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Sowders JM, Jewell JB, Tanaka K. FERONIA orchestrates P2K1-driven purinergic signaling in plant roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2370706. [PMID: 38905329 PMCID: PMC11195479 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2370706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) orchestrates vital processes in plants, akin to its role in animals. P2K1 is a crucial receptor mediating eATP effects. Immunoprecipitation tandem mass spectrometry data highlighted FERONIA's significant interaction with P2K1, driving us to explore its role in eATP signaling. Here, we investigated putative P2K1-interactor, FERONIA, which is a versatile receptor kinase pivotal in growth and stress responses. We employed a FERONIA loss-of-function mutant, fer-4, to dissect its effects on eATP signaling. Interestingly, fer-4 showed distinct calcium responses compared to wild type, while eATP-responsive genes were constitutively upregulated in fer-4. Additionally, fer-4 displayed insensitivity to eATP-regulated root growth and reduced cell wall accumulation. Together, these results uncover a role for FERONIA in regulating eATP signaling. Overall, our study deepens our understanding of eATP signaling, revealing the intricate interplay between P2K1 and FERONIA impacting the interface between growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Sowders
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jeremy B. Jewell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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2
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Ansari MM, Bisht N, Singh T, Chauhan PS. Symphony of survival: Insights into cross-talk mechanisms in plants, bacteria, and fungi for strengthening plant immune responses. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127762. [PMID: 38763015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants coexist with a diverse array of microorganisms, predominantly bacteria and fungi, in both natural and agricultural environments. While some microorganisms positively influence plant development and yield, others can cause harm to the host, leading to significant adverse impacts on the environment and the economy. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), including plant growth-promoting bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), and rhizobia, have been found to increase plant biomass production by synthesizing hormones, fixing nitrogen, and solubilizing phosphate and potassium. Numerous studies have contributed to unraveling the complex process of plant-microbe interactions in recent decades. In light of the increasing global challenges such as population growth, climate change, and resource scarcity, it has become imperative to explore the potential of plant-bacteria-fungi crosstalk in promoting sustainability. This review aims to bridge existing knowledge gaps, providing a roadmap for future research in this dynamic field by synthesizing current knowledge and identifying emerging trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Mogees Ansari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nikita Bisht
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Tanya Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Puneet Singh Chauhan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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3
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Aghdam MS, Arnao MB. Phytomelatonin: From Intracellular Signaling to Global Horticulture Market. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12990. [PMID: 39030989 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a well-known mammalian hormone, has been having a great relevance in the Plant World in recent years. Many of its physiological actions in plants are leading to possible features of agronomic interest, especially those related to improvements in tolerance to stressors and in the postharvest life of fruits and vegetables. Thus, through the exogenous application of melatonin or by modifying the endogenous biosynthesis of phytomelatonin, some change can be made in the functional levels of melatonin in tissues and their responses. Also, acting in the respective phytomelatonin biosynthesis enzymes, regulating the expression of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT), and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), and recently the possible action of deacetylases on some intermediates offers promising opportunities for improving fruits and vegetables in postharvest and its marketability. Other regulators/effectors such as different transcription factors, protein kinases, phosphatases, miRNAs, protein-protein interactions, and some gasotransmitters such as nitric oxide or hydrogen sulfide were also considered in an exhaustive vision. Other interesting aspects such as the role of phytomelatonin in autophagic responses, the posttranslational reprogramming by protein-phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, SUMOylation, PARylation, persulfidation, and nitrosylation described in the phytomelatonin-mediated responses were also discussed, including the relationship of phytomelatonin and several plant hormones, for chilling injury and fungal decay alleviating. The current data about the phytomelatonin receptor in plants (CAND2/PMTR1), the effect of UV-B light and cold storage on the postharvest damage are presented and discussed. All this on the focus of a possible new action in the preservation of the quality of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marino B Arnao
- Phytohormones and Plant Development Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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4
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Li S, Zhao Y, Wu P, Grierson D, Gao L. Ripening and rot: How ripening processes influence disease susceptibility in fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39016673 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits become more susceptible to pathogen infection when they ripen; for example, changes in cell wall properties related to softening make it easier for pathogens to infect fruits. The need for high-quality fruit has driven extensive research on improving pathogen resistance in important fruit crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this review, we summarize current progress in understanding how changes in fruit properties during ripening affect infection by pathogens. These changes affect physical barriers that limit pathogen entry, such as the fruit epidermis and its cuticle, along with other defenses that limit pathogen growth, such as preformed and induced defense compounds. The plant immune system also protects ripening fruit by recognizing pathogens and initiating defense responses involving reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades, and jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid signaling. These phytohormones regulate an intricate web of transcription factors (TFs) that activate resistance mechanisms, including the expression of pathogenesis-related genes. In tomato, ripening regulators, such as RIPENING INHIBITOR and NON_RIPENING, not only regulate ripening but also influence fruit defenses against pathogens. Moreover, members of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) family play pivotal and distinct roles in ripening and defense, with different members being regulated by different phytohormones. We also discuss the interaction of ripening-related and defense-related TFs with the Mediator transcription complex. As the ripening processes in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits share many similarities, these processes have broad applications across fruiting crops. Further research on the individual contributions of ERFs and other TFs will inform efforts to diminish disease susceptibility in ripe fruit, satisfy the growing demand for high-quality fruit and decrease food waste and related economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Shu X, Yin D, Liang J, Xiang T, Zhang C, Li H, Zheng A, Li P, Wang A. Tilletia horrida glycoside hydrolase family 128 protein, designated ThGhd_7, modulates plant immunity by blocking reactive oxygen species production. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2459-2474. [PMID: 38501941 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Tilletia horrida is an important soilborne fungal pathogen that causes rice kernel smut worldwide. We found a glycoside hydrolase family 128 protein, designated ThGhd_7, caused cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The predicted signal peptide (SP) of ThGhd_7 targets it for secretion. However, loss of the SP did not affect its ability to induce cell death. The 23-201 amino acid sequence of ThGhd_7 was sufficient to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana. ThGhd_7 expression was induced and upregulated during T. horrida infection. ThGhd_7 localised to both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells, and nuclear localisation was required to induce cell death. The ability of ThGhd_7 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depends on RAR1 (required for Mla12 resistance), SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1), and BAK1/SERK3 (somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase 3). Heterologous overexpression of ThGhd_7 in rice reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhanced susceptibility to T. horrida. Further research revealed that ThGhd_7 interacted with and destabilised OsSGT1, which is required for ROS production and is a positive regulator of rice resistance to T. horrida. Taken together, these findings suggest that T. horrida employs ThGhd_7 to disrupt ROS production and thereby promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Shu
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Liang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Xiang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Mu Y, Dong Y, Li X, Gong A, Yu H, Wang C, Liu J, Liang Q, Yang K, Fang H. JrPHL8-JrWRKY4-JrSTH2L module regulates resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in walnut. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae148. [PMID: 38988616 PMCID: PMC11233879 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Walnut anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) reduces walnut yield and quality and seriously threatens the healthy development of the walnut industry. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are crucial regulatory factors involved in plant-pathogen interactions. Our previous transcriptome analysis results indicate that JrWRKY4 responds to infection by C. gloeosporioides, but its specific regulatory network and disease resistance mechanism are still unclear. Herein, the characteristics of JrWRKY4 as a transcription activator located in the nucleus were first identified. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses showed that JrWRKY4 could enhance walnut resistance against C. gloeosporioides. A series of molecular experiments showed that JrWRKY4 directly interacted with the promoter region of JrSTH2L and positively regulated its expression. In addition, JrWRKY4 interacted with JrVQ4 to form the protein complex, which inhibited JrWRKY4 for the activation of JrSTH2L. Notably, a MYB TF JrPHL8 interacting with the JrWRKY4 promoter has also been identified, which directly bound to the MBS element in the promoter of JrWRKY4 and induced its activity. Our study elucidated a novel mechanism of the JrPHL8-JrWRKY4-JrSTH2L in regulating walnut resistance to anthracnose. This mechanism improves our understanding of the molecular mechanism of WRKY TF mediated resistance to anthracnose in walnut, which provides new insights for molecular breeding of disease-resistant walnuts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Mu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xichen Li
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Andi Gong
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyi Yu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jianning Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Liang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Keqiang Yang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hongcheng Fang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
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7
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Xiong Z, Cao J, Wang K, Yang Y, Hu Y, Nie J, Zeng Q, Hu Y, Zhu L, Li X, Wu H. Characterization and functional analysis of chicken CDK protein. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103833. [PMID: 38810563 PMCID: PMC11166876 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The family of cell cycle-dependent kinases (CDKs) serves as catalytic subunits within protein kinase complexes, playing a crucial role in cell cycle progression. While the function of CDK proteins in regulating mammalian innate immune responses and virus replication is well-documented, their role in chickens remains unclear. To address this, we cloned several chicken CDKs, specifically CDK6 through CDK10. We observed that CDK6 is widely expressed across various chicken tissues, with localization in the cytoplasm, nucleus, or both in DF-1 cells. In addition, we also found that multiple chicken CDKs negatively regulate IFN-β signaling induced by chicken MAVS or chicken STING by targeting different steps. Moreover, during infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), various chicken CDKs, except CDK10, were recruited and co-localized with viral protein VP1. Interestingly, overexpression of CDK6 in chickens significantly enhanced IBDV replication. Conversely, knocking down CDK6 led to a marked increase in IFN-β production, triggered by chMDA5. Furthermore, targeting endogenous CDK6 with RNA interference substantially reduced IBDV replication. These findings collectively suggest that chicken CDKs, particularly CDK6, act as suppressors of IFN-β production and play a facilitative role in IBDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jiangjiang Nie
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiangzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Huansheng Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Jin C, Matsuo H, Nakayama Y, Shigita G, Inoue Y, Kato K, Takano Y. A deletion in FLS2 and its expansion after domestication caused global dissemination of melon cultivars defective in flagellin recognition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38924650 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) encodes a pattern recognition receptor that perceives bacterial flagellin. While putative FLS2 orthologs are broadly conserved in plants, their functional characterization remains limited. Here, we report the identification of orthologs in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and melon (C. melo), named CsFLS2 and CmFLS2, respectively. Homology searching identified CsFLS2, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) demonstrated that CsFLS2 is required for flg22-triggered ROS generation. Interestingly, genome re-sequencing of melon cv. Lennon and subsequent genomic PCR revealed that Lennon has two CmFLS2 haplotypes, haplotype I encoding full-length CmFLS2 and haplotype II encoding a truncated form. We show that VIGS-mediated knockdown of CmFLS2 haplotype I resulted in a significant reduction in both flg22-triggered ROS generation and immunity to a bacterial pathogen in melon cv. Lennon. Remarkably, genomic PCR of CmFLS2 revealed that 68% of tested commercial melon cultivars possess only CmFLS2 haplotype II: these cultivars thus lack functional CmFLS2. To explore evolutionary aspects of CmFLS2 haplotype II occurrence, we genotyped the CmFLS2 locus in 142 melon accessions by genomic PCR and analyzed 437 released sequences. The results suggest that CmFLS2 haplotype II is derived from C. melo subsp. melo. Furthermore, we suggest that the proportion of CmFLS2 haplotype II increased among the improved melo group compared with the primitive melo group. Collectively, these findings suggest that the deleted FLS2 locus generated in the primitive melo subspecies expanded after domestication, resulting in the spread of commercial melon cultivars defective in flagellin recognition, which is critical for bacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujia Jin
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuo
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshizo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Gentaro Shigita
- Laboratory of Plant Biodiversity Research, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kato
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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9
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Zhang F, Yuan A, Nie Z, Chu M, An Y. Identification of the potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) P-type ATPase gene family and investigating the role of PHA2 in response to Pep13. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1353024. [PMID: 38903445 PMCID: PMC11187005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1353024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
P-type ATPase family members play important roles in plant growth and development and are involved in plant resistance to various biotic and abiotic factors. Extensive studies have been conducted on the P-type ATPase gene families in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice but our understanding in potato remains relatively limited. Therefore, this study aimed to screen and analyze 48 P-type ATPase genes from the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genome database at the genome-wide level. Potato P-type ATPase genes were categorized into five subgroups based on the phylogenetic classification of the reported species. Additionally, several bioinformatic analyses, including gene structure analysis, chromosomal position analysis, and identification of conserved motifs and promoter cis-acting elements, were performed. Interestingly, the plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) genes of one of the P3 subgroups showed differential expression in different tissues of potato. Specifically, PHA2, PHA3, and PHA7 were highly expressed in the roots, whereas PHA8 was expressed in potatoes only under stress. Furthermore, the small peptide Pep13 inhibited the expression of PHA1, PHA2, PHA3, and PHA7 in potato roots. Transgenic plants heterologously overexpressing PHA2 displayed a growth phenotype sensitive to Pep13 compared with wild-type plants. Further analysis revealed that reducing potato PM H+-ATPase enzyme activity enhanced resistance to Pep13, indicating the involvement of PM H+-ATPase in the physiological process of potato late blight and the enhancement of plant disease resistance. This study confirms the critical role of potato PHA2 in resistance to Pep13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
- Agriculture Science Institute of Bijie, Bijie, Guizhou, China
| | - Anping Yuan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Zongyue Nie
- Agriculture Science Institute of Bijie, Bijie, Guizhou, China
| | - Moli Chu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources/College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yanlin An
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
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10
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Safaeizadeh M, Boller T, Becker C. Comparative RNA-seq analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana response to AtPep1 and flg22, reveals the identification of PP2-B13 and ACLP1 as new members in pattern-triggered immunity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297124. [PMID: 38833485 PMCID: PMC11149889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, a high-throughput RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analysis technique (RNA-Seq) was used to evaluate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the wild type Arabidopsis seedlings in response to AtPep1, a well-known peptide representing an endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), and flg22, a well-known microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP). We compared and dissected the global transcriptional landscape of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to AtPep1 and flg22 and could identify shared and unique DEGs in response to these elicitors. We found that while a remarkable number of flg22 up-regulated genes were also induced by AtPep1, 256 genes were exclusively up-regulated in response to flg22, and 328 were exclusively up-regulated in response to AtPep1. Furthermore, among down-regulated DEGs upon flg22 treatment, 107 genes were exclusively down-regulated by flg22 treatment, while 411 genes were exclusively down-regulated by AtPep1. We found a number of hitherto overlooked genes to be induced upon treatment with either flg22 or with AtPep1, indicating their possible involvement general pathways in innate immunity. Here, we characterized two of them, namely PP2-B13 and ACLP1. pp2-b13 and aclp1 mutants showed increased susceptibility to infection by the virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and its mutant Pst DC3000 hrcC (lacking the type III secretion system), as evidenced by increased proliferation of the two pathogens in planta. Further, we present evidence that the aclp1 mutant is deficient in ethylene production upon flg22 treatment, while the pp2-b13 mutant is deficient in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results from this research provide new information for a better understanding of the immune system in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Safaeizadeh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claude Becker
- LMU Biocentre, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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11
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Aghdam MS, Razavi F, Jia H. TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation for improving postharvest fruits and vegetables marketability. Food Chem 2024; 456:139987. [PMID: 38852461 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
During postharvest life, intracellular sugar insufficiency accompanied by insufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH supply, intracellular ROS overaccumulation along with intracellular ABA accumulation arising from water shortage could be responsible for accelerating fruits and vegetables deterioration through promoting SnRK1 and SnRK2 signaling pathways while preventing TOR signaling pathway. By TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation, sufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH providing, supporting phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins accumulation accompanied by improving DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS scavenging capacity by enhancing phenylpropanoid pathway activity, stimulating endogenous salicylic acid accumulation and NPR1-TGA-PRs signaling pathway, enhancing fatty acids biosynthesis, elongation and unsaturation, suppressing intracellular ROS overaccumulation, and promoting endogenous sucrose accumulation could be responsible for chilling injury palliating, fungal decay alleviating, senescence delaying and sensory and nutritional quality preservation in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation during postharvest shelf life by employing eco-friendly approaches such as exogenous trehalose and ATP application or engaging biotechnological approaches such as genome editing CRISPR-Cas9 or sprayable double-stranded RNA-based RNA interference would be applicable for improving fruits and vegetables marketability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhang Razavi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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12
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Ngaki MN, Srivastava SK, Feifei W, Bhattacharyya MK. The soybean plasma membrane GmDR1 protein conferring broad-spectrum disease and pest resistance regulates several receptor kinases and NLR proteins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12253. [PMID: 38806545 PMCID: PMC11133457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Glycine max disease resistant 1 (GmDR1) exhibits broad-spectrum resistance against Fusarium virguliforme, Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (spider mites), and Aphis glycines Matsumura (soybean aphids) in soybean. To understand the mechanisms of broad-spectrum immunity mediated by GmDR1, the transcriptomes of a strong and a weak GmDR1-overexpressor following treatment with chitin, a pathogen- and pest-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) common to these organisms, were investigated. The strong and weak GmDR1-overexpressors exhibited altered expression of 6098 and 992 genes, respectively, as compared to the nontransgenic control following chitin treatment. However, only 192 chitin- and 115 buffer-responsive genes exhibited over two-fold changes in expression levels in both strong and weak GmDR1-overexpressors as compared to the control. MapMan analysis of the 192 chitin-responsive genes revealed 64 biotic stress-related genes, of which 53 were induced and 11 repressed as compared to the control. The 53 chitin-induced genes include nine genes that encode receptor kinases, 13 encode nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor proteins, seven encode WRKY transcription factors, four ethylene response factors, and three MYB-like transcription factors. Investigation of a subset of these genes revealed three receptor protein kinases, seven NLR proteins, and one WRKY transcription factor genes that are induced following F. virguliforme and H. glycines infection. The integral plasma membrane GmDR1 protein most likely recognizes PAMPs including chitin and activates transcription of genes encoding receptor kinases, NLR proteins and defense-related genes. GmDR1 could be a pattern recognition receptor that regulates the expression of several NLRs for expression of PAMP-triggered immunity and/or priming the effector triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subodh K Srivastava
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- USDA-ARS APDL, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Wang Feifei
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
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13
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Ahsan SM, Injamum-Ul-Hoque M, Das AK, Rahman MM, Mollah MMI, Paul NC, Choi HW. Plant-Entomopathogenic Fungi Interaction: Recent Progress and Future Prospects on Endophytism-Mediated Growth Promotion and Biocontrol. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1420. [PMID: 38794490 PMCID: PMC11124879 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi, often acknowledged primarily for their insecticidal properties, fulfill diverse roles within ecosystems. These roles encompass endophytism, antagonism against plant diseases, promotion of the growth of plants, and inhabitation of the rhizosphere, occurring both naturally and upon artificial inoculation, as substantiated by a growing body of contemporary research. Numerous studies have highlighted the beneficial aspects of endophytic colonization. This review aims to systematically organize information concerning the direct (nutrient acquisition and production of phytohormones) and indirect (resistance induction, antibiotic and secondary metabolite production, siderophore production, and mitigation of abiotic and biotic stresses) implications of endophytic colonization. Furthermore, a thorough discussion of these mechanisms is provided. Several challenges, including isolation complexities, classification of novel strains, and the impact of terrestrial location, vegetation type, and anthropogenic reluctance to use fungal entomopathogens, have been recognized as hurdles. However, recent advancements in biotechnology within microbial research hold promising solutions to many of these challenges. Ultimately, the current constraints delineate potential future avenues for leveraging endophytic fungal entomopathogens as dual microbial control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Ahsan
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea;
| | - Md. Injamum-Ul-Hoque
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.I.-U.-H.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Ashim Kumar Das
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.I.-U.-H.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Md. Mezanur Rahman
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Md. Mahi Imam Mollah
- Department of Entomology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh;
| | - Narayan Chandra Paul
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyong Woo Choi
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea;
- Institute of Cannabis Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
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14
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Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Inoue K, Tsuchida N, Saijo Y. Modulation of plant immunity and biotic interactions under phosphate deficiency. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:343-357. [PMID: 38693461 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-024-01546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant life and growth. P is primarily acquired in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from soil. To cope with Pi deficiency, plants have evolved an elaborate system to improve Pi acquisition and utilization through an array of developmental and physiological changes, termed Pi starvation response (PSR). Plants also assemble and manage mutualistic microbes to enhance Pi uptake, through integrating PSR and immunity signaling. A trade-off between plant growth and defense favors the notion that plants lower a cellular state of immunity to accommodate host-beneficial microbes for nutrition and growth at the cost of infection risk. However, the existing data indicate that plants selectively activate defense responses against pathogens, but do not or less against non-pathogens, even under nutrient deficiency. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the principles and mechanisms with which plants balance immunity and growth-related processes to optimize their adaptation to Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Natsuki Tsuchida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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16
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Xue Y, Pan S, Zhang Q, Dai F, Zhang J. A Colletotrichum tabacum Effector Cte1 Targets and Stabilizes NbCPR1 to Suppress Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:477-484. [PMID: 38377033 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-23-0197-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Colletotrichum tabacum, causing anthracnose in tobacco, is a notorious plant pathogen threatening tobacco production globally. The underlying mechanisms of C. tabacum effectors that interfere with plant defense are not well known. Here, we identified a novel effector, Cte1, from C. tabacum, and its expression was upregulated in the biotrophic stage. We found that Cte1 depresses plant cell death initiated by BAX and inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts triggered by flg22 and chitin in Nicotiana benthamiana. The CTE1 knockout mutants decrease the virulence of C. tabacum to N. benthamiana, and the Cte1 transgenic N. benthamiana increase susceptibility to C. tabacum, verifying that Cte1 is involved in the pathogenicity of C. tabacum. We demonstrated that Cte1 interacted with NbCPR1, a Constitutive expresser of Plant Resistance (CPR) protein in plants. Silencing of NbCPR1 expression attenuated the infection of C. tabacum, indicating that NbCPR1 negatively regulates plant immune responses. Cte1 stabilizes NbCPR1 in N. benthamiana. Our study shows that Cte1 suppresses plant immunity to facilitate C. tabacum infection by intervening in the native function of NbCPR1. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
- Anshun Tobacco Technology Center, Anshun Tobacco Subsidiary, Guizhou Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Shouhui Pan
- Anshun Tobacco Technology Center, Anshun Tobacco Subsidiary, Guizhou Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Anshun Tobacco Technology Center, Anshun Tobacco Subsidiary, Guizhou Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Fei Dai
- Anshun Tobacco Technology Center, Anshun Tobacco Subsidiary, Guizhou Tobacco Corporation, China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
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17
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Dodds PN, Chen J, Outram MA. Pathogen perception and signaling in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1465-1481. [PMID: 38262477 PMCID: PMC11062475 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity. Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding to pathogen infection to prevent disease. Our understanding of this system has grown enormously over the past century. Early genetic descriptions of plant disease resistance and pathogen virulence were embodied in the gene-for-gene hypothesis, while physiological studies identified pathogen-derived elicitors that could trigger defense responses in plant cells and tissues. Molecular studies of these phenomena have now coalesced into an integrated model of plant immunity involving cell surface and intracellular detection of specific pathogen-derived molecules and proteins culminating in the induction of various cellular responses. Extracellular and intracellular receptors engage distinct signaling processes but converge on many similar outputs with substantial evidence now for integration of these pathways into interdependent networks controlling disease outcomes. Many of the molecular details of pathogen recognition and signaling processes are now known, providing opportunities for bioengineering to enhance plant protection from disease. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main principles of plant immunity, with an emphasis on the key scientific milestones leading to these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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18
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Del Corpo D, Coculo D, Greco M, De Lorenzo G, Lionetti V. Pull the fuzes: Processing protein precursors to generate apoplastic danger signals for triggering plant immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100931. [PMID: 38689495 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion. Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity. However, a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response. Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast. In this review, we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines, cell wall remodeling enzymes, and proteases. The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described. This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines, cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns, and remodeling, highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Coculo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Singh D, Mathur S, Ranjan R. Pattern recognition receptors as potential therapeutic targets for developing immunological engineered plants. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:525-555. [PMID: 38762279 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to combat pathogen infestations in crop plants to ensure food security worldwide. To counter this, plants have developed innate immunity mediated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage- associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). PRRs activate Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), a defence mechanism involving intricate cell-surface and intracellular receptors. The diverse ligand-binding ectodomains of PRRs, including leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and lectin domains, facilitate the recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs. Pathogen resistance is mediated by a variety of PTI responses, including membrane depolarization, ROS production, and the induction of defence genes. An integral part of intracellular immunity is the Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain, Leucine-rich Repeat proteins (NLRs) which recognize and respond to effectors in a potent manner. Enhanced understanding of PRRs, their ligands, and downstream signalling pathways has contributed to the identification of potential targets for genetically modified plants. By transferring PRRs across plant species, it is possible to create broad-spectrum resistance, potentially offering innovative solutions for plant protection and global food security. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an update on PRRs involved in disease resistance, clarify the mechanisms by which PRRs recognize ligands to form active receptor complexes and present various applications of PRRs and PTI in disease resistance management for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Singh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India
| | - Shivangi Mathur
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India
| | - Rajiv Ranjan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India.
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20
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Castell-Miller CV, Kono TJ, Ranjan A, Schlatter DC, Samac DA, Kimball JA. Interactive transcriptome analyses of Northern Wild Rice ( Zizania palustris L.) and Bipolaris oryzae show convoluted communications during the early stages of fungal brown spot development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1350281. [PMID: 38736448 PMCID: PMC11086184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1350281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Fungal diseases, caused mainly by Bipolaris spp., are past and current threats to Northern Wild Rice (NWR) grain production and germplasm preservation in both natural and cultivated settings. Genetic resistance against the pathogen is scarce. Toward expanding our understanding of the global gene communications of NWR and Bipolaris oryzae interaction, we designed an RNA sequencing study encompassing the first 12 h and 48 h of their encounter. NWR activated numerous plant recognition receptors after pathogen infection, followed by active transcriptional reprogramming of signaling mechanisms driven by Ca2+ and its sensors, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, activation of an oxidative burst, and phytohormone signaling-bound mechanisms. Several transcription factors associated with plant defense were found to be expressed. Importantly, evidence of diterpenoid phytoalexins, especially phytocassane biosynthesis, among expression of other defense genes was found. In B. oryzae, predicted genes associated with pathogenicity including secreted effectors that could target plant defense mechanisms were expressed. This study uncovered the early molecular communication between the NWR-B. oryzae pathosystem, which could guide selection for allele-specific genes to boost NWR defenses, and overall aid in the development of more efficient selection methods in NWR breeding through the use of the most virulent fungal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J.Y. Kono
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Daniel C. Schlatter
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Deborah A. Samac
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Kimball
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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21
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Cao Y, Zhang C, Liu F, Li D, Zhang A, Li L, Zhang X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Kiwifruit Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Proteins Reveal Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4497. [PMID: 38674082 PMCID: PMC11050117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs), a major group of receptor-like proteins in plants, have diverse functions in plant physiology, including growth, development, signal transduction, and stress responses. Despite their importance, the specific roles of kiwifruit LRR-RLPs in response to biotic and abiotic stresses remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed family identification, characterization, transcriptome data analysis, and differential gene expression analysis of kiwifruit LRR-RLPs. We identified totals of 101, 164, and 105 LRR-RLPs in Actinidia chinensis 'Hongyang', Actinidia eriantha 'Huate', and Actinidia chinensis 'Red5', respectively. Synteny analysis revealed that the expansion of kiwifruit LRR-RLPs was primarily attributed to segmental duplication events. Based on RNA-seq data from pathogen-infected kiwifruits, we identified specific LRR-RLP genes potentially involved in different stages of pathogen infection. Additionally, we observed the potential involvement of kiwifruit LRR-RLPs in abiotic stress responses, with upstream transcription factors possibly regulating their expression. Furthermore, protein interaction network analysis unveiled the participation of kiwifruit LRR-RLP in the regulatory network of abiotic stress responses. These findings highlight the crucial roles of LRR-RLPs in mediating both biotic and abiotic stress responses in kiwifruit, offering valuable insights for the breeding of stress-resistant kiwifruit varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (A.Z.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Congxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (A.Z.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (A.Z.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (A.Z.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Aidi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (A.Z.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (A.Z.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (A.Z.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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22
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Vimal SR, Singh JS, Kumar A, Prasad SM. The plant endomicrobiome: Structure and strategies to produce stress resilient future crop. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 6:100236. [PMID: 38756233 PMCID: PMC11097330 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants have a microbiome, a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, living inside and on their tissues. Versatile endophytic microorganisms inhabited in every plant part without causing disease and develop endophytic microbiome or endo-microbiome. Plant endo-microbiome are drawn by the nutrient rich micro-environment, and in turn some microbes mutualistically endorse and protect plant from adverse environmental stresses. Plant endo-microbiome interact within well-designed host equilibrium containing xylem, phloem, nutrients, phytohormones, metabolites and shift according to environmental and nutritional change. Plant endo-microbiome regulate and respond to environmental variations, pathogens, herbivores by producing stress regulators, organic acids, secondary metabolites, stress hormones as well as unknown substances and signalling molecules. Endomicrobiome efficiently synthesizes multiple bioactive compounds, stress phytohormones with high competence. The technological innovation as next generation genomics biology and high-throughput multiomics techniques stepping stones on the illumination of critical endo-microbiome communities and functional characterization that aid in improving plant physiology, biochemistry and immunity interplay for best crop productivity. This review article contains deeper insight in endomicrobiome related research work in last years, recruitment, niche development, nutrient dynamics, stress removal mechanisms, bioactive services in plant health development, community architecture and communication, and immunity interplay in producing stress resilient future crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhit Raj Vimal
- Ranjan Plant Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Shankar Singh
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad (A Central University), Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Aci MM, Tsalgatidou PC, Boutsika A, Dalianis A, Michaliou M, Delis C, Tsitsigiannis DI, Paplomatas E, Malacrinò A, Schena L, Zambounis A. Comparative transcriptome profiling and co-expression network analysis uncover the key genes associated with pear petal defense responses against Monilinia laxa infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1377937. [PMID: 38516670 PMCID: PMC10954844 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1377937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Pear brown rot and blossom blight caused by Monilinia laxa seriously affect pear production worldwide. Here, we compared the transcriptomic profiles of petals after inoculation with M. laxa using two pear cultivars with different levels of sensitivity to disease (Sissy, a relatively tolerant cultivar, and Kristalli, a highly susceptible cultivar). Physiological indexes were also monitored in the petals of both cultivars at 2 h and 48 h after infection (2 HAI and 48 HAI). RNA-seq data and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) allowed the identification of key genes and pathways involved in immune- and defense-related responses that were specific for each cultivar in a time-dependent manner. In particular, in the Kristalli cultivar, a significant transcriptome reprogramming occurred early at 2 HAI and was accompanied either by suppression of key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the modulation of any defense responses or by activation of DEGs acting as sensitivity factors promoting susceptibility. In contrast to the considerably high number of DEGs induced early in the Kristalli cultivar, upregulation of specific DEGs involved in pathogen perception and signal transduction, biosynthesis of secondary and primary metabolism, and other defense-related responses was delayed in the Sissy cultivar, occurring at 48 HAI. The WGCNA highlighted one module that was significantly and highly correlated to the relatively tolerant cultivar. Six hub genes were identified within this module, including three WRKY transcription factor-encoding genes: WRKY 65 (pycom05g27470), WRKY 71 (pycom10g22220), and WRKY28 (pycom17g13130), which may play a crucial role in enhancing the tolerance of pear petals to M. laxa. Our results will provide insights into the interplay of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune responses of petals at the pear-M. laxa pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Miyassa Aci
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Anastasia Boutsika
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Dalianis
- Laboratory of Vegetable Crops, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Michaliou
- Laboratory of Vegetable Crops, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I. Tsitsigiannis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Epaminondas Paplomatas
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonino Malacrinò
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Leonardo Schena
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Antonios Zambounis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Thessaloniki, Greece
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24
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Mierziak J, Wojtasik W. Epigenetic weapons of plants against fungal pathogens. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:175. [PMID: 38443788 PMCID: PMC10916060 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In the natural environment, plants face constant exposure to biotic stress caused by fungal attacks. The plant's response to various biotic stresses relies heavily on its ability to rapidly adjust the transcriptome. External signals are transmitted to the nucleus, leading to activation of transcription factors that subsequently enhance the expression of specific defense-related genes. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications and DNA methylation, which are closely linked to chromatin states, regulate gene expression associated with defense against biotic stress. Additionally, chromatin remodelers and non-coding RNA play a significant role in plant defense against stressors. These molecular modifications enable plants to exhibit enhanced resistance and productivity under diverse environmental conditions. Epigenetic mechanisms also contribute to stress-induced environmental epigenetic memory and priming in plants, enabling them to recall past molecular experiences and utilize this stored information for adaptation to new conditions. In the arms race between fungi and plants, a significant aspect is the cross-kingdom RNAi mechanism, whereby sRNAs can traverse organismal boundaries. Fungi utilize sRNA as an effector molecule to silence plant resistance genes, while plants transport sRNA, primarily through extracellular vesicles, to pathogens in order to suppress virulence-related genes. In this review, we summarize contemporary knowledge on epigenetic mechanisms of plant defense against attack by pathogenic fungi. The role of epigenetic mechanisms during plant-fungus symbiotic interactions is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mierziak
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland.
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25
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Coppola M, Mach L, Gallois P. Plant cathepsin B, a versatile protease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1305855. [PMID: 38463572 PMCID: PMC10920296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant proteases are essential enzymes that play key roles during crucial phases of plant life. Some proteases are mainly involved in general protein turnover and recycle amino acids for protein synthesis. Other proteases are involved in cell signalling, cleave specific substrates and are key players during important genetically controlled molecular processes. Cathepsin B is a cysteine protease that can do both because of its exopeptidase and endopeptidase activities. Animal cathepsin B has been investigated for many years, and much is known about its mode of action and substrate preferences, but much remains to be discovered about this potent protease in plants. Cathepsin B is involved in plant development, germination, senescence, microspore embryogenesis, pathogen defence and responses to abiotic stress, including programmed cell death. This review discusses the structural features, the activity of the enzyme and the differences between the plant and animal forms. We discuss its maturation and subcellular localisation and provide a detailed overview of the involvement of cathepsin B in important plant life processes. A greater understanding of the cell signalling processes involving cathepsin B is needed for applied discoveries in plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Coppola
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Gallois
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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26
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Kong L, Ma X, Zhang C, Kim SI, Li B, Xie Y, Yeo IC, Thapa H, Chen S, Devarenne TP, Munnik T, He P, Shan L. Dual phosphorylation of DGK5-mediated PA burst regulates ROS in plant immunity. Cell 2024; 187:609-623.e21. [PMID: 38244548 PMCID: PMC10872252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial cellular messengers mediating diverse signaling processes in metazoans and plants. How PA homeostasis is tightly regulated and intertwined with ROS signaling upon immune elicitation remains elusive. We report here that Arabidopsis diacylglycerol kinase 5 (DGK5) regulates plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-associated kinase BIK1 phosphorylates DGK5 at Ser-506, leading to a rapid PA burst and activation of plant immunity, whereas PRR-activated intracellular MPK4 phosphorylates DGK5 at Thr-446, which subsequently suppresses DGK5 activity and PA production, resulting in attenuated plant immunity. PA binds and stabilizes the NADPH oxidase RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D (RBOHD), regulating ROS production in plant PTI and ETI, and their potentiation. Our data indicate that distinct phosphorylation of DGK5 by PRR-activated BIK1 and MPK4 balances the homeostasis of cellular PA burst that regulates ROS generation in coordinating two branches of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiyu Ma
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sung-Il Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - In-Cheol Yeo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hem Thapa
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Timothy P Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, the Netherlands
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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27
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Zhi P, Gao R, Chen W, Chang C. Wheat Transcriptional Corepressor TaTPR1 Suppresses Susceptibility Genes TaDND1/2 and Potentiates Post-Penetration Resistance against Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1695. [PMID: 38338970 PMCID: PMC10855895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici (B.g. tritici) is the causal agent of wheat powdery mildew disease. The TOPLESS-related 1 (TPR1) corepressor regulates plant immunity, but its role in regulating wheat resistance against powdery mildew remains to be disclosed. Herein, TaTPR1 was identified as a positive regulator of wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew disease. The transient overexpression of TaTPR1.1 or TaTPR1.2 confers wheat post-penetration resistance powdery mildew, while the silencing of TaTPR1.1 and TaTPR1.2 results in an enhanced wheat susceptibility to B.g. tritici. Furthermore, Defense no Death 1 (TaDND1) and Defense no Death 2 (TaDND2) were identified as wheat susceptibility (S) genes facilitating a B.g. tritici infection. The overexpression of TaDND1 and TaDND2 leads to an enhanced wheat susceptibility to B.g. tritici, while the silencing of wheat TaDND1 and TaDND2 leads to a compromised susceptibility to powdery mildew. In addition, we demonstrated that the expression of TaDND1 and TaDND2 is negatively regulated by the wheat transcriptional corepressor TaTPR1. Collectively, these results implicate that TaTPR1 positively regulates wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew probably via suppressing the S genes TaDND1 and TaDND2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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28
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Liu K, Shi L, Luo H, Zhang K, Liu J, Qiu S, Li X, He S, Liu Z. Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAK suppresses homodimerization of the host transcription factor ERF098 to enhance susceptibility and the sensitivity of pepper plants to dehydration. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:121-144. [PMID: 37738430 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to defend against invasion by pathogens. In response, pathogens deploy copious effectors to evade the immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms used by pathogen effectors to suppress plant immunity remain unclear. Herein, we report that an effector secreted by Ralstonia solanacearum, RipAK, modulates the transcriptional activity of the ethylene-responsive factor ERF098 to suppress immunity and dehydration tolerance, which causes bacterial wilt in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Silencing ERF098 enhances the resistance of pepper plants to R. solanacearum infection not only by inhibiting the host colonization of R. solanacearum but also by increasing the immunity and tolerance of pepper plants to dehydration and including the closure of stomata to reduce the loss of water in an abscisic acid signal-dependent manner. In contrast, the ectopic expression of ERF098 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhances wilt disease. We also show that RipAK targets and inhibits the ERF098 homodimerization to repress the expression of salicylic acid-dependent PR1 and dehydration tolerance-related OSR1 and OSM1 by cis-elements in their promoters. Taken together, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism used by the R. solanacearum effector RipAK to increase virulence by specifically inhibiting the homodimerization of ERF098 and reprogramming the transcription of PR1, OSR1, and OSM1 to boost susceptibility and dehydration sensitivity. Thus, our study sheds light on a previously unidentified strategy by which a pathogen simultaneously suppresses plant immunity and tolerance to dehydration by secreting an effector to interfere with the activity of a transcription factor and manipulate plant transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lanping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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29
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Zhang N, Gan J, Carneal L, González-Tobón J, Filiatrault M, Martin GB. Helper NLRs Nrc2 and Nrc3 act codependently with Prf/Pto and activate MAPK signaling to induce immunity in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:7-22. [PMID: 37844152 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular immune receptors, primarily nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs), detect pathogen effector proteins and activate NLR-triggered immunity (NTI). Recently, 'sensor' NLRs have been reported to function with 'helper' NLRs to activate immunity. We investigated the role of two helper NLRs, Nrc2 and Nrc3, on immunity in tomato to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) mediated by the sensor NLR Prf and the Pto kinase. An nrc2/nrc3 mutant no longer activated Prf/Pto-mediated NTI to Pst containing the effectors AvrPto and AvrPtoB. An nrc3 mutant showed intermediate susceptibility between wild-type plants and a Prf mutant, while an nrc2 mutant developed only mild disease. These observations indicate that Nrc2 and Nrc3 act additively in Prf-/Pto-mediated immunity. We examined at what point Nrc2 and Nrc3 act in the Prf/Pto-mediated immune response. In the nrc2/3 mutant, programmed cell death (PCD) normally induced by constitutively active variants of AvrPtoB, Pto, or Prf was abolished, but that induced by M3Kα or Mkk2 was not. PCD induced by a constitutively active Nrc3 was also abolished in a Nicotiana benthamiana line with reduced expression of Prf. MAPK activation triggered by expression of AvrPto in the wild-type tomato plants was completely abolished in the nrc2/3 mutant. These results indicate that Nrc2 and Nrc3 act with Prf/Pto and upstream of MAPK signaling. Nrc2 and Nrc3 were not required for PCD triggered by Ptr1, another sensor NLR-mediating Pst resistance, although these helper NLRs do appear to be involved in resistance to certain Pst race 1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Joyce Gan
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Lauren Carneal
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Juliana González-Tobón
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Melanie Filiatrault
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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30
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Wang X, Li R, Stintzi A, Schaller A. Automated Real-Time Monitoring of Extracellular pH to Assess Early Plant Defense Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:169-178. [PMID: 38019434 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular alkalinization mediated by the inhibition of plasma membrane-located proton pumping ATPases hallmarks the initiation of defense signaling in plant cells. Early defense responses also include depolarization of the plasma membrane, increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and an oxidative burst. Together these early signaling events lead to the activation of plant immunity. The transient alkalinization response is triggered by well-studied pathogen-derived and plant endogenous elicitors, including, for example, bacterial flagellin, fungal chitin, and tomato systemin in both model and agronomic species. Employing cell suspension cultures, extracellular alkalinization can be easily assessed by measuring the elicitor-induced pH changes of the cultivating medium. Here, we provide a protocol for an improved alkalinization assay in a system which is able to simultaneously monitor multiple samples, and fully automatically transfer customizable real-time pH records. In this system flagellin, chitin and systemin elicit robust time- and dose-dependent responses, proving a powerful tool for assessing plant early defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Zhao C, Liu W, Zhang Y, Li Y, Ma C, Tian R, Li R, Li M, Huang L. Two transcription factors, AcREM14 and AcC3H1, enhance the resistance of kiwifruit Actinidiachinensis var. chinensis to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad242. [PMID: 38222821 PMCID: PMC10782502 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Kiwifruit bacterial canker is a global disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), which poses a major threat to kiwifruit production worldwide. Despite the economic importance of Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis, only a few resistant varieties have been identified to date. In this study, we screened 44 kiwifruit F1 hybrid lines derived from a cross between two A. chinensis var. chinensis lines and identified two offspring with distinct resistance to Psa: resistant offspring RH12 and susceptible offspring SH14. To identify traits associated with resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of these two lines. We identified several highly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with flavonoid synthesis, pathogen interactions, and hormone signaling pathways, which play essential roles in disease resistance. Additionally, using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified six core transcription factors. Moreover, qRT-PCR results demonstrated the high expression of AcC3H1 and AcREM14 in Psa-induced highly resistant hybrid lines. Ultimately, Overexpression of AcC3H1 and AcREM14 in kiwifruit enhanced disease resistance, and this was associated with upregulation of enzymatic activity and gene expression in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. Our study elucidates a molecular mechanism underlying disease resistance in kiwifruit and contributes to the advancement of research on kiwifruit breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Runze Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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Schillaci M, Zampieri E, Brunetti C, Gori A, Sillo F. Root transcriptomic provides insights on molecular mechanisms involved in the tolerance to water deficit in Pisum sativum inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. PLANTA 2023; 259:33. [PMID: 38160210 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Root transcriptomics and biochemical analyses in water-stressed Pisum sativum plants inoculated with Pseudomonas spp. suggested preservation of ABA-related pathway and ROS detoxification, resulting in an improved tolerance to stress. Drought already affects agriculture in large areas of the globe and, due to climate change, these areas are predicted to become increasingly unsuitable for agriculture. For several years, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been used to improve legume yields, but many aspects of this interaction are still unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms through which root-associated PGPB can promote plant growth in dry environments, we investigated the response of pea plants inoculated with a potentially beneficial Pseudomonas strain (PK6) and subjected to two different water regimes. Combined biometric, biochemical, and root RNA-seq analyses revealed that PK6 improved pea growth specifically under water deficit, as inoculated plants showed an increased biomass, larger leaves, and longer roots. Abscisic acid (ABA) and proline quantification, together with the transcriptome analysis, suggested that PK6-inoculated plant response to water deficit was more diversified compared to non-inoculated plants, involving alternative metabolic pathways for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the preservation of the ABA stress signaling pathway. We suggest that the metabolic response of PK6-inoculated plants was more effective in their adaptation to water deprivation, leading to their improved biometric traits. Besides confirming the positive role that PGPB can have in the growth of a legume crop under adverse conditions, this study offers novel information on the mechanisms regulating plant-bacteria interaction under varying water availability. These mechanisms and the involved genes could be exploited in the future for the development of legume varieties, which can profitably grow in dry climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Schillaci
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Zampieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, Turin, Italy.
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Wang W, Chen S, Zhong G, Gao C, Zhang Q, Tang D. MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 enhances disease resistance of edr1 mutants by phosphorylating MAPKKK5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:578-591. [PMID: 37638889 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MPK) cascades are key signaling modules that regulate plant immunity. ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (EDR1) encodes a Raf-like MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that negatively regulates plant defense in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The enhanced resistance of edr1 requires MAPK KINASE4 (MKK4), MKK5, and MPK3. Although the edr1 mutant displays higher MPK3/6 activation, the mechanism by which plants increase MAPK cascade activation remains elusive. Our previous study showed that MAPKKK5 is phosphorylated at the Ser-90 residue in edr1 mutants. In this study, we demonstrated that the enhanced disease resistance of edr1 required MAPKKK5. Phospho-dead MAPKKK5S90A partially impaired the resistance of edr1, and the expression of phospho-mimetic MAPKKK5S90D in mapkkk5-2 resulted in enhanced resistance to the powdery mildew Golovinomyces cichoracearum strain UCSC1 and the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) strain DC3000. Thus, Ser-90 phosphorylation in MAPKKK5 appears to play a crucial role in disease resistance. However, MAPKKK5-triggered cell death was not suppressed by EDR1. Furthermore, activated MPK3 phosphorylated the N terminus of MAPKKK5, and Ser-90 was one of the phosphorylated sites. Ser-90 phosphorylation increased MAPKKK5 stability, and EDR1 might negatively regulate MAPK cascade activation by suppressing the MPK3-mediated feedback regulation of MAPKKK5. Taken together, these results indicate that MPK3 phosphorylates MAPKKK5 to enhance MAPK cascade activation and disease resistance in edr1 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guitao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chenyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Yokotani N, Hasegawa Y, Kouzai Y, Hirakawa H, Isobe S. Transcriptome analysis of tomato plants following salicylic acid-induced immunity against Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:273-282. [PMID: 38434116 PMCID: PMC10905565 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.0711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is known to be involved in the immunity against Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm) that causes bacterial canker in tomato. To identify the candidate genes associated with SA-inducible Cmm resistance, transcriptome analysis was conducted via RNA sequencing in tomato plants treated with SA. SA treatment upregulated various defense-associated genes, such as PR and GST genes, in tomato cotyledons. A comparison of SA- and Cmm-responsive genes revealed that both SA treatment and Cmm infection commonly upregulated a large number of genes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the GO terms associated with plant immunity were over-represented in both SA- and Cmm-induced genes. The genes commonly downregulated by both SA treatment and Cmm infection were associated with the cell cycle and may be involved in growth and immunity trade-off through cell division. After SA treatment, several proteins that were predicted to play a role in immune signaling, such as resistance gene analogs, Ca2+ sensors, and WRKY transcription factors, were transcriptionally upregulated. The W-box element, which was targeted by WRKYs, was over-represented in the promoter regions of genes upregulated by both SA treatment and Cmm infection, supporting the speculation that WRKYs are important for the SA-mediated immunity against Cmm. Prediction of protein-protein interactions suggested that genes encoding receptor-like kinases and EF-hand proteins play an important role in immune signaling. Thus, various candidate genes involved in SA-inducible Cmm resistance were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yokotani
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kouzai
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Sachiko Isobe
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
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Yıldırım K, Miladinović D, Sweet J, Akin M, Galović V, Kavas M, Zlatković M, de Andrade E. Genome editing for healthy crops: traits, tools and impacts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1231013. [PMID: 37965029 PMCID: PMC10641503 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1231013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Crop cultivars in commercial use have often been selected because they show high levels of resistance to pathogens. However, widespread cultivation of these crops for many years in the environments favorable to a pathogen requires durable forms of resistance to maintain "healthy crops". Breeding of new varieties tolerant/resistant to biotic stresses by incorporating genetic components related to durable resistance, developing new breeding methods and new active molecules, and improving the Integrated Pest Management strategies have been of great value, but their effectiveness is being challenged by the newly emerging diseases and the rapid change of pathogens due to climatic changes. Genome editing has provided new tools and methods to characterize defense-related genes in crops and improve crop resilience to disease pathogens providing improved food security and future sustainable agricultural systems. In this review, we discuss the principal traits, tools and impacts of utilizing genome editing techniques for achieving of durable resilience and a "healthy plants" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubilay Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Dragana Miladinović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jeremy Sweet
- Sweet Environmental Consultants, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meleksen Akin
- Department of Horticulture, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Türkiye
| | - Vladislava Galović
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Musa Kavas
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Milica Zlatković
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Eugenia de Andrade
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
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36
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Wang W, Zhou Z, Noman A, Kadota Y. Editorial: Regulation of plant immunity by immune receptors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1320509. [PMID: 37965032 PMCID: PMC10641006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1320509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Plant Immunity Research Group, Yokohama, Japan
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37
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Blekemolen MC, Liu Z, Stegman M, Zipfel C, Shan L, Takken FLW. The PTI-suppressing Avr2 effector from Fusarium oxysporum suppresses mono-ubiquitination and plasma membrane dissociation of BIK1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1273-1286. [PMID: 37391937 PMCID: PMC10502843 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens use effector proteins to target host processes involved in pathogen perception, immune signalling, or defence outputs. Unlike foliar pathogens, it is poorly understood how root-invading pathogens suppress immunity. The Avr2 effector from the tomato root- and xylem-colonizing pathogen Fusarium oxysporum suppresses immune signalling induced by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). It is unknown how Avr2 targets the immune system. Transgenic AVR2 Arabidopsis thaliana phenocopies mutants in which the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) co-receptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE (BAK1) or its downstream signalling kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) are knocked out. We therefore tested whether these kinases are Avr2 targets. Flg22-induced complex formation of the PRR FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 and BAK1 occurred in the presence and absence of Avr2, indicating that Avr2 does not affect BAK1 function or PRR complex formation. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that Avr2 and BIK1 co-localize in planta. Although Avr2 did not affect flg22-induced BIK1 phosphorylation, mono-ubiquitination was compromised. Furthermore, Avr2 affected BIK1 abundance and shifted its localization from nucleocytoplasmic to the cell periphery/plasma membrane. Together, these data imply that Avr2 may retain BIK1 at the plasma membrane, thereby suppressing its ability to activate immune signalling. Because mono-ubiquitination of BIK1 is required for its internalization, interference with this process by Avr2 could provide a mechanistic explanation for the compromised BIK1 mobility upon flg22 treatment. The identification of BIK1 as an effector target of a root-invading vascular pathogen identifies this kinase as a conserved signalling component for both root and shoot immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila C. Blekemolen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Martin Stegman
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Phytopathology, School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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38
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Jeyaraj A, Elango T, Chen X, Zhuang J, Wang Y, Li X. Advances in understanding the mechanism of resistance to anthracnose and induced defence response in tea plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1330-1346. [PMID: 37522519 PMCID: PMC10502868 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is susceptible to anthracnose disease that causes considerable crop loss and affects the yield and quality of tea. Multiple Colletotrichum spp. are the causative agents of this disease, which spreads quickly in warm and humid climates. During plant-pathogen interactions, resistant cultivars defend themselves against the hemibiotrophic pathogen by activating defence signalling pathways, whereas the pathogen suppresses plant defences in susceptible varieties. Various fungicides have been used to control this disease on susceptible plants, but these fungicide residues are dangerous to human health and cause fungicide resistance in pathogens. The problem-solving approaches to date are the development of resistant cultivars and ecofriendly biocontrol strategies to achieve sustainable tea cultivation and production. Understanding the infection stages of Colletotrichum, tea plant resistance mechanisms, and induced plant defence against Colletotrichum is essential to support sustainable disease management practices in the field. This review therefore summarizes the current knowledge of the identified causative agent of tea plant anthracnose, the infection strategies and pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides, anthracnose disease resistance mechanisms, and the caffeine-induced defence response against Colletotrichum infection. The information reported in this review will advance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and eventually help us to develop new disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anburaj Jeyaraj
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Xuan Chen
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jing Zhuang
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Jiang H, Xia Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Feng H, Zhang Q, Chen X, Xiao J, Yang S, Zeng M, Chen Z, Ouyang H, He X, Sun G, Wu J, Dong S, Ye W, Ma Z, Wang Y, Wang Y. The CAP superfamily protein PsCAP1 secreted by Phytophthora triggers immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana through a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:784-801. [PMID: 37615219 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 (CAP) superfamily proteins in the innate immune responses of mammals is well characterized. However, the biological function of CAP superfamily proteins in plant-microbe interactions is poorly understood. We used proteomics and transcriptome analyses to dissect the apoplastic effectors secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae during early infection of soybean leaves. By transiently expressing these effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified PsCAP1, a novel type of secreted CAP protein that triggers immune responses in multiple solanaceous plants including N. benthamiana. This secreted CAP protein is conserved among oomycetes, and multiple PsCAP1 homologs can be recognized by N. benthamiana. PsCAP1-triggered immune responses depend on the N-terminal immunogenic fragment (aa 27-151). Pretreatment of N. benthamiana with PsCAP1 or the immunogenic fragment increases plant resistance against Phytophthora. The recognition of PsCAP1 and different homologs requires the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein RCAP1, which associates with two central receptor-like kinases BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) in planta. These findings suggest that the CAP-type apoplastic effectors act as an important player in plant-microbe interactions that can be perceived by plant membrane-localized receptor to activate plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengzhu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibing Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangzheng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
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Anderson JC. Ill Communication: Host Metabolites as Virulence-Regulating Signals for Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:49-71. [PMID: 37253693 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-114026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant bacterial pathogens rely on host-derived signals to coordinate the deployment of virulence factors required for infection. In this review, I describe how diverse plant-pathogenic bacteria detect and respond to plant-derived metabolic signals for the purpose of virulence gene regulation. I highlight examples of how pathogens perceive host metabolites through membrane-localized receptors as well as intracellular response mechanisms. Furthermore, I describe how individual strains may coordinate their virulence using multiple distinct host metabolic signals, and how plant signals may positively or negatively regulate virulence responses. I also describe how plant defenses may interfere with the perception of host metabolites as a means to dampen pathogen virulence. The emerging picture is that recognition of host metabolic signals for the purpose of virulence gene regulation represents an important primary layer of interaction between pathogenic bacteria and host plants that shapes infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Anderson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
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41
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Koenig M, Moser D, Leusner J, Depotter JRL, Doehlemann G, Misas Villamil J. Maize Phytocytokines Modulate Pro-Survival Host Responses and Pathogen Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:592-604. [PMID: 37102770 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-23-0005-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytocytokines are signaling peptides that alert plant cells of danger. However, the downstream responses triggered by phytocytokines and their effect on plant survival are still largely unknown. Here, we have identified three biologically active maize orthologues of phytocytokines previously described in other plants. The maize phytocytokines show common features with microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), including the induction of immune-related genes and activation of papain-like cysteine proteases. In contrast to MAMPs, phytocytokines do not promote cell death in the presence of wounding. In infection assays with two fungal pathogens, we found that phytocytokines affect the development of disease symptoms, likely due to the activation of phytohormonal pathways. Collectively, our results show that phytocytokines and MAMPs trigger unique and antagonistic features of immunity. We propose a model in which phytocytokines activate immune responses partially similar to MAMPs but, in contrast to microbial signals, they act as danger and survival molecules to the surrounding cells. Future studies will focus on the components determining the divergence of signaling outputs upon phytocytokine activation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Koenig
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Moser
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian Leusner
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johana Misas Villamil
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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42
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Trinh J, Li T, Franco JY, Toruño TY, Stevens DM, Thapa SP, Wong J, Pineda R, de Dios EÁ, Kahn TL, Seymour DK, Ramadugu C, Coaker GL. Variation in microbial feature perception in the Rutaceae family with immune receptor conservation in citrus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:689-707. [PMID: 37144828 PMCID: PMC10686701 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about the responses of model plants to microbial features, we still lack an understanding of the extent of variation in immune perception across members of a plant family. In this work, we analyzed immune responses in Citrus and wild relatives, surveying 86 Rutaceae genotypes with differing leaf morphologies and disease resistances. We found that responses to microbial features vary both within and between members. Species in 2 subtribes, the Balsamocitrinae and Clauseninae, can recognize flagellin (flg22), cold shock protein (csp22), and chitin, including 1 feature from Candidatus Liberibacter species (csp22CLas), the bacterium associated with Huanglongbing. We investigated differences at the receptor level for the flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) and the chitin receptor LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE 5 (LYK5) in citrus genotypes. We characterized 2 genetically linked FLS2 homologs from "Frost Lisbon" lemon (Citrus ×limon, responsive) and "Washington navel" orange (Citrus ×aurantium, nonresponsive). Surprisingly, FLS2 homologs from responsive and nonresponsive genotypes were expressed in Citrus and functional when transferred to a heterologous system. "Washington navel" orange weakly responded to chitin, whereas "Tango" mandarin (C. ×aurantium) exhibited a robust response. LYK5 alleles were identical or nearly identical between the 2 genotypes and complemented the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) lyk4/lyk5-2 mutant with respect to chitin perception. Collectively, our data indicate that differences in chitin and flg22 perception in these citrus genotypes are not the results of sequence polymorphisms at the receptor level. These findings shed light on the diversity of perception of microbial features and highlight genotypes capable of recognizing polymorphic pathogen features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Trinh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tianrun Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jessica Y Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tania Y Toruño
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shree P Thapa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Justin Wong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rebeca Pineda
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Emmanuel Ávila de Dios
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Tracy L Kahn
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Danelle K Seymour
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Chandrika Ramadugu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Gitta L Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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43
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Kaur G, Patel A, Dwibedi V, Rath SK. Harnessing the action mechanisms of microbial endophytes for enhancing plant performance and stress tolerance: current understanding and future perspectives. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:303. [PMID: 37561224 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial endophytes are microorganisms that reside within plant tissues without causing any harm to their hosts. These microorganisms have been found to confer a range of benefits to plants, including increased growth and stress tolerance. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which microbial endophytes confer abiotic and biotic stress tolerance to their host plants. Specifically, we focus on the roles of endophytes in enhancing nutrient uptake, modulating plant hormones, producing secondary metabolites, and activating plant defence responses. We also discuss the challenges associated with developing microbial endophyte-based products for commercial use, including product refinement, toxicology analysis, and prototype formulation. Despite these challenges, there is growing interest in the potential applications of microbial endophytes in agriculture and environmental remediation. With further research and development, microbial endophyte-based products have the potential to play a significant role in sustainable agriculture and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursharan Kaur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Arvind Patel
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Vagish Dwibedi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Resaerch Center, Agricultural Research Organization, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
| | - Santosh Kumar Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceuticals and Population Health Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, 248009, Uttarakhand, India.
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44
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Li T, Liu R, Liu Z, Chang J, Li J. Effects of Intermittent Temperature and Humidity Regulation on Tomato Gray Mold. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2335-2345. [PMID: 36627805 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-22-2339-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and humidity play an important role in plant-pathogen interactions. However, regulating the temperature and humidity specifically to inhibit the development of plant diseases remains unclear. In this study, we explored the influence of intermittent temperature and humidity variation on tomato gray mold. Intermittent regulation of temperature and humidity (increasing temperature with decreasing humidity for different periods within 24 h) inhibited the disease severity of plants and the infection process of Botrytis cinerea. The 4-h treatment (increasing temperature accompanied by decreasing humidity for 4 h and recovering for 4 h, and so on) effectively inhibited the development of tomato gray mold, reduced the biomass of B. cinerea, delayed the differentiation time of mycelia, and inhibited the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in tomato leaves at the later stage of infection. The increased expressions of heat-shock protein (HSP) genes HSP20, HSP70, HSP90, BAG6, and BAG7 in tomato were mainly caused by environmental changes and environment-plant-pathogen interactions, and the increased expression of the latter was greater than that of the former in the 2-h (increasing temperature accompanied by decreasing humidity for 2 h and recovering for 2 h, and so on) and 4-h treatments. Pathogen infection induced the expression of defense-related genes in tomato, and the increase in the expressions of FLS2, FEI1, PI2, Pti5, and WRKY75 induced by B. cinerea in the 4-h treatment was greater than that under unregulated temperature and humidity conditions. In general, intermittent temperature and humidity variation can effectively inhibit the development of tomato gray mold, and the 4-h treatment had the best inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ruyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiayue Chang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianming Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
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45
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Jha P, Kaur T, Chhabra I, Panja A, Paul S, Kumar V, Malik T. Endophytic fungi: hidden treasure chest of antimicrobial metabolites interrelationship of endophytes and metabolites. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1227830. [PMID: 37497538 PMCID: PMC10366620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1227830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi comprise host-associated fungal communities which thrive within the tissues of host plants and produce a diverse range of secondary metabolites with various bioactive attributes. The metabolites such as phenols, polyketides, saponins, alkaloids help to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses, fight against pathogen attacks and enhance the plant immune system. We present an overview of the association of endophytic fungal communities with a plant host and discuss molecular mechanisms induced during their symbiotic interaction. The overview focuses on the secondary metabolites (especially those of terpenoid nature) secreted by endophytic fungi and their respective function. The recent advancement in multi-omics approaches paved the way for identification of these metabolites and their characterization via comparative analysis of extensive omics datasets. This study also elaborates on the role of diverse endophytic fungi associated with key agricultural crops and hence important for sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Tamanna Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | | | - Avirup Panja
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sushreeta Paul
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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46
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Sobstyl A, Chałupnik A, Mertowska P, Grywalska E. How Do Microorganisms Influence the Development of Endometriosis? Participation of Genital, Intestinal and Oral Microbiota in Metabolic Regulation and Immunopathogenesis of Endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10920. [PMID: 37446108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms inhabiting the human body play an extremely key role in its proper functioning, as well as in the development of the immune system, which, by maintaining the immune balance, allows you to enjoy health. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, or in the oral cavity or reproductive tract, understood as a change in the number and diversity of all microorganisms inhabiting them, may correlate with the development of many diseases, including endometriosis, as researchers have emphasized. Endometriosis is an inflammatory, estrogen-dependent gynecological condition defined by the growth of endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity. Deregulation of immune homeostasis resulting from microbiological disorders may generate chronic inflammation, thus creating an environment conducive to the increased adhesion and angiogenesis involved in the development of endometriosis. In addition, research in recent years has implicated bacterial contamination and immune activation, reduced gastrointestinal function by cytokines, altered estrogen metabolism and signaling, and abnormal progenitor and stem cell homeostasis, in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The aim of this review was to present the influence of intestinal, oral and genital microbiota dysbiosis in the metabolic regulation and immunopathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sobstyl
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Chałupnik
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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47
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Kanda Y, Shinya T, Maeda S, Mujiono K, Hojo Y, Tomita K, Okada K, Kamakura T, Galis I, Mori M. BSR1, a Rice Receptor-like Cytoplasmic Kinase, Positively Regulates Defense Responses to Herbivory. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10395. [PMID: 37373546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Crops experience herbivory by arthropods and microbial infections. In the interaction between plants and chewing herbivores, lepidopteran larval oral secretions (OS) and plant-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) trigger plant defense responses. However, the mechanisms underlying anti-herbivore defense, especially in monocots, have not been elucidated. The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase Broad-Spectrum Resistance 1 (BSR1) of Oryza sativa L. (rice) mediates cytoplasmic defense signaling in response to microbial pathogens and enhances disease resistance when overexpressed. Here, we investigated whether BSR1 contributes to anti-herbivore defense responses. BSR1 knockout suppressed rice responses triggered by OS from the chewing herbivore Mythimna loreyi Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and peptidic DAMPs OsPeps, including the activation of genes required for biosynthesis of diterpenoid phytoalexins (DPs). BSR1-overexpressing rice plants exhibited hyperactivation of DP accumulation and ethylene signaling after treatment with simulated herbivory and acquired enhanced resistance to larval feeding. As the biological significance of herbivory-induced accumulation of rice DPs remains unexplained, their physiological activities in M. loreyi were analyzed. The addition of momilactone B, a rice DP, to the artificial diet suppressed the growth of M. loreyi larvae. Altogether, this study revealed that BSR1 and herbivory-induced rice DPs are involved in the defense against chewing insects, in addition to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Kanda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Satoru Maeda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Kadis Mujiono
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomita
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamakura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
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48
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Yang Y, Steidele CE, Rössner C, Löffelhardt B, Kolb D, Leisen T, Zhang W, Ludwig C, Felix G, Seidl MF, Becker A, Nürnberger T, Hahn M, Gust B, Gross H, Hückelhoven R, Gust AA. Convergent evolution of plant pattern recognition receptors sensing cysteine-rich patterns from three microbial kingdoms. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3621. [PMID: 37336953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana Receptor-Like Protein RLP30 contributes to immunity against the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Here we identify the RLP30-ligand as a small cysteine-rich protein (SCP) that occurs in many fungi and oomycetes and is also recognized by the Nicotiana benthamiana RLP RE02. However, RLP30 and RE02 share little sequence similarity and respond to different parts of the native/folded protein. Moreover, some Brassicaceae other than Arabidopsis also respond to a linear SCP peptide instead of the folded protein, suggesting that SCP is an eminent immune target that led to the convergent evolution of distinct immune receptors in plants. Surprisingly, RLP30 shows a second ligand specificity for a SCP-nonhomologous protein secreted by bacterial Pseudomonads. RLP30 expression in N. tabacum results in quantitatively lower susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and oomycete pathogens, thus demonstrating that detection of immunogenic patterns by Arabidopsis RLP30 is involved in defense against pathogens from three microbial kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Yang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Christina E Steidele
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Clemens Rössner
- Institute of Botany, Developmental Biology of Plants, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Birgit Löffelhardt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Leisen
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, Developmental Biology of Plants, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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49
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Li M, Yang Z, Liu J, Chang C. Wheat Susceptibility Genes TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 Negatively Regulate Post-Penetration Resistance against Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10224. [PMID: 37373370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici (B.g. tritici) is the airborne fungal pathogen that causes powdery mildew disease on hexaploid bread wheat. Calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) regulate plant responses to environments, but their potential functions in the regulation of wheat-B.g. tritici interaction remain unknown. In this study, the wheat CAMTA transcription factors TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 were identified as suppressors of wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew. Transient overexpression of TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 enhanced the post-penetration susceptibility of wheat to B.g. tritici, while knockdown of TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 expression using transient- or virus-induced gene silencing compromised wheat post-penetration susceptibility to B.g. tritici. In addition, TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 were characterized as positive regulators of wheat post-penetration resistance against powdery mildew. Overexpressing TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 confers wheat post-penetration resistance against B.g. tritici, while silencing TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 enhances wheat post-penetration susceptibility to B.g. tritici. Importantly, we showed that expressions of TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 were potentiated by silencing of TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3. Collectively, these results implicated that the Susceptibility genes TaCAMTA2 and TaCAMTA3 contribute to the wheat-B.g. tritici compatibility might via negative regulation of TaSARD1 and TaEDS1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zige Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Rocafort M, Srivastava V, Bowen JK, Díaz-Moreno SM, Guo Y, Bulone V, Plummer KM, Sutherland PW, Anderson MA, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Cell Wall Carbohydrate Dynamics during the Differentiation of Infection Structures by the Apple Scab Fungus, Venturia inaequalis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0421922. [PMID: 37039647 PMCID: PMC10269774 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04219-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Scab, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, is the most economically important disease of apples. During infection, V. inaequalis colonizes the subcuticular host environment, where it develops specialized infection structures called runner hyphae and stromata. These structures are thought to be involved in nutrient acquisition and effector (virulence factor) delivery, but also give rise to conidia that further the infection cycle. Despite their importance, very little is known about how these structures are differentiated. Likewise, nothing is known about how these structures are protected from host defenses or recognition by the host immune system. To better understand these processes, we first performed a glycosidic linkage analysis of sporulating tubular hyphae from V. inaequalis developed in culture. This analysis revealed that the V. inaequalis cell wall is mostly composed of glucans (44%) and mannans (37%), whereas chitin represents a much smaller proportion (4%). Next, we used transcriptomics and confocal laser scanning microscopy to provide insights into the cell wall carbohydrate composition of runner hyphae and stromata. These analyses revealed that, during subcuticular host colonization, genes of V. inaequalis putatively associated with the biosynthesis of immunogenic carbohydrates, such as chitin and β-1,6-glucan, are downregulated relative to growth in culture, while on the surface of runner hyphae and stromata, chitin is deacetylated to the less-immunogenic carbohydrate chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable the subcuticular differentiation of runner hyphae and stromata by V. inaequalis, as well as to protect these structures from host defenses and recognition by the host immune system. IMPORTANCE Plant-pathogenic fungi are a major threat to food security. Among these are subcuticular pathogens, which often cause latent asymptomatic infections, making them difficult to control. A key feature of these pathogens is their ability to differentiate specialized subcuticular infection structures that, to date, remain largely understudied. This is typified by Venturia inaequalis, which causes scab, the most economically important disease of apples. In this study, we show that, during subcuticular host colonization, V. inaequalis downregulates genes associated with the biosynthesis of two immunogenic cell wall carbohydrates, chitin and β-1,6-glucan, and coats its subcuticular infection structures with a less-immunogenic carbohydrate, chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable host colonization by V. inaequalis and provide a foundation for understanding subcuticular host colonization by other plant-pathogenic fungi. Such an understanding is important, as it may inform the development of novel control strategies against subcuticular plant-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna K. Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sara M. Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Food, Agriculture and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kim M. Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul W. Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marilyn A. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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