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Chen J, Zhang Y, Wei J, Hu X, Yin H, Liu W, Li D, Tian W, Hao Y, He Z, Fernie AR, Chen W. Beyond pathways: Accelerated flavonoids candidate identification and novel exploration of enzymatic properties using combined mapping populations of wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2033-2050. [PMID: 38408119 PMCID: PMC11182594 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Although forward-genetics-metabolomics methods such as mGWAS and mQTL have proven effective in providing myriad loci affecting metabolite contents, they are somehow constrained by their respective constitutional flaws such as the hidden population structure for GWAS and insufficient recombinant rate for QTL. Here, the combination of mGWAS and mQTL was performed, conveying an improved statistical power to investigate the flavonoid pathways in common wheat. A total of 941 and 289 loci were, respectively, generated from mGWAS and mQTL, within which 13 of them were co-mapped using both approaches. Subsequently, the mGWAS or mQTL outputs alone and their combination were, respectively, utilized to delineate the metabolic routes. Using this approach, we identified two MYB transcription factor encoding genes and five structural genes, and the flavonoid pathway in wheat was accordingly updated. Moreover, we have discovered some rare-activity-exhibiting flavonoid glycosyl- and methyl-transferases, which may possess unique biological significance, and harnessing these novel catalytic capabilities provides potentially new breeding directions. Collectively, we propose our survey illustrates that the forward-genetics-metabolomics approaches including multiple populations with high density markers could be more frequently applied for delineating metabolic pathways in common wheat, which will ultimately contribute to metabolomics-assisted wheat crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Yazhouwan National LaboratorySanyaChina
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Huanran Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Dongqin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenfei Tian
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanfeng Hao
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhonghu He
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
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2
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Huang X, Su L, Xian B, Yu Q, Zhang M, Fan J, Zhang C, Liu Y, He H, Zhong X, Li M, Chen S, He Y, Li Q. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family reveals a role for CsbHLH085 as a regulator of citrus bacterial canker resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131442. [PMID: 38621573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a harmful bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), negatively impacting citrus production worldwide. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family plays crucial roles in plant development and stress responses. This study aimed to identify and annotate bHLH proteins encoded in the Citrus sinensis genome and explore their involvement and functional importance in regulating CBC resistance. A total of 135 putative CsbHLHs TFs were identified and categorized into 16 subfamilies. Their chromosomal locations, collinearity, and phylogenetic relationships were comprehensively analyzed. Upon Xcc strain YN1 infection, certain CsbHLHs were differentially regulated in CBC-resistant and CBC-sensitive citrus varieties. Among these, CsbHLH085 was selected for further functional characterization. CsbHLH085 was upregulated in the CBC-resistant citrus variety, was localized in the nucleus, and had a transcriptional activation activity. CsbHLH085 overexpression in Citrus significantly enhanced CBC resistance, accompanied by increased levels of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and antioxidant enzymes. Conversely, CsbHLH085 virus-induced gene silencing resulted in opposite phenotypic and biochemical responses. CsbHLH085 silencing also affected the expression of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling genes involved in SA, JA, and ABA signaling. These findings highlight the crucial role of CsbHLH085 in regulating CBC resistance, suggesting its potential as a target for biotechnological-assisted breeding citrus varieties with improved resistance against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Liyan Su
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yiqi Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Houzheng He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Man Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
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3
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Hossain Z, Zhao S, Luo X, Liu K, Li L, Hubbard M. Deciphering Aphanomyces euteiches-pea-biocontrol bacterium interactions through untargeted metabolomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8877. [PMID: 38632368 PMCID: PMC11024177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Aphanomyces euteiches causes root rot in pea, leading to significant yield losses. However, the metabolites involved in this pathosystem have not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to fill this gap and explore mechanisms of bacterial suppression of A. euteiches via untargeted metabolomics using pea grown in a controlled environment. Chemical isotope labeling (CIL), followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), was used for metabolite separation and detection. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed clear separation of metabolites from pathogen-treated pea roots and roots from other treatments. A three-tier approach positively or putatively identified 5249 peak pairs or metabolites. Of these, 403 were positively identified in tier 1; 940 were putatively identified with high confidence in tier 2. There were substantial changes in amino acid pool, and fatty acid and phenylpropanoid pathway products. More metabolites, including salicylic and jasmonic acids, were upregulated than downregulated in A. euteiches-infected roots. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and 12-oxophytodienoic acid were upregulated in A. euteiches + bacterium-treated roots compared to A. euteiches-infected roots. A great number of metabolites were up- or down-regulated in response to A. euteiches infection compared with the control and A. euteiches + bacterium-treated plants. The results of this study could facilitate improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hossain
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada.
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xian Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kui Liu
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michelle Hubbard
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada.
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Lang J, Ramos SE, Smohunova M, Bigler L, Schuman MC. Screening of leaf extraction and storage conditions for eco-metabolomics studies. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e578. [PMID: 38601948 PMCID: PMC11004900 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based plant metabolomics is frequently used to identify novel natural products or study the effect of specific treatments on a plant's metabolism. Reliable sample handling is required to avoid artifacts, which is why most protocols mandate shock freezing of plant tissue in liquid nitrogen and an uninterrupted cooling chain. However, the logistical challenges of this approach make it infeasible for many ecological studies. Especially for research in the tropics, permanent cooling poses a challenge, which is why many of those studies use dried leaf tissue instead. We screened a total of 10 extraction and storage approaches for plant metabolites extracted from maize leaf tissue across two cropping seasons to develop a methodology for agroecological studies in logistically challenging tropical locations. All methods were evaluated based on changes in the metabolite profile across a 2-month storage period at different temperatures with the goal of reproducing the metabolite profile of the living plant as closely as possible. We show that our newly developed on-site liquid-liquid extraction protocol provides a good compromise between sample replicability, extraction efficiency, material logistics, and metabolite profile stability. We further discuss alternative methods which showed promising results and feasibility of on-site sample handling for field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Lang
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sergio E. Ramos
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marharyta Smohunova
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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5
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Liu C, He S, Chen J, Wang M, Li Z, Wei L, Chen Y, Du M, Liu D, Li C, An C, Bhadauria V, Lai J, Zhu W. A dual-subcellular localized β-glucosidase confers pathogen and insect resistance without a yield penalty in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1017-1032. [PMID: 38012865 PMCID: PMC10955503 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Maize is one of the most important crops for food, cattle feed and energy production. However, maize is frequently attacked by various pathogens and pests, which pose a significant threat to maize yield and quality. Identification of quantitative trait loci and genes for resistance to pests will provide the basis for resistance breeding in maize. Here, a β-glucosidase ZmBGLU17 was identified as a resistance gene against Pythium aphanidermatum, one of the causal agents of corn stalk rot, by genome-wide association analysis. Genetic analysis showed that both structural variations at the promoter and a single nucleotide polymorphism at the fifth intron distinguish the two ZmBGLU17 alleles. The causative polymorphism near the GT-AG splice site activates cryptic alternative splicing and intron retention of ZmBGLU17 mRNA, leading to the downregulation of functional ZmBGLU17 transcripts. ZmBGLU17 localizes in both the extracellular matrix and vacuole and contribute to the accumulation of two defence metabolites lignin and DIMBOA. Silencing of ZmBGLU17 reduces maize resistance against P. aphanidermatum, while overexpression significantly enhances resistance of maize against both the oomycete pathogen P. aphanidermatum and the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. Notably, ZmBGLU17 overexpression lines exhibited normal growth and yield phenotype in the field. Taken together, our findings reveal that the apoplastic and vacuolar localized ZmBGLU17 confers resistance to both pathogens and insect pests in maize without a yield penalty, by fine-tuning the accumulation of lignin and DIMBOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shengfeng He
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Junbin Chen
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mingyu Wang
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhenju Li
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Luyang Wei
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Chen
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meida Du
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dandan Liu
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Cai Li
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunju An
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio‐breedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio‐breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Department of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wangsheng Zhu
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio‐breedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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6
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Fan J, Xian B, Huang X, Yu Q, Zhang M, Zhang C, Jia R, Chen S, He Y, Li Q. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Sweet Orange ( Citrus sinensis) GATA Family Reveals a Role for CsGATA12 as a Regulator of Citrus Bacterial Canker Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2924. [PMID: 38474170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a severe bacterial infection caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), which continues to adversely impact citrus production worldwide. Members of the GATA family are important regulators of plant development and regulate plant responses to particular stressors. This report aimed to systematically elucidate the Citrus sinensis genome to identify and annotate genes that encode GATAs and evaluate the functional importance of these CsGATAs as regulators of CBC resistance. In total, 24 CsGATAs were identified and classified into four subfamilies. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, collinear relationships, gene structures, and conserved domains for each of these GATA family members were also evaluated. It was observed that Xcc infection induced some CsGATAs, among which CsGATA12 was chosen for further functional validation. CsGATA12 was found to be localized in the nucleus and was differentially upregulated in the CBC-resistant and CBC-sensitive Kumquat and Wanjincheng citrus varieties. When transiently overexpressed, CsGATA12 significantly reduced CBC resistance with a corresponding increase in abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and antioxidant enzyme levels. These alterations were consistent with lower levels of salicylic acid, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the bacteria-induced CsGATA12 gene silencing yielded the opposite phenotypic outcomes. This investigation highlights the important role of CsGATA12 in regulating CBC resistance, underscoring its potential utility as a target for breeding citrus varieties with superior phytopathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ruirui Jia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
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7
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Vanacore MFG, Sartori M, Giordanino F, Barros G, Nesci A, García D. Physiological Effects of Microbial Biocontrol Agents in the Maize Phyllosphere. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4082. [PMID: 38140407 PMCID: PMC10747270 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In a world with constant population growth, and in the context of climate change, the need to supply the demand of safe crops has stimulated an interest in ecological products that can increase agricultural productivity. This implies the use of beneficial organisms and natural products to improve crop performance and control pests and diseases, replacing chemical compounds that can affect the environment and human health. Microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) interact with pathogens directly or by inducing a physiological state of resistance in the plant. This involves several mechanisms, like interference with phytohormone pathways and priming defensive compounds. In Argentina, one of the world's main maize exporters, yield is restricted by several limitations, including foliar diseases such as common rust and northern corn leaf blight (NCLB). Here, we discuss the impact of pathogen infection on important food crops and MBCA interactions with the plant's immune system, and its biochemical indicators such as phytohormones, reactive oxygen species, phenolic compounds and lytic enzymes, focused mainly on the maize-NCLB pathosystem. MBCA could be integrated into disease management as a mechanism to improve the plant's inducible defences against foliar diseases. However, there is still much to elucidate regarding plant responses when exposed to hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fiamma Grossi Vanacore
- PHD Student Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - Melina Sartori
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.S.); (G.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Francisco Giordanino
- Microbiology Student Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - Germán Barros
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.S.); (G.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Andrea Nesci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.S.); (G.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Daiana García
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.S.); (G.B.); (A.N.)
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8
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Agho CA, Kaurilind E, Tähtjärv T, Runno-Paurson E, Niinemets Ü. Comparative transcriptome profiling of potato cultivars infected by late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans: Diversity of quantitative and qualitative responses. Genomics 2023; 115:110678. [PMID: 37406973 PMCID: PMC10548088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The Estonia potato cultivar Ando has shown elevated field resistance to Phytophthora infestans, even after being widely grown for over 40 years. A comprehensive transcriptional analysis was performed using RNA-seq from plant leaf tissues to gain insight into the mechanisms activated for the defense after infection. Pathogen infection in Ando resulted in about 5927 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to 1161 DEGs in the susceptible cultivar Arielle. The expression levels of genes related to plant disease resistance such as serine/threonine kinase activity, signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, endocytosis, autophagy, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and others were significantly enriched in the upregulated DEGs in Ando, whereas in the susceptible cultivar, only the pathway related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was enriched in the upregulated DEGs. However, in response to infection, photosynthesis was deregulated in Ando. Multi-signaling pathways of the salicylic-jasmonic-ethylene biosynthesis pathway were also activated in response to Phytophthora infestans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Agho
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - E Kaurilind
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - T Tähtjärv
- Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge, J. Aamisepa 1, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - E Runno-Paurson
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Ü Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
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9
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Huang P, Tate M, Berg‐Falloure KM, Christensen SA, Zhang J, Schirawski J, Meeley R, Kolomiets MV. A non-JA producing oxophytodienoate reductase functions in salicylic acid-mediated antagonism with jasmonic acid during pathogen attack. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:725-741. [PMID: 36715587 PMCID: PMC10257049 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome-localized oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductases (OPR) are enzymes converting 12-OPDA into jasmonic acid (JA). However, the biochemical and physiological functions of the cytoplasmic non-JA producing OPRs remain largely unknown. Here, we generated Mutator-insertional mutants of the maize OPR2 gene and tested its role in resistance to pathogens with distinct lifestyles. Functional analyses showed that the opr2 mutants were more susceptible to the (hemi)biotrophic pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola and Ustilago maydis, but were more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Hormone profiling revealed that increased susceptibility to C. graminicola was associated with decreased salicylic acid (SA) but increased JA levels. Mutation of the JA-producing lipoxygenase 10 (LOX10) reversed this phenotype in the opr2 mutant background, corroborating the notion that JA promotes susceptibility to this pathogen. Exogenous SA did not rescue normal resistance levels in opr2 mutants, suggesting that this SA-inducible gene is the key downstream component of the SA-mediated defences against C. graminicola. Disease assays of the single and double opr2 and lox10 mutants and the JA-deficient opr7opr8 mutants showed that OPR2 negatively regulates JA biosynthesis, and that JA is required for resistance against C. heterostrophus. Overall, this study uncovers a novel function of a non-JA producing OPR as a major negative regulator of JA biosynthesis during pathogen infection, a function that leads to its contrasting contribution to either resistance or susceptibility depending on pathogen lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Cheng Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Morgan Tate
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - Shawn A. Christensen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Present address:
Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food ScienceBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Present address:
Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalInstitute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Matthias‐Schleiden Institute/Genetics, Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich‐Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
| | | | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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10
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Shi X, Xia X, Mei J, Gong Z, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Duan C, Liu W. Genome Sequence Resource of a Colletotrichum graminicola Field Strain from China. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:447-451. [PMID: 37097710 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0210-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The maize anthracnose stalk rot and leaf blight diseases caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola is emerging as an important threat to corn production worldwide. In this work, we provide an improved genome assembly of a C. graminicola strain (TZ-3) by using the PacBio Sequel II and Illumina high-throughput sequencing technologies. The genome of TZ-3 consists of 36 contigs with a length of 59.3 Mb. After correction and evaluation with the Illumina sequencing data and BUSCO, this genome showed a high assembly quality and integrity. Gene annotation of this genome predicted 11,911 protein-coding genes, among which 983 secreted protein-coding genes and 332 effector genes were predicted. Compared with previous genomes of C. graminicola strains, TZ-3 genome is superior in nearly all parameters. The genome assembly and annotation will enhance our knowledge of the genetic makeup of the pathogen and molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenicity and will provide valuable insights into genome variation across different regions. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Shi
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziwen Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Hamany Djande CY, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Tugizimana F, Dubery IA. Metabolic Reprogramming of Barley in Response to Foliar Application of Dichlorinated Functional Analogues of Salicylic Acid as Priming Agents and Inducers of Plant Defence. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050666. [PMID: 37233707 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing innovative biological crop protection strategies to stimulate natural plant immunity is motivated by the growing need for eco-friendly alternatives to conventional biocidal agrochemicals. Salicylic acid (SA) and analogues are known chemical inducers of priming plant immunity against environmental stresses. The aim of the study was to study the metabolic reprogramming in barley plants following an application of three proposed dichlorinated inducers of acquired resistance. 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic acid, 2,6-dichloropyridine-4-carboxylic acid, and 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid were applied to barley at the third leaf stage of development and harvested at 12, 24, and 36 h post-treatment. Metabolites were extracted using methanol for untargeted metabolomics analyses. Samples were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-definition mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HDMS). Chemometric methods and bioinformatics tools were used to mine and interpret the generated data. Alterations in the levels of both primary and secondary metabolites were observed. The accumulation of barley-specific metabolites, hordatines, and precursors was observed from 24 h post-treatment. The phenylpropanoid pathway, a marker of induced resistance, was identified among the key mechanisms activated by the treatment with the three inducers. No salicylic acid or SA derivatives were annotated as signatory biomarkers; instead, jasmonic acid precursors and derivatives were found as discriminatory metabolites across treatments. The study highlights differences and similarities in the metabolomes of barley after treatment with the three inducers and points to the triggering chemical changes associated with defence and resistance. This report is the first of its kind, and the knowledge acquired provides deeper insight into the role of dichlorinated small molecules as inducers of plant immunity and can be used in metabolomics-guided plant improvement programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Y Hamany Djande
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Paul A Steenkamp
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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12
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Fortier M, Lemaitre V, Gaudry A, Pawlak B, Driouich A, Follet-Gueye ML, Vicré M. A fine-tuned defense at the pea root caps: Involvement of border cells and arabinogalactan proteins against soilborne diseases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1132132. [PMID: 36844081 PMCID: PMC9947496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to cope with a myriad of soilborne pathogens that affect crop production and food security. The complex interactions between the root system and microorganisms are determinant for the whole plant health. However, the knowledge regarding root defense responses is limited as compared to the aerial parts of the plant. Immune responses in roots appear to be tissue-specific suggesting a compartmentalization of defense mechanisms in these organs. The root cap releases cells termed root "associated cap-derived cells" (AC-DCs) or "border cells" embedded in a thick mucilage layer forming the root extracellular trap (RET) dedicated to root protection against soilborne pathogens. Pea (Pisum sativum) is the plant model used to characterize the composition of the RET and to unravel its function in root defense. The objective of this paper is to review modes of action of the RET from pea against diverse pathogens with a special focus on root rot disease caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, one of the most widely occurring and large-scale pea crop diseases. The RET, at the interface between the soil and the root, is enriched in antimicrobial compounds including defense-related proteins, secondary metabolites, and glycan-containing molecules. More especially arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), a family of plant extracellular proteoglycans belonging to the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins were found to be particularly present in pea border cells and mucilage. Herein, we discuss the role of RET and AGPs in the interaction between roots and microorganisms and future potential developments for pea crop protection.
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13
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Li P, Zong D, Gan P, Li H, Wu Z, Li F, Zhao C, Li L, He C. Comparison of the diversity and structure of the rhizosphere microbial community between the straight and twisted trunk types of Pinus yunnanensis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1066805. [PMID: 36910200 PMCID: PMC9995709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1066805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pinus yunnanensis is a major silvicultural species in Southwest China. Currently, large areas of twisted-trunk Pinus yunnanensis stands severely restrict its productivity. Different categories of rhizosphere microbes evolve alongside plants and environments and play an important role in the growth and ecological fitness of their host plant. However, the diversity and structure of the rhizosphere microbial communities between P. yunnanensis with two different trunk types-straight and twisted-remain unclear. Methods We collected the rhizosphere soil of 5 trees with the straight and 5 trees with the twisted trunk type in each of three sites in Yunnan province. We assessed and compared the diversity and structure of the rhizosphere microbial communities between P. yunnanensis with two different trunk types by Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Results The available phosphorus in soil differed significantly between P. yunnanensis with straight and twisted trunks. Available potassium had a significant effect on fungi. Chloroflexi dominated the rhizosphere soils of the straight trunk type, while Proteobacteria was predominant in the rhizosphere soils of the twisted trunk type. Trunk types significantly explained 6.79% of the variance in bacterial communities. Conclusion This study revealed the composition and diversity of bacterial and fungal groups in the rhizosphere soil of P. yunnanensis with straight and twisted trunk types, providing proper microbial information for different plant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Li
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Zong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Peihua Gan
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hailin Li
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiyang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Fahong Li
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Changlin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengzhong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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14
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Impact of Geraniol and Geraniol Nanoemulsions on Botrytis cinerea and Effect of Geraniol on Cucumber Plants’ Metabolic Profile Analyzed by LC-QTOF-MS. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192513. [PMID: 36235379 PMCID: PMC9571098 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the bioactive substance geraniol was tested in vitro and in planta against B. cinerea on cucumber plants, and the changes in the metabolic profile of cucumber plants inoculated with the pathogen and/or treated with geraniol were monitored by a novel LC-QTOF-MS method employing target and suspect screening. The aforementioned treatments were also studied for their impact on membrane lipid peroxidation calculated as malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, geraniol-loaded nanoemulsions (GNEs) were synthesized and tested against B. cinerea as an integrated formulation mode of geraniol application. The EC50 values calculated for geraniol and GNEs against B. cinerea were calculated at 235 μg/mL and 105 μg/mL, respectively. The in planta experiment on cucumber plants demonstrated the ability of geraniol and GNEs to significantly inhibit B. cinerea under greenhouse conditions. The LC-QTOF-MS analysis of the metabolic profile of the cucumber plants treated with geraniol demonstrated an increase in the concentration levels of myricetin, chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol rhamnoside, as compared to control plants and the presence of B. cinerea caused an increase in sinapic acid and genistein. These compounds are part of important biosynthetic pathways mostly related to responses against a pathogen attack.
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15
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Belisário R, Robertson AE, Vaillancourt LJ. Maize Anthracnose Stalk Rot in the Genomic Era. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2281-2298. [PMID: 35291814 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2147-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose stalk rot (ASR) of maize results in millions of dollars in losses annually in the United States. ASR, together with anthracnose leaf blight and anthracnose top dieback, is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. Current ASR management recommendations emphasize host resistance and reduction of plant stressors (e.g., drought, heat, low fertility, or soil acidity). Stress reduction may be more difficult to achieve in the future due to more high-intensity production protocols and climate change. Moreover, cultural and chemical management practices may conflict with other important goals, including environmental sustainability and maximization of yield potential. Thus, future ASR management may rely more heavily on host resistance, for which there are relatively few highly effective sources. The last comprehensive review of C. graminicola and maize anthracnose was written over two decades ago. The genomic age has brought important new insights into mechanisms governing the host-pathogen interaction from the application of molecular and cytological technologies. This review provides a summary of our current model of maize anthracnose etiology, including how increased knowledge of molecular and cellular events could contribute to better ASR management. Improved understanding of C. graminicola taxonomy has confirmed that the fungus is specific to Zea mays, and that it colonizes living maize tissues via a critical biotrophic phase. Successful biotrophic establishment relies on an array of secreted protein effectors and secondary metabolites produced at different stages of infection and dispersed to multiple locations. These molecules could provide therapeutic targets for the next generation of transgenic or gene-edited ASR-resistant hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Belisário
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40546-0312
| | - Alison E Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 1344 Advanced Teaching and Research Building, 2213 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40546-0312
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16
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Lu C, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Zhang M, Meng X, Li Y, Liu B, Yin Z, Liu H, Peng C, Li F, Yue Y, Hao M, Sui Y, Wang L, Cheng G, Liu J, Chu Z, Zhu C, Dong H, Ding X. Discovery of a novel nucleoside immune signaling molecule 2'-deoxyguanosine in microbes and plants. J Adv Res 2022; 46:1-15. [PMID: 35811061 PMCID: PMC10105077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beneficial microorganisms play essential roles in plant growth and induced systemic resistance (ISR) by releasing signaling molecules. Our previous study obtained the crude extract from beneficial endophyte Paecilomyces variotii, termed ZNC (ZhiNengCong), which significantly enhanced plant resistance to pathogen even at 100 ng/ml. However, the immunoreactive components of ZNC remain unclear. Here, we further identified one of the immunoreactive components of ZNC is a nucleoside 2'-deoxyguanosine (2-dG). OBJECTIVES This paper intends to reveal the molecular mechanism of microbial-derived 2'-deoxyguanosine (2-dG) in activating plant immunity, and the role of plant-derived 2-dG in plant immunity. METHODS The components of ZNC were separated using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 2-dG is identified using a HPLC-mass spectrometry system (LC-MS). Transcriptome analysis and genetic experiments were used to reveal the immune signaling pathway dependent on 2-dG activation of plant immunity. RESULTS This study identified 2'-deoxyguanosine (2-dG) as one of the immunoreactive components from ZNC. And 2-dG significantly enhanced plant pathogen resistance even at 10 ng/ml (37.42 nM). Furthermore, 2-dG-induced resistance depends on NPR1, pattern-recognition receptors/coreceptors, ATP receptor P2K1 (DORN1), ethylene signaling but not salicylic acid accumulation. In addition, we identified Arabidopsis VENOSA4 (VEN4) was involved in 2-dG biosynthesis and could convert dGTP to 2-dG, and vne4 mutant plants were more susceptible to pathogens. CONCLUSION In summary, microbial-derived 2-dG may act as a novel immune signaling molecule involved in plant-microorganism interactions, and VEN4 is 2-dG biosynthesis gene and plays a key role in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qingbin Wang
- Shandong Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Taian 271018, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yanke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Min Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xuanlin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Baoyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chune Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Yingzhe Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Mingxia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yurong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guodong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hansong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
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17
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Deng R, Li W, Berhow MA, Jander G, Zhou S. Phenolic sucrose esters: evolution, regulation, biosynthesis, and biological functions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:369-383. [PMID: 33783685 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic sucrose esters (PSEs) are a diverse group of specialized metabolites that are present in several angiosperm lineages. Phylogenetic reconstruction and structural variation suggest that these metabolites may have evolved independently in monocots and dicots. Constitutive variation in PSE abundance across plant organs and developmental stages is correlated with transcriptional regulation of the upstream phenylpropanoid pathway, whereas pathogen induction is regulated by stress-related phytohormones such as ethylene. Shared structural features of PSEs indicate that their biosynthesis may involve one or more hydroxycinnamoyl transferases and BAHD acetyltransferases, which could be identified by correlative analyses of multi-omics datasets. Elucidation of the core biosynthetic pathway of PSEs will be essential for more detailed studies of the biological function of these compounds and their potential medicinal and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyu Deng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 440307, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 440307, China
| | - Mark A Berhow
- Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N, University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 440307, China.
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18
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Stefan T, Wu XN, Zhang Y, Fernie A, Schulze WX. Regulatory Modules of Metabolites and Protein Phosphorylation in Arabidopsis Genotypes With Altered Sucrose Allocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:891405. [PMID: 35665154 PMCID: PMC9161306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.891405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multi-omics data sets are increasingly being used for the interpretation of cellular processes in response to environmental cues. Especially, the posttranslational modification of proteins by phosphorylation is an important regulatory process affecting protein activity and/or localization, which, in turn, can have effects on metabolic processes and metabolite levels. Despite this importance, relationships between protein phosphorylation status and metabolite abundance remain largely underexplored. Here, we used a phosphoproteomics-metabolomics data set collected at the end of day and night in shoots and roots of Arabidopsis to propose regulatory relationships between protein phosphorylation and accumulation or allocation of metabolites. For this purpose, we introduced a novel, robust co-expression measure suited to the structure of our data sets, and we used this measure to construct metabolite-phosphopeptide networks. These networks were compared between wild type and plants with perturbations in key processes of sugar metabolism, namely, sucrose export (sweet11/12 mutant) and starch synthesis (pgm mutant). The phosphopeptide-metabolite network turned out to be highly sensitive to perturbations in sugar metabolism. Specifically, KING1, the regulatory subunit of SnRK1, was identified as a primary candidate connecting protein phosphorylation status with metabolism. We additionally identified strong changes in the fatty acid network of the sweet11/12 mutant, potentially resulting from a combination of fatty acid signaling and metabolic overflow reactions in response to high internal sucrose concentrations. Our results further suggest novel protein-metabolite relationships as candidates for future targeted research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Stefan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xu Na Wu
- College for Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Central Metabolism, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair Fernie
- Department of Central Metabolism, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Waltraud X. Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Macoy DMJ, Uddin S, Ahn G, Peseth S, Ryu GR, Cha JY, Lee JY, Bae D, Paek SM, Chung HJ, Mackey D, Lee SY, Kim WY, Kim MG. Effect of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Amides, Coumaroyl Tyramine and Coumaroyl Tryptamine on Biotic Stress Response in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:145-155. [DOI: 10.1007/s12374-021-09341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Biosynthesis Pathway-Related Protein GPI7 Is Required for the Vegetative Growth and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum graminicola. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062985. [PMID: 35328406 PMCID: PMC8949851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring is a common post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells and has been demonstrated to have a wide range of biological functions, such as signal transduction, cellular adhesion, protein transport, immune response, and maintaining cell wall integrity. More than 25 proteins have been proven to participate in the GPI anchor synthesis pathway which occurs in the cytoplasmic and the luminal face of the ER membrane. However, the essential proteins of the GPI anchor synthesis pathway are still less characterized in maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. In the present study, we analyzed the biological function of the GPI anchor synthesis pathway-related gene, CgGPI7, that encodes an ethanolamine phosphate transferase, which is localized in ER. The vegetative growth and conidia development of the ΔCgGPI7 mutant was significantly impaired in C. graminicola. and qRT-PCR results showed that the transcriptional level of CgGPI7 was specifically induced in the initial infection stage and that the pathogenicity of ΔCgGPI7 mutant was also significantly decreased compared with the wild type. Furthermore, the ΔCgGPI7 mutant displayed more sensitivity to cell wall stresses, suggesting that CgGPI7 may play a role in the cell wall integrity of C. graminicola. Cell wall synthesis-associated genes were also quantified in the ΔCgGPI7 mutant, and the results showed that chitin and β-1,3-glucans synthesis genes were significantly up-regulated in ΔCgGPI7 mutants. Our results suggested that CgGPI7 is required for vegetative growth and pathogenicity and might depend on the cell wall integrity of C. graminicola.
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Förster C, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. Evolution of DIMBOA-Glc O-Methyltransferases from Flavonoid O-Methyltransferases in the Grasses. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031007. [PMID: 35164272 PMCID: PMC8839659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Methylated benzoxazinoids (BXs) and flavonoids are widespread defenses against herbivores and pathogens in the grasses (Poaceae). Recently, two flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs), ZmFOMT2 and ZmFOMT3, have been reported to produce phytoalexins in maize (Zea mays). ZmFOMT2 and ZmFOMT3 are closely related to the BX O-methyltransferases (OMTs) ZmBX10-12 and ZmBX14, suggesting a common evolutionary origin in the Poaceae. Here, we studied the evolution and enzymatic requirements of flavonoid and BX O-methylation activities in more detail. Using BLAST searches and phylogenetic analyses, we identified enzymes homologous to ZmFOMT2 and ZmFOMT3, ZmBX10-12, and ZmBX14 in several grasses, with the most closely related candidates found almost exclusively in species of the Panicoideae subfamily. Biochemical characterization of candidate enzymes from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sugar cane (Saccharum spp.), and teosinte (Zea nicaraguensis) revealed either flavonoid 5-O-methylation activity or DIMBOA-Glc 4-O-methylation activity. However, DIMBOA-Glc 4-OMTs from maize and teosinte also accepted flavonols as substrates and converted them to 3-O-methylated derivatives, suggesting an evolutionary relationship between these two activities. Homology modeling, sequence comparisons, and site-directed mutagenesis led to the identification of active site residues crucial for FOMT and BX OMT activity. However, the full conversion of ZmFOMT2 activity into BX OMT activity by switching these residues was not successful. Only trace O-methylation of BXs was observed, indicating that amino acids outside the active site cavity are also involved in determining the different substrate specificities. Altogether, the results of our study suggest that BX OMTs have evolved from the ubiquitous FOMTs in the PACMAD clade of the grasses through a complex series of amino acid changes.
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22
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Förster C, Handrick V, Ding Y, Nakamura Y, Paetz C, Schneider B, Castro-Falcón G, Hughes CC, Luck K, Poosapati S, Kunert G, Huffaker A, Gershenzon J, Schmelz EA, Köllner TG. Biosynthesis and antifungal activity of fungus-induced O-methylated flavonoids in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:167-190. [PMID: 34718797 PMCID: PMC8774720 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infection of grasses, including rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), induces the formation and accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins. In maize (Zea mays), however, investigators have emphasized benzoxazinoid and terpenoid phytoalexins, and comparatively little is known about flavonoid induction in response to pathogens. Here, we examined fungus-elicited flavonoid metabolism in maize and identified key biosynthetic enzymes involved in the formation of O-methylflavonoids. The predominant end products were identified as two tautomers of a 2-hydroxynaringenin-derived compound termed xilonenin, which significantly inhibited the growth of two maize pathogens, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides. Among the biosynthetic enzymes identified were two O-methyltransferases (OMTs), flavonoid OMT 2 (FOMT2), and FOMT4, which demonstrated distinct regiospecificity on a broad spectrum of flavonoid classes. In addition, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) in the CYP93G subfamily was found to serve as a flavanone 2-hydroxylase providing the substrate for FOMT2-catalyzed formation of xilonenin. In summary, maize produces a diverse blend of O-methylflavonoids with antifungal activity upon attack by a broad range of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Förster
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Handrick
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0380, USA
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Gabriel Castro-Falcón
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Chambers C Hughes
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Sowmya Poosapati
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0380, USA
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0380, USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0380, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
- Author for communication:
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23
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Brambilla A, Sommer A, Ghirardo A, Wenig M, Knappe C, Weber B, Amesmaier M, Lenk M, Schnitzler JP, Vlot AC. Immunity-associated volatile emissions of β-ionone and nonanal propagate defence responses in neighbouring barley plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:615-630. [PMID: 34849759 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants activate biochemical responses to combat stress. (Hemi-)biotrophic pathogens are fended off by systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a primed state allowing plants to respond faster and more strongly upon subsequent infection. Here, we show that SAR-like defences in barley (Hordeum vulgare) are propagated between neighbouring plants, which respond with enhanced resistance to the volatile cues from infected senders. The emissions of the sender plants contained 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with infection. Two of these, β-ionone and nonanal, elicited resistance upon plant exposure. Whole-genome transcriptomics analysis confirmed that interplant propagation of defence in barley is established as a form of priming. Although gene expression changes were more pronounced after challenge infection of the receiver plants with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, differential gene expression in response to the volatile cues of the sender plants included an induction of HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HvHDA2) and priming of TETRATRICOPEPTIDE REPEAT-LIKE superfamily protein (HvTPL). Because HvHDA2 and HvTPL transcript accumulation was also enhanced by exposure of barley to β-ionone and nonanal, our data identify both genes as possible defence/priming markers in barley. Our results suggest that VOCs and plant-plant interactions are relevant for possible crop protection strategies priming defence responses in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Brambilla
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Sommer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melissa Amesmaier
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Lenk
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
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Castano-Duque L, Gilbert MK, Mack BM, Lebar MD, Carter-Wientjes CH, Sickler CM, Cary JW, Rajasekaran K. Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761446. [PMID: 34899785 PMCID: PMC8662736 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of producing aflatoxins, potent carcinogenic toxins that accumulate in maize kernels after infection. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of maize resistance to A. flavus growth and aflatoxin accumulation, we performed a high-throughput transcriptomic study in situ using maize kernels infected with A. flavus strain 3357. Three maize lines were evaluated: aflatoxin-contamination resistant line TZAR102, semi-resistant MI82, and susceptible line Va35. A modified genotype-environment association method (GEA) used to detect loci under selection via redundancy analysis (RDA) was used with the transcriptomic data to detect genes significantly influenced by maize line, fungal treatment, and duration of infection. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of genes highly expressed in infected kernels identified molecular pathways associated with defense responses to fungi and other microbes such as production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and lipid bilayer formation. To further identify novel genes of interest, we incorporated genomic and phenotypic field data from a genome wide association analysis with gene expression data, allowing us to detect significantly expressed quantitative trait loci (eQTL). These results identified significant association between flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes and infection by A. flavus. In planta fungal infections showed that the resistant line, TZAR102, has a higher fold increase of the metabolites naringenin and luteolin than the susceptible line, Va35, when comparing untreated and fungal infected plants. These results suggest flavonoids contribute to plant resistance mechanisms against aflatoxin contamination through modulation of toxin accumulation in maize kernels.
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25
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Pingault L, Basu S, Zogli P, Williams WP, Palmer N, Sarath G, Louis J. Aboveground Herbivory Influences Belowground Defense Responses in Maize. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.765940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The European corn borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis) is an economically damaging insect pest of maize (Zea mays L.), an important cereal crop widely grown globally. Among inbred lines, the maize genotype Mp708 has shown resistance to diverse herbivorous insects, although several aspects of the defense mechanisms of Mp708 plants are yet to be explored. Here, the changes in root physiology arising from short-term feeding by ECB on the shoot tissues of Mp708 plants was evaluated directly using transcriptomics, and indirectly by monitoring changes in growth of western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) larvae. Mp708 defense responses negatively impacted both ECB and WCR larval weights, providing evidence for changes in root physiology in response to ECB feeding on shoot tissues. There was a significant downregulation of genes in the root tissues following short-term ECB feeding, including genes needed for direct defense (e.g., proteinase inhibitors and chitinases). Our transcriptomic analysis also revealed specific regulation of the genes involved in hormonal and metabolite pathways in the roots of Mp708 plants subjected to ECB herbivory. These data provide support for the long-distance signaling-mediated defense in Mp708 plants and suggest that altered metabolite profiles of roots in response to ECB feeding of shoots likely negatively impacted WCR growth.
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Mycelium Dispersion from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi Elicits a Reduction of Wilt Severity and Influences Phenolic Profiles of Carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Roots. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071447. [PMID: 34371650 PMCID: PMC8309455 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) is the causal agent of the vascular wilt of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) and the most prevalent pathogen in the areas where this flower is grown. For this reason, the development of new control strategies against Fod in carnation has been continuously encouraged, in particular those based on the implementation of plant resistance inducers that can trigger defensive responses to reduce the disease incidence, even at lower economical and environmental cost. In the present study, the effect of the soil supplementation of a biotic elicitor (i.e., ultrasound-assisted dispersion obtained from Fod mycelium) on disease severity and phenolic-based profiles of roots over two carnation cultivars was evaluated. Results suggest that the tested biotic elicitor, namely, eFod, substantially reduced the progress of vascular wilting in a susceptible cultivar (i.e., ‘Mizuki’) after two independent in vivo tests. The LC-MS-derived semi-quantitative levels of phenolic compounds in roots were also affected by eFod, since particular anthranilate derivatives, conjugated benzoic acids, and glycosylated flavonols were upregulated by elicitation after 144 and 240 h post eFod addition. Our findings indicate that the soil-applied eFod has an effect as a resistance inducer, promoting a disease severity reduction and accumulation of particular phenolic-like compounds.
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27
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Ding Y, Northen TR, Khalil A, Huffaker A, Schmelz EA. Getting back to the grass roots: harnessing specialized metabolites for improved crop stress resilience. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:174-186. [PMID: 34129999 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Roots remain an understudied site of complex and important biological interactions mediating plant productivity. In grain and bioenergy crops, grass root specialized metabolites (GRSM) are central to key interactions, yet our basic knowledge of the chemical language remains fragmentary. Continued improvements in plant genome assembly and metabolomics are enabling large-scale advances in the discovery of specialized metabolic pathways as a means of regulating root-biotic interactions. Metabolomics, transcript coexpression analyses, forward genetic studies, gene synthesis and heterologous expression assays drive efficient pathway discoveries. Functional genetic variants identified through genome wide analyses, targeted CRISPR/Cas9 approaches, and both native and non-native overexpression studies critically inform novel strategies for bioengineering metabolic pathways to improve plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhang Ding
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ahmed Khalil
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Liu H, Wu H, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen S, Yin Z. Comparative transcriptome profiling and co-expression network analysis uncover the key genes associated withearly-stage resistance to Aspergillus flavus in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:216. [PMID: 33985439 PMCID: PMC8117602 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) is a serious threat to maize (Zea mays) production worldwide. It causes considerable yield and economic losses, and poses a health risk to humans and livestock due to the high toxicity of aflatoxin. However, key genes and regulatory networks conferring maize resistance to A. flavus are not clear, especially at the early stage of infection. Here, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of two maize inbred lines with contrasting resistance to A. flavus infection. RESULTS The pairwise comparisons between mock and infected kernels in each line during the first 6 h post inoculation (hpi) showed that maize resistance to A. flavus infection was specific to the genotype and infection stage, and defense pathways were strengthened in the resistant line. Further comparison of the two maize lines revealed that the infection-induced up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant line might underlie the enhanced resistance. Gene co-expression network analysis by WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) identified 7 modules that were significantly associated with different infection stages, and 110 hub genes of these modules. These key regulators mainly participate in the biosynthesis of fatty acid and antibiotics. In addition, 90 candidate genes for maize resistance to A. flavus infection and/or aflatoxin contamination obtained in previous studies were confirmed to be differentially expressed between the resistant and susceptible lines within the first 6 hpi. CONCLUSION This work unveiled more A. flavus resistance genes and provided a detailed regulatory network of early-stage resistance to A. flavus in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haofeng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Saihua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Zhitong Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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29
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Song T, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Shen D, Yu J, Yu M, Pan X, Cao H, Yong M, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Yin X, Qiao J, Liu Y, Liu W, Sun W, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Dou D, Ma Z, Liu Y. The N-terminus of an Ustilaginoidea virens Ser-Thr-rich glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein elicits plant immunity as a MAMP. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2451. [PMID: 33907187 PMCID: PMC8079714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens infect hosts through specific organs, such as Ustilaginoidea virens, which infects rice panicles. Here, we show that a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP), Ser-Thr-rich Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol-anchored protein (SGP1) from U. virens, induces immune responses in rice leaves but not panicles. SGP1 is widely distributed among fungi and acts as a proteinaceous, thermostable elicitor of BAK1-dependent defense responses in N. benthamiana. Plants specifically recognize a 22 amino acid peptide (SGP1 N terminus peptide 22, SNP22) in its N-terminus that induces cell death, oxidative burst, and defense-related gene expression. Exposure to SNP22 enhances rice immunity signaling and resistance to infection by multiple fungal and bacterial pathogens. Interestingly, while SGP1 can activate immune responses in leaves, SGP1 is required for U. virens infection of rice panicles in vivo, showing it contributes to the virulence of a panicle adapted pathogen. Ustilaginoidea virens is a fungal pathogen that infects rice via the panicles. Here, the authors show that U. virens SGP1, a conserved Ser-Thr-rich glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol-anchored protein, elicits immune responses in rice leaves while contributing to virulence in panicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - You Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junqing Qiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Youzhou Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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Baetsen-Young A, Chen H, Shiu SH, Day B. Contrasting transcriptional responses to Fusarium virguliforme colonization in symptomatic and asymptomatic hosts. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:224-247. [PMID: 33681966 PMCID: PMC8136916 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The broad host range of Fusarium virguliforme represents a unique comparative system to identify and define differentially induced responses between an asymptomatic monocot host, maize (Zea mays), and a symptomatic eudicot host, soybean (Glycine max). Using a temporal, comparative transcriptome-based approach, we observed that early gene expression profiles of root tissue from infected maize suggest that pathogen tolerance coincides with the rapid induction of senescence dampening transcriptional regulators, including ANACs (Arabidopsis thaliana NAM/ATAF/CUC protein) and Ethylene-Responsive Factors. In contrast, the expression of senescence-associated processes in soybean was coincident with the appearance of disease symptom development, suggesting pathogen-induced senescence as a key pathway driving pathogen susceptibility in soybean. Based on the analyses described herein, we posit that root senescence is a primary contributing factor underlying colonization and disease progression in symptomatic versus asymptomatic host-fungal interactions. This process also supports the lifestyle and virulence of F. virguliforme during biotrophy to necrotrophy transitions. Further support for this hypothesis lies in comprehensive co-expression and comparative transcriptome analyses, and in total, supports the emerging concept of necrotrophy-activated senescence. We propose that F. virguliforme conditions an environment within symptomatic hosts, which favors susceptibility through transcriptomic reprogramming, and as described herein, the induction of pathways associated with senescence during the necrotrophic stage of fungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Baetsen-Young
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Vlot AC, Sales JH, Lenk M, Bauer K, Brambilla A, Sommer A, Chen Y, Wenig M, Nayem S. Systemic propagation of immunity in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1234-1250. [PMID: 32978988 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Systemic immunity triggered by local plant-microbe interactions is studied as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR) depending on the site of induction and the lifestyle of the inducing microorganism. SAR is induced by pathogens interacting with leaves, whereas ISR is induced by beneficial microbes interacting with roots. Although salicylic acid (SA) is a central component of SAR, additional signals exclusively promote systemic and not local immunity. These signals cooperate in SAR- and possibly also ISR-associated signaling networks that regulate systemic immunity. The non-SA SAR pathway is driven by pipecolic acid or its presumed bioactive derivative N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid. This pathway further regulates inter-plant defense propagation through volatile organic compounds that are emitted by SAR-induced plants and recognized as defense cues by neighboring plants. Both SAR and ISR influence phytohormone crosstalk towards enhanced defense against pathogens, which at the same time affects the composition of the plant microbiome. This potentially leads to further changes in plant defense, plant-microbe, and plant-plant interactions. Therefore, we propose that such inter-organismic interactions could be combined in potentially highly effective plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Corina Vlot
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Jennifer H Sales
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Miriam Lenk
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Kornelia Bauer
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Alessandro Brambilla
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Anna Sommer
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Shahran Nayem
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
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Ding Y, Weckwerth PR, Poretsky E, Murphy KM, Sims J, Saldivar E, Christensen SA, Char SN, Yang B, Tong AD, Shen Z, Kremling KA, Buckler ES, Kono T, Nelson DR, Bohlmann J, Bakker MG, Vaughan MM, Khalil AS, Betsiashvili M, Dressano K, Köllner TG, Briggs SP, Zerbe P, Schmelz EA, Huffaker A. Genetic elucidation of interconnected antibiotic pathways mediating maize innate immunity. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1375-1388. [PMID: 33106639 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites constitute key layers of immunity that underlie disease resistance in crops; however, challenges in resolving pathways limit our understanding of the functions and applications of these metabolites. In maize (Zea mays), the inducible accumulation of acidic terpenoids is increasingly considered to be a defence mechanism that contributes to disease resistance. Here, to understand maize antibiotic biosynthesis, we integrated association mapping, pan-genome multi-omic correlations, enzyme structure-function studies and targeted mutagenesis. We define ten genes in three zealexin (Zx) gene clusters that encode four sesquiterpene synthases and six cytochrome P450 proteins that collectively drive the production of diverse antibiotic cocktails. Quadruple mutants in which the ability to produce zealexins (ZXs) is blocked exhibit a broad-spectrum loss of disease resistance. Genetic redundancies ensuring pathway resiliency to single null mutations are combined with enzyme substrate promiscuity, creating a biosynthetic hourglass pathway that uses diverse substrates and in vivo combinatorial chemistry to yield complex antibiotic blends. The elucidated genetic basis of biochemical phenotypes that underlie disease resistance demonstrates a predominant maize defence pathway and informs innovative strategies for transferring chemical immunity between crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp R Weckwerth
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elly Poretsky
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James Sims
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evan Saldivar
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anh-Dao Tong
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karl A Kremling
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Kono
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David R Nelson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew G Bakker
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Ahmed S Khalil
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariam Betsiashvili
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keini Dressano
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Gao H, Zhou Q, Yang L, Zhang K, Ma Y, Xu ZQ. Metabolomics analysis identifies metabolites associated with systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10047. [PMID: 33062444 PMCID: PMC7532762 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a type of plant defense response that provides a long-lasting resistance to broad-spectrum pathogens in uninfected distal tissues following an initial localized infection. However, little information is available at present on the biological basis of SAR at the molecular level, especially in uninfected distal leaves. Methods In the present work, we used two SAR-inducing pathogens, avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 harboring avrRpm1 (Psm avrRpm1) and virulent P. syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 (Psm ES4326), to induce SAR in Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0. A metabolomics approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to identify SAR-related metabolites in infected local leaves, and in uninfected distal leaves. Results Differentially accumulated metabolites were distinguished by statistical analyses. The results showed that both the primary metabolism and the secondary metabolism were significantly altered in infected local leaves and in uninfected distal leaves, including phenolic compounds, amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids, and many other metabolites. Conclusions The content of amino acids and phenolic compounds increased in uninfected distal leaves, suggesting their contribution to the establishment of SAR. In addition, 2′-hydroxy-4, 4′, 6′-trimethoxychalcone, phenylalanine, and p-coumaric acid were identified as potential components which may play important roles both in basic resistance and in SAR. This work provides a reference for understanding of the metabolic mechanism associated with SAR in plants, which will be useful for further investigation of the molecular basis of the systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shanghai Omicsspace Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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35
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Wu J, Handique U, Graham J, Johnson E. Phytophthora nicotianae Infection of Citrus Leaves and Host Defense Activation Compared to Root Infection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1437-1448. [PMID: 32228377 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-19-0343-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the host pathogen interaction between Phytophthora spp. and citrus roots versus leaves. Therefore, we compared the molecular events occurring in citrus roots and leaves after zoospore inoculation with Phytophthora nicotianae. We analyzed the physical characteristics and genetic responses to P. nicotianae infection of leaves and roots for susceptible and tolerant citrus rootstocks to examine the potential for leaves to model root responses to P. nicotianae infection. Leaves responded faster and stronger to P. nicotianae infection than roots, and leaves showed greater differential response than roots. In addition to differences in hormonal responses, sugar, phospholipase D (PLD), and phospholipase A (PLA) involvement in the interaction between citrus and P. nicotianae was identified. This work, for the first time, creates a solid P. nicotianae zoospore infection protocol, reports P. nicotianae infection on citrus leaves through stomata, and provides evidence that different host organs respond to the pathogen differentially in timing and magnitude. This work identifies the hormones, sugars, pathogenesis-related genes, PLDs, and PLAs that are involved in the molecular events occurring in citrus under infection of P. nicotianae zoospore, and advances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, U.S.A
- Potato Engineering & Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, 235 University Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Utpal Handique
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, U.S.A
- Potato Engineering & Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, 235 University Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - James Graham
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, U.S.A
| | - Evan Johnson
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, U.S.A
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Mareya CR, Tugizimana F, Di Lorenzo F, Silipo A, Piater LA, Molinaro A, Dubery IA. Adaptive defence-related changes in the metabolome of Sorghum bicolor cells in response to lipopolysaccharides of the pathogen Burkholderia andropogonis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7626. [PMID: 32376849 PMCID: PMC7203242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell suspension culture systems are valuable for the study of complex biological systems such as inducible defence responses and aspects of plant innate immunity. Perturbations to the cellular metabolome can be investigated using metabolomic approaches in order to reveal the underlying metabolic mechanism of cellular responses. Lipopolysaccharides from the sorghum pathogen, Burkholderia andropogonis (LPSB.a.), were purified, chemically characterised and structurally elucidated. The lipid A moiety consists of tetra- and penta-acylated 1,4'-bis-phosphorylated disaccharide backbone decorated by aminoarabinose residues, while the O-polysaccharide chain consists of linear trisaccharide repeating units of [→2)-α-Rha3CMe-(1 → 3)-α-Rha-(1 → 3)-α-Rha-(1 → ]. The effect of LPSB.a. in triggering metabolic reprogramming in Sorghum bicolor cells were investigated using untargeted metabolomics with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection. Cells were treated with LPSB.a. and the metabolic changes monitored over a 30 h time period. Alterations in the levels of phytohormones (jasmonates, zeatins, traumatic-, azelaic- and abscisic acid), which marked the onset of defence responses and accumulation of defence-related metabolites, were observed. Phenylpropanoids and indole alkaloids as well as oxylipins that included di- and trihydroxyoctadecedienoic acids were identified as signatory biomarkers, with marked secretion into the extracellular milieu. The study demonstrated that sorghum cells recognise LPSB.a. as a 'microbe-associated molecular pattern', perturbing normal cellular homeostasis. The molecular features of the altered metabolome were associated with phytohormone-responsive metabolomic reconfiguration of primary and secondary metabolites originating from various metabolic pathways, in support of defence and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity R Mareya
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lizelle A Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
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Gorman Z, Christensen SA, Yan Y, He Y, Borrego E, Kolomiets MV. Green leaf volatiles and jasmonic acid enhance susceptibility to anthracnose diseases caused by Colletotrichum graminicola in maize. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:702-715. [PMID: 32105380 PMCID: PMC7170777 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum graminicola is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes anthracnose leaf blight (ALB) and anthracnose stalk rot (ASR) in maize. Despite substantial economic losses caused by these diseases, the defence mechanisms against this pathogen remain poorly understood. Several hormones are suggested to aid in defence against C. graminicola, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), but supporting genetic evidence was not reported. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are a group of well-characterized volatiles that induce JA biosynthesis in maize and are known to function in defence against necrotrophic pathogens. Information regarding the role of GLVs and JA in interactions with (hemi)biotrophic pathogens remains limited. To functionally elucidate GLVs and JA in defence against a hemibiotrophic pathogen, we tested GLV- and JA-deficient mutants, lox10 and opr7 opr8, respectively, for resistance to ASR and ALB and profiled jasmonates and SA in their stalks and leaves throughout infection. Both mutants were resistant and generally displayed elevated levels of SA and low amounts of jasmonates, especially at early stages of infection. Pretreatment with GLVs restored susceptibility of lox10 mutants, but not opr7 opr8 mutants, which coincided with complete rescue of JA levels. Exogenous methyl jasmonate restored susceptibility in both mutants when applied before inoculation, whereas methyl salicylate did not induce further resistance in either of the mutants, but did induce mutant-like resistance in the wild type. Collectively, this study reveals that GLVs and JA contribute to maize susceptibility to C. graminicola due to suppression of SA-related defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Shawn A. Christensen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Chemistry Research UnitCenter for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary EntomologyGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Yuanxin Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yongming He
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic BreedingJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Eli Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life SciencesRochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNYUSA
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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Li Q, Hu A, Qi J, Dou W, Qin X, Zou X, Xu L, Chen S, He Y. CsWAKL08, a pathogen-induced wall-associated receptor-like kinase in sweet orange, confers resistance to citrus bacterial canker via ROS control and JA signaling. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:42. [PMID: 32257228 PMCID: PMC7109087 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a disease resulting from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) infection and poses a grave threat to citrus production worldwide. Wall-associated receptor-like kinases (WAKLs) are proteins with a central role in resisting a range of fungal and bacterial diseases. The roles of WAKLs in the context of CBC resistance, however, remain unclear. Here, we explored the role of CsWAKL08, which confers resistance to CBC, and we additionally analyzed the molecular mechanisms of CsWAKL08-mediated CBC resistance. Based on systematic annotation and induced expression analysis of the CsWAKL family in Citrus sinensis, CsWAKL08 was identified as a candidate that can be upregulated by Xcc infection in the CBC-resistant variety. CsWAKL08 can also be induced by the phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) and spans the plasma membrane. Overexpression of CsWAKL08 resulted in strong CBC resistance in transgenic sweet oranges, whereas silencing of CsWAKL08 resulted in susceptibility to CBC. The peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly enhanced in the CsWAKL08-overexpressing plants compared to the control plants, thereby mediating reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in the transgenic plants. Moreover, the JA levels and the expression of JA biosynthesis and JA responsive genes were substantially elevated in the CsWAKL08 overexpression plants relative to the controls upon Xcc infection. Based on these findings, we conclude that the wall-associated receptor-like kinase CsWAKL08 positively regulates CBC resistance through a mechanism involving ROS control and JA signaling. These results further highlight the importance of this kinase family in plant pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Anhua Hu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Wanfu Dou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Xiujuan Qin
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Xiuping Zou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Lanzhen Xu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Yongrui He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
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Rolfe SA, Griffiths J, Ton J. Crying out for help with root exudates: adaptive mechanisms by which stressed plants assemble health-promoting soil microbiomes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 49:73-82. [PMID: 31731229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ immunological and ecological strategies to resist biotic stress. Recent evidence suggests that plants adapt to biotic stress by changing their root exudation chemistry to assemble health-promoting microbiomes. This so-called 'cry-for-help' hypothesis provides a mechanistic explanation for previously characterized soil feedback responses to plant disease, such as the development of disease-suppressing soils upon successive cultivations of take all-infected wheat. Here, we divide the hypothesis into individual stages and evaluate the evidence for each component. We review how plant immune responses modify root exudation chemistry, as well as what impact this has on microbial activities, and the subsequent plant responses to these activities. Finally, we review the ecological relevance of the interaction, along with its translational potential for future crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rolfe
- Plant Production and Protection (P(3)), Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Joseph Griffiths
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection (P(3)), Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Lenk M, Wenig M, Bauer K, Hug F, Knappe C, Lange B, Häußler F, Mengel F, Dey S, Schäffner A, Vlot AC. Pipecolic Acid Is Induced in Barley upon Infection and Triggers Immune Responses Associated with Elevated Nitric Oxide Accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1303-1313. [PMID: 31194615 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0013-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pipecolic acid (Pip) is an essential component of systemic acquired resistance, priming resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against (hemi)biotrophic pathogens. Here, we studied the potential role of Pip in bacteria-induced systemic immunity in barley. Exudates of barley leaves infected with the systemic immunity-inducing pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica induced immune responses in A. thaliana. The same leaf exudates contained elevated Pip levels compared with those of mock-treated barley leaves. Exogenous application of Pip induced resistance in barley against the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis. Furthermore, both a systemic immunity-inducing infection and exogenous application of Pip enhanced the resistance of barley against the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. In contrast to a systemic immunity-inducing infection, Pip application did not influence lesion formation by a systemically applied inoculum of the necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora teres. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in barley leaves increased after Pip application. Furthermore, X. translucens pv. cerealis induced the accumulation of superoxide anion radicals and this response was stronger in Pip-pretreated compared with mock-pretreated plants. Thus, the data suggest that Pip induces barley innate immune responses by triggering NO and priming reactive oxygen species accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lenk
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kornelia Bauer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Hug
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Finni Häußler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Mengel
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sanjukta Dey
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton Schäffner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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CEVHER KESKİN B. Quantitative mRNA Expression Profiles of Germin-Like and Extensin-Like Proteins under Drought Stress in Triticum aestivum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.38001/ijlsb.566942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Juyo Rojas DK, Soto Sedano JC, Ballvora A, Léon J, Mosquera Vásquez T. Novel organ-specific genetic factors for quantitative resistance to late blight in potato. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213818. [PMID: 31310605 PMCID: PMC6634379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato, Solanum tuberosum, is one of the major consumed food in the world, being the basis of the diet of millions of people. The main limiting and destructive disease of potato is late blight, caused by Phytophtora infestans. Here, we present a multi-environmental analysis of the response to P. infestans using an association panel of 150 accessions of S. tuberosum Group Phureja, evaluated in two localities in Colombia. Disease resistance data were merged with a genotyping matrix of 83,862 SNPs obtained by 2b-restriction site–associated DNA and Genotyping by sequencing approaches into a Genome-wide association study. We are reporting 16 organ-specific QTL conferring resistance to late blight. These QTL explain between 13.7% and 50.9% of the phenotypic variance. Six and ten QTL were detected for resistance response in leaves and stem, respectively. In silico analysis revealed 15 candidate genes for resistance to late blight. Four of them have no functional genome annotation, while eleven candidate genes code for diverse proteins, including a leucine-rich repeat kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agim Ballvora
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation Plant Breeding, Katzenburgweg, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Léon
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation Plant Breeding, Katzenburgweg, Bonn, Germany
| | - Teresa Mosquera Vásquez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Hu Z, Chang X, Dai T, Li L, Liu P, Wang G, Liu P, Huang Z, Liu X. Metabolic Profiling to Identify the Latent Infection of Strawberry by Botrytis cinerea. Evol Bioinform Online 2019; 15:1176934319838518. [PMID: 31024215 PMCID: PMC6472161 DOI: 10.1177/1176934319838518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant-pathogen interaction systems, plant metabolism is usually agitated in
the early stages of infection and much before visible symptoms appear. To
identify the latent infection of strawberry by Botrytis cinerea
by metabolome profiling, a metabolomics method based on gas chromatography and
mass spectrometry was applied to identify the affected metabolites and
discriminate diseased plants from healthy ones. An orthogonal partial least
squares (OPLS) score plot showed that the metabolic profiling well separated
B. cinerea-infected strawberry plants at 2, 5, and 7 days
after infection from non-infected healthy plants. Combined analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and OPLS analysis revealed candidate biomarkers of plant resistance and
of infection and expansion of the pathogen in the plants. Among them,
hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, sucrose, β-lyxopyranose, melibiose, and
1,1,4a-Trimethyl-5,6-dimethylenedecahydronaphthalene were closely related to the
early stage of disease development when symptoms were not visible. A
discrimination method that could distinguish Botrytis gray mold
diseased strawberry plants from healthy ones was established based on the
partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model with a correct
recognition accuracy of 100%. This research offers a good application of
metabolome profiling for early diagnosis of plant disease and interaction
mechanism exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunian Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tan Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Panqing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongqiao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Malook SU, Qi J, Hettenhausen C, Xu Y, Zhang C, Zhang J, Lu C, Li J, Wang L, Wu J. The oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata) feeding induces systemic defence responses within and between maize leaves. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180307. [PMID: 30967023 PMCID: PMC6367157 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize ( Zea mays) is a staple cereal crop cultivated all over the world but that is threatened by various insects. Feeding of the lepidopteran insect Mythimna separata triggers defence signalling and increases anti-herbivore benzoxazinoids (Bxs) in the insect-damaged maize leaves. However, the herbivory-elicited within-leaf and leaf-to-leaf systemic signalling in maize remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that simulated M. separata herbivory and mechanical wounding elicited increased levels of jasmonic acid (JA), JA-Ile (JA-isoleucine conjugate) and Bxs in the damaged areas and in specific systemic regions within a leaf. Importantly, increased contents of Bxs were detected in a systemic leaf, and consistently, this leaf exhibited increased defence against M. separata. Increased JA/JA-Ile and altered transcriptome, including Bx biosynthesis genes, were detected in systemic leaves after wounding or simulated herbivory treatments, although only simulated herbivory induced increase of the contents of Bxs systemically. Promoter and co-expression analysis revealed that transcription factors bHLH57 and WRKY34 may regulate Bx biosynthesis genes in systemic leaves. Moreover, leaf ablation experiment indicated that the systemic signal rapidly exited the local leaves within 30 min after elicitation. This study provides new insight into the temporal and spatial regulation of defence responses of maize against lepidopteran insects. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif ul Malook
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxiong Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkai Lu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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Zhou S, Zhang YK, Kremling KA, Ding Y, Bennett JS, Bae JS, Kim DK, Ackerman HH, Kolomiets MV, Schmelz EA, Schroeder FC, Buckler ES, Jander G. Ethylene signaling regulates natural variation in the abundance of antifungal acetylated diferuloylsucroses and Fusarium graminearum resistance in maize seedling roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2096-2111. [PMID: 30289553 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The production and regulation of defensive specialized metabolites play a central role in pathogen resistance in maize (Zea mays) and other plants. Therefore, identification of genes involved in plant specialized metabolism can contribute to improved disease resistance. We used comparative metabolomics to identify previously unknown antifungal metabolites in maize seedling roots, and investigated the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying their natural variation using quantitative trait locus mapping and comparative transcriptomics approaches. Two maize metabolites, smilaside A (3,6-diferuloyl-3',6'-diacetylsucrose) and smiglaside C (3,6-diferuloyl-2',3',6'-triacetylsucrose), were identified that could contribute to maize resistance against Fusarium graminearum and other fungal pathogens. Elevated expression of an ethylene signaling gene, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (ZmEIN2), co-segregated with a decreased smilaside A : smiglaside C ratio. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of ethylene availability and sensitivity in vivo indicated that, whereas ethylene was required for the production of both metabolites, the smilaside A : smiglaside C ratio was negatively regulated by ethylene sensitivity. This ratio, rather than the absolute abundance of these two metabolites, was important for maize seedling root defense against F. graminearum. Ethylene signaling regulates the relative abundance of the two F. graminearum-resistance-related metabolites and affects resistance against F. graminearum in maize seedling roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ying K Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Karl A Kremling
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - John S Bennett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Justin S Bae
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Dean K Kim
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Edward S Buckler
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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De Domenico S, Taurino M, Gallo A, Poltronieri P, Pastor V, Flors V, Santino A. Oxylipin dynamics in Medicago truncatula in response to salt and wounding stresses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:198-208. [PMID: 30051613 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple stresses are becoming common challenges in modern agriculture due to environmental changes. A large set of phytochemicals collectively known as oxylipins play a key role in responses to several stresses. Understanding the fine-tuned plant responses to multiple and simultaneous stresses could open new perspectives for developing more tolerant varieties. We carried out the molecular and biochemical profiling of genes, proteins and active compounds involved in oxylipin metabolism in response to single/combined salt and wounding stresses on Medicago truncatula. Two new members belonging to the CYP74 gene family were identified. Gene expression profiling of each of the six CYP74 members indicated a tissue- and time-specific expression pattern for each member in response to single/combined salt and wounding stresses. Notably, hormonal profiling pointed to an attenuated systemic response upon combined salt and leaf wounding stresses. Combined, these results confirm the important role of jasmonates in legume adaptation to abiotic stresses and point to the existence of a complex molecular cross-talk among signals generated by multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania De Domenico
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Marco Taurino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Palmiro Poltronieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Department de Ciènces Agràries I del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Department de Ciènces Agràries I del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, Lecce, 73100, Italy
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47
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Juyo Rojas DK, Soto Sedano JC, Ballvora A, Léon J, Mosquera Vásquez T. Novel organ-specific genetic factors for quantitative resistance to late blight in potato. PLoS One 2019. [PMID: 31310605 DOI: 10.1101/567289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato, Solanum tuberosum, is one of the major consumed food in the world, being the basis of the diet of millions of people. The main limiting and destructive disease of potato is late blight, caused by Phytophtora infestans. Here, we present a multi-environmental analysis of the response to P. infestans using an association panel of 150 accessions of S. tuberosum Group Phureja, evaluated in two localities in Colombia. Disease resistance data were merged with a genotyping matrix of 83,862 SNPs obtained by 2b-restriction site-associated DNA and Genotyping by sequencing approaches into a Genome-wide association study. We are reporting 16 organ-specific QTL conferring resistance to late blight. These QTL explain between 13.7% and 50.9% of the phenotypic variance. Six and ten QTL were detected for resistance response in leaves and stem, respectively. In silico analysis revealed 15 candidate genes for resistance to late blight. Four of them have no functional genome annotation, while eleven candidate genes code for diverse proteins, including a leucine-rich repeat kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agim Ballvora
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation Plant Breeding, Katzenburgweg, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Léon
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation Plant Breeding, Katzenburgweg, Bonn, Germany
| | - Teresa Mosquera Vásquez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Bogotá, Colombia
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Xiong W, Wu Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Su K, Bai Z, Guo S, Hu Z, Zhang Z, Bao Y, Sun J, Yang G, Fu C. Mutation of 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase 1 gene affects lignin biosynthesis and increases the cell wall digestibility in maize brown midrib5 mutants. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:82. [PMID: 31007716 PMCID: PMC6456989 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize brown midrib (bm) mutants associated with impaired lignin biosynthesis are a potential source for the breed of novel germplasms with improved cell wall digestibility. The spontaneous bm5 mutants had been identified since 2008. However, the gene responsible for the bm5 locus, and the comprehensive effects of bm5 mutation on lignin biosynthesis, soluble phenolics accumulation, and cell wall degradation have yet to be elucidated. RESULTS The bm5 locus was identified to encode a major 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (Zm4CL1) through analyzing MutMap-assisted gene mapping data. Two alleles of Zm4CL1 isolated from bm5 mutants contained two transposons inserted in the first exon and the second intron, respectively, and consequently, the activities of 4CLs in the crude enzyme extracts from bm5 midribs were reduced by 51-62% compared with the wild type. Furthermore, five 4CLs were retrieved from maize genome, and Zm4CL1 was the most highly expressed one in the lignified tissues. Mutation of Zm4CL1 mainly impeded the biosynthesis of guaiacyl (G) lignins and increased the level of soluble feruloyl derivatives without impacting maize growth and development. Moreover, both neutral detergent fiber digestibility and saccharification efficiency of cell walls were significantly elevated in the bm5 mutant. CONCLUSIONS Zm4CL1 was identified as the Bm5 gene, since two independent alleles of Zm4CL1 were associated with the same mutant phenotype. Mutation of Zm4CL1 mainly affected G lignin biosynthesis and soluble feruloyl derivatives accumulation in maize lignified tissues. The reduced recalcitrance of the bm5 mutant suggests that Zm4CL1 is an elite target for cell wall engineering, and genetic manipulation of this gene will facilitate the utilization of crop straw and stover that have to be dealt with for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangdan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Zhenying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Kunlong Su
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Zetao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Siyi Guo
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001 China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001 China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Yan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Juan Sun
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
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49
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Block AK, Vaughan MM, Schmelz EA, Christensen SA. Biosynthesis and function of terpenoid defense compounds in maize (Zea mays). PLANTA 2019; 249:21-30. [PMID: 30187155 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Maize produces an array of herbivore-induced terpene volatiles that attract parasitoids to infested plants and a suite of pathogen-induced non-volatile terpenoids with antimicrobial activity to defend against pests. Plants rely on complex blends of constitutive and dynamically produced specialized metabolites to mediate beneficial ecological interactions and protect against biotic attack. One such class of metabolites are terpenoids, a large and structurally diverse class of molecules shown to play significant defensive and developmental roles in numerous plant species. Despite this, terpenoids have only recently been recognized as significant contributors to pest resistance in maize (Zea mays), a globally important agricultural crop. The current review details recent advances in our understanding of biochemical structures, pathways and functional roles of maize terpenoids. Dependent upon the lines examined, maize can harbor more than 30 terpene synthases, underlying the inherent diversity of maize terpene defense systems. Part of this defensive arsenal is the inducible production of volatile bouquets that include monoterpenes, homoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which often function in indirect defense by enabling the attraction of parasitoids and predators. More recently discovered are a subset of sesquiterpene and diterpene hydrocarbon olefins modified by cytochrome P450s to produce non-volatile end-products such kauralexins, zealexins, dolabralexins and β-costic acid. These non-volatile terpenoid phytoalexins often provide effective defense against both microbial and insect pests via direct antimicrobial and anti-feedant activity. The diversity and promiscuity of maize terpene synthases, coupled with a variety of secondary modifications, results in elaborate defensive layers whose identities, regulation and precise functions are continuing to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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Yang P, Praz C, Li B, Singla J, Robert CAM, Kessel B, Scheuermann D, Lüthi L, Ouzunova M, Erb M, Krattinger SG, Keller B. Fungal resistance mediated by maize wall-associated kinase ZmWAK-RLK1 correlates with reduced benzoxazinoid content. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:976-987. [PMID: 30178602 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) have recently been identified as major components of fungal and bacterial disease resistance in several cereal crop species. However, the molecular mechanisms of WAK-mediated resistance remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the function of the maize gene ZmWAK-RLK1 (Htn1) that confers quantitative resistance to northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Exserohilum turcicum. ZmWAK-RLK1 was found to localize to the plasma membrane and its presence resulted in a modification of the infection process by reducing pathogen penetration into host tissues. A large-scale transcriptome analysis of near-isogenic lines (NILs) differing for ZmWAK-RLK1 revealed that several differentially expressed genes are involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites benzoxazinoids (BXs). The contents of several BXs including DIM2 BOA-Glc were significantly lower when ZmWAK-RLK1 is present. DIM2 BOA-Glc concentration was significantly elevated in ZmWAK-RLK1 mutants with compromised NCLB resistance. Maize mutants that were affected in overall BXs biosynthesis or content of DIM2 BOA-Glc showed increased NCLB resistance. We conclude that Htn1-mediated NCLB resistance is associated with a reduction of BX secondary metabolites. These findings suggest a link between WAK-mediated quantitative disease resistance and changes in biochemical fluxes starting with indole-3-glycerol phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Coraline Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beibei Li
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jyoti Singla
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Linda Lüthi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon G Krattinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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