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Wei G, Xu Y, Wang P, Hussain H, Chen Y, Shi Y, Zhu K, Bai M, Xu Y, Wang J, Feng L. Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analysis Reveals New Insights into Triterpene Biosynthesis in Rosa rugosa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1600. [PMID: 38931033 PMCID: PMC11207392 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Rosa rugosa is highly regarded for its aesthetic and therapeutic qualities. In particular, R. rugosa's flowers are known to produce essential oils containing a mixture of volatile terpenes, phenylpropanoids, and other compounds. Despite this, extensive research exists on volatile terpenes in flowers, while the knowledge of non-volatile terpenes in distinct tissues is still limited. Using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, a comprehensive analysis of the terpene metabolites in five different tissues of R. rugosa was conducted. These metabolites accumulated in distinct tissues, and the majority of them were triterpenoids. Transcriptome data were collected from five tissues using RNA-seq. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were utilized to evaluate the triterpene biosynthesis pathway, resulting in new insights into its regulation and biosynthesis. The RrOSC10 was identified as a key enzyme in converting 2,3-oxidosqualene into α-amyrin, potentially contributing to the triterpene biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, the expression of the RrOSC10 gene was upregulated by salinity for 0.5 h and 1 h, with subsequent downregulation at 2 h. This study lays a foundation for future research on the biosynthesis and accumulation of triterpenes in R. rugosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Wei
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Pengqing Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Hammad Hussain
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Yudie Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Yuqing Shi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Kaikai Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Mengjuan Bai
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Yong Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianwen Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Liguo Feng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (P.W.); (H.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.S.); (M.B.); (Y.X.); (J.W.)
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Zheng Q, Wang F, Nie C, Zhang K, Sun Y, Al-Ansi W, Wu Q, Wang L, Du J, Li Y. Elevating the significance of legume intake: A novel strategy to counter aging-related mitochondrial dysfunction and physical decline. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13342. [PMID: 38634173 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction increasingly becomes a target for promoting healthy aging and longevity. The dysfunction of mitochondria with age ultimately leads to a decline in physical functions. Among them, biogenesis dysfunction and the imbalances in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria as signaling organelles in the aging process have aroused our attention. Dietary intervention in mitochondrial dysfunction and physical decline during aging processes is essential, and greater attention should be directed toward healthful legume intake. Legumes are constantly under investigation for their nutritional and bioactive properties, and their consumption may yield antiaging and mitochondria-protecting benefits. This review summarizes mitochondrial dysfunction with age, discusses the benefits of legumes on mitochondrial function, and introduces the potential role of legumes in managing aging-related physical decline. Additionally, it reveals the benefits of legume intake for the elderly and offers a viable approach to developing legume-based functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chenzhipeng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kuiliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Waleed Al-Ansi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiming Wu
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Du
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Li F, Sayama T, Yokota Y, Hiraga S, Hashiguchi M, Tanaka H, Akashi R, Ishimoto M. Assessing genetic diversity and geographical differentiation in a global collection of wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.) and assigning a mini-core collection. DNA Res 2024; 31:dsae009. [PMID: 38490815 PMCID: PMC11090131 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Wild soybean (Glycine soja), the ancestor of the cultivated soybean (G. max), is a crucial resource for capturing the genetic diversity of soybean species. In this study, we used a set of 78 genome-wide microsatellite markers to analyse the genetic diversity and geographic differentiation patterns in a global collection of 2,050 G. soja accessions and a mini-core collection of G. max stored in two public seed banks. We observed a notable reduction in the genetic diversity of G. max compared with G. soja and identified a close phylogenetic relationship between G. max and a G. soja subpopulation located in central China. Furthermore, we revealed substantial genetic divergence between northern and southern subpopulations, accompanied by diminished genetic diversity in the northern subpopulations. Two clusters were discovered among the accessions from north-eastern China-one genetically close to those from South Korea and Southern Japan, and another close to those from Amur Oblast, Russia. Finally, 192 accessions were assigned to a mini-core collection of G. soja, retaining 73.8% of the alleles detected in the entire collection. This mini-core collection is accessible to those who need it, facilitating efficient evaluation and utilization of G. soja genetic resources in soybean breeding initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Division of Crop Design Research, Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Takashi Sayama
- Division of Crop Design Research, Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-8508, Japan
| | - Yuko Yokota
- Division of Crop Design Research, Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Susumu Hiraga
- Division of Crop Design Research, Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Hashiguchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi-1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tanaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi-1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryo Akashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi-1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Division of Crop Design Research, Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Yuan J, Ma L, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhang R, Wang C, Meng W, Tian Z, Zhou Y, Wang G. A recently evolved BAHD acetyltransferase, responsible for bitter soyasaponin A production, is indispensable for soybean seed germination. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2490-2504. [PMID: 37548097 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are major small molecules that accumulate in soybean (Glycine max) seeds. Among them, type-A soyasaponins, fully acetylated at the terminal sugar of their C22 sugar chain, are responsible for the bitter taste of soybean-derived foods. However, the molecular basis for the acetylation of type-A soyasaponins remains unclear. Here, we identify and characterize GmSSAcT1, encoding a BADH-type soyasaponin acetyltransferase that catalyzes three or four consecutive acetylations on type-A soyasaponins in vitro and in planta. Phylogenetic analysis and biochemical assays suggest that GmSSAcT1 likely evolved from acyltransferases present in leguminous plants involved in isoflavonoid acylation. Loss-of-function mutants of GmSSAcT1 exhibited impaired seed germination, which attribute to the excessive accumulation of null-acetylated type-A soyasaponins. We conclude that GmSSAcT1 not only functions as a detoxification gene for high accumulation of type-A soyasaponins in soybean seeds but is also a promising target for breeding new soybean varieties with lower bitter soyasaponin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xindan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institute of Pasteur of Shanghai, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
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5
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Bulut M, Wendenburg R, Bitocchi E, Bellucci E, Kroc M, Gioia T, Susek K, Papa R, Fernie AR, Alseekh S. A comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomics atlas for the legumes common bean, chickpea, lentil and lupin. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1152-1171. [PMID: 37285370 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Legumes represent an important component of human and livestock diets; they are rich in macro- and micronutrients such as proteins, dietary fibers and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Whilst several health-promoting and anti-nutritional properties have been associated with grain content, in-depth metabolomics characterization of major legume species remains elusive. In this article, we used both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to assess the metabolic diversity in the five legume species commonly grown in Europe, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), white lupin (Lupinus albus) and pearl lupin (Lupinus mutabilis), at the tissue level. We were able to detect and quantify over 3400 metabolites covering major nutritional and anti-nutritional compounds. Specifically, the metabolomics atlas includes 224 derivatized metabolites, 2283 specialized metabolites and 923 lipids. The data generated here will serve the community as a basis for future integration to metabolomics-assisted crop breeding and facilitate metabolite-based genome-wide association studies to dissect the genetic and biochemical bases of metabolism in legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bulut
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Wendenburg
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Elena Bitocchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Elisa Bellucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Magdalena Kroc
- Legume Genomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznan, 60-479, Poland
| | - Tania Gioia
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Karolina Susek
- Legume Genomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznan, 60-479, Poland
| | - Roberto Papa
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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6
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Sun W, Yin Q, Wan H, Gao R, Xiong C, Xie C, Meng X, Mi Y, Wang X, Wang C, Chen W, Xie Z, Xue Z, Yao H, Sun P, Xie X, Hu Z, Nelson DR, Xu Z, Sun X, Chen S. Characterization of the horse chestnut genome reveals the evolution of aescin and aesculin biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6470. [PMID: 37833361 PMCID: PMC10576086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Horse chestnut (Aesculus chinensis) is an important medicinal tree that contains various bioactive compounds, such as aescin, barrigenol-type triterpenoid saponins (BAT), and aesculin, a glycosylated coumarin. Herein, we report a 470.02 Mb genome assembly and characterize an Aesculus-specific whole-genome duplication event, which leads to the formation and duplication of two triterpenoid biosynthesis-related gene clusters (BGCs). We also show that AcOCS6, AcCYP716A278, AcCYP716A275, and AcCSL1 genes within these two BGCs along with a seed-specific expressed AcBAHD6 are responsible for the formation of aescin. Furthermore, we identify seven Aesculus-originated coumarin glycoside biosynthetic genes and achieve the de novo synthesis of aesculin in E. coli. Collinearity analysis shows that the collinear BGC segments can be traced back to early-diverging angiosperms, and the essential gene-encoding enzymes necessary for BAT biosynthesis are recruited before the splitting of Aesculus, Acer, and Xanthoceras. These findings provide insight on the evolution of gene clusters associated with medicinal tree metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinggang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Wan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 430023, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxiao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Yaolei Mi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Xie
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 430065, Wuhan, China
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China.
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Park GT, Moon JK, Park S, Park SK, Baek J, Seo MS. Genome-wide analysis of KIX gene family for organ size regulation in soybean ( Glycine max L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1252016. [PMID: 37828927 PMCID: PMC10565003 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1252016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The KIX domain, conserved among various nuclear and co-activator factors, acts as a binding site that interacts with other transcriptional activators and co-activators, playing a crucial role in gene expression regulation. In plants, the KIX domain is involved in plant hormone signaling, stress response regulation, cell cycle control, and differentiation, indicating its potential relevance to crop productivity. This study aims to identify and characterize KIX domains within the soybean (Glycine max L.) genome to predict their potential role in improving crop productivity. The conservation and evolutionary history of the KIX domains were explored in 59 plant species, confirming the presence of the KIX domains in diverse plants. Specifically, 13 KIX domains were identified within the soybean genome and classified into four main groups, namely GmKIX8/9, GmMED15, GmHAC, and GmRECQL, through sequence alignment, structural analysis, and phylogenetic tree construction. Association analysis was performed between KIX domain haplotypes and soybean seed-related agronomic traits using re-sequencing data from a core collection of 422 accessions. The results revealed correlations between SNP variations observed in GmKIX8-3 and GmMED15-4 and soybean seed phenotypic traits. Additionally, transcriptome analysis confirmed significant expression of the KIX domains during the early stages of soybean seed development. This study provides the first characterization of the structural, expression, genomic haplotype, and molecular features of the KIX domain in soybean, offering a foundation for functional analysis of the KIX domain in soybean and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Tae Park
- Crop Foundation Research Division, National Institute of Crop Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kyung Moon
- Crop Foundation Research Division, National Institute of Crop Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Park
- Crop Foundation Research Division, National Institute of Crop Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Kwon Park
- Crop Foundation Research Division, National Institute of Crop Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongHo Baek
- Gene Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Suk Seo
- Crop Foundation Research Division, National Institute of Crop Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
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8
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Li Y, Wang J, Li L, Song W, Li M, Hua X, Wang Y, Yuan J, Xue Z. Natural products of pentacyclic triterpenoids: from discovery to heterologous biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1303-1353. [PMID: 36454108 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pentacyclic triterpenoids are important natural bioactive substances that are widely present in plants and fungi. They have significant medicinal efficacy, play an important role in reducing blood glucose and protecting the liver, and have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are derived from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, which generates common precursors of triterpenes and steroids, followed by cyclization with oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and decoration via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). Many biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins have been elucidated by studying their metabolic regulation network through the use of multiomics and identifying their functional genes. Unfortunately, natural resources of pentacyclic triterpenoids are limited due to their low content in plant tissues and the long growth cycle of plants. Based on the understanding of their biosynthetic pathway and transcriptional regulation, plant bioreactors and microbial cell factories are emerging as alternative means for the synthesis of desired triterpenoid saponins. The rapid development of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and fermentation technology has broadened channels for the accumulation of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins. In this review, we summarize the classification, distribution, structural characteristics, and bioactivity of pentacyclic triterpenoids. We further discuss the biosynthetic pathways of pentacyclic triterpenoids and involved transcriptional regulation. Moreover, the recent progress and characteristics of heterologous biosynthesis in plants and microbial cell factories are discussed comparatively. Finally, we propose potential strategies to improve the accumulation of triterpenoid saponins, thereby providing a guide for their future biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Linyong Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
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9
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Yu B, Patterson N, Zaharia LI. Saponin Biosynthesis in Pulses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243505. [PMID: 36559617 PMCID: PMC9780904 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulses are a group of leguminous crops that are harvested solely for their dry seeds. As the demand for plant-based proteins grows, pulses are becoming important food crops worldwide. In addition to being a rich source of nutrients, pulses also contain saponins that are traditionally considered anti-nutrients, and impart bitterness and astringency. Saponins are plant secondary metabolites with great structural and functional diversity. Given their diverse functional properties and biological activities, both undesirable and beneficial, saponins have received growing attention. It can be expected that redirecting metabolic fluxes to control the saponin levels and produce desired saponins would be an effective approach to improve the nutritional and sensory quality of the pulses. However, little effort has been made toward understanding saponin biosynthesis in pulses, and, thus there exist sizable knowledge gaps regarding its pathway and regulatory network. In this paper, we summarize the research progress made on saponin biosynthesis in pulses. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships of putative biosynthetic enzymes among multiple pulse species provide a glimpse of the evolutionary routes and functional diversification of saponin biosynthetic enzymes. The review will help us to advance our understanding of saponin biosynthesis and aid in the development of molecular and biotechnological tools for the systematic optimization of metabolic fluxes, in order to produce the desired saponins in pulses.
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10
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Meng X, Zhang T, Chen C, Li Q, Liu J. Regulatory network of ginsenoside biosynthesis under Ro stress in the hairy roots of Panax ginseng revealed by RNA sequencing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1006386. [PMID: 36394021 PMCID: PMC9659575 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1006386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P. ginseng C.A. Meyer is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine that belongs to the Araliaceae family. Major obstacles to the continuous cropping of ginseng have severely restricted the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. The allelopathic effects of triterpenoid saponins play an important role in disorders related to continuous cropping; however, the mechanisms underlying the allelopathic autotoxicity of triterpenoid ginsenosides remain unknown. In this study, we performed mRNA and miRNA sequencing analyses to identify candidate genes and miRNAs that respond differentially to ginsenoside Ro stress in ginseng and their targets. The growth of the ginseng hairy roots was significantly inhibited under Ro stress (0.5 mg/L, Ro-0.5). The inhibition of root growth and injury to root-tip cells promoted the accumulation of the endogenous hormones indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic acid and inhibited the accumulation of abscisic acid and jasmonate acid. The accumulation of ginsenosides, except Rg3, was significantly inhibited under Ro-0.5 stress. An mRNA analysis of the Ro-0.5 and control groups showed that differentially expressed genes were mostly concentrated in the hormone signal transduction pathway. ARF7 and EFM were upregulated, whereas XTH23 and ZOX1 were downregulated. These genes represent important potential candidates for hormone-responsive continuous cropping diseases. In total, 74 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified based on the miRNA sequencing analysis, of which 22 were upregulated and 52 were downregulated. The target genes of ptc-miR156k_L + 1, mtr-miR156b-5p, gma-miR156a_R + 1, and mtr-miR156e all belonged to TRINITY_DN14567_c0_g4, which is a gene in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. These four miRNAs were all negatively correlated with mRNA, indicating their likely involvement in the response of ginseng to continuous cropping disorders and the regulation of ginsenoside synthesis. Our findings provide useful insights for removing the barriers to continuous ginseng cropping and have important implications in the genetic engineering of plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Zhang
- *Correspondence: Tao Zhang, ; Changbao Chen,
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11
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Malhotra K, Franke J. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated tailoring of triterpenoids and steroids in plants. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1289-1310. [PMID: 36225725 PMCID: PMC9520826 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) superfamily comprises hemethiolate enzymes that perform remarkable regio- and stereospecific oxidative chemistry. As such, CYPs are key agents for the structural and functional tailoring of triterpenoids, one of the largest classes of plant natural products with widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and agricultural industries. In this review, we provide a full overview of 149 functionally characterised CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in primary as well as in specialised metabolism. We describe the phylogenetic distribution of triterpenoid- and steroid-modifying CYPs across the plant CYPome, present a structure-based summary of their reactions, and highlight recent examples of particular interest to the field. Our review therefore provides a comprehensive up-to-date picture of CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in plants as a starting point for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Liu S, Grierson D, Xi W. Biosynthesis, distribution, nutritional and organoleptic properties of bitter compounds in fruit and vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1934-1953. [PMID: 36099178 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that confer a bitter taste on fruits and vegetables (FAVs) play crucial roles in both plant defense and health promotion. This review details the current knowledge of the distribution, properties (toxicity, pharmacological effects and receptors) and environmental plant responses relating to the biosynthesis, catabolism and transcriptional regulation of 53 bitter plant metabolites in diverse species of FAVs. Some bitter compounds, such as flavonoids, are common in all plant species and make a minor contribution to bitter flavor, but many are synthesized only in specific taxa. They make major contributions to the bitter taste of the corresponding species and some also have significant pharmacological effects. Levels of bitter metabolites are genetically determined, but various environmental cues can affect their final concentration during preharvest development and postharvest storage processes. Molecular approaches are helping to unravel the mechanisms of biosynthesis and regulation of bitter compounds in diverse crop species. This review not only discusses the theoretical basis for utilizing breeding programs and other agricultural technologies to produce FAVs with improved safety, favorable taste and healthier profiles, but also suggests new directions for the utilization of bitter compounds in FAVs for the development of natural pesticides and health-promoting medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Plant & Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Chongqing, China
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13
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Lin M, Jian JB, Zhou ZQ, Chen CH, Wang W, Xiong H, Mei ZN. Chromosome-level genome of Entada phaseoloides provides insights into genome evolution and triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:3049-3067. [PMID: 35661414 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a medicinal herbal plant, Entada phaseoloides has high levels of secondary metabolites, particularly triterpenoid saponins, which are important resources for scientific research and medical applications. However, the lack of a reference genome for this genus has limited research on its evolution and utilization of its medicinal potential. In this study, we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly for E. phaseoloides using Illumina, Nanopore long reads, and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technology. The assembled reference genome is 456.18 Mb (scaffold N50=30.9 Mb; contig N50=6.34 Mb) with 95.71 % of the sequences anchored onto 14 pseudochromosomes. E. phaseoloides was estimated to diverge from the Leguminosae lineage at approximately 72.0 million years ago. With the integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data, gene expression patterns and metabolite profiling of E. phaseoloides were determined in different tissues. The pattern of gene expression and metabolic profile of the kernel were distinct from those of other tissues. Furthermore, the evolution of certain gene families involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins and terpenes was analyzed and offer new insights into the formation of these two metabolites. Four CYP genes, one UGT gene and related transcription factors were identified as candidate genes contributing to regulation of triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis. As the first high-quality assembled reference genome in the genus Entada, it will not only provide new information for the evolutionary study of this genus and conservation biology of E. phaseoloides but also lay a foundation for the formation and utilization of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Bo Jian
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhu-Qing Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Wen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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14
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Yates PS, Roberson J, Ramsue LK, Song BH. Bridging the Gaps between Plant and Human Health: A Systematic Review of Soyasaponins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14387-14401. [PMID: 34843230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, prominent secondary plant metabolites, are recognized for their roles in plant defense and medicinal benefits. Soyasaponins, commonly derived from legumes, are a class of triterpenoid saponins that demonstrate significant potential for plant and human health applications. Previous research and reviews largely emphasize human health effects of soyasaponins. However, the biological effects of soyasaponins and their implications for plants in the context of human health have not been well-discussed. This review provides comprehensive discussions on the biological roles of soyasaponins in plant defense and rhizosphere microbial interactions; biosynthetic regulation and compound production; immunological effects and potential for therapeutics; and soyasaponin acquisition attributed to processing effects, bioavailability, and biotransformation processes based on recent soyasaponin research. Given the multifaceted biological effects elicited by soyasaponins, further research warrants an integrated approach to understand molecular mechanisms of regulations in their production as well as their applications in plant and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping S Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Julia Roberson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Lyric K Ramsue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Bao-Hua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
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15
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Hua J, Liu YC, Luo SH, Liu Y, Xiao CJ, Li XN, Li SH. Immunostimulatory 6/6/6/6 Tetracyclic Triterpenoid Saponins with the Methyl-30 Incorporated Cyclization from the Root of Colquhounia elegans. Org Lett 2021; 23:7462-7466. [PMID: 34505790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two novel triterpenoid saponins, colqueleganoids A (1) and B (2), with the first methyl-30 incorporated 6/6/6/6-cyclized carbon skeleton (named colquelegane), were isolated from the root of Colquhounia elegans. Their structures including absolute configuration were determined by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallographic analyses. Interestingly, both compounds significantly enhanced TNF-α production and 1 also increased the IL-6 production in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting their potential application as immunostimulants in immunotherapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Jiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
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16
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Vernoud V, Lebeigle L, Munier J, Marais J, Sanchez M, Pertuit D, Rossin N, Darchy B, Aubert G, Le Signor C, Berdeaux O, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Thompson R. β-Amyrin Synthase1 Controls the Accumulation of the Major Saponins Present in Pea (Pisum sativum). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:784-797. [PMID: 33826728 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of pulses as ingredients for the production of food products rich in plant proteins is increasing. However, protein fractions prepared from pea or other pulses contain significant amounts of saponins, glycosylated triterpenes that can impart an undesirable bitter taste when used as an ingredient in foodstuffs. In this article, we describe the identification and characterization of a gene involved in saponin biosynthesis during pea seed development, by screening mutants obtained from two Pisum sativum TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) populations in two different genetic backgrounds. The mutations studied are located in a gene designated PsBAS1 (β-amyrin synthase1), which is highly expressed in maturing pea seeds and which encodes a protein previously shown to correspond to an active β-amyrin synthase. The first allele is a nonsense mutation, while the second mutation is located in a splice site and gives rise to a mis-spliced transcript encoding a truncated, nonfunctional protein. The homozygous mutant seeds accumulated virtually no saponin without affecting the seed nutritional or physiological quality. Interestingly, BAS1 appears to control saponin accumulation in all other tissues of the plant examined. These lines represent a first step in the development of pea varieties lacking bitterness off-flavors in their seeds. Our work also shows that TILLING populations in different genetic backgrounds represent valuable genetic resources for both crop improvement and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vernoud
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Ludivine Lebeigle
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
- University of Lausanne, Center for Integrative GenomicsLausanne 1015,Switzerland
| | - Jocelyn Munier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Julie Marais
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Myriam Sanchez
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - David Pertuit
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie EA 4267, Dijon 21079, France
| | - Nadia Rossin
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Brigitte Darchy
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Grégoire Aubert
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Christine Le Signor
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Olivier Berdeaux
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | | | - Richard Thompson
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
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17
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Robinson GHJ, Domoney C. Perspectives on the genetic improvement of health- and nutrition-related traits in pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:353-362. [PMID: 33250319 PMCID: PMC7801860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a widely grown pulse crop that is a source of protein, starch and micronutrients in both human diets and livestock feeds. There is currently a strong global focus on making agriculture and food production systems more sustainable, and pea has one of the smallest carbon footprints of all crops. Multiple genetic loci have been identified that influence pea seed protein content, but protein composition is also important nutritionally. Studies have previously identified gene families encoding individual seed protein classes, now documented in a reference pea genome assembly. Much is also known about loci affecting starch metabolism in pea, with research especially focusing on improving concentrations of resistant starch, which has a positive effect on maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Diversity in natural germplasm for micronutrient concentrations and mineral hyperaccumulation mutants have been discovered, with quantitative trait loci on multiple linkage groups identified for seed micronutrient concentrations. Antinutrients, which affect nutrient bioavailability, must also be considered; mutants in which the concentrations of important antinutrients including phytate and trypsin inhibitors are reduced have already been discovered. Current knowledge on the genetics of nutritional traits in pea will greatly assist with crop improvement for specific end uses, and further identification of genes involved will help advance our knowledge of the control of the synthesis of seed compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H J Robinson
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Domoney
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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18
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Yao L, Lu J, Wang J, Gao WY. Advances in biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in medicinal plants. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:417-424. [PMID: 32503733 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in medicinal plants has been widely studied because of their active ingredients with diverse pharmacological activities. Various oxidosqualene cyclases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, and transcription factors related to triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis have been explored and identified. In the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins, the progress of gene mining by omics-based sequencing, gene screening, gene function verification, catalyzing mechanism of key enzymes and gene regulation are summarized and discussed. By the progress of the biosynthesis pathway of triterpenoid saponins, the large-scale production of some triterpenoid saponins and aglycones has been achieved through plant tissue culture, transgenic plants and engineered yeast cells. However, the complex biosynthetic pathway and structural diversity limit the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in different system. Special focus can further be placed on the systematic botany information of medicinal plants obtained from omics large dataset, and triterpenoid saponins produced by synthetic biology strategies, gene mutations and gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Wen-Yuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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19
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Fujimatsu T, Endo K, Yazaki K, Sugiyama A. Secretion dynamics of soyasaponins in soybean roots and effects to modify the bacterial composition. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00259. [PMID: 32995699 PMCID: PMC7503093 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are triterpenoid saponins widely found in legume plants. These compounds have drawn considerable attention because they have various activities beneficial for human health, and their biosynthesis has been actively studied. In our previous study, we found that legume plants including soybean secrete soyasaponins from the roots in hydroponic culture throughout the growth period, but the physiological roles of soyasaponins in the rhizosphere and their fate in soil after exudation have remained unknown. This study demonstrates that soyasaponins are secreted from the roots of field-grown soybean, and soyasaponin Bb is the major soyasaponin detected in the rhizosphere. In vitro analysis of the distribution coefficient suggested that soyasaponin Bb can diffuse over longer distances in the soil in comparison with daidzein, which is a typical isoflavone secreted from soybean roots. The degradation rate of soyasaponin Bb in soil was slightly faster than that of daidzein, whereas no soyasaponin Bb degradation was observed in autoclaved soil, suggesting that microbes utilize soyasaponins in the rhizosphere. Bacterial community composition was clearly influenced by soyasaponin Bb, and potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria such as Novosphingobium were significantly enriched in both soyasaponin Bb-treated soil and the soybean rhizosphere. These results strongly suggest that soyasaponin Bb plays an important role in the enrichment of certain microbes in the soybean rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiji Endo
- Biological Science Research Kao Corporation Tochigi Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere Kyoto University Uji Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere Kyoto University Uji Japan
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20
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Li W, Wu G, Wang M, Yue A, Du W, Liu D, Zhao J. Colorimetric detection of class A soybean saponins by coupling DNAzyme with the gap ligase chain reaction. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3361-3367. [PMID: 32930223 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Class A saponins are responsible for the taste of soybean products, and the rapid identification of class A saponins from soybean food is essential for both food safety and cultivar screening. In this study, we propose a colorimetric assay based on the coupling of gap ligase chain reaction (Gap-LCR) with DNAzyme to detect the target GmSg-1 genes of class A soybean saponins with the naked eye, without the involvement of expensive instruments. The limits of detection (LODs) for the GmSg-1a and GmSg-1b genes were determined to be 0.1618 and 0.1625 μM, respectively, with a linear range of 0.2-1.2 μM. The DNAzyme-based Gap LCR assay was successfully employed to identify the target genes from different soybean cultivars, providing a simple means for monitoring the quality of soybean products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Li
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Guorui Wu
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Min Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Aiqin Yue
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Weijun Du
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Dingbin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
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21
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Krishnamurthy P, Tsukamoto C, Ishimoto M. Reconstruction of the Evolutionary Histories of UGT Gene Superfamily in Legumes Clarifies the Functional Divergence of Duplicates in Specialized Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1855. [PMID: 32182686 PMCID: PMC7084467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant uridine 5'-diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) influence the physiochemical properties of several classes of specialized metabolites including triterpenoids via glycosylation. To uncover the evolutionary past of UGTs of soyasaponins (a group of beneficial triterpene glycosides widespread among Leguminosae), the UGT gene superfamily in Medicago truncatula, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Lotus japonicus, and Trifolium pratense genomes were systematically mined. A total of 834 nonredundant UGTs were identified and categorized into 98 putative orthologous loci (POLs) using tree-based and graph-based methods. Major key findings in this study were of, (i) 17 POLs represent potential catalysts for triterpene glycosylation in legumes, (ii) UGTs responsible for the addition of second (UGT73P2: galactosyltransferase and UGT73P10: arabinosyltransferase) and third (UGT91H4: rhamnosyltransferase and UGT91H9: glucosyltransferase) sugars of the C-3 sugar chain of soyasaponins were resulted from duplication events occurred before and after the hologalegina-millettoid split, respectively, and followed neofunctionalization in species-/ lineage-specific manner, and (iii) UGTs responsible for the C-22-O glycosylation of group A (arabinosyltransferase) and DDMP saponins (DDMPtransferase) and the second sugar of C-22 sugar chain of group A saponins (UGT73F2: glucosyltransferase) may all share a common ancestor. Our findings showed a way to trace the evolutionary history of UGTs involved in specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
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22
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Yano R, Hoshikawa K, Okabe Y, Wang N, Dung PT, Imriani PS, Shiba H, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Multiplex exome sequencing reveals genome-wide frequency and distribution of mutations in the 'Micro-Tom' Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) mutant library. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2019; 36:223-231. [PMID: 31983876 PMCID: PMC6978505 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0830a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While the 'Micro-Tom' TILLING mutant library is used for a wide range of purposes, including both basic research of gene function and breeding of commercial cultivars, genome-wide distribution and frequency of mutations have not yet been thoroughly elucidated on a population scale. In this study, we developed a 96-plex exome sequencing method to identify and analyze mutations within the TILLING mutants that were developed in the University of Tsukuba. First, an Illumina paired-end sequencing coupled with 96-plex exome capture resulted in the acquisition of an exome sequence dataset with an average read count of 5.6 million for the 95 mutants. Over 98% of the capture target region could be covered by the short reads with an averaged read depth of 12.8, which enabled us to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms and Indels in a genome-wide manner. By subtracting intra-cultivar DNA variations that are present between wild-type 'Micro-Tom' lines, we identified 241,391 mutation candidates in 95 mutant individuals. Of these, 64,319 and 6,480 mutations were expected to cause protein amino acid substitutions or premature stop codon, respectively. Based on the exome mutation dataset, a mutant line designated 'TOMJPW601' was found to carry a premature stop codon mutation (W261*) in a putative auxin influx carrier gene SlLAX1 (Solyc09G014380), consistent with our previous report of its curly leaf phenotype. Our results suggested that a population-scale mutation database developed by multiplexed exome sequencing could be used for in silico mutant screening, which in turn could contribute to both gene function research and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Yano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Advanced Analysis Center, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ning Wang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Pham Thi Dung
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Pulungan Sri Imriani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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23
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Fanani MZ, Fukushima EO, Sawai S, Tang J, Ishimori M, Sudo H, Ohyama K, Seki H, Saito K, Muranaka T. Molecular Basis of C-30 Product Regioselectivity of Legume Oxidases Involved in High-Value Triterpenoid Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1520. [PMID: 31850023 PMCID: PMC6901910 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The triterpenes are structurally diverse group of specialized metabolites with important roles in plant defense and human health. Glycyrrhizin, with a carboxyl group at C-30 of its aglycone moiety, is a valuable triterpene glycoside, the production of which is restricted to legume medicinal plants belonging to the Glycyrrhiza species. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are important for generating triterpene chemodiversity by catalyzing site-specific oxidation of the triterpene scaffold. CYP72A154 was previously identified from the glycyrrhizin-producing plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis as a C-30 oxidase in glycyrrhizin biosynthesis, but its regioselectivity is rather low. In contrast, CYP72A63 from Medicago truncatula showed superior regioselectivity in C-30 oxidation, improving the production of glycyrrhizin aglycone in engineered yeast. The underlying molecular basis of C-30 product regioselectivity is not well understood. Here, we identified two amino acid residues that control C-30 product regioselectivity and contribute to the chemodiversity of triterpenes accumulated in legumes. Amino acid sequence comparison combined with structural analysis of the protein model identified Leu149 and Leu398 as important amino acid residues for C-30 product regioselectivity. These results were further confirmed by mutagenesis of CYP72A154 homologs from glycyrrhizin-producing species, functional phylogenomics analyses, and comparison of corresponding residues of C-30 oxidase homologs in other legumes. These findings could be combined with metabolic engineering to further enhance the production of high-value triterpene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Much Zaenal Fanani
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Satoru Sawai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., Sakura, Japan
| | - Jianwei Tang
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Ishimori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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24
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Suzuki H, Fukushima EO, Shimizu Y, Seki H, Fujisawa Y, Ishimoto M, Osakabe K, Osakabe Y, Muranaka T. Lotus japonicus Triterpenoid Profile and Characterization of the CYP716A51 and LjCYP93E1 Genes Involved in Their Biosynthesis In Planta. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2496-2509. [PMID: 31418782 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lotus japonicus is an important model legume plant in several fields of research, such as secondary (specialized) metabolism and symbiotic nodulation. This plant accumulates triterpenoids; however, less information regarding its composition, content and biosynthesis is available compared with Medicago truncatula and Glycine max. In this study, we analyzed the triterpenoid content and composition of L. japonicus. Lotus japonicus accumulated C-28-oxidized triterpenoids (ursolic, betulinic and oleanolic acids) and soyasapogenols (soyasapogenol B, A and E) in a tissue-dependent manner. We identified an oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and two cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis using a yeast heterologous expression system. OSC9 was the first enzyme derived from L. japonicus that showed α-amyrin (a precursor of ursolic acid)-producing activity. CYP716A51 showed triterpenoid C-28 oxidation activity. LjCYP93E1 converted β-amyrin into 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin, a metabolic intermediate of soyasapogenols. The involvement of the identified genes in triterpenoid biosynthesis in L. japonicus plants was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Furthermore, gene loss-of-function analysis of CYP716A51 and LjCYP93E1 was conducted. The cyp716a51-mutant L. japonicus hairy roots generated by the genome-editing technique produced no C-28 oxidized triterpenoids. Likewise, the complete abolition of soyasapogenols and soyasaponin I was observed in mutant plants harboring Lotus retrotransposon 1 (LORE1) in LjCYP93E1. These results indicate that the activities of these P450 enzymes are essential for triterpenoid biosynthesis in L. japonicus. This study increases our understanding of triterpenoid biosynthesis in leguminous plants and provides information that will facilitate further studies of the physiological functions of triterpenoids using L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Universidad Regional Amaz�nica IKIAM, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Napo, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Yuko Shimizu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujisawa
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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25
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He J, Chen Q, Xin P, Yuan J, Ma Y, Wang X, Xu M, Chu J, Peters RJ, Wang G. CYP72A enzymes catalyse 13-hydrolyzation of gibberellins. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1057-1065. [PMID: 31527846 PMCID: PMC7194175 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive gibberellins (GAs or diterpenes) are essential hormones in land plants that control many aspects of plant growth and development. In flowering plants, 13-OH GAs (having low bioactivity-for example, GA1) and 13-H GAs (having high bioactivity-for example, GA4) frequently coexist in the same plant. However, the identity of the native Arabidopsis thaliana 13-hydroxylase GA and its physiological functions remain unknown. Here, we report that cytochrome P450 genes (CYP72A9 and its homologues) encode active GA 13-hydroxylases in Brassicaceae. Plants overexpressing CYP72A9 exhibited semi-dwarfism, which was caused by significant reduction in GA4 levels. Biochemical assays revealed that recombinant CYP72A9 protein catalysed the conversion of 13-H GAs to the corresponding 13-OH GAs. CYP72A9 was expressed predominantly in developing seeds in Arabidopsis. Freshly harvested seeds of cyp72a9 mutants germinated more quickly than the wild type, whereas stratification-treated seeds and seeds from long-term storage did not. The evolutionary origin of GA 13-oxidases from the CYP72A subfamily was also investigated and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyong Xin
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meimei Xu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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26
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Tzin V, Snyder JH, Yang DS, Huhman DV, Watson BS, Allen SN, Tang Y, Miettinen K, Arendt P, Pollier J, Goossens A, Sumner LW. Integrated metabolomics identifies CYP72A67 and CYP72A68 oxidases in the biosynthesis of Medicago truncatula oleanate sapogenins. Metabolomics 2019; 15:85. [PMID: 31144047 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triterpene saponins are important bioactive plant natural products found in many plant families including the Leguminosae. OBJECTIVES We characterize two Medicago truncatula cytochrome P450 enzymes, MtCYP72A67 and MtCYP72A68, involved in saponin biosynthesis including both in vitro and in planta evidence. METHODS UHPLC-(-)ESI-QToF-MS was used to profile saponin accumulation across a collection of 106 M. truncatula ecotypes. The profiling results identified numerous ecotypes with high and low saponin accumulation in root and aerial tissues. Four ecotypes with significant differential saponin content in the root and/or aerial tissues were selected, and correlated gene expression profiling was performed. RESULTS Correlation analyses between gene expression and saponin accumulation revealed high correlations between saponin content with gene expression of β-amyrin synthase, MtCYP716A12, and two cytochromes P450 genes, MtCYP72A67 and MtCYP72A68. In vivo and in vitro biochemical assays using yeast microsomes containing MtCYP72A67 revealed hydroxylase activity for carbon 2 of oleanolic acid and hederagenin. This finding was supported by functional characterization of MtCYP72A67 using RNAi-mediated gene silencing in M. truncatula hairy roots, which revealed a significant reduction of 2β-hydroxylated sapogenins. In vivo and in vitro assays with MtCYP72A68 produced in yeast showed multifunctional oxidase activity for carbon 23 of oleanolic acid and hederagenin. These findings were supported by overexpression of MtCYP72A68 in M. truncatula hairy roots, which revealed significant increases of oleanolic acid, 2β-hydroxyoleanolic acid, hederagenin and total saponin levels. CONCLUSIONS The cumulative data support that MtCYP72A68 is a multisubstrate, multifunctional oxidase and MtCYP72A67 is a 2β-hydroxylase, both of which function during the early steps of triterpene-oleanate sapogenin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Tzin
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA.
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel.
| | - John H Snyder
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Sik Yang
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - David V Huhman
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
| | - Bonnie S Watson
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
| | - Stacy N Allen
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
| | - Karel Miettinen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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27
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Krishnamurthy P, Fujisawa Y, Takahashi Y, Abe H, Yamane K, Mukaiyama K, Son HR, Hiraga S, Kaga A, Anai T, Tsukamoto C, Ishimoto M. High-Throughput Screening and Characterization of a High-Density Soybean Mutant Library Elucidate the Biosynthesis Pathway of Triterpenoid Saponins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1082-1097. [PMID: 30753604 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes (C30) constitute one of the diverse class of natural products with potential applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Soyasaponins are oleanane-type triterpenoids widespread among legumes and particularly abundant in soybean seeds. They have associated with various pharmacological implications and undesirable taste properties of soybean-based food products. Uncovering the biosynthetic genes of soyasaponins will provide new opportunities to control the pathway for human benefits. However, the pathway of soyasaponin biosynthesis has not been fully elucidated in part because of a paucity of natural mutants. Here, we applied a structured high-density soybean mutant library for the forward genetic screening of triterpenoid biosynthesis. The seed soyasaponin polymorphism in the mutant library was evaluated using a high-throughput thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. This screening identified 35 mutants (3.85% of 909 mutant lines) with seven unusual soyasaponin phenotypes (Categories 1-7), which was greater than the number of natural mutants reported previously (22 mutants, 0.18% of ∼12,428 accessions). Nine unique intermediates of soyasaponin biosynthesis were identified and their chemical structures were estimated based on their MS/MS fragment patterns. Based on published information, 19 mutants could be associated with loss of function of four individual soyasaponin biosynthesis genes identified through expressed sequence tag mining or positional cloning, whereas the remaining 16 mutants were novel and may facilitate discovery of the unknown biosynthetic genes of soyasaponins. Our approach and library may help to identify new phenotype materials and causative genes associated with specialized metabolite production and other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuya Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hanako Abe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamane
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Hae-Reon Son
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Susumu Hiraga
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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28
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Sundaramoorthy J, Park GT, Komagamine K, Tsukamoto C, Chang JH, Lee JD, Kim JH, Seo HS, Song JT. Biosynthesis of DDMP saponins in soybean is regulated by a distinct UDP-glycosyltransferase. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:261-274. [PMID: 30414191 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) saponins are one of the major saponin groups that are widely distributed in legumes such as pea, barrel medic, chickpea, and soybean. The steps involved in DDMP saponin biosynthesis remain uncharacterized at the molecular level. We isolated two recessive mutants that lack DDMP saponins from an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant population of soybean cultivar Pungsannamul. Segregation analysis showed that the production of DDMP saponins is controlled by a single locus, named Sg-9. The locus was physically mapped to a 130-kb region on chromosome 16. Nucleotide sequence analysis of candidate genes in the region revealed that each mutant has a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Glyma.16G033700 encoding a UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT73B4. Enzyme assays and mass spectrum-coupled chromatographic analysis reveal that the Sg-9 protein has glycosyltransferase activity, converting sapogenins and group B saponins to glycosylated products, and that mutant proteins had only partial activities. The tissue-specific expression profile of Sg-9 matches the accumulation pattern of DDMP saponins. This is the first report on a new gene and its function in the biosynthesis of DDMP saponins. Our findings indicate that Sg-9 encodes a putative DDMP transferase that plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of DDMP saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gyu Tae Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Kumpei Komagamine
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong-Dong Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoe Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
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Perez de Souza L, Scossa F, Proost S, Bitocchi E, Papa R, Tohge T, Fernie AR. Multi-tissue integration of transcriptomic and specialized metabolite profiling provides tools for assessing the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) metabolome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:1132-1153. [PMID: 30480348 PMCID: PMC6850281 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume species with a rich natural diversity of landraces that originated from the wild forms following multiple independent domestication events. After the publication of its genome, several resources for this relevant crop have been made available. A comprehensive characterization of specialized metabolism in P. vulgaris, however, is still lacking. In this study, we used a metabolomics approach based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to dissect the chemical composition at a tissue-specific level in several accessions of common bean belonging to different gene pools. Using a combination of literature search, mass spectral interpretation, 13 C-labeling, and correlation analyses, we were able to assign chemical classes and/or putative structures for approximately 39% of all measured metabolites. Additionally, we integrated this information with transcriptomics data and phylogenetic inference from multiple legume species to reconstruct the possible metabolic pathways and identify sets of candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. A particular focus was given to flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins and hydroxycinnamates, as they represent metabolites involved in important ecological interactions and they are also associated with several health-promoting benefits when integrated into the human diet. The data are presented here in the form of an accessible resource that we hope will set grounds for further studies on specialized metabolism in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Müehlenberg 1Potsdam‐Golm14476Germany
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l′analisi dell′economia agrariaCREA‐OFAVia di Fioranello 5200134RomeItaly
| | - Sebastian Proost
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Müehlenberg 1Potsdam‐Golm14476Germany
| | - Elena Bitocchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle Marche60131AnconaItaly
| | - Roberto Papa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle Marche60131AnconaItaly
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Müehlenberg 1Potsdam‐Golm14476Germany
- Graduate School of Biological SciencesNara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Nara630‐0192Japan
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Müehlenberg 1Potsdam‐Golm14476Germany
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30
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Leveau A, Reed J, Qiao X, Stephenson MJ, Mugford ST, Melton RE, Rant JC, Vickerstaff R, Langdon T, Osbourn A. Towards take-all control: a C-21β oxidase required for acylation of triterpene defence compounds in oat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1544-1555. [PMID: 30294977 PMCID: PMC6446040 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Oats produce avenacins, antifungal triterpenes that are synthesized in the roots and provide protection against take-all and other soilborne diseases. Avenacins are acylated at the carbon-21 position of the triterpene scaffold, a modification critical for antifungal activity. We have previously characterized several steps in the avenacin pathway, including those required for acylation. However, transfer of the acyl group to the scaffold requires the C-21β position to be oxidized first, by an as yet uncharacterized enzyme. We mined oat transcriptome data to identify candidate cytochrome P450 enzymes that may catalyse C-21β oxidation. Candidates were screened for activity by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. We identified a cytochrome P450 enzyme AsCYP72A475 as a triterpene C-21β hydroxylase, and showed that expression of this enzyme together with early pathway steps yields C-21β oxidized avenacin intermediates. We further demonstrate that AsCYP72A475 is synonymous with Sad6, a previously uncharacterized locus required for avenacin biosynthesis. sad6 mutants are compromised in avenacin acylation and have enhanced disease susceptibility. The discovery of AsCYP72A475 represents an important advance in the understanding of triterpene biosynthesis and paves the way for engineering the avenacin pathway into wheat and other cereals for control of take-all and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Leveau
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - James Reed
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xue Qiao
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michael J. Stephenson
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sam T. Mugford
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rachel E. Melton
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jenni C. Rant
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert Vickerstaff
- Department of Genetics and Crop Improvement, East Malling Research, New Rd, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Tim Langdon
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FL, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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31
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Takagi K, Yano R, Tochigi S, Fujisawa Y, Tsuchinaga H, Takahashi Y, Takada Y, Kaga A, Anai T, Tsukamoto C, Seki H, Muranaka T, Ishimoto M. Genetic and functional characterization of Sg-4 glycosyltransferase involved in the formation of sugar chain structure at the C-3 position of soybean saponins. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:96-105. [PMID: 30261341 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are specialized metabolites, which are abundant in soybean seeds. They have a wide variety of effects on human health and physiology. The composition of sugar chain attached to the aglycone moiety of saponins can be controlled by genetic loci, such as Sg-1, 3, and 4. Among these, the homozygous recessive sg-4 impairs the accumulation of saponins that have an arabinose moiety at the second position of the C-3 sugar chain (i.e., saponins Ad and βa) in the hypocotyls. In this study, we found that sg-4 cultivars are disabled in Glyma.01G046300 expression in hypocotyls. This gene encodes a putative glycosyltransferase (UGT73P10) and is a homolog of GmSGT2 (UGT73P2) whose recombinant protein has been previously shown, in vitro, to conjugate the second galactose moiety at the C-3 position of soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide (SBMG). The sg-4 phenotype (absence of saponins Ad and βa in hypocotyls) was restored by introducing the Glyma.01G046300 genomic DNA fragment that was obtained from the Sg-4 cultivar 'Ibarakimame 7'. Although Glyma.01G046300 is expressed in the cotyledons even in the sg-4 cultivars such as 'Enrei', the induced premature stop codon mutation (W244*) resulted in impaired accumulation of saponin βa in this tissue also in the 'Enrei' genetic background. Furthermore, the recombinant Glyma.01G046300 protein was shown to conjugate the second Ara moiety at the C-3 position of SBMG using UDP-Ara as a sugar donor. These results demonstrate that Sg-4 is responsible for conjugation of the second Ara moiety at the C-3 position of soybean saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Takagi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yano
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Saeko Tochigi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujisawa
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsuchinaga
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takada
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Zentsuji, Kagawa, 765-8508, Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
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32
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Zhao YJ, Li C. Biosynthesis of Plant Triterpenoid Saponins in Microbial Cell Factories. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12155-12165. [PMID: 30387353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are triterpenoid glycoside compounds which have been widely used in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries. Traditionally, they are extracted from plants, which is time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Recently, de novo synthesis of triterpenoid saponins in microbial cell factories was realized, which provides a promising and green approach to alter the traditional supply way. However, the complex biosynthetic pathway and the poor suitability between the endogenous and heterogeneous pathways tremendously limit the yield of triterpenoid saponins. We introduce the biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins first, and we then summarize the microbial cell factories developed to produce these compounds. Further, we discuss the strategies applied to enhance the production. This paper systematically illustrates the biosynthesis of plant triterpenoid saponins in microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Zhao
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
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33
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Yano R, Takagi K, Tochigi S, Fujisawa Y, Nomura Y, Tsuchinaga H, Takahashi Y, Takada Y, Kaga A, Anai T, Tsukamoto C, Seki H, Muranaka T, Ishimoto M. Isolation and Characterization of the Soybean Sg-3 Gene that is Involved in Genetic Variation in Sugar Chain Composition at the C-3 Position in Soyasaponins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:792-805. [PMID: 29401289 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are specialized metabolites present in soybean seeds that affect the taste and quality of soy-based foods. The composition of the sugar chains attached to the aglycone moiety of soyasaponins is regulated by genetic loci such as sg-1, sg-3 and sg-4. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of the Sg-3 gene, which is responsible for conjugating the terminal (third) glucose (Glc) at the C-3 sugar chain of soyasaponins. The gene Glyma.10G104700 is disabled in the sg-3 cultivar, 'Mikuriya-ao', due to the deletion of genomic DNA that results in the absence of a terminal Glc residue on the C-3 sugar chain. Sg-3 encodes a putative glycosyltransferase (UGT91H9), and its predicted protein sequence has a high homology with that of the product of GmSGT3 (Glyma.08G181000; UGT91H4), which conjugates rhamnose (Rha) to the third position of the C-3 sugar chain in vitro. A recombinant Glyma.10G104700 protein could utilize UDP-Glc as a substrate to conjugate the third Glc to the C-3 sugar chain, and introducing a functional Glyma.10G104700 transgene into the mutant complemented the sg-3 phenotype. Conversely, induction of a premature stop codon mutation in Glyma.10G104700 (W270*) resulted in the sg-3 phenotype, suggesting that Glyma.10G104700 was Sg-3. The gmsgt3 (R339H) mutant failed to accumulate soyasaponins with the third Rha at the C-3 sugar chain, and the third Glc and Rha conjugations were both disabled in the sg-3 gmsgt3 double mutant. These results demonstrated that Sg-3 and GmSGT3 are non-redundantly involved in conjugation of the third Glc and Rha at the C-3 sugar chain of soyasaponins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Yano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Kyoko Takagi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Saeko Tochigi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujisawa
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, 305-8518 Japan
| | - Yuhta Nomura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsuchinaga
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takada
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Zentsuji, 765-8508 Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, 305-8518 Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502 Japan
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, 305-8518 Japan
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34
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Chitisankul WT, Takada Y, Takahashi Y, Ito A, Itabashi M, Varanyanond W, Kikuchi A, Ishimoto M, Tsukamoto C. Saponin composition complexities in hypocotyls and cotyledons of nine soybean varieties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Tsuno Y, Fujimatsu T, Endo K, Sugiyama A, Yazaki K. Soyasaponins: A New Class of Root Exudates in Soybean (Glycine max). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:366-375. [PMID: 29216402 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates are plant metabolites secreted from the roots into the soil. These exudates are involved in many important biological processes, including acquisition of nutrients, defense and signaling to rhizosphere bacteria, such as isoflavones of soybean crucial for the symbiosis with rhizobium. Less is known, however, about other types of root exudates. This study shows that soybean roots secrete large amounts of soyasaponins (triterpenoid glycosides) as root exudates. The soyasaponins are classified into four groups, with group A being the most secreted of these compounds, whereas DDMP (2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one) soyasaponins is the group showing greatest accumulation in root tissues, suggesting a selection system for secreted compounds. Time-course experiments showed that the soyasaponin secretion peaked during early vegetative stages. In particular, soyasaponin Ah was the major compound secreted by soybean roots, whereas the deacetylated derivative Af was the major compound secreted specifically during the VE stage. The secretion of soyasaponins containing glycosyl moieties is an apparent loss of photosynthates. This phenomenon has been also observed in other legume species, although the composition of secreted soyasaponins is plant species dependent. The identification of triterpenoid saponins as major metabolites in legume root exudates will provide novel insights into chemical signaling in the rhizosphere between plants and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Tsuno
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Tochigi, 321-3497 Japan
| | - Teruhisa Fujimatsu
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Tochigi, 321-3497 Japan
| | - Keiji Endo
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Tochigi, 321-3497 Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
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36
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Rehman HM, Nawaz MA, Shah ZH, Yang SH, Chung G. Functional characterization of naturally occurring wild soybean mutant (sg-5) lacking astringent saponins using whole genome sequencing approach. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:148-156. [PMID: 29362093 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are one of the most highly accumulated groups of functional components in soybean (Glycine max) and the oxidative reactions during their biosynthesis are required for their aglycone diversity. Natural mutants of soyasaponins in wild soybean (Glycine soja) are valuable resources for establishing the soyasaponin biosynthesis pathway and breeding new soybean varieties. In this study, we investigated the genetic mechanism behind the absence of group A saponins in a Korean wild soybean mutant, CWS5095. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of CWS5095 identified four point mutations [Val6 → Asp, Ile231 → Thr, His294 → Gln, and Arg376 → Lys] in CYP72A69 (Glyma15g39090), which oxygenate the C-21 position of soyasapogenol B or other intermediates to produce soyasapogenol A, leading to group A saponin production. An in vitro enzyme activity assay of single-sited mutated clones indicated that the Arg376 > Lys mutation (a highly conserved mutation based on a nucleotide change from G → A at the 1,127th position) may lead to loss of gene function in the sg-5 mutant. A very high normalized expression value of 377 reads per kilo base per million (RPKM) of Glyma15g39090 in the hypocotyl axis at the early maturation seed-development stage confirmed their abundant presence in seed hypocotyls. A molecular dynamics analysis of the Arg376 > Lys mutation based on the CYP3A4 (a human CYP450) protein structure found that it was responsible for the increase in axis length toward the heme (active site), which is critically important for biological activity and ligand binding. Our results provide important information on how to eradicate bitter and astringent saponins in soybean by utilizing the reported mutation in Glyma15g39090, and its importance for seed hypocotyl development based on transcript abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mamoon Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Zahid Hussain Shah
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea.
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37
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Sundaramoorthy J, Park GT, Mukaiyama K, Tsukamoto C, Chang JH, Lee JD, Kim JH, Seo HS, Song JT. Molecular elucidation of a new allelic variation at the Sg-5 gene associated with the absence of group A saponins in wild soybean. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192150. [PMID: 29381775 PMCID: PMC5790262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In soybean, triterpenoid saponin is one of the major secondary metabolites and is further classified into group A and DDMP saponins. Although they have known health benefits for humans and animals, acetylation of group A saponins causes bitterness and gives an astringent taste to soy products. Therefore, several studies are being conducted to eliminate acetylated group A saponins. Previous studies have isolated and characterized the Sg-5 (Glyma.15g243300) gene, which encodes the cytochrome P450 72A69 enzyme and is responsible for soyasapogenol A biosynthesis. In this study, we elucidated the molecular identity of a novel mutant of Glycine soja, 'CWS5095'. Phenotypic analysis using TLC and LC-PDA/MS/MS showed that the mutant 'CWS5095' did not produce any group A saponins. Segregation analysis showed that the absence of group A saponins is controlled by a single recessive allele. The locus was mapped on chromosome 15 (4.3 Mb) between Affx-89193969 and Affx-89134397 where the previously identified Glyma.15g243300 gene is positioned. Sequence analysis of the coding region for the Glyma.15g243300 gene revealed the presence of four SNPs in 'CWS5095' compared to the control lines. One of these four SNPs (G1127A) leads to the amino acid change Arg376Lys in the EXXR motif, which is invariably conserved among the CYP450 superfamily proteins. Co-segregation analysis showed that the missense mutation (Arg376Lys) was tightly linked with the absence of group A saponins in 'CWS5095'. Even though Arg and Lys have similar chemical features, the 3D modelled protein structure indicates that the replacement of Arg with Lys may cause a loss-of-function of the Sg-5 protein by inhibiting the stable binding of a heme cofactor to the CYP72A69 apoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gyu Tae Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Dong Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoe Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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38
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Sayama T, Tanabata T, Saruta M, Yamada T, Anai T, Kaga A, Ishimoto M. Confirmation of the pleiotropic control of leaflet shape and number of seeds per pod by the Ln gene in induced soybean mutants. BREEDING SCIENCE 2017; 67:363-369. [PMID: 29085246 PMCID: PMC5654458 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most soybean cultivars possess broad leaflets; however, a recessive allele on the Ln locus is known to cause the alteration of broad to narrow leaflets. The recessive allele ln has also been considered to increase the number of seeds per pod (NSP) and has the potential to improve yield. Recently, Gm-JAG1 (Glyma20g25000), a gene controlling Ln, has been shown to complement leaf shape and silique length in Arabidopsis mutants. However, whether Gm-JAG1 is responsible for those traits in soybean is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the pleiotropic effect of soybean Ln gene on leaflet shape and NSP by using two independent soybean Gm-jag1 mutants and four ln near isogenic lines (NILs). The leaflet shape was evaluated using a leaf image analysis software, SmartLeaf, which was customized from SmartGrain. The leaflets of both the Gm-jag1 mutants were longer and narrower than those of the wild-type plants. Interestingly, the image analysis results clarified that the perimeter of the mutant leaflets did not change, although their leaflet area decreased. Furthermore, one mutant line with narrow leaflets showed significantly higher NSP than that in the wild (or Ln) genotype, indicating that soybean Ln gene pleiotropically controls leaflet shape and NSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sayama
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO),
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO,
1-3-1 Senyu, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-8508,
Japan
| | - Takanari Tanabata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute,
2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818,
Japan
| | - Masayasu Saruta
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO,
1-3-1 Senyu, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-8508,
Japan
- Present address: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,
1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8950,
Japan
| | - Testsuya Yamada
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO),
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University,
Honjyo-machi 1, Saga 840-8502,
Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO),
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO),
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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