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Rodríguez-Vázquez E, Aranda-Torrecillas Á, López-Sancho M, Castellano JM, Tena-Sempere M. Emerging roles of lipid and metabolic sensing in the neuroendocrine control of body weight and reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1454874. [PMID: 39290326 PMCID: PMC11405246 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1454874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus lies at the intersection of brain and hormonal mechanisms governing essential bodily functions, including metabolic/body weight homeostasis and reproduction. While metabolism and fertility are precisely regulated by independent neuroendocrine axes, these are tightly connected, as reflection of the bidirectional interplay between the energy status of the organisms and their capacity to reproduce; a connection with important pathophysiological implications in disorders affecting these two crucial systems. Beyond the well-characterized roles of key hormones (e.g., leptin, insulin, ghrelin) and neuropeptides (e.g., melanocortins, kisspeptins) in the integral control of metabolism and reproduction, mounting evidence has pointed out a relevant function of cell energy sensors and lipid sensing mechanisms in the hypothalamic control of metabolism, with prominent roles also for metabolic sensors, such as mTOR, AMPK and SIRT1, in the nutritional regulation of key aspects of reproduction, such as pubertal maturation. We provide herein a synoptic overview of these novel regulatory pathways, with a particular focus on their putative function in the metabolic control of puberty, and delineate new avenues for further exploration of the intricate mechanisms whereby metabolism and reproduction are tightly connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Rodríguez-Vázquez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Aranda-Torrecillas
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María López-Sancho
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan M Castellano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain
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Vignesh R, Aradhyam GK. Calnuc-derived nesfatin-1-like peptide is an activator of tumor cell proliferation and migration. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2288-2300. [PMID: 37539786 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Calnuc (nucleobindin-1, nucb1) is a Ca2+ -binding protein involved in the etiology of many human diseases. To understand the functions of calnuc, we have identified a nesfatin-1-like peptide (NLP) in its N terminus that is proteolyzed by a convertase enzyme in the secretory granules of cells. Mutational studies confirm the presence of a proteolytic cleavage site for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1). We demonstrate that NLP regulates Gαq-mediated intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, likely via a G-protein-coupled receptor. NLP treatment to carcinoma cell lines (SCC131 cells) promotes the expression of regulators of cell cycle, proliferation, and clonogenicity by the AKT/mTOR pathway. NLP is causative of augmented migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), illustrating its metastatic propensity and establishing its tumor promotion ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Vignesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopala Krishna Aradhyam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Ren X, Wu S, Xie W, Liu Y, Yang S. Association Between the Risk of Hyperuricemia and Changes in Branched-Chain Amino Acids Intake Over Twelve Years: A Latent Class Trajectory Analysis From the China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1997-2009. Front Nutr 2022; 9:916446. [PMID: 36034924 PMCID: PMC9410769 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.916446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to identify dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) consumption trajectories in Chinese adults and to evaluate their association with the risk of hyperuricemia (HU). Methods Cohort data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1997–2009 were adopted in this research. A total of 6,810 participants aged ≥18 years were included in this study. Participants were designated into four subgroups on basis of the trajectories of dietary BCAA consumption. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to discuss the relationships between varied trajectories and the risk of HU after adjusting potential confounders. The intermediary effect of differential blood indexes between the trajectories and the risk of HU was explored with mediation analysis. Results Four distinct trajectory groups of dietary BCAA consumption were identified. Compared with the low stable trajectory group, high to low trajectory group was greatly related to an increased risk of HU (HR 1.35 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.79)) with modification for covariates. Total cholesterol (TC), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and triglyceride (TG) partially regulated trajectories and HU. Conclusion Gradually decreasing dietary BCAA intake increased the risk of HU, which is, at least, partially mediated by TC, HbA1c, FBG, and TG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Ren
- Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine Teaching, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shasha Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine Teaching, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine Teaching, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shucai Yang
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
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4
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Chen X, Dong J, Jiao Q, Du X, Bi M, Jiang H. "Sibling" battle or harmony: crosstalk between nesfatin-1 and ghrelin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:169. [PMID: 35239020 PMCID: PMC11072372 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin was first identified as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in 1999, with the function of stimulating the release of growth hormone (GH), while nesfatin-1 was identified in 2006. Both peptides are secreted by the same kind of endocrine cells, X/A-like cells in the stomach. Compared with ghrelin, nesfatin-1 exerts opposite effects on energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal functions and regulation of blood pressure, but exerts similar effects on anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Up to now, nesfatin-1 remains as an orphan ligand because its receptor has not been identified. Several studies have shown the effects of nesfatin-1 are dependent on the receptor of ghrelin. We herein compare the effects of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin in several aspects and explore the possibility of their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Rupp SK, Stengel A. Interactions between nesfatin-1 and the autonomic nervous system-An overview. Peptides 2022; 149:170719. [PMID: 34953946 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1, an 82-amino acid polypeptide derived from the precursor protein nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2), was first discovered in 2006 in the rat hypothalamus. The effects and distribution of nesfatin-1 immunopositive neurons in the brain and spinal cord point towards a role of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in autonomic regulation. Therefore, studies which have been conducted to investigate the interplay between nesfatin-1 and the autonomic nervous system were examined, and the outcomes of this research were summarized. NUCB2/nesfatin-1 immunoreactivity is widely distributed in autonomic centers of the brain and spinal cord in both rodents and humans. In several regions of the hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem, nesfatin-1 modulates autonomic functions. On the other hand, the autonomic nervous system also influences the activity of nesfatin-1 neurons. Here, the vagus nerve seems to be a crucial factor in the regulation of nesfatin-1. In summary, although data here is still sparse, there is a clear interplay between nesfatin-1 and the autonomic nervous system, the precise clarification of which still requires further research to gain more insight into these complex relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kristina Rupp
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Perelló M, Cornejo MP, De Francesco PN, Fernandez G, Gautron L, Valdivia LS. The controversial role of the vagus nerve in mediating ghrelin´s actions: gut feelings and beyond. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:228-239. [PMID: 35746965 PMCID: PMC9210457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach-derived peptide hormone that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and displays a plethora of neuroendocrine, metabolic, autonomic and behavioral actions. It has been proposed that some actions of ghrelin are exerted via the vagus nerve, which provides a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and peripheral systems. The vagus nerve comprises sensory fibers, which originate from neurons of the nodose and jugular ganglia, and motor fibers, which originate from neurons of the medulla. Many anatomical studies have mapped GHSR expression in vagal sensory or motor neurons. Also, numerous functional studies investigated the role of the vagus nerve mediating specific actions of ghrelin. Here, we critically review the topic and discuss the available evidence supporting, or not, a role for the vagus nerve mediating some specific actions of ghrelin. We conclude that studies using rats have provided the most congruent evidence indicating that the vagus nerve mediates some actions of ghrelin on the digestive and cardiovascular systems, whereas studies in mice resulted in conflicting observations. Even considering exclusively studies performed in rats, the putative role of the vagus nerve in mediating the orexigenic and growth hormone (GH) secretagogue properties of ghrelin remains debated. In humans, studies are still insufficient to draw definitive conclusions regarding the role of the vagus nerve mediating most of the actions of ghrelin. Thus, the extent to which the vagus nerve mediates ghrelin actions, particularly in humans, is still uncertain and likely one of the most intriguing unsolved aspects of the field.
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7
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Luo JJ, Wen FJ, Qiu D, Wang SZ. Nesfatin-1 in lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 522:23-30. [PMID: 34389280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1, an anorexic neuropeptide discovered in 2006, is widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It has been shown to be involved in the regulation of food intake and lipid metabolism, inhibiting fat accumulation, accelerating lipid decomposition, and in general, inhibiting the development of lipid-related diseases, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. Potential mechanisms of Nesfatin-1 action in lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases will be discussed as well as its role as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease. This review expected to provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and prevention of clinically related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Wen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Department of Cell Biology and Geneties, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Dan Qiu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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8
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Mathur N, Mehdi SF, Anipindi M, Aziz M, Khan SA, Kondakindi H, Lowell B, Wang P, Roth J. Ghrelin as an Anti-Sepsis Peptide: Review. Front Immunol 2021; 11:610363. [PMID: 33584688 PMCID: PMC7876230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis continues to produce widespread inflammation, illness, and death, prompting intensive research aimed at uncovering causes and therapies. In this article, we focus on ghrelin, an endogenous peptide with promise as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Ghrelin was discovered, tracked, and isolated from stomach cells based on its ability to stimulate release of growth hormone. It also stimulates appetite and is shown to be anti-inflammatory in a wide range of tissues. The anti-inflammatory effects mediated by ghrelin are a result of both the stimulation of anti-inflammatory processes and an inhibition of pro-inflammatory forces. Anti-inflammatory processes are promoted in a broad range of tissues including the hypothalamus and vagus nerve as well as in a broad range of immune cells. Aged rodents have reduced levels of growth hormone (GH) and diminished immune responses; ghrelin administration boosts GH levels and immune response. The anti-inflammatory functions of ghrelin, well displayed in preclinical animal models of sepsis, are just being charted in patients, with expectations that ghrelin and growth hormone might improve outcomes in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Mathur
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Syed F. Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Manasa Anipindi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sawleha A. Khan
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Hema Kondakindi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Barbara Lowell
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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Psilopanagioti A, Makrygianni M, Nikou S, Logotheti S, Papadaki H. Nucleobindin 2/nesfatin-1 expression and colocalisation with neuropeptide Y and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the human brainstem. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12899. [PMID: 32902020 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Feeding is a complex behaviour entailing elaborate interactions between forebrain, hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits via multiple orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides. Nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2)/nesfatin-1 is a negative regulator of food intake and body weight with a widespread distribution in rodent brainstem nuclei. However, its localisation pattern in the human brainstem is unknown. The present study aimed to explore NUCB2/nesfatin-1 immunoexpression in human brainstem nuclei and its possible correlation with body weight. Sections of human brainstem from 20 autopsy cases (13 males, seven females; eight normal weight, six overweight, six obese) were examined using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence labelling. Strong immunoreactivity for NUCB2/nesfatin-1 was displayed in various brainstem areas, including the locus coeruleus, medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, pontine nuclei, raphe nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (10N), area postrema, hypoglossal nucleus, reticular formation, inferior olive, cuneate nucleus, and spinal trigeminal nucleus. NUCB2/nesfatin-1 was shown to extensively colocalise with neuropeptide Y and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe nucleus and solitary tract. Interestingly, in the examined cases, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 protein expression was lower in obese than normal weight subjects in the solitary tract (P = 0.020). The findings of the present study provide neuroanatomical support for a role for NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in feeding behaviour and energy balance. The widespread distribution of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in the human brainstem nuclei may be indicative of its pleiotropic effects on autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioural processes. In the solitary tract, a key integrator of energy status, altered neurochemistry may contribute to obesity. Further research is necessary to decipher human brainstem energy homeostasis circuitry, which, despite its importance, remains inadequately characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea Psilopanagioti
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Makrygianni
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Souzana Logotheti
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Helen Papadaki
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Caron A, Briscoe DM, Richard D, Laplante M. DEPTOR at the Nexus of Cancer, Metabolism, and Immunity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1765-1803. [PMID: 29897294 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00064.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DEP domain-containing mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-interacting protein (DEPTOR) is an important modulator of mTOR, a kinase at the center of two important protein complexes named mTORC1 and mTORC2. These highly studied complexes play essential roles in regulating growth, metabolism, and immunity in response to mitogens, nutrients, and cytokines. Defects in mTOR signaling have been associated with the development of many diseases, including cancer and diabetes, and approaches aiming at modulating mTOR activity are envisioned as an attractive strategy to improve human health. DEPTOR interaction with mTOR represses its kinase activity and rewires the mTOR signaling pathway. Over the last years, several studies have revealed key roles for DEPTOR in numerous biological and pathological processes. Here, we provide the current state of the knowledge regarding the cellular and physiological functions of DEPTOR by focusing on its impact on the mTOR pathway and its role in promoting health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - David M Briscoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
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11
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Schalla MA, Stengel A. Current Understanding of the Role of Nesfatin-1. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:1188-1206. [PMID: 30302423 PMCID: PMC6169466 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 was discovered in 2006 and implicated in the regulation of food intake. Subsequently, its widespread central and peripheral distribution gave rise to additional effects. Indeed, a multitude of actions were described, including modulation of gastrointestinal functions, glucose and lipid metabolism, thermogenesis, mediation of anxiety and depression, as well as cardiovascular and reproductive functions. Recent years have witnessed a great increase in our knowledge of these effects and their underlying mechanisms, which will be discussed in the present review. Lastly, gaps in knowledge will be highlighted to foster further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Galic S, Loh K, Murray-Segal L, Steinberg GR, Andrews ZB, Kemp BE. AMPK signaling to acetyl-CoA carboxylase is required for fasting- and cold-induced appetite but not thermogenesis. eLife 2018; 7:32656. [PMID: 29433631 PMCID: PMC5811211 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a known regulator of whole-body energy homeostasis, but the downstream AMPK substrates mediating these effects are not entirely clear. AMPK inhibits fatty acid synthesis and promotes fatty acid oxidation by phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 at Ser79 and ACC2 at Ser212. Using mice with Ser79Ala/Ser212Ala knock-in mutations (ACC DKI) we find that inhibition of ACC phosphorylation leads to reduced appetite in response to fasting or cold exposure. At sub-thermoneutral temperatures, ACC DKI mice maintain normal energy expenditure and thermogenesis, but fail to increase appetite and lose weight. We demonstrate that the ACC DKI phenotype can be mimicked in wild type mice using a ghrelin receptor antagonist and that ACC DKI mice have impaired orexigenic responses to ghrelin, indicating ACC DKI mice have a ghrelin signaling defect. These data suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting ACC phosphorylation may suppress appetite following metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Galic
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kim Loh
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa Murray-Segal
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
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13
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Blanco AM, Velasco C, Bertucci JI, Soengas JL, Unniappan S. Nesfatin-1 Regulates Feeding, Glucosensing and Lipid Metabolism in Rainbow Trout. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:484. [PMID: 30210451 PMCID: PMC6121026 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is an 82 amino acid peptide that has been involved in a wide variety of physiological functions in both mammals and fish. This study aimed to elucidate the role of nesfatin-1 on rainbow trout food intake, and its putative effects on glucose and fatty acid sensing systems. Intracerebroventricular administration of 25 ng/g nesfatin-1 resulted in a significant inhibition of appetite, likely mediated by the activation of central POMC and CART. Nesfatin-1 stimulated the glucosensing machinery (changes in sglt1, g6pase, gsase, and gnat3 mRNA expression) in the hindbrain and hypothalamus. Central fatty acid sensing mechanisms were unaltered by nesfatin-1, but this peptide altered the expression of mRNAs encoding factors regulating lipid metabolism (fat/cd36, acly, mcd, fas, lpl, pparα, and pparγ), suggesting that nesfatin-1 promotes lipid accumulation in neurons. In the liver, intracerebroventricular nesfatin-1 treatment resulted in decreased capacity for glucose use and lipogenesis, and increased the potential of fatty acid oxidation. Altogether, the present results demonstrate that nesfatin-1 is involved in the homeostatic regulation of food intake and metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén M. Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Juan I. Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - José L. Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Suraj Unniappan
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14
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Kan JY, Yen MC, Wang JY, Wu DC, Chiu YJ, Ho YW, Kuo PL. Nesfatin-1/Nucleobindin-2 enhances cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via LKB1/AMPK/TORC1/ZEB1 pathways in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31336-49. [PMID: 27150059 PMCID: PMC5058760 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that a high level of nesfatin-1/Nucleobindin-2 (NUCB-2) is associated with poor outcome and promotes cell migration in breast cancer and prostate cancer. However, the role of NUCB2 is not well known in colon cancer. In this study, NUCB-2 level in colon cancer tissue was higher than that in non-tumor tissue. Suppression of NUCB-2 in a colon cancer cell line SW620 inhibited migration and invasion. The microarray analysis showed that low expression level of transcription factor ZEB1 in NUCB-2 knockdowned SW620 cells. In addition, expression level of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related molecules including N-cadherin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, Slug and Twist was affected by NUCB-2 suppression and ZEB1-denepdent pathway. The signaling pathway liver kinase B1(LKB1)/AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK)/target of rapamycin complex (TORC) 1 was involved in regulation of NUCB-2-mediated metastasis and EMT properties. Suppression of NUCB-2 inhibited tumor nodules formation in a murine colon tumor model as well. In summary, nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 enhanced migration, invasion and EMT in colon cancer cells through LKB1/AMPK/TORC1/ZEB1 pathways in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yu Kan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chi Yen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jung Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Ho
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Wang Q, Tang W, Rao WS, Song X, Shan CX, Zhang W. Changes of Ghrelin/GOAT axis and mTOR pathway in the hypothalamus after sleeve gastrectomy in obese type-2 diabetes rats. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6231-6241. [PMID: 28974889 PMCID: PMC5603489 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i34.6231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the changes of the ghrelin/ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) axis and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the hypothalamus after sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS A total of 30 obese type-2 diabetes Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, 6 wk of age, fed with high-sugar and high-fat fodder for 2 mo plus intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin were randomly divided into three groups: non-operation group (S0 group, n = 10), sham operation group (Sh group, n = 10) and sleeve gastrectomy group (SG group, n = 10). Data of body mass, food intake, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), acylated ghrelin (AG) and total ghrelin (TG) were collected and measured at the first day (when the rats were 6 wk old), preoperative day 3 and postoperative week 8. The mRNA expression of preproghrelin, GOAT and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and protein expression of ghrelin, GOAT, GHSR and the mTOR pathway (p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-S6) were measured in the hypothalamus. RESULTS SG can significantly improve metabolic symptoms by reducing body mass and food intake. The obese rats showed lower serum TG levels and no change in AG, but the ratio of AG/TG was increased. When compared with the S0 and Sh groups, the SG group showed decreased TG (1482.03 ± 26.55, 1481.49 ± 23.30 and 1206.63 ± 52.02 ng/L, respectively, P < 0.05), but unchanged AG (153.06 ± 13.74, 155.37 ± 19.30 and 144.44 ± 16.689 ng/L, respectively, P > 0.05). As a result, the ratio of AG/TG further increased in the SG group (0.103 ± 0.009, 0.105 ± 0.013 and 0.12 ± 0.016, respectively, P < 0.05). When compared with the S0 group, SG suppressed mRNA and protein levels of preproghrelin (0.63 ± 0.12 vs 0.5 ± 0.11, P < 0.05) and GOAT (0.96 ± 0.09 vs 0.87 ± 0.08, P < 0.05), but did not change NPY mRNA expression (0.61 ± 0.04 vs 0.65 ± 0.07, P > 0.05) in the hypothalamus. The protein levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-S6 were higher in the SG group, which indicated that the hypothalamic mTOR pathway was activated after SG at the postoperative week 8. CONCLUSION The reduction of ghrelin expression and activation of the mTOR pathway might have opposite effects on food intake, as SG improves obesity and T2DM.
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MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Acyltransferases/metabolism
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/surgery
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery
- Eating
- Gastrectomy/methods
- Gastroplasty/methods
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Humans
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Male
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/surgery
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Weight Loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Wen-Sheng Rao
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Shan
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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16
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Pereira JADS, da Silva FC, de Moraes-Vieira PMM. The Impact of Ghrelin in Metabolic Diseases: An Immune Perspective. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4527980. [PMID: 29082258 PMCID: PMC5610818 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4527980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance have reached epidemic proportions. Obesogenic conditions are associated with increased risk for the development of other comorbidities and obesity-related diseases. In metabolic disorders, there is chronic low-grade inflammation induced by the activation of immune cells, especially in metabolic relevant organs such as white adipose tissue (WAT). These immune cells are regulated by environmental and systemic cues. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted mainly by X/A-like gastric cells and acts through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). This receptor is broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and in several cell types, including immune cells. Studies show that ghrelin induces an orexigenic state, and there is increasing evidence implicating an immunoregulatory role for ghrelin. Ghrelin mainly acts on the innate and adaptive immune systems to suppress inflammation and induce an anti-inflammatory profile. In this review, we discuss the immunoregulatory roles of ghrelin, the mechanisms by which ghrelin acts and potential pharmacological applications for ghrelin in the treatment of obesity-associated inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Aparecida da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Corrêa da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manoel Mendes de Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Abstract
Nesfatin-1, an 82 amino acid gastric peptide, is involved in regulation of food uptake and in multiple metabolic activities. Whether nesfatin-1 modulates the differentiation and lipid metabolism of brown adipocytes remains unknown. In the present study, we found that nesfatin-1 mRNA and protein were detectable in isolated brown adipocytes and gradually decreased during differentiation (95% CI 0.6057 to 1.034, p = 0.0001). The decrease in nesfatin-1 was associated with a significant reduction in p-S6. Exposure to nesfatin-1 promoted differentiation of brown adipocytes as revealed by a significant increase in UCP1 mRNA (p = 0.03) and lipolysis-related ATGL mRNA (p = 0.04). Nesfatin-1 attenuated phosphorylation of S6K and S6 during brown adipocyte differentiation. Activation of mTOR by leucine or deletion of TSC1 decreased expression of brown adipocyte-related genes UCP1, UCP3, PGC1α and PRDM16, as well as COX8B and ATP5B. Both leucine and TSC1 deletion blocked nesfatin-1-induced up-regulation of UCP1, PGC1α, COX8B and ATP5B in differentiated brown adipocytes. In conclusion, nesfatin-1 promotes the differentiation of brown adipocytes likely through the mTOR dependent mechanism.
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18
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Lizen B, Hutlet B, Bissen D, Sauvegarde D, Hermant M, Ahn MT, Gofflot F. HOXA5 localization in postnatal and adult mouse brain is suggestive of regulatory roles in postmitotic neurons. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1155-1175. [PMID: 27650319 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hoxa5 is a member of the Hox gene family, which plays critical roles in successive steps of the central nervous system formation during embryonic and fetal development. Hoxa5 expression in the adult mouse brain has been reported, suggesting that this gene may be functionally required in the brain after birth. To provide further insight into the Hoxa5 expression pattern and potential functions in the brain, we have characterized its neuroanatomical profile from embryonic stages to adulthood. While most Hox mapping studies have been based solely on transcript analysis, we extended our analysis to HOXA5 protein localization in adulthood using specific antibodies. Our results show that Hoxa5 expression appears in the most caudal part of the hindbrain at fetal stages, where it is maintained until adulthood. In the medulla oblongata and pons, we detected Hoxa5 expression in many precerebellar neurons and in several nuclei implicated in the control of autonomic functions. In these territories, the HOXA5 protein is present solely in neurons, specifically in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, glutamatergic, and catecholaminergic neurons. Finally, we also detected Hoxa5 transcripts, but not the HOXA5 protein, in the thalamus and the cortex, from postnatal stages to adult stages, and in the cerebellum at adulthood. We provide evidence that some larger variants of Hoxa5 transcripts are present in these territories. Our mapping analysis allowed us to build hypotheses regarding HOXA5 functions in the nervous system after birth, such as a potential role in the establishment and refinement/plasticity of precerebellar circuits during postnatal and adult life. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1155-1175, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Lizen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Hutlet
- Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Diane Bissen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Deborah Sauvegarde
- Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Maryse Hermant
- Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marie-Thérèse Ahn
- Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Françoise Gofflot
- Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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19
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Trelińska J, Dachowska I, Kotulska K, Jóźwiak S, Fendler W, Młynarski W. Everolimus treatment among patients with tuberous sclerosis affects serum lipid profile. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1002-7. [PMID: 27423526 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to evaluate lipid homeostasis before and after treatment of everolimus, the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, among patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). METHODS The study group consisted of 15 patients with a diagnosis of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) related to TSC. The following lipid parameters were determined: total serum cholesterol (TCh), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total serum triglyceride (TG) concentration at baseline, then after three and 12 months of observation. The values were compared with those of age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS In the study group TCh, LDL and HDL levels at baseline were significantly higher than in the control group. TCh and LDL levels were positively correlated with baseline SDS-BMI in TSC patients. Everolimus treatment resulted in significant increases of TCh (from 192.04±40.51mg/dl to 210.74±51.12mg/dl and to 216.69±45.43mg/dl; p=0.0273) and LDL (from 113.21±38.72mg/dl to 133.88±50.71mg/dl and to 141.58±40.67mg/dl; p=0.0006) after three and 12 months respectively. The differences between the TCh and LDL levels at baseline and after 12 months of therapy were negatively correlated with baseline SDS-BMI. The observed increase of BMI after 12 months was correlated with increases in TCh and LDL levels. CONCLUSIONS Patients with TSC have disrupted lipid homeostasis before and during treatment with everolimus, which might be partially connected to the mTOR-dependent nutritional status of the patients. There is a need to develop strategies for children with TSC treated with everolimus, who experience hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Trelińska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lódź, Poland.
| | - Iwona Dachowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Neurology & Epileptology and Pediatric Rehabilitation, The Children's Memorial Health Institute,Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sergiusz Jóźwiak
- Department of Neurology & Epileptology and Pediatric Rehabilitation, The Children's Memorial Health Institute,Warszawa, Poland; Department of Child Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lódź, Poland; Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lódź, Poland
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20
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Yin Y, Li Z, Gao L, Li Y, Zhao J, Zhang W. AMPK-dependent modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by nesfatin-1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 417:20-6. [PMID: 26363221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism by which peripheral nesfatin-1 regulates hepatic lipid metabolism. Continuous peripheral infusion of nesfatin-1 reduced adiposity and plasma levels of triglyceride and cholesterol. In mice fed high fat diet, peripheral nesfatin-1 significantly decreased hepatic steatosis measured by triglyceride content and oil red staining area and diameter. These alterations were associated with a significant reduction in lipogenesis-related transcriptional factors PPARγ and SREBP1, as well as rate-limited enzyme genes such as acaca, fasn, gpam, dgat1 and dgat2. In primary hepatocytes, nesfatin-1 inhibited both basal and oleic acid stimulated triglyceride accumulation, which was accompanied by a decrement in lipogenesis-related genes and an increase in β-oxidation-related genes. In cultured hepatocytes, nesfatin-1 increased levels of AMPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of AMPK by compound C blocked the reduction of triglyceride content elicited by nesfatin-1. Our studies demonstrate that nesfatin-1 attenuates lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by an AMPK-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA.
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21
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Nozawa S, Kimura T, Kurishima M, Mimura K, Saeki K, Miki Y, Oda H, Mori A, Momota Y, Azakami D, Ishioka K. Analyses of a satiety factor NUCB2/nesfatin-1; gene expressions and modulation by different dietary components in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:411-7. [PMID: 26596634 PMCID: PMC4829508 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is an anorexic peptide derived from a precursor, nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2), which
is distributed in various organs, coexists with ghrelin in the gastric X/A-like cells and
closely relates to an appetite control in rodents and humans. Nesfatin-1 may be a
significant factor addressing the satiety also in veterinary medicine, however, there are
few reports about nesfatin-1 in dogs. In the present study, we detected canine
NUCB2/nesfatin-1 mRNA in various tissues, especially abundant in pancreas,
gastrointestinal tracts, testis and cerebellum. We examined circulating nesfatin-1
concentrations and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 mRNA expressions in upper gastrointestinal tracts
(gastric corpus, pyloric antrum and duodenum) in dogs fed on different types of diets.
Plasma nesfatin-1 concentrations in the dogs were approximately 4
ng/ml and they did not change after feeding through
the study, however, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 mRNA expressions in pyloric antrum were 1.84-fold
higher in the dogs fed on a High fiber/High protein diet (P<0.001),
1.48-fold higher in the dogs fed on a High fat/Low protein diet
(P<0.05) and 1.02-fold higher in the dogs fed on a Low fat/High
carbohydrate diet (not significant) comparing to those on a control diet. It was concluded
that High fiber/High protein and High fat/Low protein diets increased NUCB2/nesfatin-1
production in canine gastrointestinal tracts. These results may set the stage for further
investigations of canine NUCB2/nesfatin-1, which may relate to satiety effects in
dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nozawa
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Nesfatin-1 suppresses gastric contractions and inhibits interdigestive migrating contractions in conscious dogs. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1595-602. [PMID: 25563722 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nesfatin-1 is a novel 82-amino acid anorectic peptide. Acute injection of nesfatin-1 into the third brain ventricle reduces food consumption during the dark phase in rats. Nesfatin-1 is also expressed in gastric X/A-like cells in the peripheral tissues. Nesfatin-1 has been reported to reduce gastric and duodenal motility and to delay gastric emptying. AIM In the present study, we investigated the effects of nesfatin-1 on gastrointestinal motility in conscious dogs. METHODS Force transducers were implanted onto the serosal surfaces of the gastric bodies, gastric antra, duodena, and jejuna of healthy beagle dogs, and gastrointestinal motility was monitored. We evaluated the effects of nesfatin-1 on gastrointestinal motility and on the circulating levels of nesfatin-1 in the fasted and fed states. RESULTS The intravenous administration of nesfatin-1 reduced gastric contractions and inhibited cyclical interdigestive migrating contractions in the fasted state. In the fasted state, circulating levels of nesfatin-1 tended to increase during late phase I. In addition, the kinetics of the circulating levels of nesfatin-1 were opposite to those of ghrelin during the fasted state. CONCLUSIONS Nesfatin-1 regulates gastrointestinal motility, and, in particular, it inhibits gastric contractions in the fasted state. Interdigestive migrating contractions may be regulated by interactions between nesfatin-1, ghrelin, and motilin.
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Xu Y, Li Z, Yin Y, Lan H, Wang J, Zhao J, Feng J, Li Y, Zhang W. Ghrelin inhibits the differentiation of T helper 17 cells through mTOR/STAT3 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117081. [PMID: 25658305 PMCID: PMC4319964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced activity of interleukin 17 (IL-17) producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells plays an important role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Significant loss of body weight and appetite is associated with chronic inflammation and immune activation, suggesting the cross talk between immune and neuroendocrine systems. Ghrelin has been shown to regulate the organism immune function. However, the effects of ghrelin on the differentiation of Th17 cells remain elusive. In the present study, we observed the enhanced differentiation of Th17 cells in spleens of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a)-/- mice. Treatment of ghrelin repressed Th17 cell differentiation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was increased in the spleens of GHSR1a-/- mice. Activation of mTOR signaling by injection of Cre-expressiong adenovirus into tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) loxp/loxp mice increased the differentiation of Th17 cells in spleen, which was associated with an increment in the phosphorylation of STAT3. Activation of mTOR signaling by leucine or overexpression of p70 ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 (S6K1) activated mTOR signaling in isolated T cells, while reversed the ghrelin-induced inhibition of iTh17 cell differentiation. In conclusion, mTOR mediates the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on the differentiation of Th17 cells by interacting with STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - He Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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Caron A, Baraboi ED, Laplante M, Richard D. DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein in the rat brain: Distribution of expression and potential implication. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:93-107. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Quebec Quebec G1V 4G5 Canada
| | - Elena-Dana Baraboi
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Quebec Quebec G1V 4G5 Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Quebec Quebec G1V 4G5 Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Quebec Quebec G1V 4G5 Canada
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Molfino A, Formiconi A, Rossi Fanelli F, Muscaritoli M. Ghrelin: from discovery to cancer cachexia therapy. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2014; 17:471-6. [PMID: 24905862 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the high prevalence of cancer cachexia, a condition that negatively impacts patients' prognosis and quality of life, effective therapies are still lacking. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone involved in anabolic and homeostatic functions, whose mechanisms of action are still only partially clarified, but with promising positive effects in cancer cachexia. Recently, the therapeutic administration of ghrelin in cancer has been shown to counteract loss of body mass and function, including muscle, and we specifically focus on this novel evidence. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research aimed at developing new pharmacological therapies to prevent muscle wasting has used ghrelin and molecules acting as synthetic ghrelin receptor agonists with different modalities of administration and with high selectivity for specific targeted tissues. Positive effects of these therapies were described in cancer cachexia and chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting. New insights into the mechanisms of action of ghrelin revealed how its pleiotropic effects should be ascribed both to systemic anti-inflammation effect and to muscle-specific action through the activation of the antiatrophic molecular cascade. SUMMARY Growing interest arises from the identification of ghrelin as a valid and well tolerated therapeutic option to counteract structural and functional wasting derived from tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Molfino
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Single rapamycin administration induces prolonged downward shift in defended body weight in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93691. [PMID: 24787262 PMCID: PMC4008417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of body weight set point may be an effective weight loss and maintenance strategy as the homeostatic mechanism governing energy balance remains intact even in obese conditions and counters the effort to lose weight. However, how the set point is determined is not well understood. We show that a single injection of rapamycin (RAP), an mTOR inhibitor, is sufficient to shift the set point in rats. Intraperitoneal RAP decreased food intake and daily weight gain for several days, but surprisingly, there was also a long-term reduction in body weight which lasted at least 10 weeks without additional RAP injection. These effects were not due to malaise or glucose intolerance. Two RAP administrations with a two-week interval had additive effects on body weight without desensitization and significantly reduced the white adipose tissue weight. When challenged with food deprivation, vehicle and RAP-treated rats responded with rebound hyperphagia, suggesting that RAP was not inhibiting compensatory responses to weight loss. Instead, RAP animals defended a lower body weight achieved after RAP treatment. Decreased food intake and body weight were also seen with intracerebroventricular injection of RAP, indicating that the RAP effect is at least partially mediated by the brain. In summary, we found a novel effect of RAP that maintains lower body weight by shifting the set point long-term. Thus, RAP and related compounds may be unique tools to investigate the mechanisms by which the defended level of body weight is determined; such compounds may also be used to complement weight loss strategy.
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Delporte C. Structure and physiological actions of ghrelin. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:518909. [PMID: 24381790 PMCID: PMC3863518 DOI: 10.1155/2013/518909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone, discovered as being the endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide presenting a unique n-octanoylation modification on its serine in position 3, catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyl transferase. Ghrelin is mainly produced by a subset of stomach cells and also by the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and other tissues. Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational processes generate ghrelin and ghrelin-related peptides. Homo- and heterodimers of growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and as yet unidentified receptors, are assumed to mediate the biological effects of acyl ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin, respectively. Ghrelin exerts wide physiological actions throughout the body, including growth hormone secretion, appetite and food intake, gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility, glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular functions, anti-inflammatory functions, reproductive functions, and bone formation. This review focuses on presenting the current understanding of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor biology, as well as the main physiological effects of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Bat G/E-CP611, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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