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Seo F, Clouette J, Huang Y, Potvin-Desrochers A, Lajeunesse H, Parent-L'Ecuyer F, Traversa C, Paquette C, Churchward-Venne TA. Changes in brain functional connectivity and muscle strength independent of elbow flexor atrophy following upper limb immobilization in young females. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38935545 DOI: 10.1113/ep091782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Muscle disuse induces a decline in muscle strength that exceeds the rate and magnitude of muscle atrophy, suggesting that factors beyond the muscle contribute to strength loss. The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in the brain and neuromuscular system in addition to muscle size following upper limb immobilization in young females. Using a within-participant, unilateral design, 12 females (age: 20.6 ± 2.1 years) underwent 14 days of upper arm immobilization using an elbow brace and sling. Bilateral measures of muscle strength (isometric and isokinetic dynamometry), muscle size (magnetic resonance imaging), voluntary muscle activation capacity, corticospinal excitability, cortical thickness and resting-state functional connectivity were collected before and after immobilization. Immobilization induced a significant decline in isometric elbow flexion (-21.3 ± 19.2%, interaction: P = 0.0440) and extension (-19.9 ± 15.7%, interaction: P = 0.0317) strength in the immobilized arm only. There was no significant effect of immobilization on elbow flexor cross-sectional area (CSA) (-1.2 ± 2.4%, interaction: P = 0.466), whereas elbow extensor CSA decreased (-2.9 ± 2.9%, interaction: P = 0.0177) in the immobilized arm. Immobilization did not differentially alter voluntary activation capacity, corticospinal excitability, or cortical thickness (P > 0.05); however, there were significant changes in the functional connectivity of brain regions related to movement planning and error detection (P < 0.05). This study reveals that elbow flexor strength loss can occur in the absence of significant elbow flexor muscle atrophy, and that the brain represents a site of functional adaptation in response to upper limb immobilization in young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddie Seo
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Clouette
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yijia Huang
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Potvin-Desrochers
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Henri Lajeunesse
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Claire Traversa
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Vila-Chã C, Bovolini A, Francisco C, Costa-Brito AR, Vaz C, Rua-Alonso M, de Paz JA, Vieira T, Mendonca GV. Acute effects of isotonic eccentric exercise on the neuromuscular function of knee extensors vary according to the motor task: impact on muscle strength profiles, proprioception and balance. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1273152. [PMID: 38022776 PMCID: PMC10655025 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1273152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Eccentric exercise has often been reported to result in muscle damage, limiting the muscle potential to produce force. However, understanding whether these adverse consequences extend to a broader, functional level is of apparently less concern. In this study, we address this issue by investigating the acute and delayed effects of supramaximal isotonic eccentric exercise on neuromuscular function and motor performance of knee extensors during tasks involving a range of strength profiles, proprioception, and balance. Methods Fifteen healthy volunteers (23.2 ± 2.9 years old) performed a unilateral isotonic eccentric exercise of the knee extensors of their dominant lower limb (4 × 10 reps at 120% of one Repetition Maximum (1RM)). The maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC), rate of force development (RFD), force steadiness of the knee extensors, as well as knee joint position sense and mediolateral (MLI) and anteroposterior stability (API) of the dominant lower limb, were measured pre-, immediately, and 24 h after the eccentric exercise. The EMG amplitude of the vastus medialis (VM) and biceps femoris (BF) were concomitantly evaluated. Results MVC decreased by 17.9% immediately after exercise (P < 0.001) and remained reduced by 13.6% 24 h following exercise (P < 0.001). Maximum RFD decreased by 20.4% immediately after exercise (P < 0.001) and remained reduced by 15.5% at 24 h (P < 0.001). During the MVC, EMG amplitude of the VM increased immediately after exercise while decreasing during the RFD task. Both values returned to baseline 24 h after exercise. Compared to baseline, force steadiness during submaximal isometric tasks reduced immediately after exercise, and it was accompanied by an increase in the EMG amplitude of the VM. MLI and knee joint position sense were impaired immediately after isotonic eccentric exercise (P < 0.05). While MLI returned to baseline values 24 h later, the absolute error in the knee repositioning task did not. Discussion Impairments in force production tasks, particularly during fast contractions and in the knee joint position sense, persisted 24 h after maximal isotonic eccentric training, revealing that neuromuscular functional outputs were affected by muscle fatigue and muscle damage. Conversely, force fluctuation and stability during the balance tasks were only affected by muscle fatigue since fully recovered was observed 24 h following isotonic eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vila-Chã
- Laboratory for the Assessment of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise and Health (Labmov), Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Antonio Bovolini
- Laboratory for the Assessment of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise and Health (Labmov), Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Francisco
- Laboratory for the Assessment of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise and Health (Labmov), Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Costa-Brito
- Laboratory for the Assessment of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise and Health (Labmov), Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Vaz
- Laboratory for the Assessment of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise and Health (Labmov), Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - María Rua-Alonso
- Laboratory for the Assessment of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise and Health (Labmov), Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Taian Vieira
- Laboratorio di Ingegneria del Sistema Neuromuscolare (LISiN), Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Goncalo V. Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Deguchi M, Homma H, de Almeida KY, Kozuma A, Saito M, Tsuchiya Y, Kouzaki K, Ochi E, Okamoto T, Nakazato K, Kikuchi N. Association of MMP3 gene polymorphism and sex on recovery of muscle strength after eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:527-533. [PMID: 37471217 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00333.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in recovery of muscle strength after eccentric exercise may be influenced by sex and genotype. A candidate genetic polymorphism associated with response during muscle recovery is the MMP3 gene rs522616 polymorphism, encoding matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-3). Here, we investigated the effect of the MMP3 gene rs522616 polymorphism and sex on recovery of muscle strength after eccentric exercise. A total of 95 healthy subjects (50 men and 45 women) performed five sets of six maximal eccentric elbow flexion exercises. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, range of motion (ROM), and muscle soreness, as well as blood parameters [creatine kinase (CK) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)], were assessed immediately before and after and 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after eccentric exercise. No significant time × group interaction in MVC torque after exercise was observed between groups in both sexes. Furthermore, sex differences were identified in the area under the curves (AUC) of CK and IL-6, both of which were higher in men than those in women. A significant genotype-sex interaction was identified in the recovery of MVC, calculated by subtracting the MVC immediately after exercise from the MVC on day 5 after eccentric exercise. The G allele showed a significantly lower recovery of MVC than the AA genotype in men. However, no significant differences were observed in women. This study demonstrated the interaction between the MMP3 rs522616 polymorphism and sex in recovery of muscle strength after eccentric exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex differences were identified in the AUC of creatin kinase (CK) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) after eccentric exercise, both of which were greater in men. A genotype-sex interaction was identified in recovery of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The G allele showed a significantly lower recovery of MVC than AA genotype in men. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the interaction between MMP3 gene rs522616 polymorphism and sex difference on recovery of muscle strength after eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Deguchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Homma
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kathleen Y de Almeida
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumu Kozuma
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Saito
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Meiji Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Okamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Bellosta-López P, Doménech-García V, Palsson TS, Pessoto-Hirata R. Sensory, functional and electromyographic variables show different recovery patterns over a seven day period following exercise-induced pain in the hamstrings. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 108:106062. [PMID: 37598562 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is common after unaccustomed exercises and can restrict performance if intense physical activities are performed while the muscle is still sore. This study aimed to evaluate the recovery process following exercise-induced DOMS over a seven-day period by evaluating sensory, functional, and electromyographic parameters. METHODS Twenty-four healthy males participated in four experimental sessions (Day-0, Day-2, Day-4, Day-7). Pain perception, pressure pain sensitivity, active range of motion, maximal isometric strength, and muscle activity of the hamstrings during the maximal isometric contraction were assessed bilaterally at each session. A single-leg deadlift eccentric exercise (5-sets of 20-reps) was performed at the end of Day-0 to induce DOMS in the dominant leg. FINDINGS At Day-2, the DOMS-side showed increased pain sensitivity and decreased active range of motion, strength and muscle activity compared to Day-0 (P < 0.015). Muscle activity on the DOMS-side reached similar values than at baseline on Day-4, whereas pain perception, pressure pain sensitivity, maximal isometric strength, and active range of motion had returned to the baseline state on Day-7. No changes over time were observed on the control-side, showing all variables an excellent reliability between values at Day-0 and Day-7 (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient > 0.90). INTERPRETATION Surface electromyographic values during a maximal isometric contraction recover faster than the other parameters. Given the heterogeneous path of altered variables towards DOMS recovery, trainers and clinicians should consider a multimodal assessment, including quantitative sensory and functional measures in addition to the subjective perception of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bellosta-López
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Doménech-García
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Thorvaldur Skuli Palsson
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rogerio Pessoto-Hirata
- Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
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Chalchat E, Siracusa J, Bourrilhon C, Charlot K, Gennisson JL, Garcia-Vicencio S, Martin V. Contractile properties are less affected at long than short muscle length after eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1101-1114. [PMID: 36645479 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the electrically evoked muscle responses are differently affected over time by the knee joint angle after an exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). We hypothesized that low-frequency-evoked responses would be less affected at long than short muscle length, and that mechanisms located within the muscle and tendinous tissues would be involved. METHODS Fifteen males performed 45 min loaded downhill walking (DW) exercise. Maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC), optimal angle for torque production, voluntary activation level (VAL), twitch, doublet at 10 and 100 Hz (Db10 and Db100, respectively), rate of torque development (RTD), post-activation potentiation (PAP), muscle shear elastic modulus (µ) and aponeurosis stiffness were assessed before, after, and 4, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h after the exercise at a knee angle of 40°, 90° and 120° (0°: full extension). RESULTS MVC, VAL and Db100 were similarly decreased across joint angles after the DW and optimal angle was not affected. Twitch, Db10, Db10/Db100, PAP and RTD were less affected and muscle µ more increased at long than short muscle lengths (p < 0.05), especially during the first 24 h after the DW exercise. CONCLUSION Low-frequency-evoked responses were more preserved at long than short muscle length the first 24 h after the DW exercise, suggesting that joint angle should be taken into account to assess muscular alterations after EIMD. This length-dependence could be associated to the higher sensitivity to Ca2+ and the higher increase in muscle stiffness at long than short muscle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeric Chalchat
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France.
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julien Siracusa
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
| | - Cyprien Bourrilhon
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gennisson
- BIOMAPS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Orsay, France
| | - Sebastian Garcia-Vicencio
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
- Human Motion Analysis, Humanfab, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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Behrens M, Gube M, Chaabene H, Prieske O, Zenon A, Broscheid KC, Schega L, Husmann F, Weippert M. Fatigue and Human Performance: An Updated Framework. Sports Med 2023; 53:7-31. [PMID: 36258141 PMCID: PMC9807493 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue has been defined differently in the literature depending on the field of research. The inconsistent use of the term fatigue complicated scientific communication, thereby limiting progress towards a more in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. Therefore, Enoka and Duchateau (Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2228-38, 2016, [3]) proposed a fatigue framework that distinguishes between trait fatigue (i.e., fatigue experienced by an individual over a longer period of time) and motor or cognitive task-induced state fatigue (i.e., self-reported disabling symptom derived from the two interdependent attributes performance fatigability and perceived fatigability). Thereby, performance fatigability describes a decrease in an objective performance measure, while perceived fatigability refers to the sensations that regulate the integrity of the performer. Although this framework served as a good starting point to unravel the psychophysiology of fatigue, several important aspects were not included and the interdependence of the mechanisms driving performance fatigability and perceived fatigability were not comprehensively discussed. Therefore, the present narrative review aimed to (1) update the fatigue framework suggested by Enoka and Duchateau (Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2228-38, 2016, [3]) pertaining the taxonomy (i.e., cognitive performance fatigue and perceived cognitive fatigue were added) and important determinants that were not considered previously (e.g., effort perception, affective valence, self-regulation), (2) discuss the mechanisms underlying performance fatigue and perceived fatigue in response to motor and cognitive tasks as well as their interdependence, and (3) provide recommendations for future research on these interactions. We propose to define motor or cognitive task-induced state fatigue as a psychophysiological condition characterized by a decrease in motor or cognitive performance (i.e., motor or cognitive performance fatigue, respectively) and/or an increased perception of fatigue (i.e., perceived motor or cognitive fatigue). These dimensions are interdependent, hinge on different determinants, and depend on body homeostasis (e.g., wakefulness, core temperature) as well as several modulating factors (e.g., age, sex, diseases, characteristics of the motor or cognitive task). Consequently, there is no single factor primarily determining performance fatigue and perceived fatigue in response to motor or cognitive tasks. Instead, the relative weight of each determinant and their interaction are modulated by several factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Martin Gube
- Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexandre Zenon
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA)-UMR 5287, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kim-Charline Broscheid
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Weippert
- Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Marathamuthu S, Selvanayagam VS, Yusof A. Contralateral Effects of Eccentric Exercise and DOMS of the Plantar Flexors: Evidence of Central Involvement. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:240-249. [PMID: 32976088 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1819526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Peripheral and central factors play important roles in the reduction of motor performance following damaging eccentric exercise and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Following this regime, contralateral limbs could also be affected; however, the factors involved remain inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to distinguish the peripheral and central factors following eccentric contraction and DOMS of the plantar flexors in treated and contralateral homologous limbs. Methods: Ten males (BMI = 25.08 ± 1.69kgm-2; age = 28.70 ± 4.24 years) were randomly assigned to experimental (DOM) or control (CON) groups. The DOM group performed a damaging eccentric exercise, while the CON group rested. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), pain rating scale (PRS), muscle stiffness, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and neural voluntary activation (VA) were measured before, after 10 min, and after 24, 48, and 72 hr on treated and contralateral limbs. Results: Following exercise, CK increased until after 48 hr, while PRS increased until after 72 hr compared to the CON group. Importantly, MVC was reduced at all time points, with the greatest reduction observed after 24 hr (-16%), while VA was affected until after 48 hr, with the greatest reduction at after 10 min (-7%). Interestingly, a "cross-over effect" was observed in contralateral limbs when PRS, MVC, and VA were negatively affected following the same pattern (time line) as treated limbs (-13% peak MVC reduction; -3.5% peak VA reduction). Conclusion: These findings suggest a substantial central contribution to the reduction in force immediately following eccentric exercise and to a lesser extent during the latter part of DOMS in both treated and contralateral limbs.
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8
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Grose G, Manzone DM, Eschelmuller G, Peters RM, Carpenter MG, Inglis JT, Chua R. The effects of eccentric exercise-induced fatigue on position sense during goal-directed movement. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1005-1019. [PMID: 35271409 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00177.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impairment of position sense associated with muscle fatigue. In Exp. 1, participants performed learned eccentric extension (22 °/s) movements of the elbow as the arm was pulled through the horizontal plane without vision of the arm. They opened their closed right hand when they judged it to be passing through a target. Dynamic position sense was assessed via accuracy of limb position to the target at time of hand opening. Eccentric movements were performed against a flexion load (10% of flexion MVC). We investigated performance under conditions with and without biceps vibration, as well as before and after eccentric exercise. In Exp. 2, a motor was used to extend the participant's limb passively. We compared conditions with and without vibration of the lengthening but passive biceps, before and after exercise. In Exp. 1, vibration of the active biceps resulted in participants opening their hand earlier ( [95% CI] -5.52° [-7.40, -3.63]) compared to without vibration. Exercise reduced flexion MVCs by ~44%, and participants undershot the target more (-5.51° [-9.31, -1.70]) in the post-exercise block during control trials. Exercise did not influence the persistence of the vibratory illusion. In Exp. 2, vibration resulted in greater undershooting (-2.99° [-3.99, -1.98]) compared to without vibration, before and after exercise. Although exercise reduced MVCs by ~50%, the passive task showed no effects of exercise. We suggest that the CNS continues to rely on muscle spindles for limb position sense, even when they reside in a muscle exposed to fatiguing eccentric contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Grose
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Gregg Eschelmuller
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ryan M Peters
- Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mark Gregory Carpenter
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J Timothy Inglis
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Romeo Chua
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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9
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Downhill running impairs peripheral but not central neuromuscular indices in elbow flexor muscles. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 3:101-109. [PMID: 35782164 PMCID: PMC9219267 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 1-h downhill running exercise on the elbow flexor muscles’ neuromuscular functions. Seventeen adults (Control [CON]: n = 9; Experimental [EXP]: n = 8) completed this study. The CON rested for 30 min while the EXP performed the downhill running. Before, 10 min, 24 h, and 48 h after the interventions, dependent variables (knee extensor muscle soreness, elbow flexion and knee extension isometric strength, elbow flexion resting twitch and voluntary activation [VA], and the biceps surface electromyography [EMG] amplitude) were measured. Knee extensor muscle soreness was significantly greater in the EXP than the CON group following the intervention throughout the entire 48 h. This was accompanied by the greater decline in the knee extension strength in the EXP than the CON (mean ± SD: -6.9 ± 3.4% vs. 1.0 ± 3.2%, p = 0.044). The elbow flexion strength, VA, and EMG amplitude were not affected by the exercise. However, the decline of the elbow flexion resting twitch was greater in the EXP than the CON (−19.6 ± 6.3% vs. 8.7 ± 5.9%, p = 0.003). Therefore, the downhill running impaired the remote elbow flexor muscles at a peripheral level.
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Green DJ, Thomas K, Howatson G. Greater decrements in neuromuscular function following interval compared to continuous eccentric cycling. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:200-208. [PMID: 33256553 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1858174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the demands and consequences of a single session of continuous (CONT) or interval (INT) eccentric cycling. Fourteen healthy males performed 'work-matched' CONT and INT eccentric cycling in a cross over design. Measures of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), resting twitch force, voluntary activation (VA), muscle soreness and creatine kinase (CK) were taken at baseline, immediately post, and 24, 48 and 72 h post the first exercise bout. The second bout was used to characterise within session demands. Decreases in MVC (INT 19%, CONT 13%), twitch force (INT 31%, CONT 18%), and VA (INT 10%, CONT 6%) were observed immediately post session (p < 0.05). Reductions in twitch force were greater after INT (p < 0.05) and lasted 48 h. Muscle soreness was greater following INT, versus CONT (p < 0.05), although no differences in CK were observed. Metabolic demands (% of V̇O2peak and [BLa]) were greater during INT vs. CONT (32 ± 6% 28 ± 6%; p < 0.001), [BLa] (1.0 ± 0.4 vs. 0.8 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1; p < 0.001) and RPE (12 ± 1 vs. 11 ± 1; p < 0.001), respectively. Total time under tension was 48% greater in CONT compared to INT (p < 0.001), whereas average torque (during exercise) was 40% greater during INT compared to CONT (p < 0.001). Interval eccentric cycling exacerbates muscle soreness, decrements in muscle function and lengthens recovery compared to a work matched continuous bout, which is attributable to increased force rather than time under tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David James Green
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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11
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Exercise-induced muscle damage: mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:969-992. [PMID: 33420603 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There have been a multitude of reviews written on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and recovery. EIMD is a complex area of study as there are a host of factors such as sex, age, nutrition, fitness level, genetics and familiarity with exercise task, which influence the magnitude of performance decrement and the time course of recovery following EIMD. In addition, many reviews on recovery from exercise have ranged from the impact of nutritional strategies and recovery modalities, to complex mechanistic examination of various immune and endocrine signaling molecules. No one review can adequately address this broad array of study. Thus, in this present review, we aim to examine EIMD emanating from both endurance exercise and resistance exercise training in recreational and competitive athletes and shed light on nutritional strategies that can enhance and accelerate recovery following EIMD. In addition, the evaluation of EIMD and recovery from exercise is often complicated and conclusions often depend of the specific mode of assessment. As such, the focus of this review is also directed at the available techniques used to assess EIMD.
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12
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Kassiano W, de Vasconcelos Costa BD, Lima-Júnior D, Gantois P, de Souza Fonseca F, da Cunha Costa M, de Sousa Fortes L. Parasympathetic Nervous Activity Responses to Different Resistance
Training Systems. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:82-89. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1219-7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe assessment of parasympathetic nervous activity and psychophysiological
responses infers the stress imposed by different resistance training systems.
Therefore, we compare the effects of different sets configurations, with similar
volume (~60 repetitions), on heart rate variability indices and internal
training load. Twenty-nine resistance-trained adults completed the following
conditions: traditional without and with muscle failure, inter-repetition rest,
and rest-pause in the parallel squat. The heart rate variability indices
(time-domain) were measured before and 30 min after each condition. The internal
training load was obtained through the session-rating of perceived exertion
method. Except for inter-repetition rest, all conditions reduced the heart rate
variability indices after the session (P<0.05), and the
rest-pause triggered the higher reductions (≤−46.7%).
The internal training load was higher in the rest-pause
(≤68.9%). Our results suggest that rest-pause configuration
leads to more considerable disruption of the parasympathetic nervous activity
and higher internal training load in trained adults. In contrast,
inter-repetition rest allows lower autonomic and psychophysiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and
Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Daltonde Lima-Júnior
- Department of Physical Education of Federal Univerity of
Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Petrus Gantois
- Department of Physical Education of Federal Univerity of
Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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13
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Muanjai P, Mickevicius M, Sniečkus A, Sipavičienė S, Satkunskiene D, Kamandulis S, Jones DA. Low frequency fatigue and changes in muscle fascicle length following eccentric exercise of the knee extensors. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:502-510. [PMID: 31908058 DOI: 10.1113/ep088237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDING What is the central question of this study? Does low frequency muscle fatigue indicate a failure of excitation-contraction coupling after eccentric exercise, or is it simply due to a change in muscle length? What is the main finding and its importance? The low to high frequency muscle fatigue ratio was relatively insensitive to changes in muscle length, and any changes in length following eccentric exercise were far too small to account for the high degree of low frequency fatigue. The results strengthen the suggestion that the early loss of force following eccentric exercise is due to a deficit of excitation-contraction coupling. ABSTRACT Development of long lasting fatigue (low frequency fatigue; LFF), assessed as the ratio of forces at 20 and 100 Hz stimulation, suggests the early phase of muscle damage caused by eccentric exercise is due to a deficit of excitation-contraction coupling. However, this could be caused by a change of muscle length. Eleven men (21.3 ± 2.0 years) performed 200 maximum eccentric knee extensions (30-110 deg flexion). Force generated by 20 and 100 Hz stimulation and maximum isometric force (MIF) were determined at knee angles 50, 70 and 90 deg before and immediately after the exercise. Vastus lateralis fascicle length (FL) was measured by ultrasound of resting and contracting muscle. Peak MIF (829 ± 119 N) was at 70 deg knee flexion, falling to 486 ± 180 N (P < 0.001) after exercise, but with no change in optimum angle. FLs at rest were unaffected by eccentric exercise, but during contraction they were on average 8.8% (95% CI: 4.1, 13.5%, P = 0.002) longer after exercise. Before exercise, the 20/100 ratio increased with muscle length, from 0.69 ± 0.09 at 50 deg, 0.72 ± 0.05 at 70 deg and 0.80 ± 0.08 at knee angle 90 deg (P < 0.001). After eccentric exercise the 20/100 ratio was reduced to 0.29 ± 0.08 at 50 deg, 0.27 ± 0.04 at 70 deg and 0.34 ± 0.04 at 90 deg (P < 0.001). The 20/100 ratio was relatively insensitive to changes in muscle length and the decrease following eccentric exercise was far greater than might be caused by any changes in muscle length after eccentric exercise. The results show that LFF following eccentric exercise is not due to change in muscle length and strengthen the suggestion that it represents a deficit in excitation-contraction coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Muanjai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Sniečkus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saulė Sipavičienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - David A Jones
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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14
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Behrens M, Husmann F, Mau-Moeller A, Schlegel J, Reuter EM, Zschorlich VR. Neuromuscular Properties of the Human Wrist Flexors as a Function of the Wrist Joint Angle. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:181. [PMID: 31497595 PMCID: PMC6713036 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint angle dependence of voluntary activation and twitch properties has been investigated for several human skeletal muscles. However, although they play a key role for hand function and possess a unique neural control compared to muscles surrounding other joint complexes, little is known about the wrist flexors innervated by the median nerve. Therefore, isometric voluntary and electrically evoked contractions of the wrist flexors were analyzed at three wrist joint angles (extension: -30°, neutral: 0°, flexion: 30°) to quantify the joint angle dependence of (i) voluntary activation (assessed via peripheral nerve stimulation and electromyography [EMG]), (ii) unpotentiated twitch torques, and (iii) potentiated twitch torques. Maximum voluntary torque was lower in extension compared to neutral and flexion. Although voluntary activation was generally high, data indicate that voluntary activation of the wrist flexors innervated by the median nerve was lower and the antagonist·agonist-1 EMG ratio was higher with the wrist joint in flexion compared to extension. Peak twitch torque, rate of twitch torque development, and twitch half-relaxation time increased, whereas electromechanical delay decreased from flexion to extension for the unpotentiated twitch torques. Activity-induced potentiation partly abolished these differences and was higher in short than long wrist flexors. Different angle-dependent excitatory and inhibitory inputs to spinal and supraspinal centers might be responsible for the altered activation of the investigated wrist muscles. Potential mechanisms were discussed and might have operated conjointly to increase stiffness of the flexed wrist joint. Differences in twitch torque properties were probably related to angle-dependent alterations in series elastic properties, actin-myosin interaction, Ca2+ sensitivity, and phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains. The results of the present study provide valuable information about the contribution of neural and muscular properties to changes in strength capabilities of the wrist flexors at different wrist joint angles. These data could help to understand normal wrist function, which is a first step in determining mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders and in giving recommendations for the restoration of musculoskeletal function after traumatic or overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Behrens
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Florian Husmann
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Schlegel
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Reuter
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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Hessel AL, Joumaa V, Eck S, Herzog W, Nishikawa KC. Optimal length, calcium sensitivity and twitch characteristics of skeletal muscles from mdm mice with a deletion in N2A titin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.200840. [PMID: 31097600 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During isometric contractions, the optimal length of skeletal muscles increases with decreasing activation. The underlying mechanism for this phenomenon is thought to be linked to length dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity. Muscular dystrophy with myositis (mdm), a recessive titin mutation in mice, was used as a tool to study the role of titin in activation dependence of optimal length and length dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity. We measured the shift in optimal length between tetanic and twitch stimulation in mdm and wild-type muscles, and the length dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity at short and long sarcomere lengths in mdm and wild-type fiber bundles. The results indicate that the mdm mutation leads to a loss of activation dependence of optimal length without the expected change in length dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity, demonstrating that these properties are not linked, as previously suggested. Furthermore, mdm muscles produced maximum tetanic stress during sub-optimal filament overlap at lengths similar to twitch contractions in both genotypes, but the difference explains less than half of the observed reduction in active force of mdm muscles. Mdm muscles also exhibited increased electromechanical delay, contraction and relaxation times, and decreased rate of force development in twitch contractions. We conclude that the small deletion in titin associated with mdm in skeletal muscles alters force production, suggesting an important regulatory role for titin in active force production. The molecular mechanisms for titin's role in regulating muscle force production remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Hessel
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Venus Joumaa
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - Sydney Eck
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - Kiisa C Nishikawa
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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16
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Nuzzo JL, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. CORP: Measurement of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:513-543. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00569.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle strength, the maximal force-generating capacity of a muscle or group of muscles, is regularly assessed in physiological experiments and clinical trials. An understanding of the expected variation in strength and the factors that contribute to this variation is important when designing experiments, describing methodologies, interpreting results, and attempting to replicate methods of others and reproduce their findings. In this review (Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology), we report on the intra- and inter-rater reliability of tests of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation in humans. Isometric, isokinetic, and isoinertial strength exhibit good intra-rater reliability in most samples (correlation coefficients ≥0.90). However, some tests of isoinertial strength exhibit systematic bias that is not resolved by familiarization. With the exception of grip strength, few attempts have been made to examine inter-rater reliability of tests of muscle strength. The acute factors most likely to affect muscle strength and serve as a source of its variation from trial-to-trial or day-to-day include attentional focus, breathing technique, remote muscle contractions, rest periods, temperature (core, muscle), time of day, visual feedback, body and limb posture, body stabilization, acute caffeine consumption, dehydration, pain, fatigue from preceding exercise, and static stretching >60 s. Voluntary activation, the nervous system’s ability to drive a muscle to create its maximal force, exhibits good intra-rater reliability when examined with twitch interpolation (correlation coefficients >0.80). However, inter-rater reliability has not been formally examined. The methodological factors most likely to influence voluntary activation are myograph compliance and sensitivity; stimulation location, intensity, and inadvertent stimulation of antagonists; joint angle (muscle length); and the resting twitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Nuzzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet L. Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Prasartwuth O, Suteebut R, Chawawisuttikool J, Yavuz US, Turker KS. Using first bout effect to study the mechanisms underlying eccentric exercise induced force loss. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:48-53. [PMID: 30691760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first bout of eccentric exercise is known to have a protective effect on the consequent bouts. This effect is still disputable as it is not known whether it protects muscle damage by reducing force production or by improving force recovery in the healing process. The underlying mechanisms of this protective effect have not been fully understood. OBJECTIVES To determine the mechanisms of this protective effect, three different loads were used for the first eccentric bout. This was done to investigate whether the protective effect is related to the size of the load in the first bout. To determine the neural adaptations, voluntary activation was assessed and to determine the muscular adaptations, the resting twitch was measured. METHOD Thirty healthy participants were selectively allocated into three groups (low-, moderate- and high-load group) to match for maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (n = 10 per group). Participants in each group performed only one of the three sets of ten eccentric (ECC) exercises of the elbow flexors (10%, 20% and 40% of MVC) as their first eccentric bout. The second bout of eccentric exercise was performed two weeks later and was identical for all the three groups, i.e., 40% ECC. RESULTS The results showed that for the first bout, MVC, voluntary activation and the resting twitch displayed significant (p < 0.0001) interaction (group x time). This was not the case however for the second bout as there was no significant (group x time) interaction in all outcome variables immediately after exercise. When the first and second bouts were compared, it was found that the high-load group had faster recovery in MVC at day 1 and 4 corresponding to voluntary activation and only at day 4 corresponding to the resting twitch. CONCLUSIONS In this study, it was found that high-load exercise aids fast recovery either via neural or muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Prasartwuth
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
| | - Roongtip Suteebut
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Jitapa Chawawisuttikool
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Utku S Yavuz
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Gottingen, Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Germany
| | - Kemal S Turker
- Koc University School of Medicine, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Pethick J, Whiteaway K, Winter SL, Burnley M. Prolonged depression of knee-extensor torque complexity following eccentric exercise. Exp Physiol 2018; 104:100-111. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Pethick
- Endurance Research Group; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Kent; UK
| | - Katherine Whiteaway
- Endurance Research Group; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Kent; UK
| | - Samantha L. Winter
- Endurance Research Group; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Kent; UK
| | - Mark Burnley
- Endurance Research Group; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Kent; UK
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19
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Bogdanis GC, Tsoukos A, Methenitis SK, Selima E, Veligekas P, Terzis G. Effects of low volume isometric leg press complex training at two knee angles on force-angle relationship and rate of force development. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:345-353. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1510989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon K. Methenitis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Selima
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Veligekas
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Girard O, Banzet S, Koulmann N, Chennaoui M, Drogou C, Chalabi H, Racinais S. Larger strength losses and muscle activation deficits in plantar flexors induced by backward downhill in reference to distance-matched forward uphill treadmill walk. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1346-1356. [PMID: 30016189 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1497091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that backward downhill walking (eccentric component) impairs both voluntary activation and muscle contractile properties in the plantar flexors and delays recovery as compared to a gradient and distance-matched uphill walk. Fourteen males performed two 30-min walking exercises (velocity: 1 m/ s; grade: 25%; load: 12% of body weight), one downhill (DW) and one uphill (UP), in a counterbalanced order, separated by 6 weeks. Neuromuscular test sessions were performed before, after, 24-, 48- and 72-h post-exercise, including motor nerve stimulations during brief (5 s) and sustained (1 min) maximal isometric voluntary contractions of the plantar flexors. DW (-18.1 ± 11.1%, P < .001), but not UP (-6.0 ± 7.7%, P =.15), decreased torque production during brief contractions for at least three days post-exercise (P < .05). Voluntary activation during brief contractions decreased after DW (P < .05), but not UP, and recovered by 24 h. Both UP (-9.3 ± 9.0%, P = .024) and DW (-25.6 ± 10.3%, P < .001) decreased torque production during sustained contractions but voluntary activation (P = .001) was lower in DW than UP. Peak twitch torque and maximum rates of torque development and relaxation were equally reduced after UP and DW (P < .05), and recovered by 24 h. DW induced an increase in muscle soreness with peak values observed 48 h post-walking (P < .001), whereas post-UP exercise changes were non-significant (all P > .05). Using a direct comparison, the capacity to drive the plantar flexors during sustained contractions remains sub-optimal during the three-day recovery period in response to non-exhaustive, downhill backward walking in reference to an uphill exercise matched for distance covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- a Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar.,b School of Psychology and Exercise Science , Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Sébastien Banzet
- c French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA) , Brétigny sur Orge , France.,d UMR-MD-1197 , Clamart , France
| | - Nathalie Koulmann
- c French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA) , Brétigny sur Orge , France.,e Ecole du Val-de-Grâce , Paris , France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- c French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA) , Brétigny sur Orge , France.,f University of Paris Descartes, Hôtel Dieu, EA7330 VIFASOM (Fatigue Vigilance and Sleep) , Paris , France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- c French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA) , Brétigny sur Orge , France.,f University of Paris Descartes, Hôtel Dieu, EA7330 VIFASOM (Fatigue Vigilance and Sleep) , Paris , France
| | - Hakim Chalabi
- a Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
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21
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Warren GL, Call JA, Farthing AK, Baadom-Piaro B. Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:41-59. [PMID: 27100114 PMCID: PMC5214801 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An immediate loss of strength follows virtually all types of muscle injury but there is debate whether the initial strength loss is maximal or if a secondary loss of strength occurs during the first 3 days post-injury. OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature to determine if a secondary loss of strength occurs after an injurious initiating event. METHODS Literature searches were performed using eight electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Cochrane Library). Search terms included skeletal muscle AND (injur* OR damage*) AND (strength OR force OR torque). The extracted strength data were converted to a standard format by calculating the standardized mean difference, which is reported as the effect size (ES) along with its 95 % confidence interval (CI). The calculation of ES was designed so that a negative ES that was statistically less than zero would be interpreted as indicating a secondary loss of strength. RESULTS A total of 223 studies with over 4000 human and animal subjects yielded data on 262 independent groups and a total of 936 separate ESs. Our overall meta-analysis yielded a small-to-medium, positive overall ES that was statistically greater than zero (overall ES = +0.34, 95 % CI 0.27-0.40; P < 0.00000001). Considerable variation in ES was observed among studies (I 2 = 86 %), which could be partially explained by the research group conducting the study, sex of the subject, day of post-injury strength assessment, whether fatigue was present immediately post-injury, and the muscle group injured. From the subgroup meta-analyses probing these variables, 36 subgroup ESs were calculated and none were statistically less than zero. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings do not support the presence of a secondary loss of strength following an acute muscle injury, and strongly suggest that strength, on average, recovers steadily over the first 3 days post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amy K Farthing
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
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Pincheira PA, Hoffman BW, Cresswell AG, Carroll TJ, Brown NAT, Lichtwark GA. The repeated bout effect can occur without mechanical and neuromuscular changes after a bout of eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2123-2134. [PMID: 29790207 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in muscle fascicle mechanics have been postulated to underpin the repeated bout effect (RBE) observed following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, in the medial gastrocnemius (MG), mixed evidence exists on whether fascicle stretch amplitude influences the level of EIMD, thus questioning whether changes in fascicle mechanics underpin the RBE. An alternative hypothesis is that neural adaptations contribute to the RBE in this muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuromechanical adaptations during and after repeated bouts of a highly controlled muscle lengthening exercise that aimed to maximize EIMD in MG. In all, 20 subjects performed two bouts of 500 active lengthening contractions (70% of maximal activation) of the triceps surae, separated by 7 days. Ultrasound constructed fascicle length-torque (L-T) curves of MG, surface electromyography (EMG), maximum torque production, and muscle soreness were assessed before, 2 hours and 2 days after each exercise bout. The drop in maximum torque (4%) and the increase in muscle soreness (24%) following the repeated bout were significantly less than following the initial bout (8% and 59%, respectively), indicating a RBE. However, neither shift in the L-T curve nor changes in EMG parameters were present. Furthermore, muscle properties during the exercise were not related to the EIMD or RBE. Our results show that there are no global changes in gastrocnemius mechanical behavior or neural activation that could explain the observed RBE in this muscle. We suggest that adaptations in the non-contractile elements of the muscle are likely to explain the RBE in the triceps surae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pincheira
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - B W Hoffman
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A G Cresswell
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T J Carroll
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - N A T Brown
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - G A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Changes in central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue indices after concentric versus eccentric contractions of the knee extensors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:805-816. [PMID: 29411127 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To better understand neuromuscular characteristics of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage, this study compared between concentric (CONC) and eccentric (ECC) exercises of knee extensor muscles, and the first (ECC1) and second bouts of the eccentric exercise (ECC2) for central and peripheral parameters associated with neuromuscular fatigue. METHODS Twelve young men performed three exercise bouts separated by at least 1 week between CONC and ECC1, and 2 weeks between ECC1 and ECC2. In each exercise, maximal voluntary concentric or eccentric contractions of the knee extensors were performed until a reduction in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque of at least 40% MVC was achieved immediately post-exercise. MVC torque, central (voluntary activation and normalised electromyographic activity), and peripheral neuromuscular indices (evoked torque and M-wave amplitude), and muscle soreness were assessed before (PRE), immediately after (POST), 1 h (1H), and 1-4 days after exercise (D1, D2, D3, and D4). RESULTS MVC torque decreased at only POST for CONC (- 52.8%), but remained below the baseline at POST (- 48.6%), 1H (- 34.1%), and D1-D4 (- 34.1 to - 18.2%) after ECC1, and at POST (- 45.2%), 1H (- 24.4%) and D1 (- 13.4%) after ECC2 (p < 0.05). Voluntary activation decreased immediately after ECC1 (- 21.6%) and ECC2 (- 21.1%), but not after CONC. Electrically evoked torques decreased similarly at POST and 1H for the three conditions, but remained below the baseline at D1 only post-ECC1. CONCLUSION These results showed that both central and peripheral factors contributed to the MVC decrease after ECC1 and ECC2, but the decrease was mainly due to peripheral factors after CONC.
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Branco ANC, Miyamoto GC, Soliano ACG, Farhat HA, Franco KFM, Cabral CMN. Comparação da satisfação, motivação, flexibilidade e dor muscular tardia entre método Pilates moderno e método Pilates instável. FISIOTERAPIA E PESQUISA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-2950/17685224042017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a satisfação e motivação para a prática de exercício físico, flexibilidade e dor muscular tardia (DMT) em participantes saudáveis após exercícios de duas modalidades do método Pilates. Para isso, cinquenta participantes saudáveis realizaram uma sessão de exercícios do Pilates moderno e outra do Pilates instável. Foram avaliados os desfechos satisfação e motivação após as sessões, flexibilidade posterior do tronco e membros inferiores (banco de Wells) antes e após cada sessão, e DMT 24, 48 e 72 horas após cada sessão (Escala Numérica de Dor). Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as duas modalidades do Pilates para satisfação e motivação, flexibilidade e DMT 72 horas após a sessão (p>0,05). Para a DMT foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante entre as duas modalidades 24 horas (diferença entre as médias: -0,7; IC a 95%: -1,5 a 0,0) e 48 horas (diferença entre as médias: -0,8; IC a 95%: -1,4 a -0,2) após a sessão, com maior dor no Pilates instável. Como conclusão, as duas modalidades do Pilates apresentaram o mesmo nível de satisfação e motivação e ganho similar de flexibilidade. No entanto, o Pilates instável causou mais DMT após 24 e 48 horas, mas essa diferença não foi clinicamente relevante.
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Allen TJ, Jones T, Tsay A, Morgan DL, Proske U. Muscle damage produced by isometric contractions in human elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:388-399. [PMID: 29074710 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00535.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isometric exercise is often prescribed during rehabilitation from injury to maintain muscle condition and prevent disuse atrophy. However, such exercise can lead to muscle soreness and damage. Here we investigate which parameters of isometric contractions are responsible for the damage. Bouts of 30 repetitions of maximum voluntary contractions of elbow flexors in 38 subjects were carried out and peak force, soreness, and tenderness were measured before the exercise, immediately afterwards, at 2 h, and at 24 h postexercise. When one arm was held near the optimum angle for force generation (90°), the force it produced was greater by 28% than by the other arm held at a longer length (155°). However, despite the smaller contraction forces of the muscle held at the longer length, after the exercise it exhibited a greater fall in force that persisted out to 24 h (20% fall) and more delayed soreness than the muscle exercised at 90° (7% fall at 24 h). The result indicates a length dependence of the damage process for isometric contractions at maximum effort. In four additional experiments, evidence was provided that the damage occurred during the plateau of the contraction and not the rising or relaxation phases. The damage had a prompt onset and was cumulative, continuing for the duration of the contraction. We interpret our findings in terms of the nonuniform lengthening of sarcomeres during the plateau of the contractions and conclude that muscle damage from isometric exercise is minimized if carried out at lengths below the optimum, using half-maximum or smaller contractions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Isometric exercise, where muscle contracts while the limb is held fixed, is often possible for individuals rehabilitating from injury and can help maintain muscle condition. Such exercise has been reported to cause some muscle damage and soreness. We confirm this and show that to minimize damage, exercising muscles should be held at shorter than the optimum length for force and carried out at half-maximum effort or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Allen
- Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Tyson Jones
- Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Anthony Tsay
- Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - David L Morgan
- Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Uwe Proske
- Department of Physiology, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
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26
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The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on critical torque. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2225-2236. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Doguet V, Nosaka K, Plautard M, Gross R, Guilhem G, Guével A, Jubeau M. Neuromuscular Changes and Damage after Isoload versus Isokinetic Eccentric Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:2526-2535. [PMID: 27434079 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the effects of isoload (IL) and isokinetic (IK) knee extensor eccentric exercises on changes in muscle damage and neuromuscular parameters to test the hypothesis that the changes would be different after IL and IK exercises. METHODS Twenty-two young men were paired based on their strength and placed in the IL (N = 11) or the IK (N = 11) group. The IL group performed 15 sets of 10 eccentric contractions with a 150% of predetermined one-repetition maximum load. The IK group performed 15 sets of several maximal eccentric contractions matched set by set for the total amount of work and mean angular velocity with the IL group. Muscle damage markers (voluntary isometric peak torque, muscle soreness, and creatine kinase activity) and neuromuscular variables (e.g., voluntary activation, H-reflex, M-wave, and evoked torque) were measured before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postexercise. RESULTS Voluntary isometric peak torque decreased to the same extent (P = 0.94) in both groups immediately after (IL = -40.6% ± 13.8% vs IK = -42.4% ± 10.2%) to 96 h after the exercise (IL = -21.8% ± 28.5% vs IK = -26.7% ± 23.5%). Neither peak muscle soreness (IL = 48.1 ± 28.2 mm vs IK = 54.7 ± 28.9 mm, P = 0.57) nor creatine kinase activity (IL = 12,811 ± 22,654 U·L vs IK = 15,304 ± 24,739 U·L, P = 0.59) significantly differed between groups. H-reflex (IL = -23% vs IK = -35%) and M-wave (IL = -10% vs IK = -17%) significantly decreased immediately postexercise similarly between groups. CONCLUSION The changes in muscle damage and neuromuscular function after the exercise are similar between IL and IK, suggesting that resistance modality has little effects on acute muscle responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Doguet
- 1Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, FRANCE; 2Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, AUSTRALIA; 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nantes University Hospital, Saint-Jacques Hospital, Nantes, FRANCE; and 4French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, FRANCE
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Goodall S, Thomas K, Barwood M, Keane K, Gonzalez JT, St Clair Gibson A, Howatson G. Neuromuscular changes and the rapid adaptation following a bout of damaging eccentric exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:486-500. [PMID: 27981782 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An initial bout of eccentric exercise is known to protect against muscle damage following a repeated bout of the same exercise; however, the neuromuscular adaptations owing to this phenomenon are unknown. AIM To determine whether neuromuscular disturbances are modulated following a repeated bout of eccentric exercise. METHODS Following eccentric exercise performed with the elbow flexors, we measured maximal voluntary force, resting twitch force, muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK) and voluntary activation (VA) using motor point and motor cortex stimulation at baseline, immediately post-exercise and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days post-exercise on two occasions, separated by 3 weeks. RESULTS Significant muscle damage and fatigue were evident following the first exercise bout; maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was reduced immediately by 35% and remained depressed at 7 days post-exercise. Soreness and CK release peaked at 3 and 4 days post-exercise respectively. Resting twitch force remained significantly reduced at 7 days (-48%), whilst VA measured with motor point and motor cortex stimulation was reduced until 2 and 3 days respectively. A repeated bout effect (RBE) was observed with attenuated soreness and CK release and a quicker recovery of MVC and resting twitch force. A similar decrement in VA was observed following both bouts; however, following the repeated bout there was a significantly smaller reduction in, and a faster recovery of, VA measured using motor cortical stimulation. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the RBE may be explained, partly, by a modification in motor corticospinal drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Northumbria University; Newcatsle upon Tyne UK
| | - K. Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Northumbria University; Newcatsle upon Tyne UK
| | - M. Barwood
- Department of Sport, Health and Nutrition; Leeds Trinity University; Leeds UK
| | - K. Keane
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Northumbria University; Newcatsle upon Tyne UK
| | | | - A. St Clair Gibson
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performances; University of Waikato; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - G. Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Northumbria University; Newcatsle upon Tyne UK
- Water Research Group; School of Environmental Sciences and Development; Northwest University; Potchefstroom South Africa
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Doguet V, Rivière V, Guével A, Guilhem G, Chauvet L, Jubeau M. Specific joint angle dependency of voluntary activation during eccentric knee extensions. Muscle Nerve 2016; 56:750-758. [PMID: 27997698 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study compared voluntary activation during isometric, concentric, and eccentric maximal knee extensions at different joint angles. METHODS Fifteen participants performed isometric, concentric, and eccentric protocols (9 contractions each). For each protocol, the central activation ratio (CAR) was randomly measured at 50°, 75°, or 100° of knee joint angle (0° = full knee extension) using superimposed supramaximal paired nerve stimulations during contractions. RESULTS CAR increased between 50° and 100° during isometric (93.6 ± 3.1 vs. 98.5 ± 1.4%), concentric (92.4 ± 5.4 vs. 99.2 ± 1.2%), and eccentric (93.0 ± 3.5 vs. 96.6 ± 3.8%) contractions. CAR was lower during eccentric than both isometric and concentric contractions at 75° and 100°, but similar between contraction types at 50°. CONCLUSIONS The ability to activate muscle maximally is impaired during eccentric contractions compared with other contraction types at 75° and 100°, but not at 50°. Muscle Nerve 56: 750-758, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Doguet
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), 25 bis Boulevard Guy Mollet, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Valentin Rivière
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), 25 bis Boulevard Guy Mollet, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Guével
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), 25 bis Boulevard Guy Mollet, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Lucile Chauvet
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), 25 bis Boulevard Guy Mollet, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Jubeau
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), 25 bis Boulevard Guy Mollet, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
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Hill EC, Housh TJ, Camic CL, Smith CM, Cochrane KC, Jenkins ND, Cramer JT, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Effects of Velocity on Electromyographic, Mechanomyographic, and Torque Responses to Repeated Eccentric Muscle Actions. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1743-51. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Doguet V, Jubeau M, Dorel S, Couturier A, Lacourpaille L, Guével A, Guilhem G. Time-Course of Neuromuscular Changes during and after Maximal Eccentric Contractions. Front Physiol 2016; 7:137. [PMID: 27148075 PMCID: PMC4834740 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the relationship between the magnitude of muscle damage and both central and peripheral modulations during and after eccentric contractions of plantar flexors. Eleven participants performed 10 sets of 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the plantar flexors at 45°·s−1. Maximal voluntary torque, evoked torque (peripheral component) and voluntary activation (central component) were assessed before, during, immediately after (POST) and 48 h after (48 h) the eccentric exercise. Voluntary eccentric torque progressively decreased (up to −36%) concomitantly to a significant alteration of evoked torque (up to −34%) and voluntary activation (up to −13%) during the exercise. Voluntary isometric torque (−48 ± 7%), evoked torque (−41 ± 14%) and voluntary activation (−13 ± 11%) decreased at POST, but only voluntary isometric torque (−19 ± 6%) and evoked torque (−10 ± 18%) remained depressed at 48 h. Neither changes in voluntary activation nor evoked torque during the exercise were related to the magnitude of muscle damage markers, but the evoked torque decrement at 48 h was significantly correlated with the changes in voluntary activation (r = −0.71) and evoked torque (r = 0.77) at POST. Our findings show that neuromuscular responses observed during eccentric contractions were not associated with muscle damage. Conversely, central and peripheral impairments observed immediately after the exercise reflect the long-lasting reduction in force-generating capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Doguet
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Marc Jubeau
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Dorel
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Couturier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP) Paris, France
| | - Lilian Lacourpaille
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of NantesNantes, France; Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Guével
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP) Paris, France
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Carvalho HM. Multilevel Models for the Analysis of Angle-Specific Torque Curves with Application to Master Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2015; 49:25-35. [PMID: 26839603 PMCID: PMC4723175 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to outline a multilevel modeling approach to fit individual angle-specific torque curves describing concentric knee extension and flexion isokinetic muscular actions in Master athletes. The potential of the analytical approach to examine between individual differences across the angle-specific torque curves was illustrated including between-individuals variation due to gender differences at a higher level. Torques in concentric muscular actions of knee extension and knee extension at 60º·s−1 were considered within a range of motion between 5º and 85º (only torques “truly” isokinetic). Multilevel time series models with autoregressive covariance structures with standard multilevel models were superior fits compared with standard multilevel models for repeated measures to fit angle-specific torque curves. Third and fourth order polynomial models were the best fits to describe angle-specific torque curves of isokinetic knee flexion and extension concentric actions, respectively. The fixed exponents allow interpretations for initial acceleration, the angle at peak torque and the decrement of torque after peak torque. Also, the multilevel models were flexible to illustrate the influence of gender differences on the shape of torque throughout the range of motion and in the shape of the curves. The presented multilevel regression models may afford a general framework to examine angle-specific moment curves by isokinetic dynamometry, and add to the understanding mechanisms of strength development, particularly the force-length relationship, both related to performance and injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto M Carvalho
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Costello JT, Baker PRA, Minett GM, Bieuzen F, Stewart IB, Bleakley C. Whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD010789. [PMID: 26383887 PMCID: PMC9579836 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010789.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery strategies are often used with the intention of preventing or minimising muscle soreness after exercise. Whole-body cryotherapy, which involves a single or repeated exposure(s) to extremely cold dry air (below -100 °C) in a specialised chamber or cabin for two to four minutes per exposure, is currently being advocated as an effective intervention to reduce muscle soreness after exercise. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the British Nursing Index and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. We also searched the reference lists of articles, trial registers and conference proceedings, handsearched journals and contacted experts.The searches were run in August 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA We aimed to include randomised and quasi-randomised trials that compared the use of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) versus a passive or control intervention (rest, no treatment or placebo treatment) or active interventions including cold or contrast water immersion, active recovery and infrared therapy for preventing or treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. We also aimed to include randomised trials that compared different durations or dosages of WBC. Our prespecified primary outcomes were muscle soreness, subjective recovery (e.g. tiredness, well-being) and adverse effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened search results, selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted and cross-checked data. Where appropriate, we pooled results of comparable trials. The random-effects model was used for pooling where there was substantial heterogeneity. We assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS Four laboratory-based randomised controlled trials were included. These reported results for 64 physically active predominantly young adults (mean age 23 years). All but four participants were male. Two trials were parallel group trials (44 participants) and two were cross-over trials (20 participants). The trials were heterogeneous, including the type, temperature, duration and frequency of WBC, and the type of preceding exercise. None of the trials reported active surveillance of predefined adverse events. All four trials had design features that carried a high risk of bias, potentially limiting the reliability of their findings. The evidence for all outcomes was classified as 'very low' quality based on the GRADE criteria.Two comparisons were tested: WBC versus control (rest or no WBC), tested in four studies; and WBC versus far-infrared therapy, also tested in one study. No studies compared WBC with other active interventions, such as cold water immersion, or different types and applications of WBC.All four trials compared WBC with rest or no WBC. There was very low quality evidence for lower self-reported muscle soreness (pain at rest) scores after WBC at 1 hour (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.42 to -0.12; 20 participants, 2 cross-over trials); 24 hours (SMD -0.57, 95% CI -1.48 to 0.33) and 48 hours (SMD -0.58, 95% CI -1.37 to 0.21), both with 38 participants, 2 cross-over studies, 1 parallel group study; and 72 hours (SMD -0.65, 95% CI -2.54 to 1.24; 29 participants, 1 cross-over study, 1 parallel group study). Of note is that the 95% CIs also included either no between-group differences or a benefit in favour of the control group. One small cross-over trial (9 participants) found no difference in tiredness but better well-being after WBC at 24 hours post exercise. There was no report of adverse events.One small cross-over trial involving nine well-trained runners provided very low quality evidence of lower levels of muscle soreness after WBC, when compared with infrared therapy, at 1 hour follow-up, but not at 24 or 48 hours. The same trial found no difference in well-being but less tiredness after WBC at 24 hours post exercise. There was no report of adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to determine whether whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) reduces self-reported muscle soreness, or improves subjective recovery, after exercise compared with passive rest or no WBC in physically active young adult males. There is no evidence on the use of this intervention in females or elite athletes. The lack of evidence on adverse events is important given that the exposure to extreme temperature presents a potential hazard. Further high-quality, well-reported research in this area is required and must provide detailed reporting of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Costello
- University of PortsmouthDepartment of Sport and Exercise ScienceSpinnaker BuildingCambridge RoadPortsmouthUKP01 2ER
| | - Philip RA Baker
- Queensland University of TechnologySchool of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationVictoria Park RoadKelvin GroveQueenslandAustralia4059
| | - Geoffrey M Minett
- Queensland University of TechnologySchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationVictoria Park RoadKelvin GroveBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia4059
| | - Francois Bieuzen
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance ‐ EA 737011 avenue du TremblayParisFrance75012
| | - Ian B Stewart
- Queensland University of TechnologySchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationVictoria Park RoadKelvin GroveBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia4059
| | - Chris Bleakley
- University of UlsterUlster Sports AcademySchool of Health SciencesShore RoadNewtownabbeyCounty AntrimUKBT37 0QB
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Black CD, Gonglach AR, Hight RE, Renfroe JB. Time-course of recovery of peak oxygen uptake after exercise-induced muscle damage. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 216:70-7. [PMID: 26102253 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
V̇O2 peak has been shown to be reduced 48 h following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), but it is unclear how long this reduction may persist. In this study eight endurance trained participants (21.5 ± 1.1 years old) performed a maximal exercise tests over 10-days followings EIMD. Cardiorespiratory variables were collected via open-circuit spirometry and soreness, maximal strength (MVC), motor-unit recruitment, and contractile properties were assessed prior to each test. MVC was reduced for up to 4-days (p ≤ 0.05) and soreness was evident for 10-days in the quadriceps (p < 0.05). V̇O2peak was reduced 7.4% 2-days post EIMD (55.5 ± 6.0 vs. 51.3 ± 5.8; p = 0.006) and remained reduced in 6 of 8 participants at 10-days post (p = 0.005). No relationship was found between changes in MVC, soreness, motor-unit recruitment, and contractile properties and changes in V̇O2peak (p > 0.05). EIMD resulted in small, but prolonged reductions in V̇O2peak. Our findings suggest mechanisms aside from force loss and soreness are primarily responsible for the reductions in V̇O2peak after EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA; Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
| | - Alexander R Gonglach
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Robert E Hight
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Jessica B Renfroe
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
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Krishnan C, Theuerkauf P. Effect of knee angle on quadriceps strength and activation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:223-31. [PMID: 25997949 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01044.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quadriceps strength and activation deficits after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury or surgery are typically evaluated at joint positions that are biomechanically advantageous to the quadriceps muscle. However, the effect of knee joint position and the associated changes in muscle length on strength and activation is currently unknown in this population. Here, we examined the effect of knee angle on quadriceps strength, activation, and electrically evoked torque in individuals with ACL reconstruction. Furthermore, we evaluated whether knee angle mediated the relationship between quadriceps weakness and functional performance after ACL reconstruction. Knee strength and activation were tested bilaterally at 90° and 45° of knee flexion in 11 subjects with ACL reconstruction using an interpolated triplet technique. The magnitude of electrically evoked torque at rest was used to quantify peripheral muscle contractile property changes, and the single-leg hop for distance test was used to evaluate functional performance. The results indicated that although quadriceps strength deficits were similar between knee angles, voluntary activation deficits were significantly higher in the reconstructed leg at 45° of knee flexion. On the contrary, the side-to-side evoked torque at rest ratio [i.e., (reconstructed/nonreconstructed) × 100] was significantly lower at 90° than at 45° of knee flexion. The association between quadriceps strength and functional performance was stronger at 45° of knee flexion. The results provide novel evidence that quadriceps activation is selectively affected at 45° of knee flexion and emphasize the importance of assessing quadriceps strength and activation at this position when feasible because it better captures activation deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramouli Krishnan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul Theuerkauf
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Noorkõiv M, Nosaka K, Blazevich AJ. Neuromuscular adaptations associated with knee joint angle-specific force change. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:1525-37. [PMID: 24504427 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuromuscular adaptations to joint angle-specific force increases after isometric training have not yet been fully elucidated. This study examined angle-specific neuromuscular adaptations in response to isometric knee extension training at short (SL, joint angle 38.1° ± 3.7°) versus long (LL, 87.5° ± 6.0°) muscle lengths. METHODS Sixteen men trained three times a week for 6 wk either at SL (n = 8) or LL (n = 8). Voluntary maximal isometric knee extensor (MVC) force, doublet twitch force, EMG amplitudes (EMG/Mmax), and voluntary activation during MVC force (VA%) were measured at eight knee joint angles (30°-100°) at weeks 0, 3, and 6. Muscle volume and cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured from magnetic resonance imaging scans, and fascicle length (Lf) was assessed using ultrasonography before and after training. RESULTS Clear joint angle specificity of force increase was seen in SL but not in LL. The 13.4% ± 9.7% (P = 0.01) force increase around the training angle in SL was related to changes in vastus lateralis and vastus medialis EMG/Mmax around the training angle (r = 0.84-0.88, P < 0.05), without changes in the doublet twitch force-angle relation or muscle size. In LL, muscle volume and CSA increased and the changes in CSA at specific muscle regions were correlated with changes in MVC force. A 5.4% ± 4.9% (P = 0.001) increase in Lf found in both groups was not associated with angle-specific force changes. There were no angle-specific changes in VA%. CONCLUSION The EMG/Mmax, although not VA%, results suggest that neural adaptations underpinned training-related changes at short quadriceps lengths, but hypertrophic changes predominated after training at long lengths. The findings of this study should contribute to the development of more effective and evidence-based rehabilitation and strength training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Noorkõiv
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA
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Girard O, Racinais S, Périard JD. Tennis in hot and cool conditions decreases the rapid muscle torque production capacity of the knee extensors but not of the plantar flexors. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48 Suppl 1:i52-8. [PMID: 24668381 PMCID: PMC3995226 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the time course of changes in rapid muscle force/torque production capacity and neuromuscular activity of lower limb muscles in response to prolonged (∼2 h) match-play tennis under heat stress. METHODS The rates of torque development (RTD) and electromyographic activity (EMG; ie, root mean square) rise were recorded from 0 to 30, -50, -100 and -200 ms during brief (3-5 s) explosive maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVC) of the knee extensors (KE) and plantar flexors (PF), along with the peak RTD within the entirety of the torque-time curve. These values were recorded in 12 male tennis players before (prematch) and after (postmatch, 24 and 48 h) match-play in HOT (∼37°C) and COOL (∼22°C) conditions. RESULTS The postmatch core temperature was greater in the HOT (∼39.4°C) vs COOL (∼38.7°C) condition (p<0.05). Reductions in KE RTD occurred within the 0-200 ms epoch after contraction onset postmatch and at 24 h, compared with prematch, independent of environmental conditions (p<0.05). A similar reduction in the KE peak RTD was also observed postmatch relative to prematch (p<0.05). No differences in KE RTD values were observed after normalisation to MVC torque. Furthermore, the rate of KE EMG activity rise remained unchanged. Conversely, the PF contractile RTD and rate of EMG activity rise were unaffected by the exercise or environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS In the KE, a reduction in maximal torque production capacity following prolonged match-play tennis appears to account for the decrease in the rate of torque development, independent of environmental conditions, while remaining unchanged in the PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, , Doha, Qatar
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38
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Janecki D, Jaskólska A, Marusiak J, Andrzejewska R, Jaskólski A. Twitch mechanical properties after repeated eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:74-81. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Janecki
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw 51-612, Poland
| | - Anna Jaskólska
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw 51-612, Poland
| | - Jarosław Marusiak
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw 51-612, Poland
| | - Renata Andrzejewska
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw 51-612, Poland
| | - Artur Jaskólski
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw 51-612, Poland
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Green MA, Geng G, Qin E, Sinkus R, Gandevia SC, Bilston LE. Measuring anisotropic muscle stiffness properties using elastography. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1387-1394. [PMID: 23640745 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and pathological changes to the anisotropic mechanical properties of skeletal muscle are still largely unknown, with only a few studies quantifying changes in vivo. This study used the noninvasive MR elastography (MRE) technique, in combination with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), to measure shear modulus anisotropy in the human skeletal muscle in the lower leg. Shear modulus measurements parallel and perpendicular to the fibre direction were made in 10 healthy subjects in the medial gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles. The results showed significant differences in the medial gastrocnemius (μ‖ = 0.86 ± 0.15 kPa; μ⊥ = 0.66 ± 0.19 kPa, P < 0.001), soleus (μ‖ = 0.83 ± 0.22 kPa; μ⊥ = 0.65 ± 0.13 kPa, P < 0.001) and the tibialis anterior (μ‖ = 0.78 ± 0.24 kPa; μ⊥ = 0.66 ± 0.16 kPa, P = 0.03) muscles, where the shear modulus measured in the direction parallel is greater than that measured in the direction perpendicular to the muscle fibres. No significant differences were measured across muscle groups. This study provides the first direct estimates of the anisotropic shear modulus in the triceps surae muscle group, and shows that the technique may be useful for the probing of mechanical anisotropy changes caused by disease, aging and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Green
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Costello JT, Baker PRA, Minett GM, Bieuzen F, Stewart IB, Bleakley C. Whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Héroux ME, Gandevia SC. Human muscle fatigue, eccentric damage and coherence in the EMG. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:294-5. [PMID: 23746370 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Héroux
- Neuroscience Research Australia; Sydney; NSW; Australia
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42
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Joint angle-torque characteristics of the knee extensors following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in young, active women. J Exerc Sci Fit 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Isner-Horobeti ME, Dufour SP, Vautravers P, Geny B, Coudeyre E, Richard R. Eccentric Exercise Training: Modalities, Applications and Perspectives. Sports Med 2013; 43:483-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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44
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Proske U, Gandevia SC. The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1651-97. [PMID: 23073629 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 992] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a review of the proprioceptive senses generated as a result of our own actions. They include the senses of position and movement of our limbs and trunk, the sense of effort, the sense of force, and the sense of heaviness. Receptors involved in proprioception are located in skin, muscles, and joints. Information about limb position and movement is not generated by individual receptors, but by populations of afferents. Afferent signals generated during a movement are processed to code for endpoint position of a limb. The afferent input is referred to a central body map to determine the location of the limbs in space. Experimental phantom limbs, produced by blocking peripheral nerves, have shown that motor areas in the brain are able to generate conscious sensations of limb displacement and movement in the absence of any sensory input. In the normal limb tendon organs and possibly also muscle spindles contribute to the senses of force and heaviness. Exercise can disturb proprioception, and this has implications for musculoskeletal injuries. Proprioceptive senses, particularly of limb position and movement, deteriorate with age and are associated with an increased risk of falls in the elderly. The more recent information available on proprioception has given a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these senses as well as providing new insight into a range of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Proske
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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45
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Gorianovas G, Skurvydas A, Streckis V, Brazaitis M, Kamandulis S, McHugh MP. Repeated bout effect was more expressed in young adult males than in elderly males and boys. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:218970. [PMID: 23484095 PMCID: PMC3581300 DOI: 10.1155/2013/218970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated possible differences using the same stretch-shortening exercise (SSE) protocol on generally accepted monitoring markers (dependent variables: changes in creatine kinase, muscle soreness, and voluntary and electrically evoked torque) in males across three lifespan stages (childhood versus adulthood versus old age). The protocol consisted of 100 intermittent (30 s interval between jumps) drop jumps to determine the repeated bout effect (RBE) (first and second bouts performed at a 2-week interval). The results showed that indirect symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage after SSE were more expressed in adult males than in boys and elderly males, suggesting that the muscles of boys and elderly males are more resistant to exercise-induced damage than those of adult males. RBE was more pronounced in adult males than in boys and elderly males, suggesting that the muscles of boys and elderly males are less adaptive to exercise-induced muscle damage than those of adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedrius Gorianovas
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Streckis
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Malachy P. McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, 130 East 77th Street, New York, NY 10075, USA
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46
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The fall in force after exercise disturbs position sense at the human forearm. Exp Brain Res 2012; 222:415-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Philippou A, Koutsilieris M, Maridaki M. Changes in kinematic variables at various muscle lengths of human elbow flexors following eccentric exercise. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2012; 33:167-75. [PMID: 22825493 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-012-9314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage causes a disproportionally larger drop in maximal force when measured at short versus optimal or long muscle lengths, resulting in a shift of the length (angle)-force relationship towards longer lengths. However, little attention has been given to the potential effect of this shift on the rate of force development (RFD) and isotonic function at different muscle lengths. This study examined RFD at various elbow angles and kinematic variables at two different ranges of elbow flexion, so as to include mainly the ascending (S condition) or the descending limb (L condition) of the angle-force curve, following eccentric exercise. Seven male volunteers performed an eccentric exercise protocol with the elbow flexors, which caused significant changes in indicators of muscle damage (P < 0.05-0.001). Optimum angle for force generation was significantly shifted towards longer elbow flexors lengths post exercise (P < 0.05-0.01). RFD was significantly decreased at all the angles tested but no differences were revealed between angles (P < 0.05-0.001). The kinematic variables measured were also significantly impaired following eccentric damage (P < 0.05-0.001). Maximal isotonic force showed a greater impairment in the S condition, however no significant differences between the S and L condition were found in maximal angular velocity (MAV) and time, angle and isotonic force needed to achieve MAV. These results suggest that impairment of RFD following muscle damage is not muscle-length dependent and the rightward shift of the angle-force curve is not the determinant of the decline in either RFD or the isotonic performance at the different ranges of the elbow flexion movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
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48
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Hoffman BW, Lichtwark GA, Carroll TJ, Cresswell AG. A comparison of two Hill-type skeletal muscle models on the construction of medial gastrocnemius length-tension curves in humans in vivo. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:90-6. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00070.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human length-tension curves are traditionally constructed using a model that assumes passive tension does not change during contraction ( model A) even though the animal literature suggests that passive tension can decrease ( model B). The study's aims were threefold: 1) measure differences in human medial gastrocnemius length-tension curves using model A vs. model B, 2) test the reliability of ultrasound constructed length-tension curves, and 3) test the robustness of fascicle length-generated length-tension curves to variations between the angle and fascicle length relationship. An isokinetic dynamometer manipulated and measured ankle angle while ultrasound was used to measure medial gastrocnemius fascicle length. Supramaximal tibial nerve stimulation was used to evoke resting muscle twitches. Length-tension curves were constructed using model A {angle-torque [A-T(A)], length-torque [L-T(A)]} or model B {length-torque [L-T(B)]} in three conditions: baseline, heel-lift (where the muscle was shortened at each angle), and baseline repeated 2 h later (+2 h). Length-tension curves constructed from model B differed from those produced via model A, indicated by a significant increase in maximum torque (≈23%) when using L-T(B) vs. L-T(A). No parameter measured was different between baseline and +2 h for any method, indicating good reliability when using ultrasound. Length-tension curves were unaffected by the heel-lift condition when using L-T(A) or L-T(B) but were affected when using A-T(A). Since the muscle model used significantly alters human length-tension curves, and given animal data indicate model B to be more accurate when passive tension is present, we recommend that model B should be used when constructing medial gastrocnemius length-tension curves in humans in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Hoffman
- Centre for Sensorimotor Neuroscience,
- School of Human Movement Studies, and
| | - G. A. Lichtwark
- Centre for Sensorimotor Neuroscience,
- School of Human Movement Studies, and
| | - T. J. Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Neuroscience,
- School of Human Movement Studies, and
| | - A. G. Cresswell
- Centre for Sensorimotor Neuroscience,
- School of Human Movement Studies, and
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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49
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Butler JE, Petersen NC, Herbert RD, Gandevia SC, Taylor JL. Origin of the low-level EMG during the silent period following transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:1409-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Cowell JF, Cronin J, Brughelli M. Eccentric Muscle Actions and How the Strength and Conditioning Specialist Might Use Them for a Variety of Purposes. Strength Cond J 2012. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e318253f578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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