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Leonetti P, Dallera D, De Marchi D, Candito P, Pasotti L, Macovei A. Exploring the putative microRNAs cross-kingdom transfer in Solanum lycopersicum-Meloidogyne incognita interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1383986. [PMID: 38784062 PMCID: PMC11114104 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1383986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plant-pathogen interaction is an inexhaustible source of information on how to sustainably control diseases that negatively affect agricultural production. Meloidogyne incognita is a root-knot nematode (RKN), representing a pest for many crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). RKNs are a global threat to agriculture, especially under climate change, and RNA technologies offer a potential alternative to chemical nematicides. While endogenous microRNAs have been identified in both S. lycopersicum and M. incognita, and their roles have been related to the regulation of developmental changes, no study has investigated the miRNAs cross-kingdom transfer during this interaction. Methods Here, we propose a bioinformatics pipeline to highlight potential miRNA-dependent cross-kingdom interactions between tomato and M. incognita. Results The obtained data show that nematode miRNAs putatively targeting tomato genes are mostly related to detrimental effects on plant development and defense. Similarly, tomato miRNAs putatively targeting M. incognita biological processes have negative effects on digestion, mobility, and reproduction. To experimentally test this hypothesis, an in vitro feeding assay was carried out using sly-miRNAs selected from the bioinformatics approach. The results show that two tomato miRNAs (sly-miRNA156a, sly-miR169f) soaked by juvenile larvae (J2s) affected their ability to infect plant roots and form galls. This was also coupled with a significant downregulation of predicted target genes (Minc11367, Minc00111), as revealed by a qRT-PCR analysis. Discussions Therefore, the current study expands the knowledge related to the cross-kingdom miRNAs involvement in host-parasite interactions and could pave the way for the application of exogenous plant miRNAs as tools to control nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Leonetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of the National Research Council, Unit of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Debora Dallera
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering - Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide De Marchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering - Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Candito
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering - Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pasotti
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering - Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anca Macovei
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Huang J, Ma S, Zhou M, Liu Z, Liang Q. Cytochemical localization and synthesis mechanism of the glucomannan in pseudobulbs of Bletilla striata Reichb. f. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae092. [PMID: 38799126 PMCID: PMC11116825 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The dried pseudobulbs of Bletilla striata, an important traditional Chinese medicine named BaiJi, have an extraordinary polysaccharide content and excellent prospects for medicinal effects. However, the distribution and molecular mechanism underlying biosynthesis are poorly understood. In this study, chemical and immunologic analyses were performed in representative tissues of B. striata, and the results showed that what are conventionally termed Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSPs) are water-soluble polysaccharides deposited only in pseudobulbs. The structural component of BSPs is glucomannan, with a mannose:glucose mass ratio of ~3:2. BSPs are present in the parenchyma of the pseudobulbs in cells known as glucomannan idioblasts and distributed in the cytoplasm within cellular membranes, but are not contained in the vacuole. Comparative transcriptomics and bioinformatics analyses mapped the pathway from sucrose to BSP and identified BsGPI, BsmanA, and BsCSLAs as the key genes of BSP biosynthesis, suggesting that the functional differentiation of the cellulose synthase-like family A (CSLA) may be critical for the flow of glucomannan to the BSP or cell wall. Subsequently, virus-mediated gene silencing showed that silencing of two CSLAs (Bs03G11846 and Bs03G11849) led to a decrease in BSP content, and yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation experiments confirmed that four CSLAs (Bs03G11846, Bs03G11847, Bs03G11848, and Bs03G11849) can form homo- or heterodimers, suggesting that multiple CSLAs may form a large complex that functions in BSP synthesis. Our results provide cytological evidence of BSP and describe the isolation and characterization of candidate genes involved in BSP synthesis, laying a solid foundation for further research on its regulation mechanisms and the genetic engineering breeding of B. striata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi City 435002, China
| | - Qiong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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3
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Li W, Lin YCJ, Chen YL, Zhou C, Li S, De Ridder N, Oliveira DM, Zhang L, Zhang B, Wang JP, Xu C, Fu X, Luo K, Wu AM, Demura T, Lu MZ, Zhou Y, Li L, Umezawa T, Boerjan W, Chiang VL. Woody plant cell walls: Fundamentals and utilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:112-140. [PMID: 38102833 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls in plants, particularly forest trees, are the major carbon sink of the terrestrial ecosystem. Chemical and biosynthetic features of plant cell walls were revealed early on, focusing mostly on herbaceous model species. Recent developments in genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, transgenesis, and associated analytical techniques are enabling novel insights into formation of woody cell walls. Here, we review multilevel regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in forest tree species. We highlight current approaches to engineering cell walls as potential feedstock for materials and energy and survey reported field tests of such engineered transgenic trees. We outline opportunities and challenges in future research to better understand cell type biogenesis for more efficient wood cell wall modification and utilization for biomaterials or for enhanced carbon capture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | | | - Ying-Lan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Nette De Ridder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Science of Forest Plants and Microorganisms, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Xu J, Du H, Shi H, Song J, Yu J, Zhou Y. Protein O-glycosylation regulates diverse developmental and defense processes in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6119-6130. [PMID: 37220091 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications affect protein functions and play key roles in controlling biological processes. Plants have unique types of O-glycosylation that are different from those of animals and prokaryotes, and they play roles in modulating the functions of secretory proteins and nucleocytoplasmic proteins by regulating transcription and mediating localization and degradation. O-glycosylation is complex because of the dozens of different O-glycan types, the widespread existence of hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser), and threonine (Thr) residues in proteins attached by O-glycans, and the variable modes of linkages connecting the sugars. O-glycosylation specifically affects development and environmental acclimatization by affecting diverse physiological processes. This review describes recent studies on the detection and functioning of protein O-glycosylation in plants, and provides a framework for the O-glycosylation network that underlies plant development and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Du
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Huanran Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Song
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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5
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Robichaux KJ, Smith DK, Blea MN, Weigand C, Harper JF, Wallace IS. Disruption of pollen tube homogalacturonan synthesis relieves pollen tube penetration defects in the Arabidopsis O-FUCOSYLTRANSFERASE1 mutant. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2023:10.1007/s00497-023-00468-5. [PMID: 37222783 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During angiosperm sexual reproduction, pollen tubes must penetrate through multiple cell types in the pistil to mediate successful fertilization. Although this process is highly choreographed and requires complex chemical and mechanical signaling to guide the pollen tube to its destination, aspects of our understanding of pollen tube penetration through the pistil are incomplete. Our previous work demonstrated that disruption of the Arabidopsis thaliana O-FUCOSYLTRANSFERASE1 (OFT1) gene resulted in decreased pollen tube penetration through the stigma-style interface. Here, we demonstrate that second site mutations of Arabidopsis GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 14 (GAUT14) effectively suppress the phenotype of oft1 mutants, partially restoring silique length, seed set, pollen transmission, and pollen tube penetration deficiencies in navigating the female reproductive tract. These results suggest that disruption of pectic homogalacturonan (HG) synthesis can alleviate the penetrative defects associated with the oft1 mutant and may implicate pectic HG deposition in the process of pollen tube penetration through the stigma-style interface in Arabidopsis. These results also support a model in which OFT1 function directly or indirectly modifies structural features associated with the cell wall, with the loss of oft1 leading to an imbalance in the wall composition that can be compensated for by a reduction in pectic HG deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh J Robichaux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS0330, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Devin K Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS0330, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Madison N Blea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS0330, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Chrystle Weigand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS0330, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS0330, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS0330, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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6
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Wannitikul P, Wattana-Amorn P, Sathitnaitham S, Sakulkoo J, Suttangkakul A, Wonnapinij P, Bassel GW, Simister R, Gomez LD, Vuttipongchaikij S. Disruption of a DUF247 Containing Protein Alters Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Reduces Growth in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1977. [PMID: 37653894 PMCID: PMC10221614 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall biosynthesis is a complex process that requires proteins and enzymes from glycan synthesis to wall assembly. We show that disruption of At3g50120 (DUF247-1), a member of the DUF247 multigene family containing 28 genes in Arabidopsis, results in alterations to the structure and composition of cell wall polysaccharides and reduced growth and plant size. An ELISA using cell wall antibodies shows that the mutants also exhibit ~50% reductions in xyloglucan (XyG), glucuronoxylan (GX) and heteromannan (HM) epitopes in the NaOH fraction and ~50% increases in homogalacturonan (HG) epitopes in the CDTA fraction. Furthermore, the polymer sizes of XyGs and GXs are reduced with concomitant increases in short-chain polymers, while those of HGs and mHGs are slightly increased. Complementation using 35S:DUF247-1 partially recovers the XyG and HG content, but not those of GX and HM, suggesting that DUF247-1 is more closely associated with XyGs and HGs. DUF247-1 is expressed throughout Arabidopsis, particularly in vascular and developing tissues, and its disruption affects the expression of other gene members, indicating a regulatory control role within the gene family. Our results demonstrate that DUF247-1 is required for normal cell wall composition and structure and Arabidopsis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaporn Wannitikul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Sukhita Sathitnaitham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Jenjira Sakulkoo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Anongpat Suttangkakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - George W. Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Glucomannan in Dendrobium catenatum: Bioactivities, Biosynthesis and Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13111957. [DOI: 10.3390/genes13111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium catenatum is a classical and precious dual-use plant for both medicine and food in China. It was first recorded in Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic, and has the traditional functions of nourishing yin, antipyresis, tonifying the stomach, and promoting fluid production. The stem is its medicinal part and is rich in active polysaccharide glucomannan. As an excellent dietary fiber, glucomannan has been experimentally confirmed to be involved in anti-cancer, enhancing immunity, lowering blood sugar and blood lipids, etc. Here, the status quo of the D. catenatum industry, the structure, bioactivities, biosynthesis pathway and key genes of glucomannan are systematically described to provide a crucial foundation and theoretical basis for understanding the value of D. catenatum and the potential application of glucomannan in crop biofortification.
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Voiniciuc C. Modern mannan: a hemicellulose's journey. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1175-1184. [PMID: 35285041 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulosic polysaccharides built of β-1,4-linked mannose units have been found throughout the plant kingdom and have numerous industrial applications. Here, I review recent advances in the biosynthesis and modification of plant β-mannans. These matrix polymers can associate with cellulose bundles to impact the mechanical properties of plant fibers or biocomposites. In certain algae, mannan microfibrils even replace cellulose as the dominant structural component of the cell wall. Conversely, patterned galactoglucomannan found in Arabidopsis thaliana seed mucilage significantly modulates cell wall architecture and abiotic stress tolerance despite its relatively low content. I also discuss the subcellular requirements for β-mannan biosynthesis, the increasing number of carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in this process, and the players that continue to be puzzling. I discuss how cellulose synthase-like enzymes elongate (gluco)mannans in orthogonal hosts and highlight the discoveries of plant enzymes that add specific galactosyl or acetyl decorations. Hydrolytic enzymes such as endo-β-1,4-mannanases have recently been involved in a wide range of biological contexts including seed germination, wood formation, heavy metal tolerance, and defense responses. Synthetic biology tools now provide faster tracks to modulate the increasingly-relevant mannan structures for improved plant traits and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Transcriptomics Reveals Host-Dependent Differences of Polysaccharides Biosynthesis in Cynomorium songaricum. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010044. [PMID: 35011276 PMCID: PMC8746405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum is a root holoparasitic herb that is mainly hosted in the roots of Nitraria roborowskii and Nitraria sibirica distributed in the arid desert and saline-alkaline regions. The stem of C. songaricum is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine and applied in anti-viral, anti-obesity and anti-diabetes, which largely rely on the bioactive components including: polysaccharides, flavonoids and triterpenes. Although the differences in growth characteristics of C. songaricum between N. roborowskii and N. sibirica have been reported, the difference of the two hosts on growth and polysaccharides biosynthesis in C. songaricum as well as regulation mechanism are not limited. Here, the physiological characteristics and transcriptome of C. songaricum host in N. roborowskii (CR) and N. sibirica (CS) were conducted. The results showed that the fresh weight, soluble sugar content and antioxidant capacity on a per stem basis exhibited a 3.3-, 3.0- and 2.1-fold increase in CR compared to CS. A total of 16,921 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in CR versus CS, with 2573 characterized genes, 1725 up-regulated and 848 down-regulated. Based on biological functions, 50 DEGs were associated with polysaccharides and starch metabolism as well as their transport. The expression levels of the selected 37 genes were validated by qRT-PCR and almost consistent with their Reads Per kb per Million values. These findings would provide useful references for improving the yield and quality of C. songaricum.
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Kohorn BD, Zorensky FDH, Dexter-Meldrum J, Chabout S, Mouille G, Kohorn S. Mutation of an Arabidopsis Golgi membrane protein ELMO1 reduces cell adhesion. Development 2021; 148:268319. [PMID: 34015094 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth, morphogenesis and development involve cellular adhesion, a process dependent on the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix or cell wall. Pectin in the cell wall is thought to play an essential role in adhesion, and its modification and cleavage are suggested to be highly regulated so as to change adhesive properties. To increase our understanding of plant cell adhesion, a population of ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized Arabidopsis were screened for hypocotyl adhesion defects using the pectin binding dye Ruthenium Red that penetrates defective but not wild-type (WT) hypocotyl cell walls. Genomic sequencing was used to identify a mutant allele of ELMO1 which encodes a 20 kDa Golgi membrane protein that has no predicted enzymatic domains. ELMO1 colocalizes with several Golgi markers and elmo1-/- plants can be rescued by an ELMO1-GFP fusion. elmo1-/- exhibits reduced mannose content relative to WT but no other cell wall changes and can be rescued to WT phenotype by mutants in ESMERALDA1, which also suppresses other adhesion mutants. elmo1 describes a previously unidentified role for the ELMO1 protein in plant cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Salem Chabout
- IJPB, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- IJPB, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Susan Kohorn
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, ME 04011, USA
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Hromadová D, Soukup A, Tylová E. Arabinogalactan Proteins in Plant Roots - An Update on Possible Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674010. [PMID: 34079573 PMCID: PMC8165308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Responsiveness to environmental conditions and developmental plasticity of root systems are crucial determinants of plant fitness. These processes are interconnected at a cellular level with cell wall properties and cell surface signaling, which involve arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) as essential components. AGPs are cell-wall localized glycoproteins, often GPI-anchored, which participate in root functions at many levels. They are involved in cell expansion and differentiation, regulation of root growth, interactions with other organisms, and environmental response. Due to the complexity of cell wall functional and regulatory networks, and despite the large amount of experimental data, the exact molecular mechanisms of AGP-action are still largely unknown. This dynamically evolving field of root biology is summarized in the present review.
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12
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Verhertbruggen Y, Bouder A, Vigouroux J, Alvarado C, Geairon A, Guillon F, Wilkinson MD, Stritt F, Pauly M, Lee MY, Mortimer JC, Scheller HV, Mitchell RAC, Voiniciuc C, Saulnier L, Chateigner-Boutin AL. The TaCslA12 gene expressed in the wheat grain endosperm synthesizes wheat-like mannan when expressed in yeast and Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110693. [PMID: 33288007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mannan is a class of cell wall polysaccharides widespread in the plant kingdom. Mannan structure and properties vary according to species and organ. The cell walls of cereal grains have been extensively studied due to their role in cereal processing and to their beneficial effect on human health as dietary fiber. Recently, we showed that mannan in wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain endosperm has a linear structure of β-1,4-linked mannose residues. The aim of this work was to study the biosynthesis and function of wheat grain mannan. We showed that mannan is deposited in the endosperm early during grain development, and we identified candidate mannan biosynthetic genes expressed in the endosperm. The functional study in wheat was unsuccessful therefore our best candidate genes were expressed in heterologous systems. The endosperm-specificTaCslA12 gene expressed in Pichia pastoris and in an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant depleted in glucomannan led to the production of wheat-like linear mannan lacking glucose residues and with moderate acetylation. Therefore, this gene encodes a mannan synthase and is likely responsible for the synthesis of wheat endosperm mannan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark D Wilkinson
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JK, UK
| | - Fabian Stritt
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mi Yeon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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13
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Sharma P, Sharma S, Ramakrishna G, Srivastava H, Gaikwad K. A comprehensive review on leguminous galactomannans: structural analysis, functional properties, biosynthesis process and industrial applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:443-465. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1819196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sharma
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Sharma
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | - G. Ramakrishna
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kishor Gaikwad
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR, New Delhi, India
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14
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Penning BW, Shiga TM, Klimek JF, SanMiguel PJ, Shreve J, Thimmapuram J, Sykes RW, Davis MF, McCann MC, Carpita NC. Expression profiles of cell-wall related genes vary broadly between two common maize inbreds during stem development. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:785. [PMID: 31664907 PMCID: PMC6819468 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular machinery for cell wall synthesis and metabolism is encoded by members of large multi-gene families. Maize is both a genetic model for grass species and a potential source of lignocellulosic biomass from crop residues. Genetic improvement of maize for its utility as a bioenergy feedstock depends on identification of the specific gene family members expressed during secondary wall development in stems. Results High-throughput sequencing of transcripts expressed in developing rind tissues of stem internodes provided a comprehensive inventory of cell wall-related genes in maize (Zea mays, cultivar B73). Of 1239 of these genes, 854 were expressed among the internodes at ≥95 reads per 20 M, and 693 of them at ≥500 reads per 20 M. Grasses have cell wall compositions distinct from non-commelinid species; only one-quarter of maize cell wall-related genes expressed in stems were putatively orthologous with those of the eudicot Arabidopsis. Using a slope-metric algorithm, five distinct patterns for sub-sets of co-expressed genes were defined across a time course of stem development. For the subset of genes associated with secondary wall formation, fifteen sequence motifs were found in promoter regions. The same members of gene families were often expressed in two maize inbreds, B73 and Mo17, but levels of gene expression between them varied, with 30% of all genes exhibiting at least a 5-fold difference at any stage. Although presence-absence and copy-number variation might account for much of these differences, fold-changes of expression of a CADa and a FLA11 gene were attributed to polymorphisms in promoter response elements. Conclusions Large genetic variation in maize as a species precludes the extrapolation of cell wall-related gene expression networks even from one common inbred line to another. Elucidation of genotype-specific expression patterns and their regulatory controls will be needed for association panels of inbreds and landraces to fully exploit genetic variation in maize and other bioenergy grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Penning
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,, Present Address: USDA-ARS, Wheat Quality Research Unit, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Tânia M Shiga
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Present Address: Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF-USP F, 3091-3647 / 3091-3007, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - BL-14 CEP 05508-000, Butantã, Sâo Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - John F Klimek
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Philip J SanMiguel
- Genomics Core Facility, Purdue University, 170 South University Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jacob Shreve
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,, Present Address: Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jyothi Thimmapuram
- Present Address: Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF-USP F, 3091-3647 / 3091-3007, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - BL-14 CEP 05508-000, Butantã, Sâo Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Robert W Sykes
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.,, Present Address: Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Mark F Davis
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, USA.
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15
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Evolutionary origin of O-acetyltransferases responsible for glucomannan acetylation in land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:466-479. [PMID: 31183872 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mannans are an abundant cell wall polysaccharide in bryophytes, seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms. A previous study has shown that mannan acetylation in Arabidopsis and konjac is mediated by mannan O-acetyltransferases belonging to the Domain of Unknown Function (DUF) 231 family. However, little is known about the acetylation patterns of mannans in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, and the evolutionary origin of mannan O-acetyltransferases in land plants has not yet been studied. Phylogenetic analysis of the DUF231 family revealed that DUF231 members were present in the charophycean green algae and evolved to form overlapped and divergent phylogenetic groups in different taxa of land plants. Acetyltransferase activity assays of recombinant proteins demonstrated that a number of group II DUF231 members from moss, Selaginella, pine, spruce, rice and poplar were mannan 2-O- and 3-O-acetyltransferases, whereas the two group I DUF231 members from the alga Klebsormidium nitens were not. Structural analysis of mannans from moss and Selaginella showed they were composed of mannosyl and glucosyl residues and the mannosyl residues were acetylated at O-2 and O-3. These findings indicate that although the DUF231 genes originated in algae, their recruitment as mannan O-acetyltransferases probably occurred in bryophytes, and the biochemical functions of these O-acetyltransferases are evolutionarily conserved throughout land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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16
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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17
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Voiniciuc C, Dama M, Gawenda N, Stritt F, Pauly M. Mechanistic insights from plant heteromannan synthesis in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:522-527. [PMID: 30584101 PMCID: PMC6329948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814003116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteromannan (HM) is one of the most ancient cell wall polymers in the plant kingdom, consisting of β-(1-4)-linked backbones of glucose (Glc) and mannose (Man) units. Despite the widespread distribution of HM polysaccharides, their biosynthesis remains mechanistically unclear. HM is elongated by glycosyltransferases (GTs) from the cellulose synthase-like A (CSLA) family. MANNAN-SYNTHESIS RELATED (MSR) putative GTs have also been implicated in (gluco)mannan synthesis, but their roles have been difficult to decipher in planta and in vitro. To further characterize the products of the HM synthases and accessory proteins, we chose a synthetic biology approach to synthesize plant HM in yeast. The expression of a CSLA protein in Pichia pastoris led to the abundant production of plant HM: up to 30% of glycans in the yeast cell wall. Based on sequential chemical and enzymatic extractions, followed by detailed structural analyses, the newly produced HM polymers were unbranched and could be larger than 270 kDa. Using CSLAs from different species, we programmed yeast cells to produce an HM backbone composed exclusively of Man or also incorporating Glc. We demonstrate that specific MSR cofactors were indispensable for mannan synthase activity of a coffee CSLA or modulated a functional CSLA enzyme to produce glucomannan instead of mannan. Therefore, this powerful platform yields functional insight into the molecular machinery required for HM biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Murali Dama
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Gawenda
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Stritt
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Penning BW, McCann MC, Carpita NC. Evolution of the Cell Wall Gene Families of Grasses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1205. [PMID: 31681352 PMCID: PMC6805987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grasses and related commelinid monocot species synthesize cell walls distinct in composition from other angiosperm species. With few exceptions, the genomes of all angiosperms contain the genes that encode the enzymes for synthesis of all cell-wall polysaccharide, phenylpropanoid, and protein constituents known in vascular plants. RNA-seq analysis of transcripts expressed during development of the upper and lower internodes of maize (Zea mays) stem captured the expression of cell-wall-related genes associated with primary or secondary wall formation. High levels of transcript abundances were not confined to genes associated with the distinct walls of grasses but also of those associated with xyloglucan and pectin synthesis. Combined with proteomics data to confirm that expressed genes are translated, we propose that the distinctive cell-wall composition of grasses results from sorting downstream from their sites of synthesis in the Golgi apparatus and hydrolysis of the uncharacteristic polysaccharides and not from differential expression of synthases of grass-specific polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W. Penning
- Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research, USDA-ARS, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Maureen C. McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Carpita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas C. Carpita,
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19
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Bozbuga R, Lilley CJ, Knox JP, Urwin PE. Host-specific signatures of the cell wall changes induced by the plant parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17302. [PMID: 30470775 PMCID: PMC6251906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are an important group of plant parasitic nematodes that induce within host plant roots unique feeding site structures, termed giant cells, which supply nutrient flow to the nematode. A comparative in situ analysis of cell wall polysaccharides in the giant cells of three host species (Arabidopsis, maize and aduki bean) infected with Meloidogyne incognita has been carried out. Features common to giant cell walls of all three species include the presence of high-esterified pectic homogalacturonan, xyloglucan and pectic arabinan. The species-specific presence of xylan and mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) epitopes in giant cell walls of maize reflected that host’s taxonomic group. The LM5 galactan and LM21 mannan epitopes were not detected in the giant cell walls of aduki bean but were detected in Arabidopsis and maize giant cell walls. The LM2 arabinogalactan-protein epitope was notable for its apparent global variations in root cell walls as a response to infection across the three host species. Additionally, a set of Arabidopsis cell wall mutants were used to determine any impacts of altered cell wall structures on M. incognita infection. Disruption of the arabinogalactan-protein 8 gene had the greatest impact and resulted in an increased infection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refik Bozbuga
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Lilley
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E Urwin
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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20
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Yu L, Lyczakowski JJ, Pereira CS, Kotake T, Yu X, Li A, Mogelsvang S, Skaf MS, Dupree P. The Patterned Structure of Galactoglucomannan Suggests It May Bind to Cellulose in Seed Mucilage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1011-1026. [PMID: 30185440 PMCID: PMC6236596 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between mannan polysaccharides and cellulose microfibrils contributes to cell wall properties in some vascular plants, but the molecular arrangement of mannan in the cell wall and the nature of the molecular bonding between mannan and cellulose remain unknown. Previous studies have shown that mannan is important in maintaining Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed mucilage architecture, and that Cellulose Synthase-Like A2 (CSLA2) synthesizes a glucomannan backbone, which Mannan α-Galactosyl Transferase1 (MAGT1/GlycosylTransferase-Like6/Mucilage Related10) might decorate with single α-Gal branches. Here, we investigated the ratio and sequence of Man and Glc and the arrangement of Gal residues in Arabidopsis mucilage mannan using enzyme sequential digestion, carbohydrate gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. We found that seed mucilage galactoglucomannan has a backbone consisting of the repeating disaccharide [4)-β-Glc-(1,4)-β-Man-(1,], and most of the Man residues in the backbone are substituted by single α-1,6-Gal. CSLA2 is responsible for the synthesis of this patterned glucomannan backbone and MAGT1 catalyses the addition of α-Gal. In vitro activity assays revealed that MAGT1 transferred α-Gal from UDP-Gal only to Man residues within the CSLA2 patterned glucomannan backbone acceptor. These results indicate that CSLAs and galactosyltransferases are able to make precisely defined galactoglucomannan structures. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested this patterned galactoglucomannan is able to bind stably to some hydrophilic faces and to hydrophobic faces of cellulose microfibrils. A specialization of the biosynthetic machinery to make galactoglucomannan with a patterned structure may therefore regulate the mode of binding of this hemicellulose to cellulose fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S Pereira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas SP 13084-862, Brazil
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8642, Japan
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - An Li
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Soren Mogelsvang
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Munir S Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas SP 13084-862, Brazil
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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Donev E, Gandla ML, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Engineering Non-cellulosic Polysaccharides of Wood for the Biorefinery. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1537. [PMID: 30405672 PMCID: PMC6206411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-cellulosic polysaccharides constitute approximately one third of usable woody biomass for human exploitation. In contrast to cellulose, these substances are composed of several different types of unit monosaccharides and their backbones are substituted by various groups. Their structural diversity and recent examples of their modification in transgenic plants and mutants suggest they can be targeted for improving wood-processing properties, thereby facilitating conversion of wood in a biorefinery setting. Critical knowledge on their structure-function relationship is slowly emerging, although our understanding of molecular interactions responsible for observed phenomena is still incomplete. This review: (1) provides an overview of structural features of major non-cellulosic polysaccharides of wood, (2) describes the fate of non-cellulosic polysaccharides during biorefinery processing, (3) shows how the non-cellulosic polysaccharides impact lignocellulose processing focused on yields of either sugars or polymers, and (4) discusses outlooks for the improvement of tree species for biorefinery by modifying the structure of non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Donev
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Sechet J, Marion-Poll A, North HM. Emerging Functions for Cell Wall Polysaccharides Accumulated during Eudicot Seed Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E81. [PMID: 30274256 PMCID: PMC6313846 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation of seeds is a reproductive strategy in higher plants that enables the dispersal of offspring through time and space. Eudicot seeds comprise three main components, the embryo, the endosperm and the seed coat, where the coordinated development of each is important for the correct formation of the mature seed. In addition, the seed coat protects the quiescent progeny and can provide transport mechanisms. A key underlying process in the production of seed tissues is the formation of an extracellular matrix termed the cell wall, which is well known for its essential function in cytokinesis, directional growth and morphogenesis. The cell wall is composed of a macromolecular network of polymers where the major component is polysaccharides. The attributes of polysaccharides differ with their composition and charge, which enables dynamic remodeling of the mechanical and physical properties of the matrix by adjusting their production, modification or turnover. Accordingly, the importance of specific polysaccharides or modifications is increasingly being associated with specialized functions within seed tissues, often through the spatio-temporal accumulation or remodeling of particular polymers. Here, we review the evolution and accumulation of polysaccharides during eudicot seed development, what is known of their impact on wall architecture and the diverse roles associated with these in different seed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Helen M North
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
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23
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Ulvskov P, Scheller HV. Cell walls have a new family. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:635-636. [PMID: 30082765 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Takenaka Y, Kato K, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Tsuruhama K, Kajiura H, Yagyu K, Takeda A, Takeda Y, Kunieda T, Hara-Nishimura I, Kuroha T, Nishitani K, Matsubayashi Y, Ishimizu T. Pectin RG-I rhamnosyltransferases represent a novel plant-specific glycosyltransferase family. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:669-676. [PMID: 30082766 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is one of the three key cell wall polysaccharides in land plants and consists of three major structural domains: homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and RG-II. Although the glycosyltransferase required for the synthesis of the homogalacturonan and RG-II backbone was identified a decade ago, those for the synthesis of the RG-I backbone, which consists of the repeating disaccharide unit [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalUA-(1→], have remained unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of Arabidopsis RG-I:rhamnosyltransferases (RRTs), which transfer the rhamnose residue from UDP-β-L-rhamnose to RG-I oligosaccharides. RRT1, which is one of the four Arabidopsis RRTs, is a single-spanning transmembrane protein, localized to the Golgi apparatus. RRT1 was highly expressed during formation of the seed coat mucilage, which is a specialized cell wall with abundant RG-I. Loss-of-function mutation in RRT1 caused a reduction in the level of RG-I in the seed coat mucilage. The RRTs belong to a novel glycosyltransferase family, now designated GT106. This is a large plant-specific family, and glycosyltransferases in this family seem to have plant-specific roles, such as biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Takenaka
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kohei Kato
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kana Tsuruhama
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kenta Yagyu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
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25
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Smith DK, Harper JF, Wallace IS. A potential role for protein O-fucosylation during pollen-pistil interactions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1467687. [PMID: 29939807 PMCID: PMC6103288 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1467687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Putative protein O-fucosyltransferases (POFTs) represent a large family of Glycosyl Transferase family 65 domain-containing proteins in land plants, with at least 39 proposed members in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome alone. We recently identified a member of this family, AtOFT1 (At3g05320), in which loss-of-function mutants display impaired sexual reproduction that was linked to a defective male gamete. Specifically, oft1 mutant pollen tubes are ineffective at penetrating the stigma-style interface leading to a drastic reduction in seed set and a nearly 2000-fold reduction in pollen transmission. Our findings establish that AtOFT1 plays a critical role in pollen tube penetration through the stigma/style in Arabidopsis and further suggest an important role for protein O-glycosylation events that potentially influence pollen tube mechanical strength or the ability to respond to positional guidance cues during the process of tube growth and fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - J. F. Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - I. S. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
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26
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Smith DK, Jones DM, Lau JBR, Cruz ER, Brown E, Harper JF, Wallace IS. A Putative Protein O-Fucosyltransferase Facilitates Pollen Tube Penetration through the Stigma -Style Interface. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2804-2818. [PMID: 29467178 PMCID: PMC5884604 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During pollen-pistil interactions in angiosperms, the male gametophyte (pollen) germinates to produce a pollen tube. To fertilize ovules located within the female pistil, the pollen tube must physically penetrate specialized tissues. Whereas the process of pollen tube penetration through the pistil has been anatomically well described, the genetic regulation remains poorly understood. In this study, we identify a novel Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene, O-FUCOSYLTRANSFERASE1 (AtOFT1), which plays a key role in pollen tube penetration through the stigma-style interface. Semi-in vivo growth assays demonstrate that oft1 mutant pollen tubes have a reduced ability to penetrate the stigma-style interface, leading to a nearly 2,000-fold decrease in oft1 pollen transmission efficiency and a 5- to 10-fold decreased seed set. We also demonstrate that AtOFT1 is localized to the Golgi apparatus, indicating its potential role in cellular glycosylation events. Finally, we demonstrate that AtOFT1 and other similar Arabidopsis genes represent a novel clade of sequences related to metazoan protein O-fucosyltransferases and that mutation of residues that are important for O-fucosyltransferase activity compromises AtOFT1 function in vivo. The results of this study elucidate a physiological function for AtOFT1 in pollen tube penetration through the stigma-style interface and highlight the potential importance of protein O-glycosylation events in pollen-pistil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin K Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Danielle M Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Jonathan B R Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Edward R Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
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27
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Arabidopsis Regenerating Protoplast: A Powerful Model System for Combining the Proteomics of Cell Wall Proteins and the Visualization of Cell Wall Dynamics. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4040034. [PMID: 28248244 PMCID: PMC5260967 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a range of sub-proteomic approaches to the plant cell wall has identified many of the cell wall proteins. However, it remains difficult to elucidate the precise biological role of each protein and the cell wall dynamics driven by their actions. The plant protoplast provides an excellent means not only for characterizing cell wall proteins, but also for visualizing the dynamics of cell wall regeneration, during which cell wall proteins are secreted. It therefore offers a unique opportunity to investigate the de novo construction process of the cell wall. This review deals with sub-proteomic approaches to the plant cell wall through the use of protoplasts, a methodology that will provide the basis for further exploration of cell wall proteins and cell wall dynamics.
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28
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Verger S, Chabout S, Gineau E, Mouille G. Cell adhesion in plants is under the control of putative O-fucosyltransferases. Development 2016; 143:2536-40. [PMID: 27317803 PMCID: PMC4958334 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell adhesion in plants is mediated by the cell wall and the presence of a pectin-rich middle lamella. However, we know very little about how the plant actually controls and maintains cell adhesion during growth and development and how it deals with the dynamic cell wall remodeling that takes place. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms that control cell adhesion in plants. We carried out a genetic suppressor screen and a genetic analysis of cell adhesion-defective Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. We identified a genetic suppressor of a cell adhesion defect affecting a putative O-fucosyltransferase. Furthermore, we show that the state of cell adhesion is not directly linked with pectin content in the cell wall but instead is associated with altered pectin-related signaling. Our results suggest that cell adhesion is under the control of a feedback signal from the state of the pectin in the cell wall. Such a mechanism could be necessary for the control and maintenance of cell adhesion during growth and development. Highlighted article: Pectin-related signaling, rather than absolute pectin levels, are proposed to contribute to cell adhesion during growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Verger
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Salem Chabout
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Gineau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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29
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Voiniciuc C, Zimmermann E, Schmidt MHW, Günl M, Fu L, North HM, Usadel B. Extensive Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage Structure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:803. [PMID: 27375657 PMCID: PMC4894908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrated Arabidopsis thaliana seeds are coated by a gelatinous layer called mucilage, which is mainly composed of cell wall polysaccharides. Since mucilage is rich in pectin, its architecture can be visualized with the ruthenium red (RR) dye. We screened the seeds of around 280 Arabidopsis natural accessions for variation in mucilage structure, and identified a large number of novel variants that differed from the Col-0 wild-type. Most of the accessions released smaller RR-stained capsules compared to the Col-0 reference. By biochemically characterizing the phenotypes of 25 of these accessions in greater detail, we discovered that distinct changes in polysaccharide structure resulted in gelatinous coatings with a deceptively similar appearance. Monosaccharide composition analysis of total mucilage extracts revealed a remarkable variation (from 50 to 200% of Col-0 levels) in the content of galactose and mannose, which are important subunits of heteromannan. In addition, most of the natural variants had altered Pontamine Fast Scarlet 4B staining of cellulose and significantly reduced birefringence of crystalline structures. This indicates that the production or organization of cellulose may be affected by the presence of different amounts of hemicellulose. Although, the accessions described in this study were primarily collected from Western Europe, they form five different phenotypic classes based on the combined results of our experiments. This suggests that polymorphisms at multiple loci are likely responsible for the observed mucilage structure. The transcription of MUCILAGE-RELATED10 (MUCI10), which encodes a key enzyme for galactoglucomannan synthesis, was severely reduced in multiple variants that phenocopied the muci10-1 insertion mutant. Although, we could not pinpoint any causal polymorphisms in this gene, constitutive expression of fluorescently-tagged MUCI10 proteins complemented the mucilage defects of a muci10-like accession. This leads us to hypothesize that some accessions might disrupt a transcriptional regulator of MUCI10. Therefore, this collection of publicly-available variants should provide insight into plant cell wall organization and facilitate the discovery of genes that regulate polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Eva Zimmermann
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Heinrich-Wilhelm Schmidt
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Markus Günl
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Lanbao Fu
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Helen M. North
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayVersailles, France
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
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30
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Stonebloom S, Ebert B, Xiong G, Pattathil S, Birdseye D, Lao J, Pauly M, Hahn MG, Heazlewood JL, Scheller HV. A DUF-246 family glycosyltransferase-like gene affects male fertility and the biosynthesis of pectic arabinogalactans. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:90. [PMID: 27091363 PMCID: PMC4836069 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectins are a group of structurally complex plant cell wall polysaccharides whose biosynthesis and function remain poorly understood. The pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) has two types of arabinogalactan side chains, type-I and type-II arabinogalactans. To date few enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pectin have been described. Here we report the identification of a highly conserved putative glycosyltransferase encoding gene, Pectic ArabinoGalactan synthesis-Related (PAGR), affecting the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and critical for pollen tube growth. RESULTS T-DNA insertions in PAGR were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and were found to segregate at a 1:1 ratio of heterozygotes to wild type. We were unable to isolate homozygous pagr mutants as pagr mutant alleles were not transmitted via pollen. In vitro pollen germination assays revealed reduced rates of pollen tube formation in pollen from pagr heterozygotes. To characterize a loss-of-function phenotype for PAGR, the Nicotiana benthamiana orthologs, NbPAGR-A and B, were transiently silenced using Virus Induced Gene Silencing. NbPAGR-silenced plants exhibited reduced internode and petiole expansion. Cell wall materials from NbPAGR-silenced plants had reduced galactose content compared to the control. Immunological and linkage analyses support that RG-I has reduced type-I arabinogalactan content and reduced branching of the RG-I backbone in NbPAGR-silenced plants. Arabidopsis lines overexpressing PAGR exhibit pleiotropic developmental phenotypes and the loss of apical dominance as well as an increase in RG-I type-II arabinogalactan content. CONCLUSIONS Together, results support a function for PAGR in the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and illustrate the essential roles of these polysaccharides in vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Stonebloom
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Ebert
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guangyan Xiong
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Devon Birdseye
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeemeng Lao
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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31
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Sawake S, Tajima N, Mortimer JC, Lao J, Ishikawa T, Yu X, Yamanashi Y, Yoshimi Y, Kawai-Yamada M, Dupree P, Tsumuraya Y, Kotake T. KONJAC1 and 2 Are Key Factors for GDP-Mannose Generation and Affect l-Ascorbic Acid and Glucomannan Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:3397-409. [PMID: 26672069 PMCID: PMC4707449 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans are unable to synthesize l-ascorbic acid (AsA), yet it is required as a cofactor in many critical biochemical reactions. The majority of human dietary AsA is obtained from plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPP), VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE1 (VTC1), catalyzes a rate-limiting step in AsA synthesis: the formation of GDP-Man. In this study, we identified two nucleotide sugar pyrophosphorylase-like proteins, KONJAC1 (KJC1) and KJC2, which stimulate the activity of VTC1. The kjc1kjc2 double mutant exhibited severe dwarfism, indicating that KJC proteins are important for growth and development. The kjc1 mutation reduced GMPP activity to 10% of wild-type levels, leading to a 60% reduction in AsA levels. On the contrary, overexpression of KJC1 significantly increased GMPP activity. The kjc1 and kjc1kjc2 mutants also exhibited significantly reduced levels of glucomannan, which is also synthesized from GDP-Man. Recombinant KJC1 and KJC2 enhanced the GMPP activity of recombinant VTC1 in vitro, while KJCs did not show GMPP activity. Yeast two-hybrid assays suggested that the stimulation of GMPP activity occurs via interaction of KJCs with VTC1. These results suggest that KJCs are key factors for the generation of GDP-Man and affect AsA level and glucomannan accumulation through the stimulation of VTC1 GMPP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Sawake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tajima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
| | - Jeemeng Lao
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Yukiko Yamanashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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32
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Voiniciuc C, Schmidt MHW, Berger A, Yang B, Ebert B, Scheller HV, North HM, Usadel B, Günl M. MUCILAGE-RELATED10 Produces Galactoglucomannan That Maintains Pectin and Cellulose Architecture in Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:403-420. [PMID: 26220953 PMCID: PMC4577422 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants invest a lot of their resources into the production of an extracellular matrix built of polysaccharides. While the composition of the cell wall is relatively well characterized, the functions of the individual polymers and the enzymes that catalyze their biosynthesis remain poorly understood. We exploited the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat epidermis (SCE) to study cell wall synthesis. SCE cells produce mucilage, a specialized secondary wall that is rich in pectin, at a precise stage of development. A coexpression search for MUCILAGE-RELATED (MUCI) genes identified MUCI10 as a key determinant of mucilage properties. MUCI10 is closely related to a fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) enzyme that has in vitro galactomannan α-1,6-galactosyltransferase activity. Our detailed analysis of the muci10 mutants demonstrates that mucilage contains highly branched galactoglucomannan (GGM) rather than unbranched glucomannan. MUCI10 likely decorates glucomannan, synthesized by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A2, with galactose residues in vivo. The degree of galactosylation is essential for the synthesis of the GGM backbone, the structure of cellulose, mucilage density, as well as the adherence of pectin. We propose that GGM scaffolds control mucilage architecture along with cellulosic rays and show that Arabidopsis SCE cells represent an excellent model in which to study the synthesis and function of GGM. Arabidopsis natural varieties with defects similar to muci10 mutants may reveal additional genes involved in GGM synthesis. Since GGM is the most abundant hemicellulose in the secondary walls of gymnosperms, understanding its biosynthesis may facilitate improvements in the production of valuable commodities from softwoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Maximilian Heinrich-Wilhelm Schmidt
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Adeline Berger
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Berit Ebert
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Helen M North
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Markus Günl
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
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Nikolovski N, Shliaha PV, Gatto L, Dupree P, Lilley KS. Label-free protein quantification for plant Golgi protein localization and abundance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1033-43. [PMID: 25122472 PMCID: PMC4213074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The proteomic composition of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Golgi apparatus is currently reasonably well documented; however, little is known about the relative abundances between different proteins within this compartment. Accurate quantitative information of Golgi resident proteins is of great importance: it facilitates a better understanding of the biochemical processes that take place within this organelle, especially those of different polysaccharide synthesis pathways. Golgi resident proteins are challenging to quantify because the abundance of this organelle is relatively low within the cell. In this study, an organelle fractionation approach targeting the Golgi apparatus was combined with a label-free quantitative mass spectrometry (data-independent acquisition method using ion mobility separation known as LC-IMS-MS(E) [or HDMS(E)]) to simultaneously localize proteins to the Golgi apparatus and assess their relative quantity. In total, 102 Golgi-localized proteins were quantified. These data show that organelle fractionation in conjunction with label-free quantitative mass spectrometry is a powerful and relatively simple tool to access protein organelle localization and their relative abundances. The findings presented open a unique view on the organization of the plant Golgi apparatus, leading toward unique hypotheses centered on the biochemical processes of this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Nikolovski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel V Shliaha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Gatto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
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McKown AD, Klápště J, Guy RD, Geraldes A, Porth I, Hannemann J, Friedmann M, Muchero W, Tuskan GA, Ehlting J, Cronk QCB, El-Kassaby YA, Mansfield SD, Douglas CJ. Genome-wide association implicates numerous genes underlying ecological trait variation in natural populations of Populus trichocarpa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:535-553. [PMID: 24750093 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to uncover the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation, we used 448 unrelated wild accessions of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from much of its range in western North America. Extensive data from large-scale trait phenotyping (with spatial and temporal replications within a common garden) and genotyping (with a 34 K Populus single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array) of all accessions were used for gene discovery in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). We performed GWAS with 40 biomass, ecophysiology and phenology traits and 29,355 filtered SNPs representing 3518 genes. The association analyses were carried out using a Unified Mixed Model accounting for population structure effects among accessions. We uncovered 410 significant SNPs using a Bonferroni-corrected threshold (P<1.7×10(-6)). Markers were found across 19 chromosomes, explained 1-13% of trait variation, and implicated 275 unique genes in trait associations. Phenology had the largest number of associated genes (240 genes), followed by biomass (53 genes) and ecophysiology traits (25 genes). The GWAS results propose numerous loci for further investigation. Many traits had significant associations with multiple genes, underscoring their genetic complexity. Genes were also identified with multiple trait associations within and/or across trait categories. In some cases, traits were genetically correlated while in others they were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jaroslav Klápště
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Dendrology and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Armando Geraldes
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ilga Porth
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jan Hannemann
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Michael Friedmann
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wellington Muchero
- BioSciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- BioSciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jürgen Ehlting
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Quentin C B Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Yu L, Shi D, Li J, Kong Y, Yu Y, Chai G, Hu R, Wang J, Hahn MG, Zhou G. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A2, a glucomannan synthase, is involved in maintaining adherent mucilage structure in Arabidopsis seed. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1842-56. [PMID: 24569843 PMCID: PMC3982747 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.236596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mannans are hemicellulosic polysaccharides that are considered to have both structural and storage functions in the plant cell wall. However, it is not yet known how mannans function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed mucilage. In this study, CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A2 (CSLA2; At5g22740) expression was observed in several seed tissues, including the epidermal cells of developing seed coats. Disruption of CSLA2 resulted in thinner adherent mucilage halos, although the total amount of the adherent mucilage did not change compared with the wild type. This suggested that the adherent mucilage in the mutant was more compact compared with that of the wild type. In accordance with the role of CSLA2 in glucomannan synthesis, csla2-1 mucilage contained 30% less mannosyl and glucosyl content than did the wild type. No appreciable changes in the composition, structure, or macromolecular properties were observed for nonmannan polysaccharides in mutant mucilage. Biochemical analysis revealed that cellulose crystallinity was substantially reduced in csla2-1 mucilage; this was supported by the removal of most mucilage cellulose through treatment of csla2-1 seeds with endo-β-glucanase. Mutation in CSLA2 also resulted in altered spatial distribution of cellulose and an absence of birefringent cellulose microfibrils within the adherent mucilage. As with the observed changes in crystalline cellulose, the spatial distribution of pectin was also modified in csla2-1 mucilage. Taken together, our results demonstrate that glucomannans synthesized by CSLA2 are involved in modulating the structure of adherent mucilage, potentially through altering cellulose organization and crystallization.
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Joët T, Laffargue A, Salmona J, Doulbeau S, Descroix F, Bertrand B, Lashermes P, Dussert S. Regulation of galactomannan biosynthesis in coffee seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:323-337. [PMID: 24203356 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The seed of Coffea arabica accumulates large amounts of cell wall storage polysaccharides (CWSPs) of the mannan family in the cell walls of the endosperm. The variability induced by the growing environment and extensive pairwise correlation analysis with stringent significance thresholds was used to investigate transcript-transcript and transcript-metabolite relationships among 26 sugar-related genes, and the amount of CWSPs and seven soluble low molecular weight carbohydrates in the developing coffee endosperm. A dense module of nine quantitatively co-expressed genes was detected at the mid-developmental stage when CWSPs accumulate. This module included the five genes of the core galactomannan synthetic machinery, namely genes coding for the enzymes needed to assemble the mannan backbone (mannan synthase, ManS), and genes that introduce the galactosyl side chains (galactosyltransferase, GMGT), modulate the post-depositional degree of galactose substitution (α-galactosidase), and produce the nucleotide sugar building blocks GDP-mannose and UDP-galactose (mannose-1P guanyltransferase and UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase, respectively). The amount of CWSPs stored in the endosperm at the onset of their accumulation was primarily and quantitatively modulated at the transcriptional level (i.e. positively correlated with the expression level of these key galactomannan biosynthetic genes). This analysis also suggests a role for sorbitol and raffinose family oligosaccharides as transient auxiliary sources of building blocks for galactomannan synthesis. Finally, a microarray-based analysis of the developing seed transcriptome revealed that all genes of the core galactomannan synthesis machinery grouped in a single cluster of 209 co-expressed genes. Analysis of the gene composition of this cluster revealed remarkable functional coherence and identified transcription factors that putatively control galactomannan biosynthesis in coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Joët
- IRD, UMR DIADE, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
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Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Structure and Biosynthesis. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_73-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Pauly M, Gille S, Liu L, Mansoori N, de Souza A, Schultink A, Xiong G. Hemicellulose biosynthesis. PLANTA 2013; 238:627-42. [PMID: 23801299 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
One major component of plant cell walls is a diverse group of polysaccharides, the hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses constitute roughly one-third of the wall biomass and encompass the heteromannans, xyloglucan, heteroxylans, and mixed-linkage glucan. The fine structure of these polysaccharides, particularly their substitution, varies depending on the plant species and tissue type. The hemicelluloses are used in numerous industrial applications such as food additives as well as in medicinal applications. Their abundance in lignocellulosic feedstocks should not be overlooked, if the utilization of this renewable resource for fuels and other commodity chemicals becomes a reality. Fortunately, our understanding of the biosynthesis of the various hemicelluloses in the plant has increased enormously in recent years mainly through genetic approaches. Taking advantage of this knowledge has led to plant mutants with altered hemicellulosic structures demonstrating the importance of the hemicelluloses in plant growth and development. However, while we are on a solid trajectory in identifying all necessary genes/proteins involved in hemicellulose biosynthesis, future research is required to combine these single components and assemble them to gain a holistic mechanistic understanding of the biosynthesis of this important class of plant cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,
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Wang Y. Stem Microsome Preparation and Mannan Synthase Activity Assay. Bio Protoc 2013. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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