1
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Kim JS, Colombatto C, Crockett MJ. Goal inference in moral narratives. Cognition 2024; 251:105865. [PMID: 39126974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
We often form beliefs about others based on narratives they tell about their own moral actions. When constructing such moral narratives, narrators balance multiple goals, such as conveying accurate information about what happened ('informational goals') and swaying audiences' impressions about their moral characters ('reputational goals'). Here, we ask to what extent audiences' detection of narrators' reputational goals guide or prevent them from making moral character judgments intended by narrators. Across two pre-registered experiments, audiences read narratives written by real narrators about their own moral actions. Each narrator was incentivized to write about the same action twice while trying to appear like a morally good or bad person (positive and negative reputational goals). Audiences detected narrators' reputational goals with high accuracy and made judgments about moral character that aligned with narrators' goals. However, audiences were more suspicious toward positive than negative reputational goals, requiring more evidence of high informational goals. These results demonstrate how audiences' inferences of reputational goals can both support and hinder narrators: accurate goal recognition increases the chance that audiences will make judgments intended by narrators, but inferred positive reputational goals can lead to doubts about accuracy. More generally, this provides a novel approach to studying how moral information about people is transmitted through naturalistic narratives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Sein Kim
- University Center for Human Values, Princeton University, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, USA.
| | - Clara Colombatto
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - M J Crockett
- University Center for Human Values, Princeton University, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, USA.
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2
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Uzer T, Avşar HH, Tepegöz H, Kılıçkaya ST. COVID-19 memories young adults may share: exploring event properties and motivations for transmission. Memory 2024; 32:1057-1068. [PMID: 39013137 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2378873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has left an enduring mark on human history. This study investigates the intergenerational transmission of COVID-19 memories through a unique approach involving 49 participants aged 18-30. Specifically, participants were prompted to share a COVID-19 memory they would choose to transmit to their future children. Furthermore, participants provided reasons for selecting that particular memory, utilising a memory functions scale and open-ended responses. Applying Transition Theory, we examined the transitional impact, event importance, previous rehearsal, and valence of reported memories. Results revealed that 88% of memories revolve around distinctive events inducing psychological and material changes. Perceived as significant, negative, and transitional, these memories are predominantly public in nature. Predictors of event importance include previous rehearsal and psychological change. Participants share memories primarily for directive purposes, intending to inform future generations. The results imply that transitions not only organise personal memories but may also direct and shape memories for public events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Uzer
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Hasan H Avşar
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Huldenur Tepegöz
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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3
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Weststrate NM, McLean KC, Fivush R. Intergenerational Storytelling and Positive Psychosocial Development: Stories as Developmental Resources for Marginalized Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024:10888683241259902. [PMID: 39068536 DOI: 10.1177/10888683241259902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT We articulate an intergenerational model of positive psychosocial development that centers storytelling in an ecological framework and is motivated by an orientation toward social justice. We bring together diverse literature (e.g., racial-ethnic socialization, family storytelling, narrative psychology) to argue that the intergenerational transmission of stories about one's group is equally important for elders and youth, and especially important for groups who are marginalized, because stories provide a developmental resource for resistance and resilience in the face of injustice. We describe how storytelling activities can support positive psychosocial development in culturally dynamic contexts and illustrate our model with a case study involving LGBTQ+ communities, arguing that intergenerational storytelling is uniquely important for this group given issues of access to stories. We argue that harnessing the power of intergenerational storytelling could provide a culturally safe and sustaining practice for fostering psychosocial development among LGBTQ+ people and other equity-seeking populations. PUBLIC ABSTRACT Understanding one's identity as part of a group with shared history and culture that has existed through time is important for positive psychological functioning. This is especially true for marginalized communities for whom identity-relevant knowledge is often erased, silenced, or distorted in mainstream public discourses (e.g., school curricula, news media, television, and film). To compensate for these limitations around access, one channel for the transmission of this knowledge is through oral storytelling between generations of elders and youth. Contemporary psychological science has often assumed that such storytelling occurs within families, but when families cannot or would not share such knowledge, youth suffer. We present a model of intergenerational storytelling that expands our ideas around who counts as "family" and how knowledge can be transmitted through alternative channels, using LGBTQ+ communities as a case example.
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Weststrate NM, Turner K, McLean KC. Intergenerational Storytelling as a Developmental Resource in LGBTQ+ Communities. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:1626-1651. [PMID: 37104778 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2202295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
LGBTQ+ people continue to be threatened by systemic censorship and erasure in public spaces and discourses, making community-based resources for positive development crucial. In this study, we examined one such developmental resource-LGBTQ+ intergenerational storytelling about cultural-historical events. LGBTQ+ adults (N = 495) ranging in age from 17 to 80 years (M = 39.22, SD = 19.89) responded to an online survey about LGBTQ+ intergenerational storytelling and relationships. Results showed that although LGBTQ+ intergenerational storytelling was reported to occur infrequently, sharing stories across generations was considered important, and LGBTQ+ people desired even greater intergenerational connection. Intergenerational narratives reported by participants were primarily about cultural-historical events involving adversity and oppression (e.g. AIDS crisis), policy and legislation (e.g. marriage equality), and protest, resistance, and activism (e.g. Stonewall uprising). Stories were mostly told by older friends in private or social settings for the purpose of passing on LGBTQ+ history. Lessons learned through storytelling were diverse but tended to focus on appreciation and affirmation. Valuing intergenerational storytelling was associated with positive psychosocial identity. This study suggests that intergenerational storytelling may be an important developmental resource for LGBTQ+ people and other marginalized communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic M Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kit Turner
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Kate C McLean
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
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5
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Bouizegarene N, Ramstead MJD, Constant A, Friston KJ, Kirmayer LJ. Narrative as active inference: an integrative account of cognitive and social functions in adaptation. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1345480. [PMID: 38903472 PMCID: PMC11188712 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1345480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While the ubiquity and importance of narratives for human adaptation is widely recognized, there is no integrative framework for understanding the roles of narrative in human adaptation. Research has identified several cognitive and social functions of narratives that are conducive to well-being and adaptation as well as to coordinated social practices and enculturation. In this paper, we characterize the cognitive and social functions of narratives in terms of active inference, to support the claim that one of the main adaptive functions of narrative is to generate more useful (i.e., accurate, parsimonious) predictions for the individual, as well as to coordinate group action (over multiple timescales) through shared predictions about collective behavior. Active inference is a theory that depicts the fundamental tendency of living organisms to adapt by proactively inferring the causes of their sensations (including their own actions). We review narrative research on identity, event segmentation, episodic memory, future projections, storytelling practices, enculturation, and master narratives. We show how this research dovetails with the active inference framework and propose an account of the cognitive and social functions of narrative that emphasizes that narratives are for the future-even when they are focused on recollecting or recounting the past. Understanding narratives as cognitive and cultural tools for mutual prediction in social contexts can guide research on narrative in adaptive behavior and psychopathology, based on a parsimonious mechanistic model of some of the basic adaptive functions of narrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Bouizegarene
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxwell J. D. Ramstead
- VERSES Research Lab, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Constant
- School of Engineering and Informatics, The University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Culture and Mental Health Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Karl J. Friston
- VERSES Research Lab, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J. Kirmayer
- Culture and Mental Health Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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6
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McLean KC, Moriarty N, Starling K, Weststrate NM. Letters from Queer Elders: Transmitting Intergenerational Wisdom in LGBTQ+ Communities. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024:1-26. [PMID: 38498667 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2024.2326482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Intergenerational relationships have been established as a critical locus of psychosocial development, meeting needs of identity development for youth, generativity for elders, and connection and belonging for both. However, intergenerational relationships are both rare in the LGBTQ+ community and sorely needed as a buffer to the discrimination and harm that those within the community experience from systemic and structural oppression. Focusing on sexual identity, and employing a letter writing paradigm, we investigated the content of wisdom that LGB elders have to share with youth. In a descriptive, exploratory, mixed-methods, and pre-registered study, 94 adults ranging in age 50 to 79 years (M = 55.98; SD = 6.30) wrote letters to a fictional youth, Sam, as well as completed surveys of psychosocial development and well-being. Letters were content coded for themes, as well as for emotional tone and subjective perspective. The most common themes of wisdom shared included knowing and celebrating oneself, negotiating an oppressive society, and finding one's community. Those who wrote more emotionally positive letters scored higher on measures of wisdom and generativity, and lower on embitterment. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of cultivating opportunities for wisdom-sharing within LGBTQ+ communities to promote flourishing across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate C McLean
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Moriarty
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Kaleb Starling
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Nic M Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Roberts A. A Two-Phase Qualitative Enquiry Into Storytelling's Potential to Support Palliative Care Patient-Led Change, Using a Systematic Review Approach. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228231223270. [PMID: 38194348 DOI: 10.1177/00302228231223270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
A terminal diagnosis can diminish an individual's sense of agency and identity. Leading change appears to restore a sense of agential self. The first phase of this literature review explores factors influencing patient-led change across the palliative care ecosystem. The second phase illuminates how storytelling can support palliative care patients in leading ecosystem-wide change. 35 studies were identified in Phase 1 and 36 in Phase 2. This research highlights the need to situate patient leadership activity within a palliative care ecosystem to understand factors likely to support or hinder patient leadership activity within it. The evidence indicates the potential use of storytelling to support patients with a life-limiting illness to lead change across the palliative care ecosystem. This challenges current conceptualisations of such patients and offers them instead as an additional source of palliative care support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Roberts
- Department of Education, University of Hertfordshire Schools of Law and Education, Hatfield, UK
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Breithaupt F, Otenen E, Wright DR, Kruschke JK, Li Y, Tan Y. Humans create more novelty than ChatGPT when asked to retell a story. Sci Rep 2024; 14:875. [PMID: 38195660 PMCID: PMC10776760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We compare how humans retell stories to how ChatGPT retells stories in chains of three retellings by different people or different accounts on ChatGPT. ChatGPT provides competent summaries of the original narrative texts in one step of retelling. In subsequent retellings few additional changes occur. Human retellers, by contrast, reduce the original text incrementally and by creating 55-60% of novel words and concepts (synsets) at each iteration. The retellings by both ChatGPT and humans show very stable emotion ratings, which is a puzzle for human retellers given the high degree of novel inventions across retellings. ChatGPT maintains more nouns, adjectives, and prepositions and also uses language later acquired in life, while humans use more verbs, adverbs, and negations and use language acquired at a younger age. The results reveal that spontaneous retelling by humans involves ongoing creativity, anchored by emotions, beyond the default probabilistic wording of large language models such as ChatGPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Breithaupt
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Germanic Studies, Indiana University Bloomington, 355 N. Eagleson, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Ege Otenen
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, 901 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Devin R Wright
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, 901 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - John K Kruschke
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyan Tan
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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9
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Ellis EC. The Anthropocene condition: evolving through social-ecological transformations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220255. [PMID: 37952626 PMCID: PMC10645118 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic planetary disruptions, from climate change to biodiversity loss, are unprecedented challenges for human societies. Some societies, social groups, cultural practices, technologies and institutions are already disintegrating or disappearing as a result. However, this coupling of socially produced environmental challenges with disruptive social changes-the Anthropocene condition-is not new. From food-producing hunter-gatherers, to farmers, to urban industrial food systems, the current planetary entanglement has its roots in millennia of evolving and accumulating sociocultural capabilities for shaping the cultured environments that our societies have always lived in (sociocultural niche construction). When these transformative capabilities to shape environments are coupled with sociocultural adaptations enabling societies to more effectively shape and live in transformed environments, the social-ecological scales and intensities of these transformations can accelerate through a positive feedback loop of 'runaway sociocultural niche construction'. Efforts to achieve a better future for both people and planet will depend on guiding this runaway evolutionary process towards better outcomes by redirecting Earth's most disruptive force of nature: the power of human aspirations. To guide this unprecedented planetary force, cultural narratives that appeal to human aspirations for a better future will be more effective than narratives of environmental crisis and overstepping natural boundaries. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erle C. Ellis
- Department of Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad St, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery, Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography & Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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10
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Truncellito RD, VanEpps EM. That one time when …: Reframing negative experiences with storytelling. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 54:101697. [PMID: 37897951 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Many experiences in life are physically or emotionally negative in the moment, but worthwhile after the fact, yielding such instrumental benefits as self-improvement or lessons learned. One relatively unexplored benefit of negative experiences, however, is the ability to derive humor and other storytelling benefits from the experiences later on. We review literatures on emotional (re)appraisal, affective forecasting, storytelling, and humor to discuss how individuals can apply the skill of mining comedy out of tragedy to finding the stories in their own experiences. By leveraging a storytelling mindset, such individuals may find themselves even eagerly anticipating future negative experiences because of the meaningful personal and social benefits those experiences stand to yield them in both memories to come and stories to share.
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11
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Wannheden C, Hasson H, Hager A, Karlgren K, Pukk Härenstam K. Now What? Collective Sensemaking and Sensegiving in the Cystic Fibrosis Community in Sweden During the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:3102-3112. [PMID: 36250348 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2022.2134705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic's effects on people's lives and society induced a need for rapid individual and collective sensemaking, including communication forums enabling stakeholders in the health ecosystem to share information, solve problems, and learn. This study specifically focused on the needs of the patients and family caregivers living with cystic fibrosis (CF) or primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), conditions that lead to chronic infections and inflammation in the airways. We explored how CF and PCD patients, family caregivers, and clinicians collectively received, processed, and used information about COVID-19 to facilitate self-care and health care decisions at the beginning of the pandemic. We applied macrocognitive theory to analyze qualitatively the questions and answers exchanged in a series of six webinars facilitated by a CF learning network at the beginning of the pandemic (March - April 2020). We identified three macrocognitive functions: sensemaking, decision-making, and replanning. We further generated nine themes: (a) understanding the nature of COVID-19, (b) exploring self-care needs and possibilities, (c) understanding health care possibilities, (d) making decisions about prevention and testing, (e) managing COVID-19 within families, (f) adjusting planned care, (g) replanning chronic care management, (h) defining COVID-19 health care strategies, and (i) refining health care policies. The exchange of questions and answers played a central role in facilitating important cognitive processes, which enabled a rapid anticipation of needs and adaptation of services to support patients, family caregivers, and clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Wannheden
- Medical Management Centre, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Henna Hasson
- Medical Management Centre, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet
- Unit for Implementation and Evaluation, Center for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm
| | | | - Klas Karlgren
- MINT, Health Informatics Center, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet
- Education Center, Department of Research, Education, Development and Innovation, Södersjukhuset
- Department of Health and Functioning, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences
| | - Karin Pukk Härenstam
- Medical Management Centre, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital
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Pelligra V, Sacco PL. Searching for meaning in a post-scarcity society. Implications for creativity and job design. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1198424. [PMID: 37771808 PMCID: PMC10523159 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1198424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of meaningful and productive work, and the search for profound meaning within it, is akin to the air we breathe. Its importance is often realized only when it becomes contaminated or depleted. In contemporary societies, there is a growing awareness of the significance of the meaning of work, while simultaneously witnessing mounting mistrust and disillusionment as to the significance and social value of numerous jobs. There is paradoxically an increasing demand for meaningful work, while the supply of such work appears to be gradually decreasing. At present, we are recognizing the importance of this vital component that sustains our well-being as it begins to dwindle. The absence of meaningful work may stem from the nature of the work itself, the organizational environment in which it takes place, the prevailing corporate culture, or even the way in which tasks are defined and managed, which makes it challenging to find a sense of purpose and meaning in what we do. While progress can be made on both fronts, addressing cultural and organizational aspects is a more expedient means of intervention without the need of waiting for structural changes in the global economic and social systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pelligra
- Department of Economics and Business, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Sacco
- Department of Philosophical, Pedagogical and Economic-Quantitative Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
- ISPC-CNR, Naples, Italy
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13
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Wu WR, Lee LC, Yu PJ. Better safe than sorry: Exploring the collective sensemaking process in pregnancy virtual communities through thematic analysis. Nurs Health Sci 2023; 25:381-388. [PMID: 37431602 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Physical symptoms induced by pregnancy are often perceived as a normal part of the physiological process and therefore not commonly discussed in clinical settings during prenatal care. This study aimed to explore how pregnant individuals adapt to physical symptoms related to their pregnancy, using the perspective of collective sensemaking. A retrospective study design with an inductive thematic analysis approach of qualitative data extracted from web-based forum posts was conducted. Among 574 initial posts and 2801 comments, three themes were identified: (i) awareness of changing pregnancy body, (ii) uncertainty about physical symptoms, and (iii) coping with discomforts associated with pregnancy. A shared identity as a group of individuals dealing with similar challenges enables pregnant individuals to develop a better comprehension of their experiences. Healthcare professionals should recognize the importance of individual and collective sensemaking in pregnancy forums and strive to provide a supportive and empathetic environment for pregnant individuals to share their experiences and seek guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ru Wu
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chun Lee
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Yu
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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14
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Momen A, de Visser EJ, Fraune MR, Madison A, Rueben M, Cooley K, Tossell CC. Group trust dynamics during a risky driving experience in a Tesla Model X. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1129369. [PMID: 37408965 PMCID: PMC10319128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1129369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing concern about the risk and safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has made it vital to understand driver trust and behavior when operating AVs. While research has uncovered human factors and design issues based on individual driver performance, there remains a lack of insight into how trust in automation evolves in groups of people who face risk and uncertainty while traveling in AVs. To this end, we conducted a naturalistic experiment with groups of participants who were encouraged to engage in conversation while riding a Tesla Model X on campus roads. Our methodology was uniquely suited to uncover these issues through naturalistic interaction by groups in the face of a risky driving context. Conversations were analyzed, revealing several themes pertaining to trust in automation: (1) collective risk perception, (2) experimenting with automation, (3) group sense-making, (4) human-automation interaction issues, and (5) benefits of automation. Our findings highlight the untested and experimental nature of AVs and confirm serious concerns about the safety and readiness of this technology for on-road use. The process of determining appropriate trust and reliance in AVs will therefore be essential for drivers and passengers to ensure the safe use of this experimental and continuously changing technology. Revealing insights into social group-vehicle interaction, our results speak to the potential dangers and ethical challenges with AVs as well as provide theoretical insights on group trust processes with advanced technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Momen
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | | | - Marlena R. Fraune
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Anna Madison
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
- United States Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Rueben
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Katrina Cooley
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Chad C. Tossell
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
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15
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Koch L, Gorris P, Prell C, Pahl-Wostl C. Communication, trust and leadership in co-managing biodiversity: A network analysis to understand social drivers shaping a common narrative. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117551. [PMID: 36871450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental co-management has been advocated and applied in diverse contexts as an integrative and inclusive approach to make biodiversity conservation more effective and contextual. Co-management however requires the actors involved to overcome tacit boundaries and reconcile different viewpoints to reach a shared understanding on the environmental problem and envisioned solution(s). We depart from the assumption that a common narrative can serve as a base for a shared understanding and analyze what types of actor relations in co-management influence the emergence of a common narrative. Empirical data is collected using a mixed-method case study design. We apply the idea of narrative congruence, which relates to the similarity of narrations that actors tell, to investigate the effects of the types of relationships between two actors as well as specific leadership roles using an Exponential Random Graph Model. We find that frequent interaction between two actors and a trusted leader with many reciprocal trust ties to be important drivers to support the emergence of narrative congruence ties. Connecting leaders, i.e. actors in brokering positions, show a statistically significant negative correlation with narrative congruence ties. The results suggest that a common narrative tends to emerge in sub-groups around a highly trusted leader, in which actors talk frequently to each other. A brokering leader, however, seems to face strong difficulties of forming narrative congruence ties with others, although such brokers may play central roles in the co-design of common narratives to form the basis for motivating collective action in co-management. Lastly, we discuss the importance of common narratives and how leaders can better succeed in co-designing these in environmental co-management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Koch
- University of Osnabrück Institute for Environmental Systems Research & Institute of Geography, Barbarastr. 12, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany; Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
| | - Philipp Gorris
- University of Osnabrück Institute for Environmental Systems Research & Institute of Geography, Barbarastr. 12, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany; Stockholm University Stockholm Resilience Centre, Albanovägen 28 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Prell
- University of Groningen Faculty of Spatial Sciences Department of Cultural Geography, Landleven 1, 9747, AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Pahl-Wostl
- University of Osnabrück Institute for Environmental Systems Research & Institute of Geography, Barbarastr. 12, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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16
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Pelletier P, McLaughlin C, Boespflug M. Narratives of crisis: From affective structures to adaptive functions. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e104. [PMID: 37154121 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22002618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This commentary focuses on affective structures and the main adaptive functions of shared narratives to fill the gaps of the Conviction Narrative Theory. The transmission of narratives among individuals in highly uncertain situations is irrevocably tainted by affects and anchored in collective memory. Narratives have important evolutionary functions for human beings under threat and act as the social glue that creates and strengthens social bonds among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pelletier
- Laboratory of Social Psychology (EA 4471), University of Paris, Paris 92774,
- Research Center for Semiotics, CeReS (EA 3648), Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences (FLSH), University of Limoges, Limoges 87000,
| | - Cécile McLaughlin
- Research Center for Semiotics, CeReS (EA 3648), Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences (FLSH), University of Limoges, Limoges 87000,
| | - Magali Boespflug
- Research Center for Management (CEREGE), Department of Legal, Economic and Management Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers86073, France.
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17
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Castrellon JJ, Hakimi S, Parelman JM, Yin L, Law JR, Skene JAG, Ball DA, Malekpour A, Beskind DH, Vidmar N, Pearson JM, Skene JHP, Carter RM. Social cognitive processes explain bias in juror decisions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:6764664. [PMID: 36264228 PMCID: PMC9949508 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Jury decisions are among the most consequential social decisions in which bias plays a notable role. While courts take measures to reduce the influence of non-evidentiary factors, jurors may still incorporate biases into their decisions. One common bias, crime-type bias, is the extent to which the perceived strength of a prosecutor's case depends on the severity of the crime. Moral judgment, affect and social cognition have been proposed as core processes underlying this and other biases. Behavioral evidence alone has been insufficient to distinguish these explanations. To identify the mechanism underlying crime-type bias, we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging patterns of brain activation from mock jurors reading criminal scenarios. Brain patterns from crime-type bias were most similar to those associated with social cognition (mentalizing and racial bias) but not affect or moral judgment. Our results support a central role for social cognition in juror decisions and suggest that crime-type bias and cultural bias may arise from similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime J Castrellon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Shabnam Hakimi
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0344, USA
| | - Jacob M Parelman
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0344, USA.,Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lun Yin
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jonathan R Law
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jesse A G Skene
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - David A Ball
- Malekpour & Ball Consulting (JuryWatch, Inc.), Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Artemis Malekpour
- Malekpour & Ball Consulting (JuryWatch, Inc.), Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Donald H Beskind
- School of Law, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Neil Vidmar
- School of Law, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - John M Pearson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Departments of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - J H Pate Skene
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0344, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Initiative in Science and Society, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - R McKell Carter
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0344, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80302, USA.,Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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18
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Gurney L, Chung V, MacPhee M, Chan E, Snyman C, Robinson J, Bertoli-Haley S, Baron E. Exploring the Impact of Storytelling for Hospitalized Patients Recovering from COVID-19. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040589. [PMID: 36833123 PMCID: PMC9957174 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There are mental and physical deficits associated with COVID-19 infection, particularly among individuals requiring hospitalization. Storytelling is a relational intervention that has been used to help patients make sense of their illness experiences and to share their experiences with others, including other patients, families and healthcare providers. Relational interventions strive to create positive, healing stories versus negative ones. In one urban acute care hospital, an initiative called the Patient Stories Project (PSP) uses storytelling as a relational intervention to promote patient healing, including the development of healthier relationships among themselves, with families and with healthcare providers. This qualitative study employed a series of interview questions that were collaboratively developed with patient partners and COVID-19 survivors. The questions asked consenting COVID-19 survivors about why they chose to tell their stories and to flesh out more about their recovery process. Thematic analyses of six participant interviews resulted in the identification of key themes along a COVID-19 recovery pathway. Patients' stories revealed how survivors progress from being overwhelmed by their symptoms to making sense of what is happening to them, providing feedback to their care providers, feeling gratitude for care received, becoming aware of a new state of normal, regaining control of their lives, and ultimately discovering meaning and an important lesson behind their illness experience. Our study's findings suggest that the PSP storytelling approach holds potential as a relational intervention to support COVID-19 survivors along a recovery journey. This study also adds knowledge about survivors beyond the first few months of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gurney
- Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Vincci Chung
- Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maura MacPhee
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Evelyn Chan
- Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Claire Snyman
- Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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19
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He T, Breithaupt F, Kübler S, Hills TT. Quantifying the retention of emotions across story retellings. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2448. [PMID: 36774370 PMCID: PMC9922315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Story retelling is a fundamental medium for the transmission of information between individuals and among social groups. Besides conveying factual information, stories also contain affective information. Though natural language processing techniques have advanced considerably in recent years, the extent to which machines can be trained to identify and track emotions across retellings is unknown. This study leverages the powerful RoBERTa model, based on a transformer architecture, to derive emotion-rich story embeddings from a unique dataset of 25,728 story retellings. The initial stories were centered around five emotional events (joy, sadness, embarrassment, risk, and disgust-though the stories did not contain these emotion words) and three intensities (high, medium, and low). Our results indicate (1) that RoBERTa can identify emotions in stories it was not trained on, (2) that the five emotions and their intensities are preserved when they are transmitted in the form of retellings, (3) that the emotions in stories are increasingly well-preserved as they experience additional retellings, and (4) that among the five emotions, risk and disgust are least well-preserved, compared with joy, sadness, and embarrassment. This work is a first step toward quantifying situation-driven emotions with machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyou He
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Fritz Breithaupt
- Department of Germanic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Sandra Kübler
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK
| | - Thomas T Hills
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
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20
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Castrellon JJ, Hakimi S, Parelman JM, Yin L, Law JR, Skene JAG, Ball DA, Malekpour A, Beskind DH, Vidmar N, Pearson JM, Carter RM, Skene JHP. Neural Support for Contributions of Utility and Narrative Processing of Evidence in Juror Decision Making. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7624-7633. [PMID: 36658459 PMCID: PMC9546442 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2434-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to explain complex human decisions have focused on competing theories emphasizing utility and narrative mechanisms. These are difficult to distinguish using behavior alone. Both narrative and utility theories have been proposed to explain juror decisions, which are among the most consequential complex decisions made in a modern society. Here, we asked jury-eligible male and female subjects to rate the strength of a series of criminal cases while recording the resulting patterns of brain activation. We compared patterns of brain activation associated with evidence accumulation to patterns of brain activation derived from a large neuroimaging database to look for signatures of the cognitive processes associated with different models of juror decision-making. Evidence accumulation correlated with multiple narrative processes, including reading and recall. Of the cognitive processes traditionally viewed as components of utility, activation patterns associated with uncertainty, but not value, were more active with stronger evidence. Independent of utility and narrative, activations linked to reasoning and relational logic also correlated with increasing evidence. Hierarchical modeling of cognitive processes associated with evidence accumulation supported a more prominent role for narrative in weighing evidence in complex decisions. However, utility processes were also associated with evidence accumulation. These complementary findings support an emerging view that integrates utility and narrative processes in complex decisions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The last decade has seen a sharply increased interest in narrative as a central cognitive process in human decision-making and as an important factor in the evolution of human societies. However, the roles of narrative versus utility models of decision-making remain hotly debated. While available models frequently produce similar behavioral predictions, they rely on different cognitive processes and so their roles can be separated using the right neural tests. Here, we use brain imaging during mock juror decisions to show that cognitive processes associated with narrative, and to a lesser extent utility, were engaged while subjects evaluated evidence. These results are consistent with interactions between narrative and utility processes during complex decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime J Castrellon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Shabnam Hakimi
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Jacob M Parelman
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lun Yin
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Jonathan R Law
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Jesse A G Skene
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - David A Ball
- Malekpour & Ball Consulting (JuryWatch, Inc.), Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | - Artemis Malekpour
- Malekpour & Ball Consulting (JuryWatch, Inc.), Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | | | - Neil Vidmar
- School of Law, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - John M Pearson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - R McKell Carter
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - J H Pate Skene
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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21
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Carney J, Robertson C. Five studies evaluating the impact on mental health and mood of recalling, reading, and discussing fiction. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266323. [PMID: 35395034 PMCID: PMC8993009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Does reading fiction improve mental health and well-being? We present the results of five studies that evaluated the impact of five forms of exposure to fiction. These included the effects of recalling reading fiction, of being prescribed fiction, of discussing fiction relative to non-fiction, and of discussing literary fiction relative to best-seller fiction. The first three studies directly recruited participants; the final two relied on scraped social media data from Reddit and Twitter. Results show that fiction can have a positive impact on measures of mood and emotion, but that a process of mnemonic or cognitive consolidation is required first: exposure to fiction does not, on its own, have an immediate impact on well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Carney
- The London Interdisciplinary School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cole Robertson
- Center for Language Studies, Radboud University, Radboud, Netherlands
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22
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Maso K, Theobald JL. Qualitative description of sexual harassment and discrimination of women in emergency medicine: Giving the numbers a voice. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2022; 6:e10727. [PMID: 35368502 PMCID: PMC8908305 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Gender disparities in medicine are well documented; however, little qualitative data exist. This study sought to provide a qualitative assessment of harassment and discrimination experienced by female physicians in emergency medicine (EM) specifically by colleagues or supervisors. Methods An electronic survey was distributed to female EM physicians on October 18, 2018, asking if they have felt harassed, diminished, uncomfortable, or discriminated against by a male colleague or supervisor at work based on a sexual comment or unwanted advance. Space for descriptive experiences was provided. A data abstraction tool was developed, and experiences were placed into thematic categories. The survey was closed on December 18, 2018, and data were analyzed. Results There were 1280 responses. Responses that were incomplete, not attributable to women, and outside of EM were excluded leaving 1144 to be analyzed. Respondents were primarily White (81%) and working in nonacademic environments (53.5%). The majority (57.3%) felt harassed, diminished, uncomfortable, or discriminated against by a male colleague or superior at work based on sexual comment or innuendo; 22.3% experienced an unwanted sexual act or advance. There were 482 descriptive experiences reported, most frequently focusing on patronizing behavior (16.5%), pregnancy/maternity leave (15.9%), and physical appearance (12.5%). Conclusions Women in EM experience sexual harassment and discrimination at work by their peers and supervisors. Exploring the themes of their shared experiences can guide and focus efforts on both prevention and intervention. Further studies are needed to determine if these experiences contribute to disparities in earnings, promotion, and leadership roles of women in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Maso
- Greater Milwaukee Critical Care AssociatesMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Jillian L. Theobald
- Department of Emergency MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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23
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Abstract
We conducted the largest multiple-iteration retelling study to date (12,840 participants and 19,086 retellings) with two different studies that test how emotional appraisals are transmitted across retellings. We use a novel Bayesian model that tracks changes across retellings. Study 1 examines the preservation of appraisals of happy and sad stories and finds that retellings preserve the story's degree of happiness and sadness even when length shrinks and aspects of story coherence and rationalisation deteriorate. Study 2 compared the transmission of appraisals of happiness and sadness with embarrassment, disgust, and risk. Appraisals of happiness, sadness, and also embarrassment showed high appraisal preservation, while disgust and risk were not well preserved. We conclude that participants in our studies encoded happy and sad stories by encapsulating the events and details into an overall emotional appraisal of the story and that this processing strategy might also apply to stories involving other emotions like embarrassment. The emotional appraisal played a key role in retelling by helping to guide the selection, invention, and ordering of the story elements. Hence, we posit that emotion appraisals can operate as anchors for remembering and retelling stories, thus playing an important role in narrative communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Breithaupt
- Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Germanic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Binyan Li
- Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - John K Kruschke
- Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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24
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Does the character-based dimension of stories impact narrative processing? An event-related potentials (ERPs) study. Cogn Process 2022; 23:255-267. [PMID: 35048215 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-021-01070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This event-related potentials (ERPs) study investigated online processes of integration of information relating to characters in narrative comprehension. The final sample included twenty-nine participants who read short third-person stories in which the plausibility of the characters' actions was manipulated. Stories were administered in three conditions: a character-based congruent condition including a target word that was consistent with the character's job; a character-based incongruent condition with a target word inconsistent with the character's job; a character-based neutral condition, narrating the action of a character presented by his/her proper name without information about his/her job. Results comparing the ERPs elicited by the experimental conditions revealed a greater negative amplitude of the N400 in the right temporal regions in response to the character-based incongruent compared to the character-based congruent narratives. This finding shows that implicit background character-based information affects the N400, with readers rapidly using this information to comprehend narratives.
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25
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Abstract
Strengthening the learning culture and the safeguards in organizations can enhance safety and performance in preventing incidents. The effective implementation of human performance improvement and operational learning can support the organization in achieving these goals. However, there is no streamlined implementation framework that considers the alignment of strategic and tactical actions in the management system cycle to implement human performance improvement and operational learning. This paper presents an implementation framework that fills the above gaps. It consists of four steps: (1) establish/validate a strategic objective, (2) conduct an assessment, (3) develop a plan, and (4) execute the plan. The proposed framework also includes a site tour phase during operational learning as an alternative to storytelling, which has an inherent bias. This framework was tested in the land transportation system of one of Indonesia’s biggest oil producers.
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26
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Ferretti F, Adornetti I. Persuasive conversation as a new form of communication in Homo sapiens. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200196. [PMID: 33745315 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is twofold: to propose that conversation is the distinctive feature of Homo sapiens' communication; and to show that the emergence of modern language is tied to the transition from pantomime to verbal and grammatically complex forms of narrative. It is suggested that (animal and human) communication is a form of persuasion and that storytelling was the best tool developed by humans to convince others. In the early stage of communication, archaic hominins used forms of pantomimic storytelling to persuade others. Although pantomime is a powerful tool for persuasive communication, it is proposed that it is not an effective tool for persuasive conversation: conversation is characterized by a form of reciprocal persuasion among peers; instead, pantomime has a mainly asymmetrical character. The selective pressure towards persuasive reciprocity of the conversational level is the evolutionary reason that allowed the transition from pantomime to grammatically complex codes in H. sapiens, which favoured the evolution of speech. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reconstructing prehistoric languages'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Philosophy, Communication and Performing Arts, Roma Tre University, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Ines Adornetti
- Department of Philosophy, Communication and Performing Arts, Roma Tre University, 00146 Rome, Italy
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27
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Hinde K, Amorim CEG, Brokaw AF, Burt N, Casillas MC, Chen A, Chestnut T, Connors PK, Dasari M, Ditelberg CF, Dietrick J, Drew J, Durgavich L, Easterling B, Henning C, Hilborn A, Karlsson EK, Kissel M, Kobylecky J, Krell J, Lee DN, Lesciotto KM, Lewton KL, Light JE, Martin J, Murphy A, Nickley W, Núñez-de la Mora A, Pellicer O, Pellicer V, Perry AM, Schuttler SG, Stone AC, Tanis B, Weber J, Wilson M, Willcocks E, Anderson CN. March Mammal Madness and the power of narrative in science outreach. eLife 2021; 10:e65066. [PMID: 33616530 PMCID: PMC7899649 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
March Mammal Madness is a science outreach project that, over the course of several weeks in March, reaches hundreds of thousands of people in the United States every year. We combine four approaches to science outreach - gamification, social media platforms, community event(s), and creative products - to run a simulated tournament in which 64 animals compete to become the tournament champion. While the encounters between the animals are hypothetical, the outcomes rely on empirical evidence from the scientific literature. Players select their favored combatants beforehand, and during the tournament scientists translate the academic literature into gripping "play-by-play" narration on social media. To date ~1100 scholarly works, covering almost 400 taxa, have been transformed into science stories. March Mammal Madness is most typically used by high-school educators teaching life sciences, and we estimate that our materials reached ~1% of high-school students in the United States in 2019. Here we document the intentional design, public engagement, and magnitude of reach of the project. We further explain how human psychological and cognitive adaptations for shared experiences, social learning, narrative, and imagery contribute to the widespread use of March Mammal Madness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Hinde
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, the Center for Evolution and Medicine, and the School of Sustainability, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Carlos Eduardo G Amorim
- Department of Biology, California State University NorthridgeNorthridgeUnited States
- Department of Computational Biology, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Alyson F Brokaw
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Nicole Burt
- Department of Human Health and Evolutionary Medicine, Cleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandUnited States
| | | | - Albert Chen
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tara Chestnut
- National Park ServiceMount Rainier National ParkUnited States
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State UniversityCorvallisUnited States
| | - Patrice K Connors
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado Mesa UniversityGrand JunctionUnited States
| | - Mauna Dasari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre DameNotre DameUnited States
| | | | | | - Josh Drew
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural HistorySyracuseUnited States
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseUnited States
| | - Lara Durgavich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | | | | | - Anne Hilborn
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California RiversideRiversideUnited States
| | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Marc Kissel
- Department of Anthropology, Appalachian State UniversityBooneUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre DameNotre DameUnited States
| | | | - Jason Krell
- Center for Science and Imagination, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Danielle N Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University EdwardsvilleEdwardsvilleUnited States
| | - Kate M Lesciotto
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State UniversityHuntsvilleUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State UniversityState CollegeUnited States
| | - Kristi L Lewton
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Jessica E Light
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, the Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, and the Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolution, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Jessica Martin
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Asia Murphy
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - William Nickley
- Department of Design, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Anali Maughan Perry
- Engagement & Learning Services, ASU Library, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | | | - Anne C Stone
- Human Evolution and Social Change, the Center for Evolution, and Medicine, and the Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Brian Tanis
- Department of Biology, Oregon State University-CascadesBendUnited States
| | - Jesse Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Melissa Wilson
- School of Life Sciences and the Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Emma Willcocks
- Department of Biology, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
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Abstract
We acquire a lot of information about the world through texts, which can be categorized at the broadest level into two primary genres: narratives and exposition. Stories and essays differ across a variety of dimensions, including structure and content, with numerous theories hypothesizing that stories are easier to understand and recall than essays. However, empirical work in this area has yielded mixed results. To synthesize research in this area, we conducted a meta-analysis of experiments in which memory and/or comprehension of narrative and expository texts was investigated. Based on over 75 unique samples and data from more than 33,000 participants, we found that stories were more easily understood and better recalled than essays. Moreover, this result was robust, not influenced by the inclusion of a single effect-size or single study, and not moderated by various study characteristics. This finding has implications for any domain in which acquiring and retaining information is important.
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Cordonnier A, Bouchat P, Hirst W, Luminet O. Intergenerational transmission of World War II family historical memories of the Resistance. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cordonnier
- Psychological Science Research Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Pierre Bouchat
- Psychological Science Research Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Équipe PErSEUs UFR Sciences Humaines et Sociales Université de Lorraine Metz France
| | - William Hirst
- Department of Psychology New School for Social Research New York City New York USA
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Psychological Science Research Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research (FRS‐FNRS) Brussels Belgium
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30
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Brown S. The "Who" System of the Human Brain: A System for Social Cognition About the Self and Others. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:224. [PMID: 32636738 PMCID: PMC7319088 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientists are fond of talking about brain systems for the processing of "what" and "where" information about objects and their locations. What is critically missing is the concept of a "who" system dedicated to the neural processing of information about social agents-both the self and others-and their interactions. I propose here the characterization of such a system, one that functions not only in perception but in production as well, such as when recounting stories about oneself and others. The most human-specific features of the "who" system are two complementary systems that I refer to as the other-as-self mechanism and the self-as-other mechanism. The major function of the other-as-self mechanism is to perceive other people egocentrically as proxies of the self, as occurs through the processes of mentalizing and empathizing in both everyday life and in the experience of the theatrical and literary arts. The major function of the self-as-other mechanism is to overtly depict other people during acts of communication through vocal and gestural processes of mimicry, such as occurs during quotation in conversation and through acting in the theatrical arts. Overall, the "who" system of the human brain mediates both perceptual and behavioral aspects of social cognition, and establishes the existential distinction between self and other in human cognition. I present neural models for the instantiation of the "who" system in the human brain and conclude with a discussion of how narrative serves as a foundation for human cognition more generally, what I refer to as narrative-based cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Brown
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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31
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Pelletier P, Drozda‐Senkowska E. Towards a socially situated rumouring: Historical and critical perspectives of rumour transmission. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pelletier
- Paris Descartes University—Sorbonne Paris Cité Boulogne‐Billancourt France
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32
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Lee H, Bellana B, Chen J. What can narratives tell us about the neural bases of human memory? Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Mahr JB, Csibra G. Witnessing, Remembering, and Testifying: Why the Past Is Special for Human Beings. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:428-443. [PMID: 31961781 PMCID: PMC7059205 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619879167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past is undeniably special for human beings. To a large extent, both individuals and collectives define themselves through history. Moreover, humans seem to have a special way of cognitively representing the past: episodic memory. As opposed to other ways of representing knowledge, remembering the past in episodic memory brings with it the ability to become a witness. Episodic memory allows us to determine what of our knowledge about the past comes from our own experience and thereby what parts of the past we can give testimony about. In this article, we aim to give an account of the special status of the past by asking why humans have developed the ability to give testimony about it. We argue that the past is special for human beings because it is regularly, and often principally, the only thing that can determine present social realities such as commitments, entitlements, and obligations. Because the social effects of the past often do not leave physical traces behind, remembering the past and the ability to bear testimony it brings is necessary for coordinating social realities with other individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B. Mahr
- Department of Cognitive Science,
Cognitive Development Center, Central European University
- Department of Psychology, Harvard
University
- Department of Philosophy, Harvard
University
| | - Gergely Csibra
- Department of Cognitive Science,
Cognitive Development Center, Central European University
- Department of Psychological Sciences,
Birkbeck, University of London
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34
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Simandan D. Being surprised and surprising ourselves: A geography of personal and social change. PROGRESS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 2020; 44:99-118. [PMID: 32655206 PMCID: PMC7324147 DOI: 10.1177/0309132518810431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Surprises are refuted expectations and therefore an inevitable concomitant of errors of anticipating the future. This paper argues that the timing is just right for a spatial account of surprise, or rather, for a geography of personal and social change that deploys the trope of surprise to help explain how and why change happens. Whether we are surprised by what transpires in our surroundings or we are surprising ourselves by leaping forward in impetuous deeds of reinventing who we are, the common denominator of these processes of becoming is that they produce geographical space and are produced by it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Simandan
- Dragos Simandan, Geography Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, L2 S 3A1.
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35
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Bietti LM, Bangerter A, Knutsen D, Mayor E. Cultural transmission in a food preparation task: The role of interactivity, innovation and storytelling. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221278. [PMID: 31532770 PMCID: PMC6750589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactive conversation drives the transmission of cultural information in small groups and large networks. In formal (e.g. schools) and informal (e.g. home) learning settings, interactivity does not only allow individuals and groups to faithfully transmit and learn new knowledge and skills, but also to boost cumulative cultural evolution. Here we investigate how interactivity affects performance, teaching, learning, innovation and chosen diffusion mode (e.g. instructional discourse vs. storytelling) of previously acquired information in a transmission chain experiment. In our experiment, participants (n = 288) working in 48 chains with three generations of pairs had to learn and complete a collaborative food preparation task (ravioli-making), and then transmit their experience to a new generation of participants in an interactive and non-interactive condition. Food preparation is a real-world task that it is taught and learned across cultures and transmitted over generations in families and groups. Pairs were defined as teachers or learners depending on their role in the transmission chain. The number of good exemplars of ravioli each pair produced was taken as measurement of performance. Contrary to our expectations, the results did not reveal that (1) performance increased over generations or that (2) interactivity in transmission sessions promoted increased performance. However, the results showed that (3) interactivity promoted the transmission of more information from teachers to learners; (4) increased quantity of information transmission from teachers led to higher performance in learners; (5) higher performance generations introduced more innovations in transmission sessions; (6) learners applied those transmitted innovations to their performance which made them persist over generations; (7) storytelling was specialized for the transmission of non-routine, unexpected information. Our findings offer new insights on how interactivity, innovation and storytelling affect the cultural transmission of complex collaborative tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. Bietti
- Institute of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Télécom Paris, Institut Interdisciplinaire de l’innovation, UMR 9217, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrian Bangerter
- Institute of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Knutsen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193—SCALab—Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Eric Mayor
- Institute of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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36
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Bietti LM, Stone CB. Editors' Introduction: Remembering With Others: Conversational Dynamics and Mnemonic Outcomes. Top Cogn Sci 2019; 11:592-608. [PMID: 31332953 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Remembering the past through conversations with others is a uniquely human endeavor. Conversational remembering consists of specific dynamics and can lead to mnemonic outcomes. While conversational dynamics refer to the interactive processes (e.g., the roles speakers and listeners may undertake during the conversation) shaping collaborative remembering, conversational outcomes are about the mnemonic and functional consequences (e.g., forging social bonds) of those processes. Thus, the aim of the present article is to introduce the reader to key concepts and paradigms that have been rigorously developed to empirically investigate the dynamics and outcomes of conversational remembering in cognitive research. The collected review and empirical articles gathered in this topic provide the state-of-the-art in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Bietti
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Télécom Paris, Interdisciplinary Institute for Innovation (i3)
| | - Charles B Stone
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York.,The Graduate Center, The City University of New York
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37
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Brown S, Berry M, Dawes E, Hughes A, Tu C. Character mediation of story generation via protagonist insertion. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2019.1624367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Brown
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Matthew Berry
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ember Dawes
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Alessia Hughes
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Carmen Tu
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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38
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Thought as a determinant of political opinion. Cognition 2019; 188:1-7. [PMID: 30853110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent political events around the world, including the apparently sudden rise of populism and decline of democratic zeal, have surprised many of us and offered a window onto how people form beliefs and attitudes about the wider world. Cognitive scientists have tended to view belief and attitude formation from one of three perspectives: as a process of deliberative reasoning, as a gut reaction modulated by feelings, or as a cultural phenomenon grounded in partisan relationships. This special issue on the cognitive science of political thought brings a variety of voices to bear on the issue. The upshot is that each perspective captures part of the dynamics of opinion change, but the underlying processes operate in an integrated way. Individuals' affective reactions are conditioned by the social world, and therefore reflect their community norms. They often precede processes of reasoning, but not always. In turn, reasoning is generally motivated in the service of transmitting beliefs acquired from citizens' communities of belief. Cognition is largely a filter for attending to and sharing community norms.
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