalitis, particularly in children and adolescents. The traditionally described cycle of JEV, involving wild birds as reservoirs, pigs as amplifying hosts and Culex mosquitoes as vectors is questioned, with increasing evidence of a more complex multi-host system involved in areas where densities of pigs are low. In Cambodia, the infection could be maintained in a multi-host system consisting of pigs and poultry as competent hosts, and dogs, cattle and humans as non-competent hosts. We defined a compartmental dynamic model of JEV transmission in a multi-host system representing a rural Cambodian village, to predict human exposure to JEV in the studied area, and to analyse how host community composition may affect human exposure and R0 value. Our theoretical approach showed that variations of the composition of the multi-host system may have an impact on human exposure to JEV, and thus on the disease burden in humans, especially in young children. Besides children vaccination in JEV endemic areas, a proper evaluation of the impact on human health is needed to target prevention actions and reduce JEV burden in Cambodia.
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Pham-Thanh L, Nguyen-Tien T, Magnusson U, Bui VN, Bui AN, Lundkvist Å, Vu DT, Tran SH, Can MX, Nguyen-Viet H, Lindahl JF. Zoonotic Flavivirus Exposure in Peri-Urban and Suburban Pig-Keeping in Hanoi, Vietnam, and the Knowledge and Preventive Practices of Pig Farmers. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7050079. [PMID: 35622706 PMCID: PMC9143339 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7050079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs), including those caused by flaviviruses, remain human health problems for developing and urbanizing economies. This cross-sectional study examined risks of flavivirus exposure through a survey regarding knowledge and practices of pig farmers, and serological analysis of pigs in peri-urban and suburban Hanoi city. A total of 636 pig sera from 179 pig farms in 4 districts, namely, Chuong My, Dan Phuong, Ha Dong, and Bac Tu Liem, were analyzed by a competitive ELISA designed for flavivirus antibody detection. The results indicated a low level of awareness about MBDs among pig farmers, and a high seroprevalence in pigs at 88.5% (95%CI = 85.8–90.9%). Moreover, common practices of pig owners to prevent mosquitoes at home and farm did not show a significant reduction in flavivirus exposure in pigs. At animal level, significant associations between seropositive pigs and the farms with more than 60 pigs, and the district location were found. Farm-level multivariable analysis did not identify significant risk factors for flavivirus exposure. The study suggests that improving awareness of pig owners about MBDs in Hanoi city may be warranted to reduce the risk for MBD flavivirus infections in both humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pham-Thanh
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-934-109-999
| | - Thang Nguyen-Tien
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.N.B.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Anh Ngoc Bui
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.N.B.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Duoc Trong Vu
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (D.T.V.); (S.H.T.)
| | - Son Hai Tran
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (D.T.V.); (S.H.T.)
| | - Minh Xuan Can
- Hanoi Sub-Department of Livestock Production and Animal Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Talukdar A, Hazarika RA, Bora DP, Pegu SR, Talukdar P, Kader NA, Mohakud SS, Deka NJ, Lindahl JF. Sero-Prevalence of West Nile Virus in Urban and Peri-Urban Poultry Farms of Guwahati, India. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.792857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic, emerging mosquito-borne virus which can cause severe disease in the form of encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis in humans. In Assam, northeast India, arboviruses seem to be re-emerging, however, WNV has been little studied. The present investigation was carried out from April, 2018 to March, 2019 to study sero-positivity of WNV in chicken in urban and peri-urban areas of Guwahati, the capital city of Assam. Four urban and four peri-urban areas of Guwahati were selected. A total of 864 chicken serum samples (72 samples per month) were screened by ELISA and further confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI), which revealed that 3.13% of the chickens had been exposed to WNV, with 0.69% sero-positivity in urban areas compared to 5.56% in peri-urban. Peak sero-prevalence of WNV were reported during the month of July and August with 8.33% each with lowest sero-prevalence being recorded in November (1.39%) and no sero-positive birds from December to April. These results indicate that WNV is one of the actively circulating flaviviruses in Assam, and human febrile and encephalitic cases should be screened for the disease.
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Dhanze H, Hussain M, Mehta D, Kumar MS, Gandham R, Gupta M, Barua AG, Suresh KP, Singh B. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Japanese encephalitis virus infection in swine population of Assam, India. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.359788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Zhu J, Chen Z, Dai Z, Zhou X, Wang H, Li X, Zhao A, Yang S. Molecular Cloning of Alternative Splicing Variants of the Porcine PML Gene and Its Expression Patterns During Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:757978. [PMID: 34888375 PMCID: PMC8649775 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.757978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is a crucial component of PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). PML and PML-NBs are involved in the regulation of various cellular functions, including the antiviral immune response. The human PML gene can generate several different isoforms through alternative splicing. However, little is known about the porcine PML alternative splicing isoforms and their expression profiles during Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. In the present study, we cloned seven mature transcripts of porcine PML, all of which contained the same N-terminal sequence but differed in the C-terminal sequences due to alternative splicing. These seven transcripts encoded five proteins all of which had the RBCC motif and sumoylation sites. Amino acid sequence homology analysis showed that porcine PML-1 had relatively high levels of identity with human, cattle, and goat homologs (76.21, 77.17, and 77.05%, respectively), and low identity with the mouse homolog (61.78%). Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the typical PML-NBs could be observed after overexpression of the five PML isoforms in PK15 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed significant upregulation of PML isoforms and PML-NB-associated genes (Daxx and SP100) at 36 and 48 h post-infection (hpi). Western blotting analysis indicated that the PML isoforms were upregulated during the late stage of infection. Moreover, the number of PML-NBs was increased after JEV infection. These results suggest that porcine PML isoforms may play essential roles in JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ayong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songbai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Kardena IM, Adi AAAM, Astawa NM, O'Dea M, Laurence M, Sahibzada S, Bruce M. Japanese encephalitis in Bali, Indonesia: ecological and socio-cultural perspectives. Int J Vet Sci Med 2021; 9:31-43. [PMID: 34589543 PMCID: PMC8451599 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2021.1975879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of cases of acute encephalitis syndrome, a key presenting clinical sign of Japanese encephalitis infection in humans, along with increasing laboratory confirmed cases in Bali over recent years have led to the Indonesian government developing a national program of vaccination against Japanese encephalitis virus. In order to inform multidisciplinary management, a review was conducted to assess Japanese encephalitis virus-related cases in humans and animals including their determinants and detection in vectors. Along with published literature, key data from local authorized officers in Bali have been used to convey the recent situation of the disease. Related surveys detected up to 92% of the local children had antibodies against the virus with the annual incidence estimated to be 7.1 per 100,000 children. Additionally, reports on young and adult cases of infection within international travellers infected in Bali were documented with both non-fatal and fatal outcomes. Further seroprevalence surveys detected up to 90% with antibodies to the virus in animal reservoirs. The detection of the virus in certain Culex mosquito species and high levels of seropositivity may be associated with greater risk of the virus transmission to the human population. It was also highlighted that local sociocultural practices for agriculture and livestock were potentially associated with the high density of the vector and the reservoirs, which then may lead to the risk of the disease transmission in the ecology of Bali.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Made Kardena
- Department of Biopathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.,School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Anak Agung Ayu Mirah Adi
- Department of Biopathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Nyoman Mantik Astawa
- Department of Biopathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Dpird Diagnostics and Laboratory Services, Sustainability and Biosecurity, South Perth, Western Australia
| | - Michael Laurence
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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Ha TV, Kim W, Nguyen-Tien T, Lindahl J, Nguyen-Viet H, Thi NQ, Nguyen HV, Unger F, Lee HS. Spatial distribution of Culex mosquito abundance and associated risk factors in Hanoi, Vietnam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009497. [PMID: 34153065 PMCID: PMC8248591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the major cause of viral encephalitis (VE) in most Asian-Pacific countries. In Vietnam, there is no nationwide surveillance system for JE due to lack of medical facilities and diagnoses. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui, and Culex quinquefasciatus have been identified as the major JE vectors in Vietnam. The main objective of this study was to forecast a risk map of Culex mosquitoes in Hanoi, which is one of the most densely populated cities in Vietnam. A total of 10,775 female adult Culex mosquitoes were collected from 513 trapping locations. We collected temperature and precipitation information during the study period and its preceding month. In addition, the other predictor variables (e.g., normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], land use/land cover and human population density), were collected for our analysis. The final model selected for estimating the Culex mosquito abundance included centered rainfall, quadratic term rainfall, rice cover ratio, forest cover ratio, and human population density variables. The estimated spatial distribution of Culex mosquito abundance ranged from 0 to more than 150 mosquitoes per 900m2. Our model estimated that 87% of the Hanoi area had an abundance of mosquitoes from 0 to 50, whereas approximately 1.2% of the area showed more than 100 mosquitoes, which was mostly in the rural/peri-urban districts. Our findings provide better insight into understanding the spatial distribution of Culex mosquitoes and its associated environmental risk factors. Such information can assist local clinicians and public health policymakers to identify potential areas of risk for JE virus. Risk maps can be an efficient way of raising public awareness about the virus and further preventive measures need to be considered in order to prevent outbreaks and onwards transmission of JE virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen V. Ha
- Faculty of Resources Management, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Wonkook Kim
- Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | | | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quang Thi
- Faculty of Resources Management, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Huy Van Nguyen
- Faculty of Resources Management, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam
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12
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Henriksson E, Söderberg R, Ström Hallenberg G, Kroesna K, Ly S, Sear B, Unger F, Tum S, Nguyen-Viet H, Lindahl JF. Japanese Encephalitis in Small-Scale Pig Farming in Rural Cambodia: Pig Seroprevalence and Farmer Awareness. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050578. [PMID: 34068673 PMCID: PMC8150308 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in Cambodia, but circulation of JE virus (JEV) among domestic pigs has previously only been studied in the southern part of the country. The main purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of JEV antibodies in smallholder pigs held in rural areas of Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Ratanakiri, and Stung Treng provinces, northeastern Cambodia. Another purpose was to identify possible associations between serologic status and other factors, such as reproductive disorders, and to investigate the farmers’ knowledge of mosquito-borne diseases and use of preventive measures. In October 2019, 139 households were visited throughout the study area, and 242 pigs were sampled for blood. The sera were analysed with ELISA for JEV antibodies. Household representatives were interviewed, and data were recorded for each sampled pig. The apparent seroprevalence was 89.1% in pigs between 3 and 6 months of age, and 100% in pigs over 6 months of age. In total, 93.0% of the pigs tested positive. Province appeared to be the only factor significantly associated with serologic status (p < 0.001). Almost all (97.8%) respondents knew that mosquitos could transmit diseases, and 70.5% had heard of JE. However, only one respondent knew that JEV is transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Very few respondents knew that pigs can become infected with JEV, and no one knew that mosquitos transmit the virus. All families used some sort of mosquito protection for themselves, but only 15.1% protected their pigs from mosquito bites. The children were vaccinated against JE in 93 households, while adults only were vaccinated in eight households. The results suggest that JEV transmission is intense in northeastern Cambodia, and that people’s knowledge about the transmission route of JEV and the role of pigs in the transmission cycle is low. Fortunately, people are well aware of mosquito-borne diseases in general and use mosquito protection, and many children are vaccinated against JE. Nonetheless, it is important that national vaccination is continued, and that people—especially in rural areas where pigs are commonly kept—are educated on the ecology and transmission of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Henriksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.H.); (R.S.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Rebecca Söderberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.H.); (R.S.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Gunilla Ström Hallenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.H.); (R.S.); (G.S.H.)
- Public Health Agency Sweden, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kang Kroesna
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (K.K.); (S.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Sokong Ly
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (K.K.); (S.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Borin Sear
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (K.K.); (S.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Fred Unger
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100 000, Vietnam; (F.U.); (H.N.-V.)
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh 12350, Cambodia;
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100 000, Vietnam; (F.U.); (H.N.-V.)
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.H.); (R.S.); (G.S.H.)
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100 000, Vietnam; (F.U.); (H.N.-V.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Ladreyt H, Auerswald H, Tum S, Ken S, Heng L, In S, Lay S, Top C, Ly S, Duong V, Dussart P, Durand B, Chevalier V. Comparison of Japanese Encephalitis Force of Infection in Pigs, Poultry and Dogs in Cambodian Villages. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090719. [PMID: 32882890 PMCID: PMC7558861 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the main cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia, with a mortality rate reaching 30%, mostly affecting children. The traditionally described cycle involving wild birds as reservoirs, pigs as amplifying hosts and Culex mosquitoes as vectors is questioned, with increasing evidence of a more complex multi-host system involved in areas where densities of pigs are low, such as in Cambodia. In 2018, we examined pigs, chickens, ducks and dogs from Kandal province, Cambodia, for antibody response against JEV by hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. Forces of infection (FOI) for flaviviruses and JEV were estimated per species and per unit of body surface area (BSA). JEV seroprevalence reached 31% (95% CI: 23-41%) in pigs, 1% (95% CI: 0.1-3%) in chickens, 12% (95% CI: 7-19%) in ducks and 35% (95% CI: 28-42%) in dogs. Pigs were most likely to be infected (FOI: 0.09 per month), but the FOI was higher in ducks than in pigs for a given BSA (ratio of 0.13). Dogs had a lower FOI than ducks but a higher FOI than chickens (0.01 per month). For a given BSA, dogs were less likely to be infected than pigs (ratio of 1.9). In Cambodia, the virus may be circulating between multiple hosts. Dogs live in close contact with humans, and estimating their exposure to JEV infection could be a relevant indicator of the risk for humans to get infected, which is poorly known due to underdiagnosis. Understanding the JEV cycle and developing tools to quantify the exposure of humans is essential to adapt and support control measures for this vaccine-preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Ladreyt
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (H.L.); (B.D.)
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate for Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Sreymom Ken
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Leangyi Heng
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Saraden In
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sokchea Lay
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Chakriyouth Top
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (H.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
- Correspondence:
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14
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Kumar HBC, Dhanze H, Bhilegaonkar KN, Chakurkar EB, Kumar A, Yathish HM. Serological evidence of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pigs in a low human incidence state, Goa, India. Prev Vet Med 2020; 175:104882. [PMID: 31945550 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). It is a leading cause of encephalitis in humans especially children in Asia. Aquatic wading birds are the reservoirs and pigs serve as amplifying hosts for JEV. Humans and horses are dead-end hosts. JE is endemic in several states of India. Goa, a small state on the west coast of India, had witnessed JE outbreaks in the past and as on date human JE cases are reported sporadically. Although human JE cases are well documented in Goa, the status of JEV exposure of pigs has not been well documented. Hence the present study was undertaken with an objective of identifying JEV exposure in the pig population of Goa state in the light of declining human JE cases. To achieve the objective, between January 2017 and May 2019, serum samples from 666 pigs were screened using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of anti-JEV IgG. The apparent prevalence of anti-JEV IgG in pigs was found to be 7.1 % (95 % confidence interval 5.3 %-9.3 %) and true prevalence was 4.6 % (95 % confidence interval 2.7 %-7.1 %). The seroprevalence of JE recorded in pigs of Goa state was low compared to other endemic states in India, which may also be one of the reasons for the lower prevalence of human JE cases in Goa state. Univariate analysis revealed that the age of the pigs and district did not significantly influence the JE seroprevalence in pigs of Goa state. However, in multivariable logistic regression, the North Goa district was found to significantly (p = 0.017) influence the JE seroprevalence in pigs. The study identified that JEV is still circulating in the Goan pig population and hence constant vigil is required to monitor the intensity of JEV circulation in pigs. Besides forewarning possible human outbreaks in the locality, evidence of JEV exposure in pig population provides valuable data on the magnitude and extent of geographical spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Chethan Kumar
- ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Old Goa, Goa, 403402, India.
| | - H Dhanze
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - K N Bhilegaonkar
- Training and Education Centre, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 005, India.
| | - E B Chakurkar
- ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Old Goa, Goa, 403402, India.
| | - A Kumar
- Division of Animal Science, Krishi Bhavan, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 110 114, India.
| | - H M Yathish
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, Karnataka, India.
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Ladreyt H, Durand B, Dussart P, Chevalier V. How Central Is the Domestic Pig in the Epidemiological Cycle of Japanese Encephalitis Virus? A Review of Scientific Evidence and Implications for Disease Control. Viruses 2019; 11:E949. [PMID: 31618959 PMCID: PMC6832429 DOI: 10.3390/v11100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of human vaccines, Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains the leading cause of human encephalitis in Asia. Pigs are described as the main amplifying host, but their role in JE epidemiology needs to be reassessed in order to identify and implement efficient control strategies, for both human and animal health. We aimed to provide a systematic review of publications linked to JE in swine, in terms of both individual and population characteristics of JE virus (JEV) infection and circulation, as well as observed epidemiological patterns. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement to select and analyze relevant articles from the Scopus database, 127 of which were included in the review. Pigs are central, but the implication of secondary hosts cannot be ruled out and should be further investigated. Although human vaccination cannot eradicate the virus, it is clearly the most important means of preventing human disease. However, a better understanding of the actual involvement of domestic pigs as well as other potential JEV hosts in different JEV epidemiological cycles and patterns could help to identify additional/complementary control measures, either by targeting pigs or not, and in some specific epidemiological contexts, contribute to reduce virus circulation and protect humans from JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Ladreyt
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
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Nguyen-Tien T, Lundkvist Å, Lindahl J. Urban transmission of mosquito-borne flaviviruses - a review of the risk for humans in Vietnam. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2019; 9:1660129. [PMID: 31528273 PMCID: PMC6735309 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1660129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vietnam is a tropical country where mosquito-borne diseases are common. This review explores the transmission of mosquito-borne flaviviruses in urban areas of Vietnam. It concludes that urban transmission has mainly been studied for Dengue virus, and so far, much less for Japanese encephalitis virus. Dengue is the most common flavivirus in Vietnam. Due to fast urbanization and favorable climatic conditions, the viral transmission concentrates mainly to large cities with high population density including Ha Noi, Nha Trang and Ho Chi Minh. Human cases of Japanese encephalitis have been controlled by an expanded immunization program. However, this virus is still circulating throughout the country, also in cities due to the pig rearing practices in urban and peri-urban areas. Zika virus is an additional major concern because it has long circulated in the Northern area and is now increasingly diagnosed in urban areas of the Central, Central Highlands and Southern regions using the same mosquito vectors as Dengue virus. There was alarge outbreak of Zika disease from 2016 to early 2017, with most infections observed in Ho Chi Minh city, the largest town in Vietnam. Other flaviviruses circulate in Vietnam but have not been investigated in terms of urban transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang Nguyen-Tien
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Lee HS, Thanh TL, Ly NK, Nguyen-Viet H, Thakur KK, Grace D. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and Japanese encephalitis in swine in ten provinces of Vietnam. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214701. [PMID: 31369564 PMCID: PMC6675114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease with a global distribution, affecting a wide range of mammalian animals and humans. Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is the major vector-borne zoonotic disease in the Asia-Pacific region. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of serovar-specific Leptospira and JE in swine from 10 provinces in Vietnam. METHODS Samples were initially collected for swine influenza surveillance from March to April 2017 at large-scale farms (with at least 50 sows and/or 250 fattening pigs) with pigs that tested positive for influenza in the previous surveillance period (2015-16). FINDINGS A total of 2,000 sera samples were analyzed from 10 provinces. Overall, the seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 21.05% (95% CI: 19.28-22.90) using a cut-off titer of ≥ 1:100. The apparent prevalence of JE was 73.45% (95% CI: 71.46-75.37) while the true prevalence was slightly higher (74.46%, 95% credible interval: 73.73-86.41). We found a relatively high presence of leptospirosis and JE in pigs kept on large farms. Prevalence was comparable with other studies suggesting opportunistic testing of samples collected for other surveillance purposes can be a valuable tool to better understand and prevent the potential transmission of these zoonotic diseases from pigs to people in Vietnam. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence to veterinarians and animal health professionals for evidence-based practice such as diagnosis, vaccination and zoonotic control. Further investigation into the possible role of different domestic animals, wildlife species or environmental factors is needed to identify the potential risk factors and transmission routes in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - To Long Thanh
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, 15/78 Duong Giai Phong-Phuong Mai Dong Da Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Khanh Ly
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, 15/78 Duong Giai Phong-Phuong Mai Dong Da Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Krishna K Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Fusade-Boyer M, Dupré G, Bessière P, Khiar S, Quentin-Froignant C, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Rameix-Welti MA, Eléouët JF, Tangy F, Lajoie B, Bertagnoli S, Vidalain PO, Gallardo F, Volmer R. Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Sephin1 Treatment and Its Consequences on eIF2α Phosphorylation in Response to Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:134. [PMID: 30809223 PMCID: PMC6379315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanabenz derivative Sephin1 has recently been proposed to increase the levels of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) phosphorylation by inhibiting dephosphorylation by the protein phosphatase 1-GADD34 (PPP1R15A) complex. As phosphorylation of eIF2α by protein kinase R (PKR) is a prominent cellular antiviral pathway, we evaluated the consequences of Sephin1 treatment on virus replication. Our results provide evidence that Sephin1 downregulates replication of human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, human adenovirus 5 virus, human enterovirus D68, human cytomegalovirus, and rabbit myxoma virus. However, Sephin1 proved to be inactive against influenza virus, as well as against Japanese encephalitis virus. Sephin1 increased the levels of phosphorylated eIF2α in cells exposed to a PKR agonist. By contrast, in virus-infected cells, the levels of phosphorylated eIF2α did not always correlate with the inhibition of virus replication by Sephin1. This work identifies Sephin1 as an antiviral molecule in cell culture against RNA, as well as DNA viruses belonging to phylogenetically distant families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Dupré
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Bessière
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Samira Khiar
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, CNRS UMR-3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Quentin-Froignant
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France.,NeoVirTech SAS, Institute for Advanced Life Science Technology, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- UMR INSERM U1173 2I, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil-UVSQ, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,AP-HP, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, CNRS UMR-3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Barbora Lajoie
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique CNRS, INPT, UPS Université de Toulouse III, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Equipe Chimie & Biologie, Modélisation et Immunologie pour la Thérapie, CNRS UMR 8601, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Franck Gallardo
- NeoVirTech SAS, Institute for Advanced Life Science Technology, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Volmer
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
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