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Haq W, Zrenner E, Ueffing M, Paquet-Durand F. Using Micro-Electrode-Array Recordings and Retinal Disease Models to Elucidate Visual Functions: Simultaneous Recording of Local Electroretinograms and Ganglion Cell Action Potentials Reveals the Origin of Retinal Oscillatory Potentials. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:725. [PMID: 37370656 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electroretinogram (ERG) is an essential diagnostic tool for visual function, both in clinical and research settings. Here, we establish an advanced in vitro approach to assess cell-type-specific ERG signal components. METHODS Retinal explant cultures, maintained under entirely controlled conditions, were derived from wild-type mice and rd10 rod- and cpfl1 cone-degeneration mouse models. Local micro-ERG (µERG) and simultaneous ganglion cell (GC) recordings were obtained from the retinal explants using multi-electrode arrays. Band-pass filtering was employed to distinguish photoreceptor, bipolar cell, amacrine cell (AC), and GC responses. RESULTS Scotopic and photopic stimulation discriminated between rod and cone responses in wild-type and mutant retina. The 25 kHz sampling rate allowed the visualization of oscillatory potentials (OPs) in extraordinary detail, revealing temporal correlations between OPs and GC responses. Pharmacological isolation of different retinal circuits found that OPs are generated by inner retinal AC electrical synapses. Importantly, this AC activity helped synchronise GC activity. CONCLUSION Our µERG protocol simultaneously records the light-dependent activities of the first-, second-, and third-order neurons within the native neuronal circuitry, providing unprecedented insights into retinal physiology and pathophysiology. This method now also enables complete in vitro retinal function testing of therapeutic interventions, providing critical guidance for later in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadood Haq
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Lagali PS, Shanmugalingam U, Baker AN, Mezey N, Smith PD, Coupland SG, Tsilfidis C. Assessment of the uniform field electroretinogram for mouse retinal ganglion cell functional analysis. Doc Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10633-023-09933-y. [PMID: 37106219 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The uniform field electroretinogram (UF-ERG) has been suggested as an alternative to the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) for non-invasive assessment of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function in primates. We evaluated the validity of the UF-ERG to assess mouse RGC activity in vivo. METHODS Unilateral optic nerve crush (ONC) was performed on adult C57BL/6J mice. Contralateral eyes with uncrushed optic nerves and eyes from surgically naive mice served as experimental controls. Electrophysiological visual assessment was performed at 12 weeks post-ONC. Flash-mediated visual-evoked cortical potentials (VEPs) were measured to confirm the robustness of the ONC procedure. Full-field flash ERGs were used to interrogate photoreceptor and retinal bipolar cell function. RGC function was assessed with pattern ERGs. Summed onset and offset UF-ERG responses to alternating dark and light uniform field flash stimuli of different intensities and wavelengths were recorded from ONC and control eyes, and relative differences were compared to the PERG results. Following electrophysiological analysis, RGC loss was monitored by immunohistochemical staining of the RGC marker protein, RBPMS, in post-mortem retinal tissues. RESULTS ONC dramatically impacts RGC integrity and optic nerve function, demonstrated by reduced RGC counts and near complete elimination of VEPs. ONC did not affect scotopic ERG a-wave and b-wave amplitudes, while PERG amplitudes of eyes subjected to ONC were reduced by approximately 50% compared to controls. Summation of ON and OFF UF-ERG responses did not reveal statistically significant differences between ONC and control eyes, regardless of visual stimulus. CONCLUSIONS PERG responses are markedly impaired upon ONC, while UF-ERG responses are not significantly affected by surgical trauma to RGC axons in mice. The more closely related pattern and uniform field ERGs recorded in primates suggests species-specific differences in RGC features or subpopulations corresponding to PERG and UF-ERG response generators, limiting the utility of the UF-ERG for mouse RGC functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Lagali
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | - Adam N Baker
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Natalie Mezey
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrice D Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart G Coupland
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Catherine Tsilfidis
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Gao X, Lin S, Zhang M, Lyu M, Liu Y, Luo X, You W, Ke C. Review: Use of Electrophysiological Techniques to Study Visual Functions of Aquatic Organisms. Front Physiol 2022; 13:798382. [PMID: 35153830 PMCID: PMC8829447 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.798382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The light environments of natural water sources have specific characteristics. For the majority of aquatic organisms, vision is crucial for predation, hiding from predators, communicating information, and reproduction. Electroretinography (ERG) is a diagnostic method used for assessing visual function. An electroretinogram records the comprehensive potential response of retinal cells under light stimuli and divides it into several components. Unique wave components are derived from different retinal cells, thus retinal function can be determined by analyzing these components. This review provides an overview of the milestones of ERG technology, describing how ERG is used to study visual sensitivity (e.g., spectral sensitivity, luminous sensitivity, and temporal resolution) of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other aquatic organisms (seals, sea lions, sea turtles, horseshoe crabs, and jellyfish). In addition, it describes the correlations between visual sensitivity and habitat, the variation of visual sensitivity as a function of individual growth, and the diel cycle changes of visual sensitivity. Efforts to identify the visual sensitivity of different aquatic organisms are vital to understanding the environmental plasticity of biological evolution and for directing aquaculture, marine fishery, and ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shihui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingxin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Smith BJ, Côté PD, Tremblay F. Voltage-gated sodium channel-dependent retroaxonal modulation of photoreceptor function during post-natal development in mice. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:353-365. [PMID: 33248000 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile (postnatal day 16) mice lacking Nav 1.6 channels (null-mutant Scn8admu ) have reduced photoreceptor function, which is unexpected given that Nav channels have not been detected in mouse photoreceptors and do not contribute appreciably to photoreceptor function in adults. We demonstrate that acute block of Nav channels with intravitreal TTX in juvenile (P16) wild-type mice has no effect on photoreceptor function. However, reduced light activity by prolonged dark adaptation from P8 caused significant reduction in photoreceptor function at P16. Injecting TTX into the retrobulbar space at P16 to specifically block Nav channels in the optic nerve also caused a reduction in photoreceptor function comparable to that seen at P16 in null-mutant Scn8a mice. In both P16 null-mutant Scn8admu and retrobulbar TTX-injected wild-type mice, photoreceptor function was restored following intravitreal injection of the TrkB receptor agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, linking Nav -dependent retrograde transport to TrkB-dependent neurotrophic factor production pathways as a modulatory influence of photoreceptor function at P16. We also found that in Scn8admu mice, photoreceptor function recovers by P22-25 despite more precarious general health of the animal. Retrobulbar injection of TTX in the wild type still reduced the photoreceptor response at this age but to a lesser extent, suggesting that Nav -dependent modulation of photoreceptor function is largely transient, peaking soon after eye opening. Together, these results suggest that the general photosensitivity of the retina is modulated following eye opening by retrograde transport through activity-dependent retinal ganglion cell axonal signaling targeting TrkB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Smith
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrice D Côté
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Jimenez NT, Lines JW, Kueppers RB, Kofuji P, Wei H, Rankila A, Coyle JT, Miller RF, McLoon LK. Electroretinographic Abnormalities and Sex Differences Detected with Mesopic Adaptation in a Mouse Model of Schizophrenia: A and B Wave Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:16. [PMID: 32053730 PMCID: PMC7326504 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mesopic flash electroretinography (fERG) as a tool to identify N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction in subjects with schizophrenia shows great potential. We report the first fERG study in a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia characterized by NMDAR hypofunction from gene silencing of serine racemase (SR) expression (SR-/-), an established risk gene for schizophrenia. We analyzed fERG parameters under various background light adaptations to determine the most significant variables to allow for early identification of people at risk for schizophrenia, prior to onset of psychosis. SR is a risk gene for schizophrenia, and negative and cognitive symptoms antedate the onset of psychosis that is required for diagnosis. Methods The scotopic, photopic, and mesopic fERGs were analyzed in male and female mice in both SR-/- and wild-type (WT) mice and also analyzed for sex differences. Amplitude and implicit time of the a- and b-wave components, b-/a-wave ratio, and Fourier transform analysis were analyzed. Results Mesopic a- and b-wave implicit times were significantly delayed, and b-wave amplitudes, b/a ratios, and Fourier transform were significantly decreased in the male SR-/- mice compared to WT, but not in female SR-/- mice. No significant differences were observed in photopic or scotopic fERGs between genotype. Conclusions The fERG prognostic capability may be improved by examination of background light adaptation, a larger array of light intensities, considering sex as a variable, and performing Fourier transform analyses of all waveforms. This should improve the ability to differentiate between controls and subjects with schizophrenia characterized by NMDAR hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Torres Jimenez
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Justin W. Lines
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Rachel B. Kueppers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Henry Wei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Amy Rankila
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Joseph T. Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert F. Miller
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Linda K. McLoon
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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Quantification of Changes in Visual Function During Disease Development in a Mouse Model of Pigmentary Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2019; 27:828-841. [PMID: 30001268 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the relationship between visual parameters that are commonly affected during glaucomatous disease progression with functional measures of retina physiology using electroretinography and behavioral measures of visual function in a mouse model of glaucoma. Electroretinogram components measuring retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses were determined using the non-invasive Ganzfeld flash electroretinography (fERG) to assess RGC loss in a mouse model of glaucoma. METHODS Intraocular pressure (IOP), behaviorally assessed measures of visual function, namely visual acuity and contrast sensitivity as well as fERG responses were recorded in 4- and 11-month-old male DBA/2 mice. Scotopic threshold response (STR) and photopic negative response components as well as oscillatory potentials (OPs) were isolated from fERG responses and correlated with IOP, optomotor reflex measurements, and RGC counts. RESULTS The 11-month-old DBA/2 mice had significantly elevated IOP, reduced visual performance, as assessed behaviorally, significant RGC loss, deficits in standardized fERG responses, reduced STRs, and differences in OP amplitudes and latencies, when compared with 4-month-old mice of the same strain. STRs and OPs correlated with some visual and physiological parameters. In addition, elevated IOP and RGC loss correlated positively with measures of visual function, specifically with surrogate measures of RGC function derived from fERG. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that RGC function as well as interactions of RGCs with other retinal cell types is impaired during glaucoma. In addition, a later OP wavelet denoted as OP4 in this study was identified as a very reproducible indicator of loss of visual function in the glaucoma mouse model.
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Van Hook MJ, Nawy S, Thoreson WB. Voltage- and calcium-gated ion channels of neurons in the vertebrate retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100760. [PMID: 31078724 PMCID: PMC6739185 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize studies investigating the types and distribution of voltage- and calcium-gated ion channels in the different classes of retinal neurons: rods, cones, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, interplexiform cells, and ganglion cells. We discuss differences among cell subtypes within these major cell classes, as well as differences among species, and consider how different ion channels shape the responses of different neurons. For example, even though second-order bipolar and horizontal cells do not typically generate fast sodium-dependent action potentials, many of these cells nevertheless possess fast sodium currents that can enhance their kinetic response capabilities. Ca2+ channel activity can also shape response kinetics as well as regulating synaptic release. The L-type Ca2+ channel subtype, CaV1.4, expressed in photoreceptor cells exhibits specific properties matching the particular needs of these cells such as limited inactivation which allows sustained channel activity and maintained synaptic release in darkness. The particular properties of K+ and Cl- channels in different retinal neurons shape resting membrane potentials, response kinetics and spiking behavior. A remaining challenge is to characterize the specific distributions of ion channels in the more than 100 individual cell types that have been identified in the retina and to describe how these particular ion channels sculpt neuronal responses to assist in the processing of visual information by the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Van Hook
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Scott Nawy
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience(2), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wallace B Thoreson
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience(2), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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8
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Umeya N, Yoshizawa Y, Fukuda K, Ikeda K, Kamada M, Miyawaki I. Availability of multistep light stimulus method for evaluation of visual dysfunctions. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 96:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sandalon S, Boykova A, Ross M, Obolensky A, Banin E, Ofri R. Contrary to popular belief, chinchillas do not have a pure rod retina. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:93-97. [PMID: 29888430 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish whether there is cone contribution to retinal function and structure in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera), in view of the prevailing notion that this species possesses a pure rod retina. METHODS Photopic electroretinography (ERG) responses to high-intensity flashes (10 and 25 cd*s/m2 ) were recorded unilaterally in six pigmented chinchillas following 10 minutes of light adaptation (30 cd/m2 ). Retinas of two animals were studied histologically, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to detect the presence of short and medium/long wavelength cone photoreceptors. RESULTS ERG recordings revealed photopic responses, albeit of low amplitudes. Histopathology demonstrated presumptive cone inner segments in the photoreceptor layer. Presence of cone photoreceptors was confirmed by IHC. Cone density was higher in the central retina, and red/green cones outnumbered blue cones. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide convincing evidence for the presence of functioning cone photoreceptors in the chinchilla retina, disproving the established belief that the species has a pure rod retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Sandalon
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Boykova
- Oculus Center of Veterinary Ophthalmology, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maya Ross
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexey Obolensky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Adenosine is a neuromodulator present in various areas of the central nervous system, including the retina. Adenosine may serve a neuroprotective role in the retina, based on electroretinogram (ERG) recordings from the rat retina. Our purpose was to assess the role of A2A and A3 adenosine receptors in the generation and modulation of the rat ERG. The flash ERG was recorded with corneal electrodes from Sprague Dawley rats. Agonists and antagonists for A2A and A3 receptors, and adenosine were injected (5 µl) into the vitreous. The effects on the components of the single flash scotopic and photopic ERGs were examined, and ERG flicker. Adenosine (0.5 mM) increased the mean amplitudes of the scotopic ERG a-waves (68 ± 8 to 97 ± 14 µV, P = 0.042), and b-waves (236 ± 38 µV to 305 ± 42 µV). A2A agonist CGS21680 (2 mM) reduced the mean amplitude of the ERG b-wave, from 298 ± 21 µV in response to the brightest stimulus to 212 ± 19 µV (P = 0.005), and mean scotopic oscillatory potentials (OPs) from 100 ± 9 µV to 47 ± 11 µV (P = 0.023). ZM241385 [4 mM], an A2A antagonist, decreased the scotopic b-wave of the ERG. A3 agonist 2-CI-IB-MECA (0.5 mM) increased the a-wave, while decreasing the scotopic and photopic ERG b-waves, and the scotopic OPs. A3 antagonist VUF5574 (1 mM) increased the mean amplitude of the scotopic a-wave (66 ± 8 to 140 ± 29 µV, P = 0.046) and b-wave (224 ± 20 to 312 ± 39 µV, P = 0.0037). No significant effects on ERG flicker were found. We conclude that retinal neurons containing A2A and/or A3 adenosine receptors contribute to the generation of the ERG a- and b-waves and OPs.
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Dai J, He J, Wang G, Wang M, Li S, Yin ZQ. Contribution of GABAa, GABAc and glycine receptors to rat dark-adapted oscillatory potentials in the time and frequency domain. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77696-77709. [PMID: 29100418 PMCID: PMC5652335 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal oscillatory potentials (OPs) consist of a series of relatively high-frequency rhythmic wavelets, superimposed onto the ascending phase of the b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG). However, the origin of OPs is uncertain and methods of measurement of OPs are diverse. In this study, we first isolated OPs from the rat ERG and fitted them with Gabor functions and found that the envelope of the OP contained information about maximum amplitude and time-to-peak to enable satisfactory quantification of the later OPs. And the OP/b-wave ratio should be evaluated to exclude an effect of the b-wave on the OPs. Next, we recorded OPs after intravitreal injection of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), tetrodotoxin (TTX), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), strychnine (STR), SR95531 (SR), isoguvacine (ISO), (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl) methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA) and GABA+TPMPA. We showed that GABA and APB only removed the later OPs, when compared to control eyes. TTX delayed the peak time, and STR, SR and ISO reduced the amplitude of OPs. TPMPA delayed the peak time but increased the ratio of OPs to b-wave. Furthermore, administration of combined GABA and TPMPA caused the later OPs to increase in amplitude with time, compared with those after delivery of GABA alone. Finally, we observed that GABAc and glycine receptors contributed to a low-frequency component of the OPs, while GABAa contributed to both components. These results suggest that the early components of the OPs are mainly generated by the photoreceptors, whilst the later components are mainly regulated by GABAa, GABAc and glycine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Dai
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Juncai He
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.,Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.,Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.,Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.,Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.,Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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12
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Takada S, Kinoshita J, Iwata N, Imaoka M, Tani Y. Response Characteristics and Retinal Origin of the Photopic Negative Response of the Electroretinogram in Dogs. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1302-1307. [PMID: 28557626 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1304561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the response characteristics and retinal origin of the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the electroretinograms (ERGs) in dogs. METHODS Photopic ERGs were elicited by white flash stimuli of different intensities under a steady white background illumination in four anesthetized dogs. These ERGs were also recorded in the same manner after intravitreal injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Additionally, retinal localization of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav 1.6 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The amplitude of the a-wave and the PhNR was increased as the stimulus intensity was raised, while the amplitude of the b-wave was peaked at the moderate stimulus intensity of 3.09 cd·s/m2. TTX greatly attenuated the PhNR, while the reduction in the b-waves and a-wave was mild or insignificant. Nav 1.6-expression was specifically detected on the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the PhNR primarily derived from the inner retina including RGCs in dogs, suggesting that the PhNR can be used to monitor function of these retinal components in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takada
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Junzo Kinoshita
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Noriaki Iwata
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masako Imaoka
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshiro Tani
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
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Changes in Retinal Function and Cellular Remodeling Following Experimental Retinal Detachment in a Rabbit Model. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:4046597. [PMID: 28491466 PMCID: PMC5401754 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4046597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To explore functional electroretinographic (ERG) changes and associated cellular remodeling following experimental retinal detachment in a rabbit model. Methods. Retinal detachment was created in ten rabbits by injecting 0.1 ml balanced salt solution under the retina. Fundus imaging was performed 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postoperatively. ERGs were recorded pre- and 7 and 21 days postoperatively. Eyes were harvested on day 21 and evaluated immunohistochemically (IHC) for remodeling of second- and third-order neurons. Results. Retinal reattachment occurred within two weeks following surgery. No attenuation was observed in the photopic or scotopic a- and b-waves. A secondary wavefront on the descending slope of the scotopic b-wave was the only ERG result that was attenuated in detached retinas. IHC demonstrated anatomical changes in both ON and OFF bipolar cells. Bassoon staining was observed in the remodeled dendrites. Amacrine and horizontal cells did not alter, but Muller cells were clearly reactive with marked extension. Conclusion. Retinal detachment and reattachment were associated with functional and anatomical changes. Exploring the significance of the secondary scotopic wavefront and its association with the remodeling of 2nd- and 3rd-order neurons will shade more light on functional changes and recovery of the retina.
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Menuchin-Lasowski Y, Oren-Giladi P, Xie Q, Ezra-Elia R, Ofri R, Peled-Hajaj S, Farhy C, Higashi Y, Van de Putte T, Kondoh H, Huylebroeck D, Cvekl A, Ashery-Padan R. Sip1 regulates the generation of the inner nuclear layer retinal cell lineages in mammals. Development 2016; 143:2829-41. [PMID: 27385012 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sip1 (Zeb2) plays multiple roles during CNS development from early acquisition of neural fate to cortical neurogenesis and gliogenesis. In humans, SIP1 (ZEB2) haploinsufficiency leads to Mowat-Wilson syndrome, a complex congenital anomaly including intellectual disability, epilepsy and Hirschsprung disease. Here we uncover the role of Sip1 in retinogenesis. Somatic deletion of Sip1 from mouse retinal progenitors primarily affects the generation of inner nuclear layer cell types, resulting in complete loss of horizontal cells and reduced numbers of amacrine and bipolar cells, while the number of Muller glia is increased. Molecular analysis places Sip1 downstream of the eye field transcription factor Pax6 and upstream of Ptf1a in the gene network required for generating the horizontal and amacrine lineages. Intriguingly, characterization of differentiation dynamics reveals that Sip1 has a role in promoting the timely differentiation of retinal interneurons, assuring generation of the proper number of the diverse neuronal and glial cell subtypes that constitute the functional retina in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Menuchin-Lasowski
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pazit Oren-Giladi
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Raaya Ezra-Elia
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shany Peled-Hajaj
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chen Farhy
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Tom Van de Putte
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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15
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Dellaa A, Polosa A, Mbarek S, Hammoum I, Messaoud R, Amara S, Azaiz R, Charfeddine R, Dogui M, Khairallah M, Lachapelle P, Ben Chaouacha-Chekir R. Characterizing the Retinal Function ofPsammomys obesus: A Diurnal Rodent Model to Study Human Retinal Function. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:79-87. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2016.1141963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Becker S, Jayaram H, Holder GE, Limb GA. Short Communication: Contribution of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels to the Rabbit Cone Electroretinograms. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:569-73. [PMID: 25974324 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1029134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the rabbit eye is of a similar size to the human eye, our limited understanding of the differences in retinal physiology to other species hinders its use in retinal research. The role of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) in the propagation of excitatory potentials along bipolar cells remains unclear, as conflicting data have been reported in the rabbit. The present study assesses the relative contributions of Nav to the scotopic and photopic flash ERGs as well as the wavelength-dependence of Nav blockade on the rabbit flicker ERG. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM) was injected into the vitreous cavity of Chinchilla bastard rabbits. Scotopic ERGs were evoked by white flashes ranging from 10(-5) to 10 cds m(-2), photopic ERGs on a background of 25 cdm(-2) using flash intensities of 0.032-25 cds m(-2). Flicker ERGs (3-50 Hz) were elicited by blue, green and yellow stimuli at 2.34 cds m(-2) on a white background of 30 cdm(-2). RESULTS The a- and b-waves of the scotopic ERG were unaffected by intravitreal injection of the Nav blocker TTX. In contrast, the b-wave, but not the a-wave, of the photopic ERG was selectively blocked by TTX. The reduction by TTX of the flicker ERG was greater for blue than for green and yellow stimuli. DISCUSSION The data suggest that Nav selectively contribute to the generation of the photopic b-wave in the rabbit, indicating that they play an important role in the propagation of excitatory signals on bipolar cells in the cone, but not rod pathways. Importantly, the present study resolves conflicting previous reports into the role of Nav in the retinal function of the rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Becker
- a Division of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics , UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK and
| | - Hari Jayaram
- b NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
| | - Graham E Holder
- b NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
| | - G Astrid Limb
- b NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
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17
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Tang X, Tzekov R, Passaglia CL. Retinal cross talk in the mammalian visual system. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:3018-29. [PMID: 26984426 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01137.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence and functional relevance of efferent optic nerve fibers in mammals have long been debated. While anatomical evidence for cortico-retinal and retino-retinal projections is substantial, physiological evidence is lacking, as efferent fibers are few in number and are severed in studies of excised retinal tissue. Here we show that interocular connections contribute to retinal bioelectrical activity in adult mammals. Full-field flash electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from one or both eyes of Brown-Norway rats under dark-adapted (n = 16) and light-adapted (n = 11) conditions. Flashes were confined to each eye by an opaque tube that blocked stray light. Monocular flashes evoked a small (5-15 μV) signal in the nonilluminated eye, which was named "crossed ERG" (xERG). The xERG began under dark-adapted conditions with a positive (xP1) wave that peaked at 70-90 ms and ended with slower negative (xN1) and positive (xP2) waves from 200 to 400 ms. xN1 was absent under light-adapted conditions. Injection of tetrodotoxin in either eye (n = 15) eliminated the xERG. Intraocular pressure elevation of the illuminated eye (n = 6) had the same effect. The treatments also altered the ERG b-wave in both eyes, and the alterations correlated with xERG disappearance. Optic nerve stimulation (n = 3) elicited a biphasic compound action potential in the nonstimulated nerve with 10- to 13-ms latency, implying that the xERG comes from slow-conducting (W type) fibers. Monocular dye application (n = 7) confirmed the presence of retino-retinal ganglion cells in adult rats. We conclude that mammalian eyes communicate directly with each other via a handful of optic nerve fibers. The cross talk alters retinal activity in rats, and perhaps other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Radouil Tzekov
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Christopher L Passaglia
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
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Farshi P, Fyk-Kolodziej B, Krolewski DM, Walker PD, Ichinose T. Dopamine D1 receptor expression is bipolar cell type-specific in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:2059-79. [PMID: 26587737 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the retina, dopamine is a key molecule for daytime vision. Dopamine is released by retinal dopaminergic amacrine cells and transmits signaling either by conventional synaptic or by volume transmission. By means of volume transmission, dopamine modulates all layers of retinal neurons; however, it is not well understood how dopamine modulates visual signaling pathways in bipolar cells. Here we analyzed Drd1a-tdTomato BAC transgenic mice and found that the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is expressed in retinal bipolar cells in a type-dependent manner. Strong tdTomato fluorescence was detected in the inner nuclear layer and localized to type 1, 3b, and 4 OFF bipolar cells and type 5-2, XBC, 6, and 7 ON bipolar cells. In contrast, type 2, 3a, 5-1, 9, and rod bipolar cells did not express Drd1a-tdTomato. Other interneurons were also found to express tdTomato including horizontal cells and a subset (25%) of AII amacrine cells. Diverse visual processing pathways, such as color or motion-coded pathways, are thought to be initiated in retinal bipolar cells. Our results indicate that dopamine sculpts bipolar cell performance in a type-dependent manner to facilitate daytime vision. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2059-2079, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pershang Farshi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bozena Fyk-Kolodziej
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Krolewski
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul D Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tomomi Ichinose
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Tao Y, Chen T, Liu B, Yang GQ, Peng G, Zhang H, Huang YF. The neurotoxic effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on the electrophysiological property and visual signal transmission of rat's retina. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 286:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Zhang T, Wei Y, Jiang X, Li J, Qiu S, Zhang S. Protection of photoreceptors by intravitreal injection of the Y-27632 Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor in Royal College of Surgeons rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3655-3661. [PMID: 26043901 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disease, which is characteristic by degeneration of the rod and cone photoreceptors. The present study aimed to assess the protective effects on photoreceptors of intravitreal injection of Y‑27632, a specific inhibitor of Rho‑associated protein kinase (ROCK), in a Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat model. Different concentrations of Y‑27632 (1‑50 mM) were administered by intravitreal injection into the RCS rats. The effects of Y‑27632 were recorded using electroretinography (ERG), measuring the thicknesses of the retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL) and examination of apoptotic markers using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and western blot analysis. Treatment of the eyes with Y27632 at 10 or 50 mM, led to a 30% increase in a‑ and b‑wave amplitudes in ERG, and an increase in ONL thickness by 10%, compared with the 1 mM Y‑27632‑treated and vehicle (phosphate‑buffered saline; PBS)‑treated groups. In addition, eyes treated with 10 mM Y27632 exhibited a 90% decrease in TUNEL‑positive cells, accompanied by decreased protein expression levels of active caspase 3 and Bax by 50%, and a 90% increase in the ratio of Bcl‑2/Bax, compared with the PBS‑treated groups. These data suggested that Y‑27632 protected retinal function by inhibiting the apoptosis of photoreceptor cells in the RCS rat model. The present study demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, to report the use of Y‑27632 for protection against RP in an RCS rat model. Y‑27632 may be a potential candidate for the treatment of human RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yantao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xintong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jingming Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Suo Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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Mojumder DK, Patel S, Nugent K, Detoledo J, Kim J, Dar N, Wilms H. Pupil to limbus ratio: Introducing a simple objective measure using two-box method for measuring early anisocoria and progress of pupillary change in the ICU. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2015; 6:208-15. [PMID: 25883482 PMCID: PMC4387813 DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.153229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Measurement of static pupillary size in the ICU is of importance in cases of acutely expanding intracranial mass lesions. The inaccuracies with subjective assessment of pupillary size by medical personnel preclude its use in emergent neurological situations. Objective: To determine if the ratio of pupil to limbus diameter (PLD ratio) measured by a two-box method is a reliable measure of pupil size for detecting early anisocoria and measuring pupillary changes. Materials and Methods: The PLD ratio was defined as the ratio of the pupillary diameter measured at a para-horizontal axial plane with the limbus diameter measured at the same or parallel axial plane. A two-box method was used to estimate the diameters of imaged pupils. Eyes were imaged using an iPhone 4S cellphone camera. Background illumination was measured and kept constant. The pupils of a 78-year-old woman, who presented with a large intra-axial parenchymal hemorrhage, were imaged. The patient had left pupillary miosis in dark but not in bright light. After presenting this case along with the images of the pupillary examination, a group of 21 medical staff were asked several questions on the pupillary examination. Reliability of PLD ratio were assessed via standard error of mean (S.E.M) of PLD ratios for 3 different subjects each imaged under constant illumination and fixation but from different angles to the optical axis. Results: Analysis of questionnaire data together with PLD ratios revealed that ~ 14% and 10% of participants could estimate the pupillary size in darkness and bright light respectively but none were simultaneously accurate indicating that subjective assessment of pupillary size was unreliable. The approach towards a systematic pupillary examination was inconsistent among the participants. The PLD ratio was found to be a reliable measure of pupillary size with standard error of mean below 0.1 mm for the three subjects tested. Conclusion: Static pupillary sizes can be objectively and consistently evaluated using PLD ratios using a two-box method. PLD ratios are resistant, within limits, to changes in imaging angle or choice of para-horizontal axes for measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deb Kumar Mojumder
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Saumil Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth Nugent
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - John Detoledo
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Jongyeol Kim
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Nabeel Dar
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Henrik Wilms
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
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22
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The electroretinogram of Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): Comparison to mouse. Neurosci Lett 2015; 589:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Yukita M, Machida S, Nishiguchi KM, Tsuda S, Yokoyama Y, Yasuda M, Maruyama K, Nakazawa T. Molecular, anatomical and functional changes in the retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush in mice. Doc Ophthalmol 2015; 130:149-56. [PMID: 25560383 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-014-9478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Optic nerve crush (ONC) and subsequent axonal damage can be used in rodents to study the mechanism of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Here, we examined electroretinograms (ERGs) in post-ONC mice to investigate changes in the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR). We then compared these changes with molecular and morphological changes to identify early objective biomarkers of RGC dysfunction. METHODS Fifty 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice were included. ONC was used to induce axonal injury in the right eye of each animal, with the left eye used as a control. The expression of the RGC markers Brn3a and Brn3b was measured on days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after ONC with quantitative real-time PCR. ERGs were recorded under dark adaptation with the stimulus intensity increasing from -6.2 to 0.43 log cd-s/m(2) on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 after ONC. The pSTR, a- and b-wave amplitudes were measured. Inner retinal thickness around the optic nerve head was measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography on days 0, 2, 5, 7 and 10 after ONC. RESULTS The expression of Brn3a and Brn3b began to significantly decrease on day 1 and day 2, respectively (P < 0.01). The amplitude of the pSTR underwent rapid, significant deterioration on day 3, after which it fell gradually (P < 0.01), while the a- and b-wave amplitudes remained unchanged throughout the experiment. Inner retinal thickness gradually decreased, with the most significant reduction on day 10 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Decrease in pSTR likely reflected the early loss of RGC function after ONC and that declining expression of RGC-specific genes preceded anatomical and functional changes in the RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yukita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
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Ramakrishnan H, Dhingra A, Tummala SR, Fina ME, Li JJ, Lyubarsky A, Vardi N. Differential function of Gγ13 in rod bipolar and ON cone bipolar cells. J Physiol 2015; 593:1531-50. [PMID: 25416620 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.281196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins (comprising Gα and Gβγ subunits) are critical for coupling of metabotropic receptors to their downstream effectors. In the retina, glutamate released from photoreceptors in the dark activates metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) receptors in ON bipolar cells; this leads to activation of Go , closure of transient receptor potential melastatin 1 channels and hyperpolarization of these cells. Go comprises Gαo , Gβ3 and a Gγ. The best Gγ candidate is Gγ13, although functional data to support this are lacking. Thus, we tested Gγ13 function by generating Gng13(-/-) knockout (KO) mice, recording electroretinograms (ERG) and performing immunocytochemical staining. The amplitude of scotopic ERG b-waves in KO mice was lower than in wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, in both KO and WT mice, the ERG b-wave decreased with age; this decrease was much more pronounced in KO mice. By contrast, the photopic ERG b-waves in KO mice were hardly affected at any age. In KO mice retinas, immunostaining for Gβ3 and for the GTPase activating proteins RGS7, RGS11, R9AP and Gβ5 decreased significantly in rod bipolar cells but not in ON cone bipolar cells. Staining for Gαo and certain other cascade elements decreased only slightly. Analysis of our ON bipolar cDNA library showed that these cells express mRNAs for Gγ5, Gγ10 and Gγ11. Quantitative RT-PCR of retinal cDNA showed greater values for these transcripts in retinas of KO mice, although the difference was not significant. Our results suggest that Gγ13 contributes to mGluR6 signalling in rod bipolar cells more than in ON cone bipolar cells, and that this contribution includes both coupling the receptor and maintaining a stable localization of the mGluR6-related cascade elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharasubramanian Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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25
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Smith BJ, Côté PD, Tremblay F. D1 Dopamine receptors modulate cone ON bipolar cell Nav channels to control daily rhythms in photopic vision. Chronobiol Int 2014; 32:48-58. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.951054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Dhingra A, Tummala SR, Lyubarsky A, Vardi N. PDE9A is expressed in the inner retina and contributes to the normal shape of the photopic ERG waveform. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:60. [PMID: 25018695 PMCID: PMC4073215 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous second messenger cGMP is synthesized by guanylyl cyclase and hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterase (PDE). cGMP mediates numerous signaling pathways in multiple tissues. In the retina, cGMP regulates signaling in nearly every cell class including photoreceptors, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. In order to understand the specific role of cGMP and its regulating enzymes in different cell types, it is first necessary to localize these components and dissect their influence on the circuits. Here we tested the contribution of PDE9A to retinal processing by recording the electroretinograms (ERG) of PDE9A™/™ (KO) mice and by localizing the enzyme. We found that while the scotopic ERG of KO was the same as that of wild type (WT) in both amplitude and kinetics, the photopic ERG was greatly affected. The greatest effect was on the recovery of the b-wave; the falling phase and the b-wave duration were significantly longer in the KO mice for all photopic stimuli (UV, green, or saturating white flashes). The rising phase was slower in KO than in WT for UV and green stimuli. For certain stimuli, amplitudes of both the a- and b-waves were smaller than in WT. Using Lac-Z expression in KO retinas as a reporter for PDE9A expression pattern, we found that PDE9A is localized to GABA-positive and GABA-negative amacrine cells, and likely also to certain types of ganglion cells. Our results indicate that PDE9A, by controlling the level of cGMP, modulates inhibitory processes within the cone pathway. We speculate that these circuits involve NO/cGMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Dhingra
- Retina Lab, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shanti R Tummala
- Retina Lab, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arkady Lyubarsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noga Vardi
- Retina Lab, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lim JKH, Nguyen CTO, He Z, Vingrys AJ, Bui BV. The effect of ageing on ocular blood flow, oxygen tension and retinal function during and after intraocular pressure elevation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98393. [PMID: 24866182 PMCID: PMC4035318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of ageing on the recovery of ocular blood flow, intravitreal oxygen tension and retinal function during and after intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. METHODS Long Evans rats (3- and 14-month-old) underwent acute stepwise IOP elevation from 10 to 120 mmHg (5 mmHg steps each 3 minutes). IOP was then returned to baseline and recovery was monitored for 2 hours. Photopic electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded at each IOP step during stress and at each minute during recovery. Ocular blood flow and vitreal oxygen tension (pO2) were assayed continuously and simultaneously using a combined laser Doppler flow meter (LDF) and an oxygen sensitive fibre-optic probe, respectively. The combined sensor was placed in the vitreous chamber, proximal to the retina. Data were binned into 3 minute intervals during stress and 1 min intervals during recovery. Recovery data was described using a bi-logistic function. RESULTS Rats of both ages showed similar susceptibility to IOP elevation, with pO2 showing a closer relationship to ERG than LDF. During recovery, both ages showed a distinctive two-phased recovery for all three measures with the exception of the LDF in 3-month-old rats, which showed only 1 phase. In all animals, LDF recovered fastest (<1 minute), followed by pO2 (<10 minute) and ERG (>1 hour). 14-month-old rats showed surprisingly faster and greater LDF recovery compared to the younger group, with similar levels of pO2 recovery. However, the ERG in these middle-aged animals did not fully recover after two hours, despite showing no difference in susceptibility to IOP during stress compared to the young group. CONCLUSIONS Young and middle-aged eyes showed similar susceptibility to IOP elevation in terms of pO2, LDF and ERG. Despite this lack of difference during stress, older eyes did not completely recover function, suggesting a more subtle age-related susceptibility to IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah K. H. Lim
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine T. O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Algis J. Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Suzuki R, Oka T, Tamada Y, Shearer TR, Azuma M. Degeneration and dysfunction of retinal neurons in acute ocular hypertensive rats: involvement of calpains. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:419-28. [PMID: 24660785 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal ischemic diseases primarily lead to damage of the inner retinal neurons. Electrophysiological studies also suggest impairment of the inner retinal neurons. Our recent studies with acute ocular hypertensive rats confirmed damage predominantly in the inner retinal layer along with the ganglion cell layer, changes that are ameliorated by the calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945. However, we do not know which specific neuronal cells in the inner retinal layer are damaged by calpains. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to identify specific calpain-damaged neuronal cells in the inner retina from acute ocular hypertensive rats. METHODS Intraocular pressure was elevated to 110 mm Hg for 40 min. One hour after ocular hypertension (OH), SNJ-1945 was administrated as a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Retinal function was assessed by scotopic electroretinography (ERG). Histological degeneration was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling (TUNEL), and immunostaining in thin sections and flat mounts of the retina. Calpain activation was determined by proteolysis of the calpain substrate α-spectrin. RESULTS OH caused calpain activation, increased TUNEL-positive staining, decreased thickness of the inner nuclear layer (INL), and decreased amplitudes of the ERG a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials (OPs). SNJ-1945 significantly inhibited calpain activation and the decrease in ERG values. Interestingly, the changes in the b-wave and OPs amplitudes were significantly correlated to changes in the thickness of the INL. In the inner retinal layer, the numbers of rod bipolar, cone-ON bipolar, and amacrine cells were decreased after OH. SNJ-1945 suppressed the loss of cone-ON bipolar and amacrine cells, but did not inhibit the loss of rod bipolar cells. We also observed increased glial fibrillary acid protein-positive staining in the Müller cells after OH and the treatment with SNJ-1945. CONCLUSIONS Calpains may contribute to ischemic retinal dysfunction by causing the loss of cone-ON bipolar and amacrine cells and causing the activation of Müller cells. Calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 may be a candidate compound for treatment of retinal ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Suzuki
- 1 Senju Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
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Contribution of retinal ganglion cells to the mouse electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 2014; 128:155-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s10633-014-9433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wang D, Wang Z, Li Y, Chen X, Sun GY. Nimodipine inhibits N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal photoreceptor apoptosis in vivo. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 45:149-54. [PMID: 23716891 PMCID: PMC3660927 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of nimodipine (NMD), a calcium channel blocker, on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration. Materials and Methods: 60 mg/kg MNU was given intraperitoneally to 6-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, and NMD was injected intraperitoneally for up to 5 days after MNU. The effect of NMD was evaluated by electron microscopy and electroretinography (ERG). Proteins of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were analyzed with flow cytometry. The expressions of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and Caspase-3 were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The apparent preservation of NMD to the photoreceptor cell was demonstrated by electron microscopy. After NMD treatment, both a- and b-waves of ERG were significantly higher compared with the control group, and had a protective effect on MNU-damaged retinal ERG. Flow cytometric assays showed that NMD decreased the level of Bax and Caspase-3 and increased the activity of Bcl-2 in retina. NMD significantly restored the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that NMD treatment significantly decreased mRNA level of Caspase-3, and mRNA level of PDE was clearly upregulated. Conclusions: These data suggest that NMD may regulate the expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspases-3, and PDE, and protection on the functions of retinal cell mitochondria inhibit MNU-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis and protect retinal function in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang- 110 001, People's Republic of China
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Effect of lycium barbarum (wolfberry) polysaccharides on preserving retinal function after partial optic nerve transection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81339. [PMID: 24339917 PMCID: PMC3858224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides (LBP) are the active components of Wolfberry (a traditional Chinese medicine) which has long been used for improving visual function. This study aims to investigate localized changes of retinal function in a partial optic nerve transection (PONT) model, and effects of LBP on visual function. The multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) were obtained from 30 eyes of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into 6 groups (five treatment groups and one control group). Starting from the first day of the experiment, the rats in the (PONT+LBP) group and the (LBP) group were dosed with LBP; rats in the (PONT+PBS (phosphate buffered saline)) group and the (PBS) group were dosed with PBS via nasogastric tube every day until euthanized. The dorsal part of the optic nerve was transected in the (PONT), (PONT+LBP) and (PONT+PBS) groups at the end of week 1 (day 7 after LBP or PBS feeding began). The mfERG was measured at three time points: week 2, week 3 and week 5. Significant reduction of P1 and PhNR amplitudes of the mfERG were observed in all retinal regions a week after PONT. Feeding with LBP prior to PONT preserved retinal function. All mfERG responses returned to the normal range in the superior retina, which corresponds to the transected dorsal region of the optic nerve, while most of the inferior retinal responses were significantly increased at week 4 after PONT. The ventral part of the retina had secondary degeneration which was not only limited to the ganglion cell layer, but is a widespread effect affecting the outer retina. LBP altered the functional reduction caused by PONT by regulating the signal from the outer retina.
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Smith BJ, Tremblay F, Côté PD. Voltage-gated sodium channels contribute to the b-wave of the rodent electroretinogram by mediating input to rod bipolar cell GABAc receptors. Exp Eye Res 2013; 116:279-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Identifying cell class specific losses from serially generated electroretinogram components. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:796362. [PMID: 24089688 PMCID: PMC3781995 DOI: 10.1155/2013/796362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Processing of information through the cellular layers of the retina occurs in a serial manner. In the electroretinogram (ERG), this complicates interpretation of inner retinal changes as dysfunction may arise from “upstream” neurons or may indicate a direct loss to that neural generator. We propose an approach that addresses this issue by defining ERG gain relationships. Methods. Regression analyses between two serial ERG parameters in a control cohort of rats are used to define gain relationships. These gains are then applied to two models of retinal disease. Results. The PIIIamp to PIIamp gain is unity whereas the PIIamp to pSTRamp and PIIamp to nSTRamp gains are greater than unity, indicating “amplification” (P < 0.05). Timing relationships show amplification between PIIIit to PIIit and compression for PIIit to pSTRit and PIIit to nSTRit, (P < 0.05). Application of these gains to ω-3-deficiency indicates that all timing changes are downstream of photoreceptor changes, but a direct pSTR amplitude loss occurs (P < 0.05). Application to diabetes indicates widespread inner retinal dysfunction which cannot be attributed to outer retinal changes (P < 0.05). Conclusions. This simple approach aids in the interpretation of inner retinal ERG changes by taking into account gain characteristics found between successive ERG components of normal animals.
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Electroretinography in streptozotocin diabetic rats following acute intraocular pressure elevation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Smith BJ, Côté PD. Reduced Retinal Function in the Absence of Na(v)1.6. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31476. [PMID: 22355369 PMCID: PMC3280295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mice with a function-blocking mutation in the Scn8a gene that encodes Nav1.6, a voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) isoform normally found in several types of retinal neurons, have previously been found to display a profoundly abnormal dark adapted flash electroretinogram. However the retinal function of these mice in light adapted conditions has not been studied. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present report we reveal that during light adaptation these animals are shown to have electroretinograms with significant decreases in the amplitude of the a- and b-waves. The percent decrease in the a- and b-waves substantially exceeds the acute effect of VGSC block by tetrodotoxin in control littermates. Intravitreal injection of CoCl2 or CNQX to isolate the a-wave contributions of the photoreceptors in littermates revealed that at high background luminance the cone-isolated component of the a-wave is of the same amplitude as the a-wave of mutants. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that Scn8a mutant mice have reduced function in both rod and the cone retinal pathways. The extent of the reduction in the cone pathway, as quantified using the ERG b-wave, exceeds the reduction seen in control littermates after application of TTX, suggesting that a defect in cone photoreceptors contributes to the reduction. Unless the postreceptoral component of the a-wave is increased in Scn8a mutant mice, the reduction in the b-wave is larger than can be accounted for by reduced photoreceptor function alone. Our data suggests that the reduction in the light adapted ERG of Scn8a mutant mice is caused by a combination of reduced cone photoreceptor function and reduced depolarization of cone ON bipolar cells. This raises the possibility that Nav1.6 augments signaling in cone bipolar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Smith
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Patrice D. Côté
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Luo X, Frishman LJ. Retinal pathway origins of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8571-84. [PMID: 21948546 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine retinal pathway origins of pattern electroretinogram (PERG) in macaque monkeys using pharmacologic dissections, uniform-field flashes, and PERG simulations. METHODS Transient (2 Hz, 4 reversals/s) and steady state (8.3 Hz, 16.6 reversals/s) PERGs and uniform-field ERGs were recorded before and after intravitreal injections of L-AP4 (not APB) (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, 1.6-2.0 mM), to prevent ON pathway responses; PDA (cis-2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid, 3.3-3.8 mM), to block activity of hyperpolarizing second- and all third-order retinal neurons; and TTX (tetrodotoxin, 6 μM), to block Na+-dependent spiking. PERGs were also recorded from macaques with advanced unilateral experimental glaucoma, and were simulated by averaging ON and OFF responses to uniform-field flashes. RESULTS For 2-Hz stimulation, L-AP4 reduced both negative- and positive-going (N95 and P50) amplitudes in transient PERGs, and their counterparts, N2 and P1 in simulations, to half-amplitude. PDA eliminated N95 and N2, but increased P50 and P1 amplitudes, in that it enhanced b-waves. As previously reported, severe experimental glaucoma or TTX eliminated photopic negative responses, N95, and N2; glaucoma eliminated P50 and reduced P1 amplitude; TTX reduced P50 and hardly altered P1. For 8.3-Hz stimulation, L-AP4 eliminated the steady state PERG and reduced simulated PERG amplitude, whereas PDA enhanced both responses. TTX reduced PERG amplitude to less than half; simulations were less reduced. Blockade of all postreceptoral activity eliminated transient and steady state PERGs, but left small residual P1 in simulations. CONCLUSIONS Transient PERG receives nearly equal amplitude contributions from ON and OFF pathways. N95 reflects spiking activity of ganglion cells; P50 reflects nonspiking activity as well. Steady state PERG, in contrast, reflects mainly spike-related ON pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunda Luo
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas 77204-2020, USA
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Murphy MJ, Crewther DP, Goodyear MJ, Crewther SG. Light modulation, not choroidal vasomotor action, is a regulator of refractive compensation to signed optical blur. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:1614-26. [PMID: 21418189 PMCID: PMC3230809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The nitric oxide system has two proposed sites and mechanisms of action within the ocular growth/refractive compensation platform-neuromodulatory effects on retinal physiology, and vascular/smooth muscle effects in the choroid. The relative contribution of these mechanisms are tested here with drugs that perturb the nitric oxide system and with slow flicker modulation of the ON and OFF pathways of the retina. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Intravitreal injection of saline or 900 nmol N(G) -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or L-arginine in saline was followed by monocular defocus with ±10 D lens (or no lens), from days 5-9 under standard diurnal (SD) or daytime 1 Hz ramped flicker conditions. Biometric, electrophysiological and histological analyses were conducted. KEY RESULTS After 4 days of SD conditions, both drugs enhanced electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave cf. d-wave amplitudes compared with saline and reduced refractive compensation to -10 D lenses. Under flicker conditions compensation to +10 D lenses was suppressed. Choroidal thinning was observed in the drug, no lens groups under SD conditions, whereas choroidal thickening was seen in most groups under flicker conditions, irrespective of refractive outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS As choroidal thickness was not predictive of final refractive compensation across any of the variables of drug, defocus sign or light condition, it is unlikely that choroidal thickness is a primary mechanism underlying refractive compensation across the range of parameters of this study. Rather, the changes in refractive compensation observed under these particular drug and light conditions are more likely due to a neuromodulatory action on retinal ON and OFF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Murphy
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Barnard AR, Charbel Issa P, Perganta G, Williams PA, Davies VJ, Sekaran S, Votruba M, MacLaren RE. Specific deficits in visual electrophysiology in a mouse model of dominant optic atrophy. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:771-7. [PMID: 21803037 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is a slowly progressive optic neuropathy caused by mutations in the OPA1 gene. OPA1 is ubiquitously expressed and plays a key role in mitochondrial fusion. Heterozygous Opa1 mutant mice (B6; C3-Opa1(Q285STOP)), have previously been reported to develop visual defects and optic nerve changes. In this study, in vivo visual electrophysiological testing (ERGs and VEPs) was performed on 11-13 month old B6; C3-Opa1(Q285STOP) mice (n = 5) and age/sex matched wildtype littermate controls. Full intensity series were recorded in response to brief (4 ms) single flash stimuli delivered in a Ganzfeld dome under dark- and light-adapted conditions. The major ERG components (a-wave and b-wave) showed no detectable difference from wildtype in the amplitude or implicit time of dark-adapted ERGs across the full intensity range tested. This was also true for the components of the dark-adapted VEP. However, the light-adapted ERG responses revealed a significant reduction in the photopic negative response (PhNR) amplitude in Opa1(+/-) animals relative to wildtypes at the brighter intensities tested. Elements of the light-adapted VEP were also abnormal in mutant mice. Overall Opa1(+/-) mice display functional deficits in electrophysiology that are consistent with ganglion cell dysfunction. These deficits may correlate with a reduction in the dendritic arborisation of retinal ganglion cells, which has been previously reported to occur at a similar age in the same mutant mouse line (Williams et al., 2010). The functional phenotype we have described in this mouse model may be useful in the robust and accurate assessment of potential treatments for ADOA.
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The comparative protective effects of ganoderma spores lipid and fish oil on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced photoreceptor cell lesion in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:903261. [PMID: 21660315 PMCID: PMC3108162 DOI: 10.1155/2011/903261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To compare Ganoderma spores lipid (GSL) and fish oil (FO) in inhibiting retinal photoreceptor cell lesions induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in rats. Methods. 120 rats were untreated (normal control, NC group) or treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg MNU (MNU group) then treated with GSL (GSL group) or FO (FO group). Eyes were obtained at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days. Results. Light microscopy assay demonstrated that GSL and FO alleviated rat retinal photoreceptor cell damage (GSL and FO versus MNU group P < .001) similarly (GSL versus FO group P = .980). Electron microscopy confirmed that GSL and FO reversed damage to photoreceptor segments and photoreceptor cell nuclei. GSL-treated rats showed significantly elevated a-wave and b-wave amplitudes over MNU group (P < .05) but less than NC group (P < .05) and not significantly different from FO group (P > .05). Conclusion. GSL, like FO, alleviates rat retinal photoreceptor cell damage induced by MNU.
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Bosco A, Steele MR, Vetter ML. Early microglia activation in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:599-620. [PMID: 21246546 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in microglial cell activation and distribution are associated with neuronal decline in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly under pathological conditions. Activated microglia converge on the initial site of axonal degeneration in human glaucoma, yet their part in its pathophysiology remains unresolved. To begin with, it is unknown whether microglia activation precedes or is a late consequence of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurodegeneration. Here we address this critical element in DBA/2J (D2) mice, an established model of chronic inherited glaucoma, using as a control the congenic substrain DBA/2J Gpnmb(+/SjJ) (D2G), which is not affected by glaucoma. We analyzed the spatial distribution and timecourse of microglial changes in the retina, as well as within the proximal optic nerve prior to and throughout ages when neurodegeneration has been reported. Exclusively in D2 mice, we detected early microglia clustering in the inner central retina and unmyelinated optic nerve regions, with microglia activation peaking by 3 months of age. Between 5 and 8 months of age, activated microglia persisted and concentrated in the optic disc, but also localized to the retinal periphery. Collectively, our findings suggest microglia activation is an early alteration in the retina and optic nerve in D2 glaucoma, potentially contributing to disease onset or progression. Ultimately, detection of microglial activation may have value in early disease diagnosis, while modulation of microglial responses may alter disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bosco
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Sun H, Wang Y, Pang IH, Shen J, Tang X, Li Y, Liu C, Li B. Protective effect of a JNK inhibitor against retinal ganglion cell loss induced by acute moderate ocular hypertension. Mol Vis 2011; 17:864-75. [PMID: 21527996 PMCID: PMC3081797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To correlate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and optic nerve (ON) damage with the duration of acute glaucoma attacks in a rat experimental model and to determine whether the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 protects against such attacks. METHODS To model an acute glaucoma attack, rat intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated by a controllable compression method using pulleys and specific weights. Intraocular pressure was measured with a TonoLab® rebound tonometer. Time-dependent ocular hypertension-induced damage was evaluated by ON morphology, retina morphology (both retina layer thickness in cross-sections and RGC counts in Dextran tetramethylrhodamine crystals [DTMR] labeled flatmounts), and scotopic flash electroretinography (ERG). A c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP600125 (0, 1.5, 5, or 15 mg/kg), was administered by intraperitoneal injection immediately before and after induction of ocular hypertension, then once daily for seven days. Retinal cross-sections were measured to determine the thickness of various retinal layers and the cell density in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Retinal flatmounts immunolabeled with anti-rat Brn-3a primary antibody were used to quantify RGC numbers. RESULTS Elevated rat IOP induced by corneal limbus compression correlated with the different weights. Elevation to 45 mmHg for up to 7 h did not significantly affect the thicknesses of the outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, or inner nuclear layer. Amplitudes of A- and B-waves were not affected. However, elevation to 45 mmHg for up to 7 h decreased the inner retinal thickness and caused ON damage. Most importantly, IOP elevation induced a time-dependent RGC loss. Cell density in the GCL decreased to 70%, 62%, and 49% of that of the control after 5 h, 6 h, and 7 h, respectively, of pressure increases. In retinal flatmount studies, labeled RGCs were reduced 56±4% (mean±SEM) versus the control (p<0.001) after 7 h of ocular hypertension. SP600125 dose-dependently protected against ocular hypertension-induced RGC loss. The difference in RGC density between the vehicle and SP600125-treated (15 mg/kg) groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The correlation of inner retinal morphological changes with the duration of the application of 45 mmHg IOP was demonstrated. Treatment with SP600125 significantly protected RGC survival against this insult. Inhibitors of JNK may be an interesting pharmacological class for treating glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China,Department of Physiology, Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai first People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Iok-Hou Pang
- Glaucoma Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., Fort Worth, TX
| | - Jiaquan Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xia Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chuanyong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China,Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China,Glaucoma Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., Fort Worth, TX,Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
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Contribution of voltage-gated sodium channels to b- and d-waves of frog electroretinogram under different conditions of light adaptation. Vision Res 2011; 50:88-98. [PMID: 19854212 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of blockade of voltage-gated sodium (Na(v)) channels by tetrodotoxin (TTX) on the V-log I function of the ERG b- and d-waves was investigated in light and dark adapted frog eyecups. TTX diminished the b- and d-wave amplitude under both conditions of adaptation at all stimulus intensities except for the middle intensity range in dark adapted eyes, where it had no effect on the b-wave amplitude. TTX delayed the time course of the responses, obtained with low intensity stimuli and widened the dynamic range of the b-wave. The inhibitory effect of TTX on the cone-mediated, but not rod-mediated b- and d-wave amplitude persisted after the blockade of proximal retinal activity by NMDA, indicating that it may be due to a blockade of Na(v) channels on the ON and OFF bipolar cells.
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Ho WC, Ng YF, Chu PHW, Fong YY, Yip KS, Kee CS, Chan HHL. Impairment of retinal adaptive circuitry in the myopic eye. Vision Res 2011; 51:367-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alarcón-Martínez L, Avilés-Trigueros M, Galindo-Romero C, Valiente-Soriano J, Agudo-Barriuso M, Villa PDL, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. ERG changes in albino and pigmented mice after optic nerve transection. Vision Res 2010; 50:2176-87. [PMID: 20727908 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Optic nerve transection (ONT) triggers retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. By using this paradigm, we have analyzed for the first time in adult albino and pigmented mice, the effects of ONT in the scotopic threshold response (STR) components (negative and positive) of the full-field electroretinogram. Two weeks after ONT, when in pigmented mice approximately 18% of the RGC population survive, the STR-implicit time decreased and the p and nSTR waves diminished approximately to 40% or 55%, in albino or pigmented, respectively, with respect to the values recorded from the non-operated contralateral eyes. These changes were maintained up to 12 weeks post-ONT, demonstrating that the ERG-STR is a useful parameter to monitor RGC functionality in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alarcón-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Mojumder DK, Concepcion FA, Patel SK, Barkmeier AJ, Carvounis PE, Wilson JH, Holz ER, Wensel TG. Evaluating retinal toxicity of intravitreal caspofungin in the mouse eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5796-803. [PMID: 20505203 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Caspofungin is a synthetic echinocandin antifungal agent that inhibits the synthesis of β(1,3)-D-glucan, an essential component of the cell wall of susceptible Aspergillus and Candida species. In this study, retinal toxicity was determined after intravitreal injection of caspofungin in a mouse model to assess its safety profile for the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis. METHODS Caspofungin acetate was injected intravitreally in the left eyes of male C57BL/6 mice, with final vitreal concentrations corresponding to 0.41, 1.2, 2.5, 4.1, and 41 μM (five mice per cohort). A total of 25 age-matched male C57BL/6 mice injected with balanced salt solution were used as control subjects (five for each of the five different caspofungin acetate concentrations). Electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded 7 weeks after the injections, and the injected eyes were examined histologically. RESULTS Mice injected with caspofungin at vitreal concentrations from 0.41 to 4.1 μM did not have significant alterations in their ERG waveforms, and their retinas had no detectable morphologic changes or loss of cells. At the vitreal concentration of 41 μM, caspofungin reduced the amplitudes of the a-waves, b-waves, and scotopic threshold responses of the ERG and also produced a decrease in the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer. CONCLUSIONS Caspofungin is a safe antifungal agent at vitreal concentrations of 0.41 to 4.1 μM in mice and consequently shows promise for the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis in humans. Much higher doses produce toxicity and should not be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deb K Mojumder
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Gao Y, Deng XG, Sun QN, Zhong ZQ. Ganoderma spore lipid inhibits N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal photoreceptor apoptosis in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2010; 90:397-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mojumder DK. Muscarinic receptor antagonist and an alpha-adrenergic agonist are required in combination to provide stable mydriasis following intravitreal injection in mice. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (ALIGARH) 2010; 2:17-23. [PMID: 20852745 PMCID: PMC2941443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tropicamide (muscarinic receptor antagonist) and phenylephrine (α-adrenergic receptor agonist) are commonly used to dilate the pupils by topical application. These two eye drops are often used, singly or in combination, to dilate the pupil and perform acute light-evoked physiological experiments (electroretinography, for example), before and after intravitreal injections of pharmacological agents, as an assay for their affect on retinal activity. This study wanted to determine whether treatment with one of these drugs, or with both, is most effective in maintaining mydriasis after intravitreal injections. Changes in pupillary dilation before and after intravitreal injection of balanced salt solution (0.5 µl) were recorded. Phenylephrine (α-adrenergic agonist) and tropicamide (muscarinic agonist) when combined, but not singly, produced full and stable pupillary dilation following intravitreal injections. Re-instillation of topical mydriatics after intravitreal injections was required for maximal pupillary dilation. A combination of a muscarinic receptor antagonist and an alpha-adrenergic agonist is required for stable mydriasis following intravitreal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deb Kumar Mojumder
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, One Baylor Plaza, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Alarcón-Martínez L, de la Villa P, Avilés-Trigueros M, Blanco R, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Short and long term axotomy-induced ERG changes in albino and pigmented rats. Mol Vis 2009; 15:2373-83. [PMID: 19936311 PMCID: PMC2779069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the different components of full-field flash electroretinogram (ERG) responses in adult albino and pigmented rats at various time intervals following optic nerve transection (ONT). METHODS In adult Sprague-Dawley (SD, albino) and Piebald-Viral-Glaxo (PVG, pigmented) rats, the left optic nerve was transected intraorbitally to induce retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. ERG responses were recorded simultaneously from both eyes beforehand and at 1, 2, 4, and 12 week intervals after ONT. The ERG a- and b-waves and the scotopic threshold responses (STR) were analyzed in scotopic conditions. White light stimuli of intensities ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-4) cd.s.m(-2) were used to record the positive and negative scotopic threshold responses (pSTR and nSTR), while stimulus light intensities ranging from 10(-4) to 10(2) cd.s.m(-2) were used to analyze the a- and b-wave amplitudes of standard ERG recordings. RESULTS In the albino rats, one week after intraorbital ONT, the STR mean amplitude decreased significantly, to approximately 60% of the values registered for the contralateral eye (p<0.05), which had not been operated on; standard ERG a- and b-waves showed a small reduction in amplitude-to approximately 85%. By two weeks after ONT, the STR mean amplitude was approximately 40% that of the contralateral eye, while the a- and b-wave amplitudes had further decreased to approximately 75%. Four weeks after ONT, the STR had fallen to 60% of that of the contralateral eyes, whereas the a- and b-waves reached values of approximately 90%. Twelve weeks after ONT, the STR remained significantly reduced to approximately 45%, whereas the a- and b-waves reached values of approximately 90%. In the pigmented rats, one week after intraorbital ONT, the mean amplitude had decreased significantly, to approximately 60% for the pSTR and to 80% for the nSTR of the values registered for the intact contralateral eye (p<0.05); while the standard ERG a- and b-waves showed a small reduction in amplitude to approximately 90%. Two weeks after ONT, the STR mean amplitude was approximately 55%, while the a- and b-wave amplitudes had further decreased to approximately 65%. Four weeks after ONT, the STR also was significantly reduced, to only 40%, whereas the a- and b-waves reached values of approximately 60%. Twelve weeks after ONT, the pSTR and nSTR remained significantly reduced to approximately 40% and 70%, respectively; whereas the a- and b-waves reached values of approximately 80%. CONCLUSIONS Optic nerve injury results in transient reductions of the major ERG components, the a- and b-waves, as well as permanent reductions of the early components of the ERG, the negative and positive scotopic threshold responses. Because ONT induces massive RGC loss, it is likely that permanent reduction in the STR represents a lack of the RGC population, thus highlighting the importance of the STR recordings as an electrophysiological tool for the assessment of RGC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alarcón-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Murcia. 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Alcalá. 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | | | - Román Blanco
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Alcalá. 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Maria P. Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Murcia. 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Murcia. 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Mojumder DK, Wensel TG. Topical mydriatics affect light-evoked retinal responses in anesthetized mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:567-76. [PMID: 19661232 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize effects of the muscarinic antagonist atropine (A) and the alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine (P), on mydriasis and light-evoked signaling in mice anesthetized by ketamine and xylazine (K+X). METHODS Pupillary areas of anesthetized C57BL/6 mice were measured, with or without topical application of A or A+P. Dark-adapted ERGs were recorded from 2- to 4-month-old C57BL/6 and 7.5-month-old albino hrhoG/hrhoG mice after application of A or P singly or in combination, before or after induction of K+X anesthesia. Effects of GABA were tested in the hrhoG/hrhoG mice. RESULTS K+X anesthesia resulted in maximum mydriasis that was not enhanced by A or A+P. Dark-adapted b-wave amplitudes (-1.3 log sc td s) after K+X anesthesia were similar with or without A or P. A+P in the presence of K+X produced a slow growth in b-wave amplitude, reaching a plateau of twofold enhancement in 1 hour. Recordings of responses to varying flash energies revealed that the effects of A+P were on the maximum amplitude of the a- and b-waves and not on their sensitivity. Scotopic threshold responses were augmented as well. In photoreceptor-degenerated mice (hrhoG/hrhoG), an electronegative ERG wave recorded with K+X+A, was converted to a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-sensitive response with two electropositive components with A+P after K+X. CONCLUSIONS Topical administration of A and P together, but not separately, in the presence of K+X, leads to a slow, dramatic enhancement of a- and b-waves by an unknown mechanism independent of pupil dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deb Kumar Mojumder
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
RGS7, RGS11, and their binding partner Gbeta5 are localized to the dendritic tips of retinal ON bipolar cells (ON-BPC), where mGluR6 responds to glutamate released from photoreceptor terminals by activation of the RGS7/RGS11 substrate, Galphao. To determine their functions in retinal signaling, we investigated cell-specific expression patterns of RGS7 and RGS11 by immunostaining, and measured light responses by electroretinography in mice with targeted disruptions of the genes encoding them. RGS7 staining is present in dendritic tips of all rod ON-BPC, but missing in those for subsets of cone ON-BPC, whereas the converse was true for RGS11 staining. Genetic disruption of either RGS7 or RGS11 produced delays in the ON-BPC-derived electroretinogram b-wave, but no changes in the photoreceptor-derived a-wave. Homozygous RGS7 mutant mice had delays in rod-driven b-waves, whereas RGS11 mutant mice had delays in rod-driven, and especially in cone-driven b-waves. The b-wave delays were further enhanced in mice homozygous for both RGS7 and RGS11 gene disruptions. Thus, RGS7 and RGS11 act in parallel to regulate the kinetics of ON bipolar cell responses, with differential impacts on the rod and cone pathways.
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