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Kann O, Söder L, Khodaie B. Lactate is a potentially harmful substitute for brain glucose fuel: consequences for metabolic restoration of neurotransmission. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1403-1404. [PMID: 39075904 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Kann O, Söder L, Khodaie B)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Kann O)
| | - Lennart Söder
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Kann O, Söder L, Khodaie B)
| | - Babak Khodaie
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Kann O, Söder L, Khodaie B)
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2
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Vargas NT, Robertson CV, Marino FE. Acute ingestion of Ibuprofen does not influence the release of IL-6 or improve self-paced exercise in the heat despite altering cortical activity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2303-2313. [PMID: 38446191 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that ingesting 800 mg Ibuprofen prior to self-paced cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion (RPE) improves performance by attenuating the release of Interleukin (IL)-6 and its signalling molecules, whilst simultaneously modulating cortical activity and cerebral oxygenation to the brain. Eight healthy, recreationally active males ingested 800 mg Ibuprofen or a placebo ~ 1 h prior to performing fixed RPE cycling for 60 min in 35 °C and 60% relative humidity at an intensity of hard to very hard (RPE = 16) with intermittent maximal (RPE = 20) sprints every 10 min. Power output (PO), core and mean skin temperatures (Tc, Tsk), respectively, and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings at the frontal (Fz), motor (Cz) and Parietal (Pz) areas (90 s) were collected every 5 min. IL-6, soluble glycoprotein receptor (sgp130) and IL-6 receptor (R) were collected at pre-, 30 min and immediately post-exercise. Mean PO, HR, Tc and Tsk, and RPE were not different between trials (P ≥ 0.33). At end-exercise, the change in IL-6, sgp130 and sIL-6R was not different between trials (P ≥ 0.12). The increase in α and β activity did not differ in any cortices between trials (P ≥ 0.07); however, there was a significant reduction in α/β activity in the Ibuprofen compared to placebo trials at all sites (P ≤ 0.05). Ingesting a maximal, over-the-counter dose of Ibuprofen prior to exercise in the heat does not attenuate the release of IL-6, nor improve performance, but may influence cortical activity evidenced by a greater reduction in α/β activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Vargas
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, 54 Mills Rd, Florey Building, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Caroline V Robertson
- Griffith Centre For Mental Health and ALIVE National Centre for Mental Health Research Translation, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Frank E Marino
- School of Rural Medicine and Research Group for Human Adaptation, Exercise and Health, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, 2890, Australia
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Bian X, Li M, Lou S. Resistance training boosts lactate transporters and synaptic proteins in insulin-resistance mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34425. [PMID: 39082040 PMCID: PMC11284409 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This investigation delineates the influence of resistance training on the expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampi of insulin-resistant mice and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Six-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were stratified into a control group and a high-fat diet group to induce insulin resistance over a 12-week period. Subsequently, the mice were further divided into sedentary and resistance training cohorts, with the latter engaging in a 12-week ladder-climbing regimen. Post-intervention, blood, and hippocampal specimens were harvested for analytical evaluation. Results In the insulin-resistant mice, elevated blood lactate levels were observed alongside diminished expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins, monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), and reduced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). In contrast, the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 E-binding protein 2 was significantly augmented. Resistance training mitigated insulin resistance, decreased blood lactate levels, and enhanced the expression and phosphorylation of mTOR, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR, MCTs, and synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Conclusions Resistance training mitigates insulin resistance and improves hippocampal synaptic plasticity by normalizing blood lactate levels and enhancing mTOR, MCTs, and synaptic plasticity-related proteins. It may also activate mTORC1 via the PI3K/Akt pathway, promote lactate utilization, and enhance synaptic plasticity proteins, potentially alleviating peripheral insulin resistance. Further research is needed to confirm these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Bian
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of International Medical Technology, Shanghai Sanda University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Jia B, Lv C, Li D, Lv W. Cerebral cortex activation and functional connectivity during low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction: An fNIRS study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303983. [PMID: 38781264 PMCID: PMC11115316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence that blood flow restriction (BFR) training promotes muscle hypertrophy and strength gain, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms have rarely been explored. The primary goal of this study is to investigate characteristics of cerebral cortex activity during BFR training under different pressure intensities. 24 males participated in 30% 1RM squat exercise, changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (HbO) in the primary motor cortex (M1), pre-motor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), were measured by fNIRS. The results showed that HbO increased from 0 mmHg (non-BFR) to 250 mmHg but dropped sharply under 350 mmHg pressure intensity. In addition, HbO and functional connectivity were higher in M1 and PMC-SMA than in DLPFC. Moreover, the significant interaction effect between pressure intensity and ROI for HbO revealed that the regulation of cerebral cortex during BFR training was more pronounced in M1 and PMC-SMA than in DLPFC. In conclusion, low-load resistance training with BFR triggers acute responses in the cerebral cortex, and moderate pressure intensity achieves optimal neural benefits in enhancing cortical activation. M1 and PMC-SMA play crucial roles during BFR training through activation and functional connectivity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Jia
- School of Sports Training, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chennan Lv
- Center of Strength and Conditioning, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danyang Li
- School of Sports Training, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wangang Lv
- Center of Strength and Conditioning, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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Kann O. Lactate as a supplemental fuel for synaptic transmission and neuronal network oscillations: Potentials and limitations. J Neurochem 2024; 168:608-631. [PMID: 37309602 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lactate shuttled from the blood circulation, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or even activated microglia (resident macrophages) to neurons has been hypothesized to represent a major source of pyruvate compared to what is normally produced endogenously by neuronal glucose metabolism. However, the role of lactate oxidation in fueling neuronal signaling associated with complex cortex function, such as perception, motor activity, and memory formation, is widely unclear. This issue has been experimentally addressed using electrophysiology in hippocampal slice preparations (ex vivo) that permit the induction of different neural network activation states by electrical stimulation, optogenetic tools or receptor ligand application. Collectively, these studies suggest that lactate in the absence of glucose (lactate only) impairs gamma (30-70 Hz) and theta-gamma oscillations, which feature high energy demand revealed by the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2, set to 100%). The impairment comprises oscillation attenuation or moderate neural bursts (excitation-inhibition imbalance). The bursting is suppressed by elevating the glucose fraction in energy substrate supply. By contrast, lactate can retain certain electric stimulus-induced neural population responses and intermittent sharp wave-ripple activity that features lower energy expenditure (CMRO2 of about 65%). Lactate utilization increases the oxygen consumption by about 9% during sharp wave-ripples reflecting enhanced adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Moreover, lactate attenuates neurotransmission in glutamatergic pyramidal cells and fast-spiking, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons by reducing neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals. By contrast, the generation and propagation of action potentials in the axon is regular. In conclusion, lactate is less effective than glucose and potentially detrimental during neural network rhythms featuring high energetic costs, likely through the lack of some obligatory ATP synthesis by aerobic glycolysis at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. High lactate/glucose ratios might contribute to central fatigue, cognitive impairment, and epileptic seizures partially seen, for instance, during exhaustive physical exercise, hypoglycemia and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Meng X, Wu W, Tang Y, Peng M, Yang J, Yuan S, Hu Z, Liu W. Lactate/Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications-Exercise Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04067-x. [PMID: 38427215 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Lactate has a novel function different from previously known functions despite its traditional association with hypoxia in skeletal muscle. It plays various direct and indirect physiological functions. It is a vital energy source within the central nervous system (CNS) and a signal transmitter regulating crucial processes, such as angiogenesis and inflammation. Activating lactate and its associated receptors elicits effects like synaptic plasticity and angiogenesis alterations. These effects can significantly influence the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, potentially impacting cognitive performance. Decreased cognitive function relates to different neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), ischemic brain injury, and frontotemporal dementia. Therefore, lactic acid has significant potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Exercise is a method that induces the production of lactic acid, which is similar to the effect of lactate injections. It is a harmless and natural way to achieve comparable results. Animal experiments demonstrate that high-intensity intermittent exercise can increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, thus promoting angiogenesis. In vivo, lactate receptor-hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activation can occur by various stimuli, including variations in ion concentrations, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level elevations, and fluctuations in the availability of energy substrates. While several articles have been published on the benefits of physical activity on developing Alzheimer's disease in the CNS, could lactic acid act as a bridge? Understanding how HCAR1 responds to these signals and initiates associated pathways remains incomplete. This review comprehensively analyzes lactate-induced signaling pathways, investigating their influence on neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline. Consequently, this study describes the unique role of lactate in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Meng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Weijia Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Yingzhe Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Mei Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Jialun Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Shunling Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Zelin Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Schwendinger F, Looser V, Gerber M, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Autonomic dysfunction and exercise intolerance in post-COVID-19 - An as yet underestimated organ system? Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100429. [PMID: 38348143 PMCID: PMC10859561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals recovering from COVID-19 often present with persistent symptoms, particularly exercise intolerance and low cardiorespiratory fitness. Put simply, the Wasserman gear system describes the interdependence of heart, lungs, and musculature as determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness. Based on this system, recent findings indicate a contribution of peripheral, cardiovascular, and lung diffusion limitations to persistent symptoms of exercise intolerance and low cardiorespiratory fitness. The autonomic nervous system as an organ system involved in the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance and low cardiorespiratory fitness, has received only little attention as of yet. Hence, our article discusses contribution of the autonomic nervous system through four potential pathways, namely alterations in (1) cerebral hemodynamics, (2) afferent and efferent signaling, (3) central hypersensitivity, and (4) appraisal and engagement in physical activity. These pathways are summarized in a psycho-pathophysiological model. Consequently, this article encourages a shift in perspective by examining the state of the pulmonary and cardiovascular system, the periphery, and auxiliary, the autonomic nervous system as potential underlying mechanisms for exercise intolerance and low cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with post-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Schwendinger
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - V.N. Looser
- Division of Sports Science, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M. Gerber
- Division of Sports Science, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A. Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Farra SD, Jacobs I. Arterial desaturation rate does not influence self-selected knee extension force but alters ventilatory response to progressive hypoxia: A pilot study. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15892. [PMID: 38172088 PMCID: PMC10764295 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The absolute magnitude and rate of arterial desaturation each independently impair whole-body aerobic exercise. This study examined potential mechanisms underlying the rate-dependent relationship. Utilizing an exercise protocol involving unilateral, intermittent, isometric knee extensions (UIIKE), we provided sufficient reperfusion time between contractions to reduce the accumulation of intramuscular metabolic by-products that typically stimulate muscle afferents. The objective was to create a milieu conducive to accentuating any influence of arterial desaturation rate on muscular fatigue. Eight participants completed four UIIKE sessions, performing one 3 s contraction every 30s at a perceived intensity of 50% MVC for 25 min. Participants voluntarily adjusted their force generation to maintain perceptual effort at 50% MVC without feedback. Reductions in inspired oxygen fraction (FI O2 ) decreased arterial saturation from >98% to 70% with varying rates in three trials: FAST (5.3 ± 1.3 min), MED (11.8 ± 2.7 min), and SLOW (19.9 ± 3.7 min). FI O2 remained at 0.21 during the control trial. Force generation and muscle activation remained at baseline levels throughout UIIKE trials, unaffected by the magnitude or rate of desaturation. Minute ventilation increased with hypoxia (p < 0.05), and faster desaturation rates magnified this response. These findings demonstrate that arterial desaturation magnitude and rate independently affect ventilation, but do not influence fatigue development during UIIKE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saro D. Farra
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical EducationUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical EducationUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Tanenbaum Institute for Science in Sport, University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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Galvan-Alvarez V, Martin-Rincon M, Gallego-Selles A, Martínez Canton M, HamedChaman N, Gelabert-Rebato M, Perez-Valera M, García-Gonzalez E, Santana A, Holmberg HC, Boushel R, Hallén J, Calbet JAL. Determinants of the maximal functional reserve during repeated supramaximal exercise by humans: The roles of Nrf2/Keap1, antioxidant proteins, muscle phenotype and oxygenation. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102859. [PMID: 37666117 PMCID: PMC10491831 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When high-intensity exercise is performed until exhaustion a "functional reserve" (FR) or capacity to produce power at the same level or higher than reached at exhaustion exists at task failure, which could be related to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS)-sensing and counteracting mechanisms. Nonetheless, the magnitude of this FR remains unknown. Repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise at 120% of VO2max interspaced with 20s recovery periods with full ischaemia were used to determine the maximal FR. Then, we determined which muscle phenotypic features could account for the variability in functional reserve in humans. Exercise performance, cardiorespiratory variables, oxygen deficit, and brain and muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) were measured, and resting muscle biopsies were obtained from 43 young healthy adults (30 males). Males and females had similar aerobic (VO2max per kg of lower extremities lean mass (LLM): 166.7 ± 17.1 and 166.1 ± 15.6 ml kg LLM-1.min-1, P = 0.84) and anaerobic fitness (similar performance in the Wingate test and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit when normalized to LLM). The maximal FR was similar in males and females when normalized to LLM (1.84 ± 0.50 and 2.05 ± 0.59 kJ kg LLM-1, in males and females, respectively, P = 0.218). This FR depends on an obligatory component relying on a reserve in glycolytic capacity and a putative component generated by oxidative phosphorylation. The aerobic component depends on brain oxygenation and phenotypic features of the skeletal muscles implicated in calcium handling (SERCA1 and 2 protein expression), oxygen transport and diffusion (myoglobin) and redox regulation (Keap1). The glycolytic component can be predicted by the protein expression levels of pSer40-Nrf2, the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and the protein expression levels of SOD1. Thus, an increased capacity to modulate the expression of antioxidant proteins involved in RONS handling and calcium homeostasis may be critical for performance during high-intensity exercise in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Galvan-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Angel Gallego-Selles
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miriam Martínez Canton
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - NaDer HamedChaman
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mario Perez-Valera
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santana
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Clinical Genetics Unit, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden; School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jostein Hallén
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Postboks, 4014 Ulleval Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Postboks, 4014 Ulleval Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
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Theodorakopoulou MP, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Faitatzidou D, Koutlas A, Doumas M, Papagianni A, Sarafidis P. Cerebral oxygenation during exercise deteriorates with advancing chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:2379-2388. [PMID: 37096390 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment and exercise intolerance are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation play a major role in both cognitive function and exercise execution. This study aimed to examine cerebral oxygenation during a mild physical stress in patients at different CKD stages and controls without CKD. METHODS Ninety participants (18 per CKD stage 2, 3a, 3b and 4 and 18 controls) underwent a 3-min intermittent handgrip exercise at 35% of their maximal voluntary contraction. During exercise, cerebral oxygenation [oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb) and total haemoglobin (tHb)] was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. Indices of microvascular (muscle hyperaemic response) and macrovascular function (carotid intima-media thickness and pulse wave velocity (PWV)) and cognitive and physical activity status were also evaluated. RESULTS No differences in age, sex and body mass index were detected among groups. The mini-mental state examination score was significantly reduced with advancing CKD stages (controls: 29.2 ± 1.2, stage 2: 28.7 ± 1.0, stage 3a: 27.8 ± 1.9, stage 3b: 28.0 ± 1.8, stage 4: 27.6 ± 1.5; P = .019). Similar trends were observed for physical activity levels and handgrip strength. The average response in cerebral oxygenation (O2Hb) during exercise was lower with advancing CKD stages (controls: 2.50 ± 1.54, stage 2: 1.30 ± 1.05, stage 3a: 1.24 ± 0.93, stage 3b: 1.11 ± 0.89, stage 4: 0.97 ± 0.80 μmol/l; P < .001). The average tHb response (index of regional blood volume) showed a similar decreasing trend (P = .003); no differences in HHb among groups were detected. In univariate linear analysis, older age, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), Hb, microvascular hyperaemic response and increased PWV were associated with poor O2Hb response during exercise. In the multiple model, eGFR was the only parameter independently associated with the O2Hb response. CONCLUSIONS Brain activation during a mild physical task appears to decrease with advancing CKD as suggested by the smaller increase in cerebral oxygenation. This may contribute to impaired cognitive function and reduced exercise tolerance with advancing CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta P Theodorakopoulou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Danai Faitatzidou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aggelos Koutlas
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Michael Doumas
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papagianni
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Cherouveim ED, Miliotis PG, Koskolou MD, Dipla K, Vrabas IS, Geladas ND. The Effect of Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation on Hemodynamics, Cerebral Oxygenation and Activation, and Exercise Performance during Incremental Exercise to Exhaustion in Male Cyclists. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:981. [PMID: 37508410 PMCID: PMC10376807 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate whether muscle blood flow restriction during maximal exercise is associated with alterations in hemodynamics, cerebral oxygenation, cerebral activation, and deterioration of exercise performance in male participants. Thirteen healthy males, cyclists (age 33 ± 2 yrs., body mass: 78.6 ± 2.5 kg, and body mass index: 25.57 ± 0.91 kg·m-1), performed a maximal incremental exercise test on a bicycle ergometer in two experimental conditions: (a) with muscle blood flow restriction through the application of thigh cuffs inflated at 120 mmHg (with cuffs, WC) and (b) without restriction (no cuffs, NC). Exercise performance significantly deteriorated with muscle blood flow restriction, as evidenced by the reductions in V˙O2max (-17 ± 2%, p < 0.001), peak power output (-28 ± 2%, p < 0.001), and time to exhaustion (-28 ± 2%, p < 0.001). Muscle oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[O2Hb]) during exercise declined more in the NC condition (p < 0.01); however, at exhaustion, the magnitude of muscle oxygenation and muscle deoxygenation were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). At maximal effort, lower cerebral deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HHb]) and cerebral total hemoglobin (Δ[THb]) were observed in WC (p < 0.001), accompanied by a lower cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume vs. the NC condition (p < 0.01), whereas systolic blood pressure, rating of perceived exertion, and cerebral activation (as assessed by electroencephalography (EEG) activity) were similar (p > 0.05) between conditions at task failure, despite marked differences in exercise duration, maximal aerobic power output, and V˙O2max. In conclusion, in trained cyclists, muscle blood flow restriction during an incremental cycling exercise test significantly limited exercise performance. Exercise intolerance with muscle blood flow restriction was mainly associated with attenuated cardiac responses, despite cerebral activation reaching similar maximal levels as without muscle blood flow restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia D Cherouveim
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Miliotis
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria D Koskolou
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece
| | - Nickos D Geladas
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
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12
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Dias C, Fernandes E, Barbosa RM, Laranjinha J, Ledo A. Astrocytic aerobic glycolysis provides lactate to support neuronal oxidative metabolism in the hippocampus. Biofactors 2023; 49:875-886. [PMID: 37070143 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the energetic demand of the brain is met by glucose oxidation. However, ample evidence suggests that lactate produced by astrocytes through aerobic glycolysis may also be an oxidative fuel, highlighting the metabolic compartmentalization between neural cells. Herein, we investigate the roles of glucose and lactate in oxidative metabolism in hippocampal slices, a model that preserves neuron-glia interactions. To this purpose, we used high-resolution respirometry to measure oxygen consumption (O2 flux) at the whole tissue level and amperometric lactate microbiosensors to evaluate the concentration dynamics of extracellular lactate. We found that lactate is produced from glucose and transported to the extracellular space by neural cells in hippocampal tissue. Under resting conditions, endogenous lactate was used by neurons to support oxidative metabolism, which was boosted by exogenously added lactate even in the presence of excess glucose. Depolarization of hippocampal tissue with high K+ significantly increased the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, which was accompanied by a transient decrease in extracellular lactate concentration. Both effects were reverted by inhibition of the neuronal lactate transporter, monocarboxylate transporters 2 (MCT2), supporting the concept of an inward flux of lactate to neurons to fuel oxidative metabolism. We conclude that astrocytes are the main source of extracellular lactate which is used by neurons to fuel oxidative metabolism, both under resting and stimulated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida Dias
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eliana Fernandes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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The Effect of a Hydroxytyrosol-Rich, Olive-Derived Phytocomplex on Aerobic Exercise and Acute Recovery. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020421. [PMID: 36678293 PMCID: PMC9864860 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is current scientific interest in naturally sourced phenolic compounds and their potential benefits to health, as well as the effective role polyphenols may provide in an exercise setting. This study investigated the chronic effects of supplementation with a biodynamic and organic olive fruit water phytocomplex (OliPhenolia® [OliP]), rich in hydroxytyrosol (HT), on submaximal and exhaustive exercise performance and respiratory markers of recovery. Twenty-nine recreationally active participants (42 ± 2 yrs; 71.1 ± 2.1 kg; 1.76 ± 0.02 m) consumed 2 × 28 mL∙d−1 of OliP or a taste- and appearance-matched placebo (PL) over 16 consecutive days. Participants completed a demanding, aerobic exercise protocol at ~75% maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) for 65 min 24 h before sub- and maximal performance exercise tests prior to and following the 16-day consumption period. OliP reduced the time constant (τ) (p = 0.005) at the onset of exercise, running economy (p = 0.015) at lactate threshold 1 (LT1), as well as the rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.003) at lactate turnpoint (LT2). Additionally, OliP led to modest improvements in acute recovery based upon a shorter time to achieve 50% of the end of exercise V˙O2 value (p = 0.02). Whilst OliP increased time to exhaustion (+4.1 ± 1.8%), this was not significantly different to PL (p > 0.05). Phenolic compounds present in OliP, including HT and related metabolites, may provide benefits for aerobic exercise and acute recovery in recreationally active individuals. Further research is needed to determine whether dose-response or adjunct use of OliP alongside longer-term training programs can further modulate exercise-associated adaptations in recreationally active individuals, or indeed support athletic performance.
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14
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Sangüesa G, Batlle M, Muñoz-Moreno E, Soria G, Alcarraz A, Rubies C, Sitjà-Roqueta L, Solana E, Martínez-Heras E, Meza-Ramos A, Amaro S, Llufriu S, Mont L, Guasch E. Intense long-term training impairs brain health compared with moderate exercise: Experimental evidence and mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:282-298. [PMID: 36256544 PMCID: PMC10092505 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of extremely intense long-term exercise for brain health remain unknown. We studied the effects of strenuous exercise on brain structure and function, its dose-response relationship, and mechanisms in a rat model of endurance training. Five-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to moderate (MOD) or intense (INT) exercise or a sedentary (SED) group for 16 weeks. MOD rats showed the highest motivation and learning capacity in operant conditioning experiments; SED and INT presented similar results. In vivo MRI demonstrated enhanced global and regional connectivity efficiency and clustering as well as a higher cerebral blood flow (CBF) in MOD but not INT rats compared with SED. In the cortex, downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation complex IV and AMPK activation denoted mitochondrial dysfunction in INT rats. An imbalance in cortical antioxidant capacity was found between MOD and INT rats. The MOD group showed the lowest hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory markers were similar in all groups. In conclusion, strenuous long-term exercise yields a lesser improvement in learning ability than moderate exercise. Blunting of MOD-induced improvements in CBF and connectivity efficiency, accompanied by impaired mitochondrial energetics and, possibly, transient local oxidative stress, may underlie the findings in intensively trained rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sangüesa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Batlle
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Moreno
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Soria
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Alcarraz
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cira Rubies
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laia Sitjà-Roqueta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Solana
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Center of Neuroimmunology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eloy Martínez-Heras
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Center of Neuroimmunology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aline Meza-Ramos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City, Mexico.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Amaro
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Comprehensive Stroke Center, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Llufriu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Center of Neuroimmunology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Mont
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Institute, Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Institute, Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina seu Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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15
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JENKINS JASMINR, SALMON OWENF, SMITH CORYM. Cognitive Function is Unaffected during Acute Hypoxic Exposure but was Improved Following Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:1481-1491. [PMID: 36619830 PMCID: PMC9797013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of two levels of acute hypoxic exposure and exercise compared to normoxia on the Stroop color word test. A total of 14 (4 females and 10 males) active participants with a self-reported (mean±SEM) 8.54±1.44 h/week of physical activity, performed a 3-repetition maximum hex/trap bar deadlift, Hand-Release Push-Up, and Leg Tuck events from the Army Combat Fitness Test at normoxia and normobaric hypoxia of fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 16% and 14.3%. The Stroop color-word test was administered on a touch screen device before and after the exercise battery, where participants were given congruent (word and ink color matching) and incongruent (non-matching) prompts. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate were recorded at pre- and post-exercise. Variables obtained from the Stroop color word test were not influenced as a result of acute hypoxic exposure but did improve after an exercise battery. Peripheral oxygen saturation was greater during normoxia compared to acute hypoxic exposure which indicated a systemic change in oxygenation. The results of the present study indicated that the Stroop color-word test is not influenced by an FiO2 16% or 14.3%, however, exercise did improve Stroop score and response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- JASMIN R. JENKINS
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - OWEN F. SALMON
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - CORY M. SMITH
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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16
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Bluemke E, Stride E, Bulte DP. Modeling the Effect of Hyperoxia on the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Rate R1 of Tissues. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1867-1885. [PMID: 35678239 PMCID: PMC9545427 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inducing hyperoxia in tissues is common practice in several areas of research, including oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI), which attempts to use the resulting signal changes to detect regions of tumor hypoxia or pulmonary disease. The linear relationship between PO2 and R1 has been reproduced in phantom solutions and body fluids such as vitreous fluid; however, in tissue and blood experiments, factors such as changes in deoxyhemoglobin levels can also affect the ΔR1. THEORY AND METHODS This manuscript proposes a three-compartment model for estimating the hyperoxia-induced changes in R1 of tissues depending on B0, SO2 , blood volume, hematocrit, oxygen extraction fraction, and changes in blood and tissue PO2 . The model contains two blood compartments (arterial and venous) and a tissue compartment. This model has been designed to be easy for researchers to tailor to their tissue of interest by substituting their preferred model for tissue oxygen diffusion and consumption. A specific application of the model is demonstrated by calculating the resulting ΔR1 expected in healthy, hypoxic and necrotic tumor tissues. In addition, the effect of sex-based hematocrit differences on ΔR1 is assessed. RESULTS The ΔR1 values predicted by the model are consistent with reported literature OE-MRI results: with larger positive changes in the vascular periphery than hypoxic and necrotic regions. The observed sex-based differences in ΔR1 agree with findings by Kindvall et al. suggesting that differences in hematocrit levels may sometimes be a confounding factor in ΔR1. CONCLUSION This model can be used to estimate the expected tissue ΔR1 in oxygen-enhanced MRI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Bluemke
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Peter Bulte
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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17
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McKeown DJ, McNeil CJ, Simmonds MJ, Kavanagh JJ. Post-fatigue ability to activate muscle is compromised across a wide range of torques during acute hypoxic exposure. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4653-4668. [PMID: 35841186 PMCID: PMC9546238 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess how severe acute hypoxia alters the neural mechanisms of muscle activation across a wide range of torque output in a fatigued muscle. Torque and electromyography responses to transcranial and motor nerve stimulation were collected from 10 participants (27 years ± 5 years, 1 female) following repeated performance of a sustained maximal voluntary contraction that reduced torque to 60% of the pre‐fatigue peak torque. Contractions were performed after 2 h of hypoxic exposure and during a sham intervention. For hypoxia, peripheral blood oxygen saturation was titrated to 80% over a 15‐min period and remained at 80% for 2 h. Maximal voluntary torque, electromyography root mean square, voluntary activation and corticospinal excitability (motor evoked potential area) and inhibition (silent period duration) were then assessed at 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 50% and 25% of the target force corresponding to the fatigued maximal voluntary contraction. No hypoxia‐related effects were identified for voluntary activation elicited during motor nerve stimulation. However, during measurements elicited at the level of the motor cortex, voluntary activation was reduced at each torque output considered (P = .002, ηp2 = .829). Hypoxia did not impact the correlative linear relationship between cortical voluntary activation and contraction intensity or the correlative curvilinear relationship between motor nerve voluntary activation and contraction intensity. No other hypoxia‐related effects were identified for other neuromuscular variables. Acute severe hypoxia significantly impairs the ability of the motor cortex to voluntarily activate fatigued muscle across a wide range of torque output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J McKeown
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris J McNeil
- Integrated Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael J Simmonds
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin J Kavanagh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Ochi G, Kuwamizu R, Suwabe K, Fukuie T, Hyodo K, Soya H. Cognitive fatigue due to exercise under normobaric hypoxia is related to hypoxemia during exercise. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9835. [PMID: 35764684 PMCID: PMC9240057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that a 10-min bout of moderate-intensity exercise (50% maximal oxygen uptake) under normobaric and hypoxic conditions (fraction of inspired oxygen [[Formula: see text]] = 0.135) reduced executive performance and neural activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). To examine whether this cognitive fatigue is due to a decrease in SpO2 during exercise, we compared executive performance and related prefrontal activation between two experimental conditions, in which the participants inhaled normobaric hypoxic gas ([Formula: see text]= 0.135) (hypoxic exercise [HE]) or hypoxic gas adjusted so that SpO2 during exercise remained at the resting level (milder hypoxic exercise [ME]). ME condition showed that reaction time in executive performance decreased (t[13] = 2.228, P < 0.05, d = 0.34, paired t-test) and left DLPFC activity increased (t[13] = -2.376, P < 0.05, d = 0.63, paired t-test) after exercise compared with HE condition. These results showed that the HE-induced reductions in the left DLPFC activity and executive performance were both suppressed in the ME condition, supporting the hypothesis that exercise-induced cognitive fatigue under hypoxic environment is due to hypoxemia during exercise. This may lead to the development of a method of coping with cognitive fatigue due to exercise that causes hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Ochi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.,Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.,Sports Neuroscience Division, Department of Mind, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kuwamizu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuya Suwabe
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.,Sports Neuroscience Division, Department of Mind, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ibaraki, 301-8555, Japan
| | - Takemune Fukuie
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hyodo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, 192-0001, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan. .,Sports Neuroscience Division, Department of Mind, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
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19
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Ruggiero L, Harrison SWD, Rice CL, McNeil CJ. Neuromuscular fatigability at high altitude: Lowlanders with acute and chronic exposure, and native highlanders. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13788. [PMID: 35007386 PMCID: PMC9286620 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascent to high altitude is accompanied by a reduction in partial pressure of inspired oxygen, which leads to interconnected adjustments within the neuromuscular system. This review describes the unique challenge that such an environment poses to neuromuscular fatigability (peripheral, central and supraspinal) for individuals who normally reside near to sea level (SL) (<1000 m; ie, lowlanders) and for native highlanders, who represent the manifestation of high altitude-related heritable adaptations across millennia. Firstly, the effect of acute exposure to high altitude-related hypoxia on neuromuscular fatigability will be examined. Under these conditions, both supraspinal and peripheral fatigability are increased compared with SL. The specific mechanisms contributing to impaired performance are dependent on the exercise paradigm and amount of muscle mass involved. Next, the effect of chronic exposure to high altitude (ie, acclimatization of ~7-28 days) will be considered. With acclimatization, supraspinal fatigability is restored to SL values, regardless of the amount of muscle mass involved, whereas peripheral fatigability remains greater than SL except when exercise involves a small amount of muscle mass (eg, knee extensors). Indeed, when whole-body exercise is involved, peripheral fatigability is not different to acute high-altitude exposure, due to competing positive (haematological and muscle metabolic) and negative (respiratory-mediated) effects of acclimatization on neuromuscular performance. In the final section, we consider evolutionary adaptations of native highlanders (primarily Himalayans of Tibet and Nepal) that may account for their superior performance at altitude and lesser degree of neuromuscular fatigability compared with acclimatized lowlanders, for both single-joint and whole-body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ruggiero
- Laboratory of Physiomechanics of Locomotion Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Scott W. D. Harrison
- School of Kinesiology Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Charles L. Rice
- School of Kinesiology Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Chris J. McNeil
- Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Kelowna British Columbia Canada
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20
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Caldwell HG, Hoiland RL, Smith KJ, Brassard P, Bain AR, Tymko MM, Howe CA, Carr JM, Stacey BS, Bailey DM, Drapeau A, Sekhon MS, MacLeod DB, Ainslie PN. Trans-cerebral HCO 3- and PCO 2 exchange during acute respiratory acidosis and exercise-induced metabolic acidosis in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:559-571. [PMID: 34904461 PMCID: PMC8943603 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211065924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated trans-cerebral internal jugular venous-arterial bicarbonate ([HCO3-]) and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) exchange utilizing two separate interventions to induce acidosis: 1) acute respiratory acidosis via elevations in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) (n = 39); and 2) metabolic acidosis via incremental cycling exercise to exhaustion (n = 24). During respiratory acidosis, arterial [HCO3-] increased by 0.15 ± 0.05 mmol ⋅ l-1 per mmHg elevation in PaCO2 across a wide physiological range (35 to 60 mmHg PaCO2; P < 0.001). The narrowing of the venous-arterial [HCO3-] and PCO2 differences with respiratory acidosis were both related to the hypercapnia-induced elevations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) (both P < 0.001; subset n = 27); thus, trans-cerebral [HCO3-] exchange (CBF × venous-arterial [HCO3-] difference) was reduced indicating a shift from net release toward net uptake of [HCO3-] (P = 0.004). Arterial [HCO3-] was reduced by -0.48 ± 0.15 mmol ⋅ l-1 per nmol ⋅ l-1 increase in arterial [H+] with exercise-induced acidosis (P < 0.001). There was no relationship between the venous-arterial [HCO3-] difference and arterial [H+] with exercise-induced acidosis or CBF; therefore, trans-cerebral [HCO3-] exchange was unaltered throughout exercise when indexed against arterial [H+] or pH (P = 0.933 and P = 0.896, respectively). These results indicate that increases and decreases in systemic [HCO3-] - during acute respiratory/exercise-induced metabolic acidosis, respectively - differentially affect cerebrovascular acid-base balance (via trans-cerebral [HCO3-] exchange).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Caldwell
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kurt J Smith
- Department of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anthony R Bain
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Neurovascular Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Connor A Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jay Mjr Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Stacey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Audrey Drapeau
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mypinder S Sekhon
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, 8167Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David B MacLeod
- Human Pharmacology and Physiology Lab, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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21
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Zafeiridis A, Kounoupis A, Papadopoulos S, Koutlas A, Boutou AK, Smilios I, Dipla K. Brain oxygenation during multiple sets of isometric and dynamic resistance exercise of equivalent workloads: Association with systemic haemodynamics. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1020-1030. [PMID: 35271420 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2045061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain function relies on sufficient blood flow and oxygen supply. Changes in cerebral oxygenation during exercise have been linked to brain activity and central command. Isometric- and dynamic-resistance exercise-(RE) may elicit differential responses in systemic circulation, neural function and metabolism; all important regulators of cerebral circulation. We examined whether (i) cerebral oxygenation differs between isometric- and dynamic-RE of similar exercise characteristics and (ii) cerebral oxygenation changes relate to cardiovascular adjustments occurring during RE. Fourteen men performed, randomly, an isometric-RE and a dynamic-RE of similar characteristics (bilateral-leg-press, 2-min×4-sets, 30% of maximal-voluntary-contraction, equivalent tension-time-index/workload). Cerebral-oxygenation (oxyhaemoglobin-O2Hb; total haemoglobin-tHb/blood-volume-index; deoxyhemoglobin-HHb) was assessed by NIRS and beat-by-beat haemodynamics via photoplethysmography. Cerebral-O2Hb and tHb progressively increased from the 1st to 4th set in both RE-protocols (p < 0.05); HHb slightly decreased (p < 0.05). Changes in NIRS-parameters were similar between RE-protocols within each exercise-set (p = 0.91-1.00) and during the entire protocol (including resting-phases) (p = 0.48-0.63). O2Hb and tHb changes were not correlated with changes in systemic haemodynamics. In conclusion, cerebral oxygenation/blood-volume steadily increased during multiple-set RE-protocols. Isometric- and dynamic-RE of matched exercise characteristics resulted in similar prefrontal oxygenation/blood volume changes, suggesting similar cerebral haemodynamic and possibly neuronal responses to maintain a predetermined force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zafeiridis
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Anastasios Kounoupis
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Stavros Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Aggelos Koutlas
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Afroditi K Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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22
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Volianitis S, Rasmussen P, Petersen NC, Secher NH. The Effect of Hyperoxia on Central and Peripheral Factors of Arm Flexor Muscles Fatigue Following Maximal Ergometer Rowing in Men. Front Physiol 2022; 13:829097. [PMID: 35185623 PMCID: PMC8850913 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.829097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluates the effect of hyperoxia on cerebral oxygenation and neuromuscular fatigue mechanisms of the elbow flexor muscles following ergometer rowing. Methods In 11 competitive male rowers (age, 30 ± 4 years), we measured near-infrared spectroscopy determined frontal lobe oxygenation (ScO2) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound determined middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity (MCA Vmean) combined with maximal voluntary force (MVC), peak resting twitch force (Ptw) and cortical voluntary activation (VATMS) of the elbow flexor muscles using electrical motor point and magnetic motor cortex stimulation, respectively, before, during, and immediately after 2,000 m all-out effort on rowing ergometer with normoxia and hyperoxia (30% O2). Results Arterial hemoglobin O2 saturation was reduced to 92.5 ± 0.2% during exercise with normoxia but maintained at 98.9 ± 0.2% with hyperoxia. The MCA Vmean increased by 38% (p < 0.05) with hyperoxia, while only marginally increased with normoxia. Similarly, ScO2 was not affected with hyperoxia but decreased by 7.0 ± 4.8% from rest (p = 0.04) with normoxia. The MVC and Ptw were reduced (7 ± 3% and 31 ± 9%, respectively, p = 0.014), while VATMS was not affected by the rowing effort in normoxia. With hyperoxia, the deficit in MVC and Ptw was attenuated, while VATMS was unchanged. Conclusion These data indicate that even though hyperoxia restores frontal lobe oxygenation the resultant attenuation of arm muscle fatigue following maximal rowing is peripherally rather than centrally mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Volianitis
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Rasmussen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rigshospitalet, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas C Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H Secher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rigshospitalet, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Marillier M, Gruet M, Bernard AC, Verges S, Neder JA. The Exercising Brain: An Overlooked Factor Limiting the Tolerance to Physical Exertion in Major Cardiorespiratory Diseases? Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:789053. [PMID: 35126072 PMCID: PMC8813863 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.789053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
“Exercise starts and ends in the brain”: this was the title of a review article authored by Dr. Bengt Kayser back in 2003. In this piece of work, the author highlights that pioneer studies have primarily focused on the cardiorespiratory-muscle axis to set the human limits to whole-body exercise tolerance. In some circumstances, however, exercise cessation may not be solely attributable to these players: the central nervous system is thought to hold a relevant role as the ultimate site of exercise termination. In fact, there has been a growing interest relative to the “brain” response to exercise in chronic cardiorespiratory diseases, and its potential implication in limiting the tolerance to physical exertion in patients. To reach these overarching goals, non-invasive techniques, such as near-infrared spectroscopy and transcranial magnetic stimulation, have been successfully applied to get insights into the underlying mechanisms of exercise limitation in clinical populations. This review provides an up-to-date outline of the rationale for the “brain” as the organ limiting the tolerance to physical exertion in patients with cardiorespiratory diseases. We first outline some key methodological aspects of neuromuscular function and cerebral hemodynamics assessment in response to different exercise paradigms. We then review the most prominent studies, which explored the influence of major cardiorespiratory diseases on these outcomes. After a balanced summary of existing evidence, we finalize by detailing the rationale for investigating the “brain” contribution to exercise limitation in hitherto unexplored cardiorespiratory diseases, an endeavor that might lead to innovative lines of applied physiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Marillier
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Gruet
- IAPS Laboratory, University of Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Bernard
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - J Alberto Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
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24
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Mehta RK, Nuamah J. Relationship Between Acute Physical Fatigue and Cognitive Function During Orthostatic Challenge in Men and Women: A Neuroergonomics Investigation. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:1437-1448. [PMID: 32686497 DOI: 10.1177/0018720820936794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postflight orthostatic challenge (OC), resulting from blood pooling in lower extremities, is a major health concern among astronauts that fly long-duration missions. Additionally, astronauts undergo physical demanding tasks resulting in acute fatigue, which can affect performance. However, the effects of concurrent OC and acute physical fatigue on performance have not been adequately investigated. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between acute physical fatigue and cognitive function during OC. METHODS Sixteen healthy participants performed the mental arithmetic task and psychomotor tracking tasks in the absence and presence of a prior 1-hour physically fatiguing exercise, on separate days under OC (induced via lower body negative pressure). We recorded task performances on the cognitive tests and prefrontal cortex oxygenation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, along with physiological and subjective responses. RESULTS The introduction of the cognitive tasks during OC increased cerebral oxygenation; however, oxygenation decreased significantly with the cognitive tasks under the acute fatigue conditions, particularly during the tracking task and in males. These differences were accompanied by comparable task performances. DISCUSSION The findings suggest that mental arithmetic is a more effective countermeasure than psychomotor tracking under acute physical fatigue during OC. Whereas females did not show a significant difference in cerebral oxygenation due to task, males did, suggesting that it may be important to consider gender differences when developing countermeasures against OC.
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25
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Cherouveim ED, Margaritelis NV, Koulouvaris P, Tsolakis C, Malliou VJ, Chatzinikolaou PN, Franchi MV, Porcelli S, Kyparos A, Vrabas IS, Geladas ND, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. Skeletal muscle and cerebral oxygenation levels during and after submaximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic exercise. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:195-202. [PMID: 34602006 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1983248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the potential differences in muscle (vastus lateralis) and cerebral (prefrontal cortex) oxygenation levels as well as in the number of repetitions and total work output between isokinetic eccentric and concentric exercise at a moderate relative intensity until exhaustion. Ten recreationally active young men underwent two isokinetic exercise sessions either concentric or eccentric, one on each randomly selected leg. The protocols were performed at 60°/s and an intensity corresponding to 60% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of each contraction type. Concentric torque was significantly lower compared to eccentric torque in both peak values and at values corresponding to 60% of MVC [230 ± 18 Nm vs. 276 ± 19 Nm (P = .014) and 137 ± 12 Nm vs. 168 ± 11 Nm, respectively (P = .010)]. The participants performed 40% more contractions during eccentric compared to concentric exercise [122 ± 15 vs. 78 ± 7, respectively]. No differences were found in the levels of oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total haemoglobin and tissue saturation index when eccentric and eccentric exercise regimes were compared (all P > .05). Our results demonstrate that eccentric exercise of moderate intensity leads to greater resistance to fatigue and more work output compared to concentric exercise, despite the comparable muscle and cerebral oxygenation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia D Cherouveim
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Koulouvaris
- Sports Excellence, 1 Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charis Tsolakis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Excellence, 1 Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki J Malliou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos D Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Dipla K, Boutou AK, Markopoulou A, Papadopoulos S, Kritikou S, Pitsiou G, Stanopoulos I, Kioumis I, Zafeiridis A. Differences in cerebral oxygenation during exercise in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with and without exertional hypoxemia: does exercise intensity matter? Pulmonology 2021; 29:221-229. [PMID: 34274251 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) present respiratory derangements at rest and during exercise, accompanied by exercise intolerance. Some patients may develop profound exertional desaturation even without resting hypoxemia. Evidence suggests the involvement of reduced cerebral-oxygenation in exercise intolerance. We aimed to examine (i) differences in cerebral-oxygenation during exercise between IPF patients with and without isolated exertional desaturation, (ii) whether the impairments in cerebral-oxygenation are detected at similar exercise intensity, and (iii) correlations between cerebral-oxygenation indices, disease severity, and 6-min walk test (6MWT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with IPF (n = 24; 62.1 ± 9.3 years) without resting hypoxemia underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with cerebral-oxygenation monitoring via near-infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS). Βased on their pulse-oxymetry saturation (SpO2) during CPET, patients were divided into the "exertional-desaturators" group (SpO2nadir≤89% and ≥6% drop in SpO2) and the "non-exertional-desaturators" group (SpO2nadir≥90% and ≤5% drop). RESULTS During CPET, the "exertional-desaturators" group exhibited lower oxygenated-hemoglobin (-0.67 ± 1.48 vs. 0.69 ± 1.75 μmol/l; p < 0.05) and higher deoxygenated-hemoglobin (1.67 ± 1.13 vs. 0.17 ± 0.62 μmol/l; p < 0.001) than the "non-exertional-desaturators" group. A different pattern (p < 0.01) in cerebral-oxygenation responses was observed in the two groups. In exertional-desaturators oxygenated-hemoglobin declined below baseline even at low/moderate-intensity exercise (p < 0.05), whereas, in non-exertional-desaturators cerebral-oxygenation declined (p < 0.05) at high-intensity exercise. Cerebral-NIRS indices correlated (p < 0.05) with CPET-duration, dyspnea, diffusion capacity, and 6MWT. CONCLUSIONS During incremental exercise, patients with IPF and exertional desaturation present a significant decline in cerebral-oxygenation even during low-intensity exercise. Our findings support the implementation of longer-duration rehabilitation programs in IPF so that lower intensity exercise can be applied at the initial stages. (NCT03683082).
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Dipla
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokratous 22, Ag. Ioannis, Serres 621 22, Greece.
| | - Afroditi K Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Stavros Papadopoulos
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokratous 22, Ag. Ioannis, Serres 621 22, Greece
| | - Stella Kritikou
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokratous 22, Ag. Ioannis, Serres 621 22, Greece
| | - Georgia Pitsiou
- Department of Respiratory Failure, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stanopoulos
- Department of Respiratory Failure, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kioumis
- Department of Respiratory Failure, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokratous 22, Ag. Ioannis, Serres 621 22, Greece
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27
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Malenfant S, Lebret M, Breton-Gagnon É, Potus F, Paulin R, Bonnet S, Provencher S. Exercise intolerance in pulmonary arterial hypertension: insight into central and peripheral pathophysiological mechanisms. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:200284. [PMID: 33853885 PMCID: PMC9488698 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0284-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise intolerance is a cardinal symptom of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and strongly impacts patients' quality of life (QoL). Although central cardiopulmonary impairments limit peak oxygen consumption (V' O2peak ) in patients with PAH, several peripheral abnormalities have been described over the recent decade as key determinants in exercise intolerance, including impaired skeletal muscle (SKM) morphology, convective O2 transport, capillarity and metabolism indicating that peripheral abnormalities play a greater role in limiting exercise capacity than previously thought. More recently, cerebrovascular alterations potentially contributing to exercise intolerance in patients with PAH were also documented. Currently, only cardiopulmonary rehabilitation has been shown to efficiently improve the peripheral components of exercise intolerance in patients with PAH. However, more extensive studies are needed to identify targeted interventions that would ultimately improve patients' exercise tolerance and QoL. The present review offers a broad and comprehensive analysis of the present literature about the complex mechanisms and their interactions limiting exercise in patients and suggests several gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed in the future for a better understanding of exercise intolerance in patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Malenfant
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
- Dept of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marius Lebret
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
- Dept of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Émilie Breton-Gagnon
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
- Dept of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - François Potus
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Roxane Paulin
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
- Dept of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
- Dept of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
- Dept of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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28
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Sarmento A, Fregonezi G, Lira M, Marques L, Pennati F, Resqueti V, Aliverti A. Changes in electromyographic activity, mechanical power, and relaxation rates following inspiratory ribcage muscle fatigue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12475. [PMID: 34127754 PMCID: PMC8203654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is a complex phenomenon enclosing various mechanisms. Despite technological advances, these mechanisms are still not fully understood in vivo. Here, simultaneous measurements of pressure, volume, and ribcage inspiratory muscle activity were performed non-invasively during fatigue (inspiratory threshold valve set at 70% of maximal inspiratory pressure) and recovery to verify if inspiratory ribcage muscle fatigue (1) leads to slowing of contraction and relaxation properties of ribcage muscles and (2) alters median frequency and high-to-low frequency ratio (H/L). During the fatigue protocol, sternocleidomastoid showed the fastest decrease in median frequency and slowest decrease in H/L. Fatigue was also characterized by a reduction in the relative power of the high-frequency and increase of the low-frequency. During recovery, changes in mechanical power were due to changes in shortening velocity with long-lasting reduction in pressure generation, and slowing of relaxation [i.e., tau (τ), half-relaxation time (½RT), and maximum relaxation rate (MRR)] was observed with no significant changes in contractile properties. Recovery of median frequency was faster than H/L, and relaxation rates correlated with shortening velocity and mechanical power of inspiratory ribcage muscles; however, with different time courses. Time constant of the inspiratory ribcage muscles during fatigue and recovery is not uniform (i.e., different inspiratory muscles may have different underlying mechanisms of fatigue), and MRR, ½RT, and τ are not only useful predictors of inspiratory ribcage muscle recovery but may also share common underlying mechanisms with shortening velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sarmento
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Fregonezi
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lira
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Layana Marques
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Francesca Pennati
- Dipartimento Di Elettronica, Informazione E Bioingegneria, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vanessa Resqueti
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Andrea Aliverti
- Dipartimento Di Elettronica, Informazione E Bioingegneria, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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29
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Boutou AK, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Markopoulou A, Papadopoulos S, Kritikou S, Panagiotidou E, Stanopoulos I, Pitsiou G. A randomized placebo-control trial of the acute effects of oxygen supplementation on exercise hemodynamics, autonomic modulation, and brain oxygenation in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 290:103677. [PMID: 33957299 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integrative physiological effects of O2 treatment on patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) during exercise, have not been fully investigated. We simultaneously evaluated, for the first time, the effect of oxygen supplementation on hemodynamic responses, autonomic modulation, tissue oxygenation, and exercise performance in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)/Chronic Thromboembolic PH(CTEPH). MATERIAL-METHODS In this randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial, stable outpatients with PAH/CTEPH underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing, followed by two submaximal trials, during which they received supplementary oxygen (O2) or medical-air. Continuous, non-invasive hemodynamics were monitored via photophlythesmography. Cerebral and quadriceps muscle oxygenation were recorded via near-infrared spectroscopy. Autonomic function was assessed by heart rate variability; root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and standard-deviation-Poincare-plot (SD1) were used as indices of parasympathetic output. Baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) was assessed throughout the protocols. RESULTS Nine patients (51.4 ± 9.4 years) were included. With O2-supplementation patients exercised for longer (p = 0.01), maintained higher cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb;p = 0.02) levels, exhibited an amelioration in cortical deoxygenation (HHb;p = 0.02), and had higher average cardiac output (CO) during exercise (p < 0.05), compared to medical air; with no differences in muscle oxygenation. With O2-supplementation patients exhibited higher BRS and sample-entropy throughout the protocol (p < 0.05) vs. medical air, and improved the blunted RMSSD, SD1 responses during exercise (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION We show that O2 administration improves BRS and autonomic function during submaximal exercise in PAH/CTEPH, without significantly affecting muscle oxygenation. The improved autonomic function, along with enhancements in cardiovascular function and cerebral oxygenation, probably contributes to increased exercise tolerance with O2-supplementation in PH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi K Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, "G. Papanikolaou Hospital", Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Stavros Papadopoulos
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Kritikou
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Panagiotidou
- Respiratory Failure Department, "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stanopoulos
- Respiratory Failure Department, "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Pitsiou
- Respiratory Failure Department, "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Pinna V, Doneddu A, Roberto S, Magnani S, Ghiani G, Mulliri G, Sanna I, Serra S, Hosseini Kakhak SA, Milia R, Fadda D, Lecis R, Guicciardi M, Crisafulli A. Combined mental task and metaboreflex impair cerebral oxygenation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R488-R499. [PMID: 33533319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00288.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular regulation is altered by type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), producing an abnormal response to muscle metaboreflex. During physical exercise, cerebral blood flow is impaired in patients with DM2, and this phenomenon may reduce cerebral oxygenation (COX). We hypothesized that the simultaneous execution of a mental task (MT) and metaboreflex activation would reduce COX in patients with DM2. Thirteen individuals suffering from DM2 (6 women) and 13 normal age-matched controls (CTL, 6 women) participated in this study. They underwent five different tests, each lasting 12 min: postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) to activate the metaboreflex, control exercise recovery (CER), PEMI + MT, CER + MT, and MT alone. COX was evaluated using near-infrared spectroscopy with sensors applied to the forehead. Central hemodynamics was assessed using impedance cardiography. We found that when MT was superimposed on the PEMI-induced metaboreflex, patients with DM2 could not increase COX to the same extent reached by the CTL group (101.13% ± 1.08% vs. 104.23% ± 2.51%, P < 0.05). Moreover, patients with DM2 had higher mean blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance as well as lower stroke volume and cardiac output levels compared with the CTL group, throughout our experiments. It was concluded that patients with DM2 had reduced capacity to enhance COX when undertaking an MT during metaboreflex. Results also confirm that patients with DM2 had dysregulated hemodynamics during metaboreflex, with exaggerated blood pressure response and vasoconstriction. This may have implications for these patients' lack of inclination to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Pinna
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.,International PhD in Innovation Sciences and Technologies, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Azzurrra Doneddu
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Silvana Roberto
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Sara Magnani
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.,International PhD in Innovation Sciences and Technologies, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ghiani
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mulliri
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.,International PhD in Innovation Sciences and Technologies, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Irene Sanna
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Stefano Serra
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Milia
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Daniela Fadda
- The Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Romina Lecis
- The Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Marco Guicciardi
- The Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Antonio Crisafulli
- The Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.,International PhD in Innovation Sciences and Technologies, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
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31
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Dipla K, Boutou AK, Markopoulou A, Pitsiou G, Papadopoulos S, Chatzikosti A, Stanopoulos I, Zafeiridis A. Exertional Desaturation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: The Role of Oxygen Supplementation in Modifying Cerebral-Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation and Systemic Hemodynamics. Respiration 2021; 100:463-475. [PMID: 33784706 DOI: 10.1159/000514320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with isolated exertional desaturation, there are limited data regarding the effectiveness of oxygen supplementation during exercise training; the underlying mechanisms that contribute to these responses are unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine in these IPF patients the effects of oxygen supplementation during submaximal exercise (vs. medical air) on cerebral/skeletal muscle oxygenation and systemic hemodynamics. METHODS In this randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial, IPF patients (n = 13; 63.4 ± 9.6 years) without resting hypoxemia but a significant desaturation during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing underwent 2 steady-state exercise trials (65% peak-work-load), breathing either oxygen-enriched or medical air. Cerebral/skeletal muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) and beat-by-beat hemodynamics (photoplethysmography) were monitored. RESULTS In the air protocol, from the initial minutes of submaximal exercise, patients exhibited a marked decline in cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) and an abrupt rise in deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb). Oxygen supplementation alleviated desaturation, lessened dyspnea, and prolonged exercise duration (p < 0.01). Oxygen supplementation during exercise (i) attenuated cerebral deoxygenation (cerebral-HHb: 0.7 ± 1.9 vs. 2.5 ± 1.5 μmol/L, O2 and air protocol; p = 0.009) and prevented cerebral-Hbdifference decline (2.1 ± 2.7 vs. -1.7 ± 2.0 μmol/L; p = 0.001), (ii) lessened the decline in muscle O2-saturation index, and (iii) at isotime exercise, it resulted in lower muscle-HHb (p = 0.05) and less leg fatigue (p < 0.05). No differences between protocols were observed in exercise cardiac output and vascular resistance. CONCLUSIONS IPF patients with isolated exertional hypoxemia exhibit an inability to increase/maintain cerebral oxygenation during submaximal exercise. Correcting desaturation with O2 supplementation prevented the decline in brain oxygenation, improved muscle oxygenation, and lessened dyspnea, suggesting an efficacy of acute oxygen supplementation during exercise training in protecting brain hypoxia in these IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Dipla
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Afroditi K Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Pitsiou
- Department of Respiratory Failure, "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Papadopoulos
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Anastasia Chatzikosti
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stanopoulos
- Department of Respiratory Failure, "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Exercise Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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32
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Fan JL, Wu TY, Lovering AT, Nan L, Bang WL, Kayser B. Differential Brain and Muscle Tissue Oxygenation Responses to Exercise in Tibetans Compared to Han Chinese. Front Physiol 2021; 12:617954. [PMID: 33716766 PMCID: PMC7943468 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.617954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tibetans’ better aerobic exercise capacity at altitude remains ill-understood. We tested the hypothesis that Tibetans display better muscle and brain tissue oxygenation during exercise in hypoxia. Using near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) to provide indices of tissue oxygenation, we measured oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin ([O2Hb] and [HHb], respectively) responses of the vastus lateralis muscle and the right prefrontal cortex in ten Han Chinese and ten Tibetans during incremental cycling to exhaustion in a pressure-regulated chamber at simulated sea-level (air at 1 atm: normobaric normoxia) and 5,000 m (air at 0.5 atm: hypobaric hypoxia). Hypoxia reduced aerobic capacity by ∼22% in both groups (d = 0.8, p < 0.001 vs. normoxia), while Tibetans consistently outperformed their Han Chinese counterpart by ∼32% in normoxia and hypoxia (d = 1.0, p = 0.008). We found cerebral [O2Hb] was higher in Tibetans at normoxic maximal effort compared Han (p = 0.001), while muscle [O2Hb] was not different (p = 0.240). Hypoxic exercise lowered muscle [O2Hb] in Tibetans by a greater extent than in Han (interaction effect: p < 0.001 vs. normoxic exercise). Muscle [O2Hb] was lower in Tibetans when compared to Han during hypoxic exercise (d = 0.9, p = 0.003), but not during normoxic exercise (d = 0.4, p = 0.240). Muscle [HHb] was not different between the two groups during normoxic and hypoxic exercise (p = 0.778). Compared to Han, our findings revealed a higher brain tissue oxygenation in Tibetans during maximal exercise in normoxia, but lower muscle tissue oxygenation during exercise in hypoxia. This would suggest that the Tibetans privileged oxygenation of the brain at the expense of that of the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Lin Fan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tian Yi Wu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Tibet University Medical College, Lhasa, China.,National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Andrew T Lovering
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Liya Nan
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Wang Liang Bang
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Whitten JHD, Hodgson DD, Drinkwater EJ, Prieske O, Aboodarda SJ, Behm DG. Unilateral Quadriceps Fatigue Induces Greater Impairments of Ipsilateral versus Contralateral Elbow Flexors and Plantar Flexors Performance in Physically Active Young Adults. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:300-309. [PMID: 34211323 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-local muscle fatigue (NLMF) studies have examined crossover impairments of maximal voluntary force output in non-exercised, contralateral muscles as well as comparing upper and lower limb muscles. Since prior studies primarily investigated contralateral muscles, the purpose of this study was to compare NLMF effects on elbow flexors (EF) and plantar flexors (PF) force and activation (electromyography: EMG). Secondly, possible differences when testing ipsilateral or contralateral muscles with a single or repeated isometric maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) were also investigated. Twelve participants (six males: (27.3 ± 2.5 years, 186.0 ± 2.2 cm, 91.0 ± 4.1 kg; six females: 23.0 ± 1.6 years, 168.2 ± 6.7 cm, 60.0 ± 4.3 kg) attended six randomized sessions where ipsilateral or contralateral PF or EF MVC force and EMG activity (root mean square) were tested following a dominant knee extensors (KE) fatigue intervention (2×100s MVC) or equivalent rest (control). Testing involving a single MVC (5s) was completed by the ipsilateral or contralateral PF or EF prior to and immediately post-interventions. One minute after the post-intervention single MVC, a 12×5s MVCs fatigue test was completed. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that ipsilateral EF post-fatigue force was lower (-6.6%, p = 0.04, d = 0.18) than pre-fatigue with no significant changes in the contralateral or control conditions. EF demonstrated greater fatigue indexes for the ipsilateral (9.5%, p = 0.04, d = 0.75) and contralateral (20.3%, p < 0.01, d = 1.50) EF over the PF, respectively. There were no significant differences in PF force, EMG or EF EMG post-test or during the MVCs fatigue test. The results suggest that NLMF effects are side and muscle specific where prior KE fatigue could hinder subsequent ipsilateral upper body performance and thus is an important consideration for rehabilitation, recreation and athletic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H D Whitten
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Daniel D Hodgson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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34
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Xu M, Wu Z, Dong Y, Qu C, Xu Y, Qin F, Wang Z, Nassis GP, Zhao J. A Mixed-Method Approach of Pre-Cooling Enhances High-Intensity Running Performance in the Heat. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:26-34. [PMID: 33707983 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether single or combined methods of pre-cooling could affect high-intensity exercise performance in a hot environment. Seven male athletes were subjected to four experimental conditions for 30 min in a randomised order. The four experimental conditions were: 1) wearing a vest cooled to a temperature of 4 ℃ (Vest), 2) consuming a beverage cooled to a temperature of 4 ℃ (Beverage), 3) simultaneous usage of vest and consumption of beverage (Mix), and 4) the control trial without pre-cooling (CON). Following those experimental conditions, they exercised at a speed of 80% VO2max until exhaustion in the heat (38.1 ± 0.6 ℃, 55.3 ± 0.3% RH). Heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (Tcore), skin temperature (Tskin), sweat loss (SL), urine specific gravity (USG), levels of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TS), and levels of blood lactic acid ([Bla]) were monitored. Performance was improved using the mixed pre-cooling strategy (648.43 ± 77.53 s, p = 0.016) compared to CON (509.14 ± 54.57 s). Tcore after pre-cooling was not different (Mix: 37.01 ± 0.27 ℃, Vest: 37.19 ± 0.33 ℃, Beverage: 37.03 ± 0.35 ℃) in all cooling conditions compared to those of CON (37.31 ±0.29 ℃). A similar Tcore values was achieved at exhaustion in all trials (from 38.10 ℃ to 39.00 ℃). No difference in the level of USG was observed between the conditions. Our findings suggest that pre-cooling with a combination of cold vest usage and cold fluid intake can improve performance in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiao Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, China.,Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaozhao Wu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.,Physical Education Department, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanan Dong
- Beijing Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyi Qu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.,School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoduo Xu
- Physical Education Department, Northwestern Poly-technical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, China.,Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - George P Nassis
- Physical Education Department-(CEDU), United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Kim YS, van der Ster BJP, Brassard P, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ. Cerebral vs. Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Front Physiol 2021; 11:583155. [PMID: 33519500 PMCID: PMC7844205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.583155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is constantly active and even small limitations to cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be critical for preserving oxygen and substrate supply, e.g., during exercise and hypoxia. Exhaustive exercise evokes a competition for the supply of oxygenated blood between the brain and the working muscles, and inability to increase cardiac output sufficiently during exercise may jeopardize cerebral perfusion of relevance for diabetic patients. The challenge in diabetes care is to optimize metabolic control to slow progression of vascular disease, but likely because of a limited ability to increase cardiac output, these patients perceive aerobic exercise to be more strenuous than healthy subjects and that limits the possibility to apply physical activity as a preventive lifestyle intervention. In this review, we consider the effects of functional activation by exercise on the brain and how it contributes to understanding the control of CBF with the limited exercise tolerance experienced by type 2 diabetic patients. Whether a decline in cerebral oxygenation and thereby reduced neural drive to working muscles plays a role for "central" fatigue during exhaustive exercise is addressed in relation to brain's attenuated vascular response to exercise in type 2 diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sok Kim
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | - Björn J. P. van der Ster
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Niels H. Secher
- Department of Anesthesia, The Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johannes J. van Lieshout
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- MRC/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Guicciardi M, Fadda D, Fanari R, Doneddu A, Crisafulli A. Affective Variables and Cognitive Performances During Exercise in a Group of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Psychol 2021; 11:611558. [PMID: 33424722 PMCID: PMC7785934 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.611558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has documented that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with cognitive impairment. Psychological variables were repeatedly investigated to understand why T2DM patients are poorly active, despite standards of medical care recommends performing aerobic and resistance exercise regularly and reducing the amount of time spent sitting. This exploratory study aims to investigate how affective variables as thoughts, feelings, and individuals’ stage of exercise adoption can modulate low cognitive performances during an experimental procedure based on exercise. The Exercise Thoughts Questionnaire (ETQ), Exercise-Induced Feeling Scale (EFI), and Physical Activity Stage of Change were administered to a sample of 12 T2DM patients. The Bivalent Shape Task (BST) alone (BST), BST with exercise [control exercise recovery (CER) + BST], and BST with metaboreflex [post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) + BST] were used as mental task, and response time to congruent, incongruent, and neutral stimuli was recorded. Concomitant cerebral oxygenation (COX) was evaluated by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). As expected, T2DM patients performed significantly better when the stimulus was presented in congruent trials (followed by neutral and incongruent). In the CER + BST session, T2DM patients showed longer reaction time to incongruent trials than in the PEMI + BST and BST alone sessions. Positive feelings toward exercise seem to modulate cognitive performances in high challenging task only if T2DM patients were conscious to play exercise. These results could provide some insights for health intervention targeting exercise for patients with T2DM in order to enhance cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guicciardi
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Fadda
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rachele Fanari
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Azzurra Doneddu
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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McKeown DJ, McNeil CJ, Simmonds MJ, Kavanagh JJ. Time course of neuromuscular responses to acute hypoxia during voluntary contractions. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1855-1868. [PMID: 32869906 DOI: 10.1113/ep088887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? How does acute hypoxia alter central and peripheral fatigue during brief and sustained maximal voluntary muscle contractions? What is the main finding and its importance? Perception of fatigue during muscle contractions was increased progressively for 2 h after hypoxic exposure. However, an increase in motor cortex excitability and a decrease in voluntary activation of skeletal muscle were observed across the entire protocol when performing brief (3 s) maximal contractions. These adaptations were abolished if the brief contraction was held for a duration of 20 s, which was presumably attributable to a successful redistribution of blood to overcome the reduced oxygen content. ABSTRACT Few studies have examined the time course of changes in the motor system after acute exposure to hypoxia. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine how acute hypoxia affects corticospinal excitability, voluntary activation (VA) and the perception of fatigue during brief (3 s) and sustained (20 s) maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Fourteen healthy individuals (23 ± 2.2 years of age; four female) were exposed to hypoxia and sham conditions. During hypoxia, peripheral blood oxygen saturation was titrated over a 15 min period and remained at 80% during testing. Corticospinal excitability and VA were assessed before titration (Pre), 0, 1 and 2 h after. At each time point, the brief and sustained elbow flexion MVCs were performed. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Superimposed and resting twitches were obtained from motor point stimulation of biceps brachii to calculate the level of VA, and ratings of perceived fatigue were obtained with a modified CR-10 Borg scale. A condition-by-time interaction was detected for the CR-10 Borg scale, whereby perception of fatigue increased progressively throughout the hypoxia protocol. However, main effects of MEP area and VA indicated that corticospinal excitability increased, and VA of the biceps brachii decreased, throughout the hypoxia protocol. Given that these changes in MEP area and VA were seen only when performing the brief MVCs (and not during the sustained MVCs), performing longer contractions might overcome reduced oxygen content by redirecting blood flow to active areas of the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J McKeown
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris J McNeil
- Integrated Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael J Simmonds
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin J Kavanagh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Duckworth SC, Higginbotham CS, Pederson JA, Rogers RR, Marshall MR, Williams TD, Ballmann CG. Physical and Cognitive Performance During Upper-Extremity Versus Full-Body Exercise Under Dual Tasking Conditions. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:338-352. [PMID: 32741251 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520945088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate physical and cognitive performance during dual task conditions of upper-extremity (UE) or full-body (FB) rowing exercise. In a crossover counterbalanced design, college-aged male and female participants completed five conditions: (a) Sitting, (b) Single task UE rowing, (c) Single task FB rowing, (d) Dual task UE rowing, and (e) Dual task FB rowing. For single task UE and FB rowing conditions, participants were asked to row as hard as possible. After sitting and dual-task conditions, we administered the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and a word-list memory test. We analyzed participants' absolute differences (single task - dual task) in power output and their cognitive test scores to compare UE and FB rowing. There were no significant absolute differences from sitting to dual task conditions of UE and FB rowing for either PASAT (p = 0.958) or word list memory (p = 0.899) cognitive scores. Absolute power output loss from single to dual task conditions was significantly higher in FB versus UE for PASAT (p = 0.039; d = 0.54) and word list memory (p = 0.021; d = 0.66) in the dual task condition. These results suggest that, while cognitive performance was preserved regardless of the amount of muscle mass activated during dual task rowing, physical performance suffered more during FB than UE rowing under the dual task condition. These findings have important implications for optimizing cognitive and physical performance in dual task situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Duckworth
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Carrie S Higginbotham
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Joseph A Pederson
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Mallory R Marshall
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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The physiology of rowing with perspective on training and health. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1943-1963. [PMID: 32627051 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review presents a perspective on the expansive literature on rowing. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for the most relevant literature, while some information was obtained from books. RESULTS Following the life span of former rowers paved the way to advocate exercise for health promotion. Rowing involves almost all muscles during the stroke and competition requires a large oxygen uptake, which is challenged by the pulmonary diffusion capacity and restriction in blood flow to the muscles. Unique training adaptations allow for simultaneous engagement of the legs in the relatively slow movement of the rowing stroke that, therefore, involves primarily slow-twitch muscle fibres. Like other sport activities, rowing is associated with adaptation not only of the heart, including both increased internal diameters and myocardial size, but also skeletal muscles with hypertrophy of especially slow-twitch muscle fibres. The high metabolic requirement of intense rowing reduces blood pH and, thereby, arterial oxygen saturation decreases as arterial oxygen tension becomes affected. CONCLUSION Competitive rowing challenges most systems in the body including pulmonary function and circulatory control with implication for cerebral blood flow and neuromuscular activation. Thus, the physiology of rowing is complex, but it obviously favours large individuals with arms and legs that allow the development of a long stroke. Present inquiries include the development of an appropriately large cardiac output despite the Valsalva-like manoeuvre associated with the stroke, and the remarkable ability of the brain to maintain motor control and metabolism despite marked reductions in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation.
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Hollnagel JO, Cesetti T, Schneider J, Vazetdinova A, Valiullina-Rakhmatullina F, Lewen A, Rozov A, Kann O. Lactate Attenuates Synaptic Transmission and Affects Brain Rhythms Featuring High Energy Expenditure. iScience 2020; 23:101316. [PMID: 32653807 PMCID: PMC7350153 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate shuttled from blood, astrocytes, and/or oligodendrocytes may serve as the major glucose alternative in brain energy metabolism. However, its effectiveness in fueling neuronal information processing underlying complex cortex functions like perception and memory is unclear. We show that sole lactate disturbs electrical gamma and theta-gamma oscillations in hippocampal networks by either attenuation or neural bursts. Bursting is suppressed by elevating the glucose fraction in substrate supply. By contrast, lactate does not affect electrical sharp wave-ripple activity featuring lower energy use. Lactate increases the oxygen consumption during the network states, reflecting enhanced oxidative ATP synthesis in mitochondria. Finally, lactate attenuates synaptic transmission in excitatory pyramidal cells and fast-spiking, inhibitory interneurons by reduced neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals, whereas action potential generation in the axon is regular. In conclusion, sole lactate is less effective and potentially harmful during gamma-band rhythms by omitting obligatory ATP delivery through fast glycolysis at the synapse. Lactate fuels network oscillations featuring low energy expenditure Lactate can disturb the neuronal excitation-inhibition balance Lactate attenuates neurotransmission at glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses Lactate increases oxygen consumption, whereas neural activity can even decrease
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Oliver Hollnagel
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiziana Cesetti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justus Schneider
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina Vazetdinova
- OpenLab of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Andrea Lewen
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrei Rozov
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; OpenLab of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Doneddu A, Roberto S, Pinna V, Magnani S, Ghiani G, Sainas G, Mulliri G, Serra S, Kakhak SAH, Milia R, Lecis R, Guicciardi M, Crisafulli A. Effect of Combined Mental Task and Metaboreflex Activation on Hemodynamics and Cerebral Oxygenation in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome. Front Physiol 2020; 11:397. [PMID: 32477157 PMCID: PMC7241117 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The hemodynamic response to muscle metaboreflex has been reported to be significantly altered by metabolic syndrome (MS), with exaggerated systemic vascular resistance (SVR) increments and reduced cardiac output (CO) in comparison to healthy controls (CTLs). Moreover, patients with metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, have proven to have impaired cerebral blood flow in response to exercise. Thus, we hypothesized that contemporary mental task (MT) and metaboreflex would result in reduced cerebral oxygenation (COX) in these patients. Methods: Thirteen MS patients (five women) and 14 normal age-matched CTLs (six women) were enrolled in this study. All the participants underwent five different tests, each lasting 12 min: post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) to activate the metaboreflex, control exercise recovery (CER), PEMI + MT, CER + MT, and MT alone. Cerebral oxygenation was evaluated using near-infrared spectroscopy with sensors applied to the forehead. Hemodynamics were measured using impedance cardiography. Results: The main results show that MS patients had higher SVR and lower CO levels compared to the CTL group during metaboreflex activation. Stroke volume and ventricular filling and emptying rates were also significantly reduced. Moreover, when MT was added to PEMI, COX was significantly increased in the CTL group with respect to the baseline (103.46 ± 3.14%), whereas this capacity was reduced in MS patients (102.37 ± 2.46%). Conclusion: It was concluded that (1) patients with MS showed hemodynamic dysregulation during the metaboreflex, with exaggerated vasoconstriction and that (2) as compared to CTL, MS patients had reduced capacity to enhance COX when an MT superimposed the metaboreflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurrra Doneddu
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvana Roberto
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Virginia Pinna
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,International PhD in Innovation Sciences and Technologies, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Magnani
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,International PhD in Innovation Sciences and Technologies, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ghiani
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Sainas
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mulliri
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Serra
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Milia
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Romina Lecis
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Guicciardi
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,International PhD in Innovation Sciences and Technologies, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Marillier M, Rupp T, Bouzat P, Walther G, Baillieul S, Millet GY, Robach P, Verges S. Cerebral haemodynamics and oxygenation during whole‐body exercise over 5 days at high altitude. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:65-75. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Marillier
- HP2 Laboratory INSERM Grenoble Alpes University CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- HP2 Laboratory INSERM Grenoble Alpes University CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
- Inter‐University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences EA 7424 University Savoie Mont Blanc Chambery France
| | - Pierre Bouzat
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences INSERM U836 Grenoble Alpes University Grenoble France
| | | | - Sébastien Baillieul
- HP2 Laboratory INSERM Grenoble Alpes University CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- HP2 Laboratory INSERM Grenoble Alpes University CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
- Univ Lyon UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424 F‐42023 Saint‐Etienne France
| | - Paul Robach
- HP2 Laboratory INSERM Grenoble Alpes University CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne site de l'Ecole Nationale de Ski et d'Alpinisme Chamonix France
| | - Samuel Verges
- HP2 Laboratory INSERM Grenoble Alpes University CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
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Raberin A, Meric H, Mucci P, Lopez Ayerbe J, Durand F. Muscle and cerebral oxygenation during exercise in athletes with exercise-induced hypoxemia: A comparison between sea level and acute moderate hypoxia. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:803-812. [PMID: 31526237 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1669717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of exercise-induced hypoxemia (EIH) on muscle and cerebral oxygenation responses during maximal exercise in normoxia and in acute moderate hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen: 15.3%, 2400 m). EIH was defined as a drop in hemoglobin saturation of at least 4% for at least three consecutive minutes during maximal exercise at sea level. Twenty-five athletes performed incremental treadmill tests to assess maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in normoxia and in hypoxia. Oxygenation of the vastus lateralis muscle and the left prefrontal cortex of the brain was monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy. During the normoxic test, 15 athletes exhibited EIH; they displayed a larger change in muscle levels of oxyhemoglobin (ΔO2Hb) (p = 0.04) and a greater change in cerebral levels of deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHHb) (p = 0.02) than athletes without EIH (NEIH group). During the hypoxic test, muscle ΔO2Hb was lower in the EIH group than in the NEIH group (p = 0.03). At VO2max, hypoxia was associated with a smaller cerebral ΔO2Hb in both groups, and a greater cerebral ΔHHb compared to normoxia in the NEIH group only (p = 0.02). No intergroup differences in changes in muscle oxygenation were observed. The severity of O2 arterial desaturation was negatively correlated with changes in total muscle hemoglobin in normoxia (r = -0.48, p = 0.01), and positively correlated with the cerebral ΔHHb in normoxia (r = 0.45, p = 0.02). The occurrence of EIH at sea level was associated with specific muscle and cerebral oxygenation responses to exercise under both normoxia and moderate hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Raberin
- LEPSA, EA 4604, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Font Romeu, France
| | - Henri Meric
- LEPSA, EA 4604, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Font Romeu, France
| | - Patrick Mucci
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | | | - Fabienne Durand
- LEPSA, EA 4604, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Font Romeu, France
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Guicciardi M, Crisafulli A, Doneddu A, Fadda D, Lecis R. Effects of Metabolic Syndrome on Cognitive Performance of Adults During Exercise. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1845. [PMID: 31440195 PMCID: PMC6694762 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS) has been associated with poor performances in multiple cognitive domains, as processing speed, visuo-spatial abilities, and executive functioning. Exercise is a critical factor for MS people's vulnerability to cognitive dysfunction, because this may be beneficial to reduce cognitive impairment, but limited physical activity and impaired cerebral blood flow in response to exercise have been reported by individuals suffering from MS. Using an attentional interference test, the Bivalent Shape Task (BST), and metaboreflex, we analyzed cognitive performance and cerebral oxygenation (COX) in 13 MS people (five women), and 14 normal age-matched control (CTL, six women). Five different sessions were administered to all participants, each lasting 12 min: control exercise recovery (CER), post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) to activate the metaboreflex, CER + BST, PEMI + BST, and BST alone. During each session, cognitive performance was assessed by means of response times and response accuracy with which participants make the decision and COX was evaluated by near infrared spectroscopy with sensors applied in the forehead. Compared to CTL, MS group performed significantly worse in all sessions (F = 4.18; p = 0.05; ES = 0.13): their poorest performance was observed in the BST alone session. Moreover, when BST was added to PEMI, individuals of the CTL group significantly increased their COX compared to baseline (103.46 ± 3.14%), whereas this capacity was impaired in MS people (102.37 ± 2.46%). It was concluded that: (1) MS affects cognitive performance; (2) people with MS were able to enhance COX during exercise, but they impair their COX when an attentional interference task was added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guicciardi
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Azzurra Doneddu
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Fadda
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Romina Lecis
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Liao YH, Mündel T, Yang YT, Wei CC, Tsai SC. Effects of periodic carbohydrate ingestion on endurance and cognitive performances during a 40-km cycling time-trial under normobaric hypoxia in well-trained triathletes. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1805-1815. [PMID: 30897031 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1595338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine CHO ingestion on a cognitive task using a field-simulated time-trial (TT) under hypoxia in well-trained triathletes. Ten male triathletes (age: 22.1 ± 1.1 years; VO2max: 59.4 ± 1.4 ml/kg/min) participated in this double-blind/crossover/counter-balanced design study. Participants completed 3 TT trials: 1) normoxic placebo (NPLA; FiO2 = 20.9%), 2) hypoxic placebo (HPLA; FiO2 = 16.3%), and 3) hypoxic CHO (HCHO; 6% CHO provided as 2 ml/kg/15 min; FiO2 = 16.3%). During the TT, physiological responses (SpO2, HR, RPE, and blood glucose/lactate), cognitive performance, and cerebral haemodynamics were measured. Hypoxia reduced TT performance by ~3.5-4% (p < 0.05), but CHO did not affect TT performance under hypoxia. For the cognitive task, CHO slightly preserved exercise-induced cognitive reaction speed but did not affect response accuracy during hypoxic exercise. However, CHO did not preserve the decreased Hb-Diff (cerebral blood flow, CBF) and increased HHb in the prefrontal lobe (p < 0.05) during hypoxic exercise, and CHO failed to preserve hypoxia-suppressed prefrontal CBF and tissue oxygen saturation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that CHO is effective in sustaining reaction speed for a cognitive task but not promoting TT performance during hypoxic exercise, which would be important for strategy-/decision-making when athletes compete at moderate high-altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Liao
- a Department of Exercise and Health Science , National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Toby Mündel
- b School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Yan-Ting Yang
- a Department of Exercise and Health Science , National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chan Wei
- c Department of Aquatics , University of Taipei , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Chwen Tsai
- d Institute of Sports Sciences , University of Taipei , Taipei , Taiwan
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Severe Hypoxia Does Not Offset the Benefits of Exercise on Cognitive Function in Sedentary Young Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061003. [PMID: 30897697 PMCID: PMC6466299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effect of acute moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed under normobaric severe hypoxia on cognition, compared to sea-level normoxia. Methods: Thirty healthy inactive women randomly performed two experimental trials separated by at least three days but at approximately the same time of day. Executive functions were measured during the follicular stage via an interference control task before (rest) and during exercise with 45% peak power output under normobaric normoxia (PIO₂ = 150 mmHg, FIO₂ = 0.21), and (2) hypoxia (PIO₂ = 87 mmHg, FIO₂ = 0.12, simulated at an altitude of 4000 m). Reaction time (RT), accuracy rate (AC), heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were collected before and during exercise. Results: RT (p < 0.05, η²p = 0.203) decreased during moderate exercise when compared at rest, while a short bout of severe hypoxia improved RT (p < 0.05, η²p = 0.134). Exercise and hypoxia had no effects on AC (p > 0.05). No significant associations were found between the changes of RT and SpO₂ under the conditions of normoxia and hypoxia (p > 0.05). Conclusions: At the same phase of the menstrual cycle, a short bout of severe hypoxia simulated at 4000 m altitude caused no impairment at rest. RT during moderate exercise ameliorated in normoxia and severe hypoxia, suggesting that both exercise and short-term severe hypoxia have benefits on cognitive function in sedentary young women.
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Enhancement of Exercise Performance by 48 Hours, and 15-Day Supplementation with Mangiferin and Luteolin in Men. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020344. [PMID: 30736383 PMCID: PMC6412949 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural polyphenols mangiferin and luteolin have free radical-scavenging properties, induce the antioxidant gene program and down-regulate the expression of superoxide-producing enzymes. However, the effects of these two polyphenols on exercise capacity remains mostly unknown. To determine whether a combination of luteolin (peanut husk extract containing 95% luteolin, PHE) and mangiferin (mango leave extract (MLE), Zynamite®) at low (PHE: 50 mg/day; and 140 mg/day of MLE containing 100 mg of mangiferin; L) and high doses (PHE: 100 mg/day; MLE: 420 mg/day; H) may enhance exercise performance, twelve physically active men performed incremental exercise to exhaustion, followed by sprint and endurance exercise after 48 h (acute effects) and 15 days of supplementation (prolonged effects) with polyphenols or placebo, following a double-blind crossover design. During sprint exercise, mangiferin + luteolin supplementation enhanced exercise performance, facilitated muscle oxygen extraction, and improved brain oxygenation, without increasing the VO₂. Compared to placebo, mangiferin + luteolin increased muscle O₂ extraction during post-exercise ischemia, and improved sprint performance after ischemia-reperfusion likely by increasing glycolytic energy production, as reflected by higher blood lactate concentrations after the sprints. Similar responses were elicited by the two doses tested. In conclusion, acute and prolonged supplementation with mangiferin combined with luteolin enhances performance, muscle O₂ extraction, and brain oxygenation during sprint exercise, at high and low doses.
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Quinn KM, Billaut F, Bulmer AC, Minahan CL. Cerebral oxygenation declines but does not impair peak oxygen uptake during incremental cycling in women using oral contraceptives. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2417-2427. [PMID: 30167957 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare prefrontal cortex oxygenation in recreationally-active women using oral contraceptives (WomenOC; n = 8) to women with a natural menstrual cycle (WomenNC; n = 8) during incremental exercise to exhaustion. METHODS Participants performed incremental cycling to exhaustion to determine lactate threshold 1 (LT1) and 2 (LT2) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Prefrontal cortex oxygenation was monitored via near-infrared spectroscopy through concentration changes in oxy-haemoglobin (Δ[HbO2]), deoxy-haemoglobin (Δ[HHb]), total-haemoglobin (Δ[tHb]) and tissue saturation index (TSI). RESULTS 17β-oestradiol and progesterone were lower in WomenOC (35 ± 26; 318 ± 127 pmol·L-1, respectively) than WomenNC (261 ± 156; 858 ± 541 pmol·L-1, respectively). There were no differences in full blood examination results or serum nitric oxide (p > 0.05). However, WomenOC presented lower concentrations in ferric-reducing ability of plasma (- 8%; effect size; ES - 0.52 ± 0.61), bilirubin (- 32%; ES - 0.56 ± 0.62) and uric acid (- 17%; ES - 0.53 ± 0.61). Cardiopulmonary parameters were similar between groups during cycling, including VO2peak (p = 0.99). While there was a significant effect of time on all parameters measured by near-infrared spectroscopy during incremental cycling, there was no effect of OC at LT1, LT2 or exhaustion calculated as a change from baseline (TSI; p = 0.096, Δ[HbO2]; p = 0.143, Δ[HHb]; p = 0.085 and Δ[tHb]; p = 0.226). The change in TSI from LT1 to LT2 was significantly different between groups (WomenNC; mean difference + 2.06%, WomenOC; mean difference - 1.73%; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Prefrontal tissue oxygenation declined at a lower relative exercise intensity in WomenOC as compared to WomenNC, however, this did not influence VO2peak. The results provide the first evidence for variance in the cerebral oxygenation response to exercise, which may be associated with female sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee M Quinn
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, Gold Coast campus, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia. .,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia. .,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
| | - François Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew C Bulmer
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare L Minahan
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, Gold Coast campus, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Fan JL, Bourdillon N, Meyer P, Kayser B. Oral Nitrate Supplementation Differentially Modulates Cerebral Artery Blood Velocity and Prefrontal Tissue Oxygenation During 15 km Time-Trial Cycling in Normoxia but Not in Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:869. [PMID: 30061839 PMCID: PMC6054990 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nitrate is a precursor of nitric oxide (NO), an important regulator of cerebral perfusion in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Nitrate supplementation could be used to improve cerebral perfusion and oxygenation during exercise in hypoxia. The effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on cerebral haemodynamics during exercise in severe hypoxia (arterial O2 saturation < 70%) have not been explored. Methods: In twelve trained male cyclists, we measured blood pressure (BP), middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) and prefrontal oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin concentration (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) during 15 km cycling time trials (TT) in normoxia and severe hypoxia (11% inspired O2, peripheral O2 saturation ∼66%) following 3-day oral supplementation with placebo or sodium nitrate (0.1 mmol/kg/day) in a randomised, double-blinded manner. We tested the hypothesis that dietary nitrate supplementation increases MCAv and cerebral O2Hb during TT in severe hypoxia. Results: During TT in normoxia, nitrate supplementation lowered MCAv by ∼2.3 cm/s and increased cerebral O2Hb by ∼6.8 μM and HHb by ∼2.1 μM compared to normoxia placebo (p ≤ 0.01 for all), while BP tended to be lowered (p = 0.06). During TT in severe hypoxia, nitrate supplementation elevated MCAv (by ∼2.5 cm/s) and BP (by ∼5 mmHg) compared to hypoxia placebo (p < 0.01 for both), while it had no effect on cerebral O2Hb (p = 0.98), HHb (p = 0.07) or PETCO2 (p = 0.12). Dietary nitrate had no effect of CVR during TT in normoxia or hypoxia (p = 0.19). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that during normoxic TT, the modulatory effect of dietary nitrate on regional and global cerebral perfusion is heterogeneous. Meanwhile, the lack of major changes in cerebral perfusion with dietary nitrate during hypoxic TT alludes to an exhausted cerebrovascular reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Lin Fan
- Wellington Medical Technology Group, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Meyer
- Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Henriksen OM, Vestergaard MB, Lindberg U, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Lisbjerg K, Christensen SJ, Rasmussen P, Olsen NV, Forman JL, Larsson HBW, Law I. Interindividual and regional relationship between cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in the resting brain. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1080-1089. [PMID: 29975605 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00276.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the resting brain measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) show large interindividual and regional variability, but the metabolic basis of this variability is not fully established. The aim of the present study was to reassess regional and interindividual relationships between cerebral perfusion and glucose metabolism in the resting brain. Regional quantitative measurements of CBF and cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) were obtained in 24 healthy young men using dynamic [15O]H2O and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET). Magnetic resonance imaging measurements of global oxygen extraction fraction (gOEF) and metabolic rate of oxygen ([Formula: see text]) were obtained by combined susceptometry-based sagittal sinus oximetry and phase contrast mapping. No significant interindividual associations between global CBF, global CMRglc, and [Formula: see text] were observed. Linear mixed-model analysis showed a highly significant association of CBF with CMRglc regionally. Compared with neocortex significantly higher CBF values than explained by CMRglc were demonstrated in infratentorial structures, thalami, and mesial temporal cortex, and lower values were found in the striatum and cerebral white matter. The present study shows that absolute quantitative global CBF measurements appear not to be a valid surrogate measure of global cerebral glucose or oxygen consumption, and further demonstrates regionally variable relationship between perfusion and glucose metabolism in the resting brain that could suggest regional differences in energy substrate metabolism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using method-independent techniques the study cannot confirm direct interindividual correlations of absolute global values of perfusion with oxygen or glucose metabolism in the resting brain, and absolute global perfusion measurements appear not to be valid surrogate measures of cerebral metabolism. The ratio of both perfusion and oxygen delivery to glucose metabolism varies regionally, also when accounting for known methodological regional bias in quantification of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto M Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mark B Vestergaard
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Lindberg
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Lisbjerg
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Søren J Christensen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Niels V Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Julie L Forman
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Henrik B W Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ian Law
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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