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Kann O. Lactate as a supplemental fuel for synaptic transmission and neuronal network oscillations: Potentials and limitations. J Neurochem 2024; 168:608-631. [PMID: 37309602 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lactate shuttled from the blood circulation, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or even activated microglia (resident macrophages) to neurons has been hypothesized to represent a major source of pyruvate compared to what is normally produced endogenously by neuronal glucose metabolism. However, the role of lactate oxidation in fueling neuronal signaling associated with complex cortex function, such as perception, motor activity, and memory formation, is widely unclear. This issue has been experimentally addressed using electrophysiology in hippocampal slice preparations (ex vivo) that permit the induction of different neural network activation states by electrical stimulation, optogenetic tools or receptor ligand application. Collectively, these studies suggest that lactate in the absence of glucose (lactate only) impairs gamma (30-70 Hz) and theta-gamma oscillations, which feature high energy demand revealed by the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2, set to 100%). The impairment comprises oscillation attenuation or moderate neural bursts (excitation-inhibition imbalance). The bursting is suppressed by elevating the glucose fraction in energy substrate supply. By contrast, lactate can retain certain electric stimulus-induced neural population responses and intermittent sharp wave-ripple activity that features lower energy expenditure (CMRO2 of about 65%). Lactate utilization increases the oxygen consumption by about 9% during sharp wave-ripples reflecting enhanced adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Moreover, lactate attenuates neurotransmission in glutamatergic pyramidal cells and fast-spiking, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons by reducing neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals. By contrast, the generation and propagation of action potentials in the axon is regular. In conclusion, lactate is less effective than glucose and potentially detrimental during neural network rhythms featuring high energetic costs, likely through the lack of some obligatory ATP synthesis by aerobic glycolysis at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. High lactate/glucose ratios might contribute to central fatigue, cognitive impairment, and epileptic seizures partially seen, for instance, during exhaustive physical exercise, hypoglycemia and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Ji X, Li Q, Liu Z, Wu W, Zhang C, Sui H, Chen M. Identification of Active Components for Sports Supplements: Machine Learning-Driven Classification and Cell-Based Validation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11347-11355. [PMID: 38496927 PMCID: PMC10938306 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The identification of active components is critical for the development of sports supplements. However, high-throughput screening of active components remains a challenge. This study sought to construct prediction models to screen active components from herbal medicines via machine learning and validate the screening by using cell-based assays. The six constructed models had an accuracy of >0.88. Twelve randomly selected active components from the screening were tested for their active potency on C2C12 cells, and 11 components induced a significant increase in myotube diameters and protein synthesis. The effect and mechanism of luteolin among the 11 active components as potential sports supplements were then investigated by using immunofluorescence staining and high-content imaging analysis. It showed that luteolin increased the skeletal muscle performance via the activation of PGC-1α and MAPK signaling pathways. Thus, high-throughput prediction models can be effectively used to screen active components as sports supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Ji
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di
Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- NHC
key laboratory of food safety risk assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Qiuyun Li
- NMPA
Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Food Safety and Health
Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- NHC
key laboratory of food safety risk assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Weiliang Wu
- NMPA
Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Food Safety and Health
Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chaozheng Zhang
- NHC
key laboratory of food safety risk assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Haixia Sui
- NHC
key laboratory of food safety risk assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Min Chen
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di
Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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3
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Meng X, Wu W, Tang Y, Peng M, Yang J, Yuan S, Hu Z, Liu W. Lactate/Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications-Exercise Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04067-x. [PMID: 38427215 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Lactate has a novel function different from previously known functions despite its traditional association with hypoxia in skeletal muscle. It plays various direct and indirect physiological functions. It is a vital energy source within the central nervous system (CNS) and a signal transmitter regulating crucial processes, such as angiogenesis and inflammation. Activating lactate and its associated receptors elicits effects like synaptic plasticity and angiogenesis alterations. These effects can significantly influence the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, potentially impacting cognitive performance. Decreased cognitive function relates to different neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), ischemic brain injury, and frontotemporal dementia. Therefore, lactic acid has significant potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Exercise is a method that induces the production of lactic acid, which is similar to the effect of lactate injections. It is a harmless and natural way to achieve comparable results. Animal experiments demonstrate that high-intensity intermittent exercise can increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, thus promoting angiogenesis. In vivo, lactate receptor-hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activation can occur by various stimuli, including variations in ion concentrations, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level elevations, and fluctuations in the availability of energy substrates. While several articles have been published on the benefits of physical activity on developing Alzheimer's disease in the CNS, could lactic acid act as a bridge? Understanding how HCAR1 responds to these signals and initiates associated pathways remains incomplete. This review comprehensively analyzes lactate-induced signaling pathways, investigating their influence on neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline. Consequently, this study describes the unique role of lactate in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Meng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Weijia Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Yingzhe Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Mei Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Jialun Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Shunling Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Zelin Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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4
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Noakes TD. What Is the Evidence That Dietary Macronutrient Composition Influences Exercise Performance? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:862. [PMID: 35215511 PMCID: PMC8875928 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of the needle muscle biopsy technique in the 1960s allowed muscle tissue to be sampled from exercising humans for the first time. The finding that muscle glycogen content reached low levels at exhaustion suggested that the metabolic cause of fatigue during prolonged exercise had been discovered. A special pre-exercise diet that maximized pre-exercise muscle glycogen storage also increased time to fatigue during prolonged exercise. The logical conclusion was that the athlete's pre-exercise muscle glycogen content is the single most important acutely modifiable determinant of endurance capacity. Muscle biochemists proposed that skeletal muscle has an obligatory dependence on high rates of muscle glycogen/carbohydrate oxidation, especially during high intensity or prolonged exercise. Without this obligatory carbohydrate oxidation from muscle glycogen, optimum muscle metabolism cannot be sustained; fatigue develops and exercise performance is impaired. As plausible as this explanation may appear, it has never been proven. Here, I propose an alternate explanation. All the original studies overlooked one crucial finding, specifically that not only were muscle glycogen concentrations low at exhaustion in all trials, but hypoglycemia was also always present. Here, I provide the historical and modern evidence showing that the blood glucose concentration-reflecting the liver glycogen rather than the muscle glycogen content-is the homeostatically-regulated (protected) variable that drives the metabolic response to prolonged exercise. If this is so, nutritional interventions that enhance exercise performance, especially during prolonged exercise, will be those that assist the body in its efforts to maintain the blood glucose concentration within the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy David Noakes
- Department of Applied Design, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
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5
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Taurine supplementation enhances endurance capacity by delaying blood glucose decline during prolonged exercise in rats. Amino Acids 2022; 54:251-260. [PMID: 35122528 PMCID: PMC8894168 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Taurine enhances physical performance; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study examined the effect of taurine on the overtime dynamics of blood glucose concentration (BGC) during endurance exercise in rats. Male F344 rats were subjected to transient treadmill exercise until exhaustion following 3 weeks of taurine supplementation or non-supplementation (TAU and CON groups). Every 10 min during exercise, BGC was measured in blood collected through cannulation of the jugular vein. Gluconeogenesis-, lipolysis-, and fatty acid oxidation-related factors in the plasma, liver, and skeletal muscles were also analyzed after 120-min run. Exercise time to exhaustion was significantly longer with taurine supplementation. BGC in the two groups significantly increased by 40 min and gradually and significantly decreased toward the respective exhaustion point. The decline in BGC from the peak at 40 min was significantly slower in the TAU group. The time when the once-increased BGC regressed to the 0-time level was significantly and positively correlated with exercise time until exhaustion. At the 120-min point, where the difference in BGC between the two groups was most significant, plasma free fatty acid concentration and acetyl-carnitine and N-acetyltaurine concentrations in skeletal muscle were significantly higher in the TAU group, whereas glycogen and glucogenic amino acid concentrations and G6Pase activity in the liver were not different between the two groups. Taurine supplementation enhances endurance capacity by delaying the decrease in BGC toward exhaustion through increases of lipolysis in adipose tissues and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscles during endurance exercise.
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6
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Scavuzzo CJ, Newman LA, Gold PE, Korol DL. Time-dependent changes in hippocampal and striatal glycogen long after maze training in male rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107537. [PMID: 34634434 PMCID: PMC8672440 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting biological changes reflecting past experience have been studied in and typically attributed to neurons in the brain. Astrocytes, which are also present in large number in the brain, have recently been found to contribute critically to learning and memory processing. In the brain, glycogen is primarily found in astrocytes and is metabolized to lactate, which can be released from astrocytes. Here we report that astrocytes themselves have intrinsic neurochemical plasticity that alters the availability and provision of metabolic substrates long after an experience. Rats were trained to find food on one of two versions of a 4-arm maze: a hippocampus-sensitive place task and a striatum-sensitive response task. Remarkably, hippocampal glycogen content increased while striatal levels decreased during the 30 days after rats were trained to find food in the place version, but not the response version, of the maze tasks. A long-term consequence of the durable changes in glycogen stores was seen in task-by-site differences in extracellular lactate responses activated by testing on a working memory task administered 30 days after initial training, the time when differences in glycogen content were most robust. These results suggest that astrocytic plasticity initiated by a single experience may augment future availability of energy reserves, perhaps priming brain areas to process learning of subsequent experiences more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Scavuzzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Lori A Newman
- Psychological Science Department, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Box 713, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Paul E Gold
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Donna L Korol
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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7
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Hippocampal and non-hippocampal correlates of physically active lifestyle and their relation to episodic memory in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 109:100-112. [PMID: 34706317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with compromised neurocognition. While aerobic exercise has been linked with cognitive resilience, findings regarding its relationship with brain morphology are inconsistent. Furthermore, the biological underpinnings of the relationship between aerobic activity and memory in the aging human brain are unclear. To investigate these issues, we examined hippocampal and non-hippocampal structural correlates of aerobically active lifestyle and cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults. We then examined structural pathways which may potentially mediate the association between active lifestyle and memory. Fifty participants (aged 65-80) underwent structural and diffusion MRI, memory evaluation, were examined for active lifestyle and cardiorespiratory fitness. Morphological features of the hippocampus and fornix, white matter lesions, and brain atrophy were assessed. Active lifestyle and cardiorespiratory fitness correlated with all neurocognitive measures. An exploratory mediation analysis revealed hippocampal and white matter lesions pathways linking active lifestyle and cardiorespiratory fitness with memory. Our results support a neuroprotective role of aerobic exercise on the aging brain and suggest plausible morphological pathways that may underlie the relationship between aerobic exercise and memory.
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8
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Peng Y, Hou Y, Wu Q, Ran Q, Huang G, Wu J. Thermal and mechanical activation of dynamically stable ionic interaction toward self-healing strengthening elastomers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2553-2561. [PMID: 34870301 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological tissues can grow stronger after damage and self-healing. However, artificial self-healing materials usually show decreased mechanical properties after repairing. Here, we develop a self-healing strengthening elastomer (SSE) by engineering kinetic stability in an ionomer. Such kinetic stability is enabled by designing large steric hindrance on the cationic groups, which prevents the structural change driven by thermodynamic instability under room temperature. However, once heat or external force is applied to disrupt the kinetic stability, the inherent thermodynamic instability induces the SSEs to form bigger and denser aggregates, thereby the material becomes stronger during the healing process. Consequently, the self-healing efficiency of fractured SSEs is as high as 143%. Unlike conventional ionomers whose mechanical properties change with time uncontrollably due to the thermodynamic instability, the SSEs show tunable self-healing strengthening behavior, thanks to the kinetic stability. This work provides a novel and universal strategy to fabricate biomimetic self-healing strengthening materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yujia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Qichao Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Guangsu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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9
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Townsend LK, MacPherson REK, Wright DC. New Horizon: Exercise and a Focus on Tissue-Brain Crosstalk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2147-2163. [PMID: 33982072 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The world population is aging, leading to increased rates of neurodegenerative disorders. Exercise has countless health benefits and has consistently been shown to improve brain health and cognitive function. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of exercise-induced adaptations in the brain with a focus on crosstalk between peripheral tissues and the brain. We highlight recent investigations into exercise-induced circulating factors, or exerkines, including irisin, cathepsin B, GPLD1, and ketones and the mechanisms mediating their effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
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10
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Matsui T. Exhaustive endurance exercise activates brain glycogen breakdown and lactate production more than insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R500-R507. [PMID: 33533310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00119.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain glycogen localized in astrocytes produces lactate via cAMP signaling, which regulates memory functions and endurance capacity. Exhaustive endurance exercise with hypoglycemia decreases brain glycogen, although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Since insulin-induced hypoglycemia decreases brain glycogen, this study tested the hypothesis that hypoglycemia mediates exercise-induced brain glycogen decrease. To test the hypothesis, the effects of insulin- and exhaustive exercise-induced hypoglycemia on brain glycogen levels were compared using the microwave irradiation method in adult Wistar rats. The insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise induced similar levels of severe hypoglycemia. Glycogen in the hypothalamus and cerebellum decreased similarly with the insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise; however, glycogen in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem of the exercise group were lower compared with the insulin group. Brain lactate and cAMP levels in the hypothalamus and cerebellum increased similarly with the insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise, but those in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem of the exercise group were higher compared with the insulin group. Blood glucose correlated positively with brain glycogen, but the slope of regression lines was greater in the exercise group compared with the insulin group in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem, but not the hypothalamus and cerebellum. These findings support the hypothesis that hypoglycemia mediates the exercise-induced reduction in brain glycogen, at least in the hypothalamus and cerebellum. However, glycogen reduction during exhaustive endurance exercise in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem is not due to hypoglycemia alone, implicating the role of exercise-specific neuronal activity in brain glycogen decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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Filipas L, Martin K, Northey JM, La Torre A, Keegan R, Rattray B. A 4-week endurance training program improves tolerance to mental exertion in untrained individuals. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1215-1219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Converging Evidence Supporting the Cognitive Link between Exercise and Esport Performance: A Dual Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110859. [PMID: 33203067 PMCID: PMC7696945 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Research into action video games (AVG) has surged with the popularity of esports over the past three decades. Specifically, evidence is mounting regarding the importance of enhanced cognitive abilities for successful esports performance. However, due to the sedentary nature in which AVGs are played, concerns are growing with the increased engagement young adults have with AVGs. While evidence exists supporting the benefits of exercise for cognition generally in older adult, children and clinical populations, little to no work has synthesized the existing knowledge regarding the effect of exercise specifically on the cognitive abilities required for optimal esports performance in young adults. (2) Method: We conducted a dual-systematic review to identify the cognitive abilities integral to esports performance (Phase 1) and the efficacy of exercise to enhance said cognitive abilities (Phase 2). (3) Results: We demonstrate the importance of four specific cognitive abilities for AVG play (attention, task-switching, information processing, and memory abilities) and the effect that different types and durations of physical exercise has on each. (4) Conclusion: Together, these results highlight the role that exercise can have on not only combating the sedentary nature of gaming, but also its potential role in facilitating the cognitive aspects of gaming performance.
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13
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Robb JL, Morrissey NA, Weightman Potter PG, Smithers HE, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. Immunometabolic Changes in Glia - A Potential Role in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Diabetes. Neuroscience 2020; 447:167-181. [PMID: 31765625 PMCID: PMC7567742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is a feature of the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes in the CNS as well as peripheral tissues. Glial cells are critical mediators of the response to inflammation in the brain. Key features of glia include their metabolic flexibility, sensitivity to changes in the CNS microenvironment, and ability to rapidly adapt their function accordingly. They are specialised cells which cooperate to promote and preserve neuronal health, playing important roles in regulating the activity of neuronal networks across the brain during different life stages. Increasing evidence points to a role of glia, most notably astrocytes and microglia, in the systemic regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in the course of normal physiological control and during disease. Inflammation is an energetically expensive process that requires adaptive changes in cellular metabolism and, in turn, metabolic intermediates can also have immunomodulatory actions. Such "immunometabolic" changes in peripheral immune cells have been implicated in contributing to disease pathology in obesity and diabetes. This review will discuss the evidence for a role of immunometabolic changes in glial cells in the systemic regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis, and how this changes in the context of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine L Robb
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicole A Morrissey
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul G Weightman Potter
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Hannah E Smithers
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Kate L J Ellacott
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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14
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de Souza RF, Augusto RL, de Moraes SRA, de Souza FB, Gonçalves LVDP, Pereira DD, Moreno GMM, de Souza FMA, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS. Ultra-Endurance Associated With Moderate Exercise in Rats Induces Cerebellar Oxidative Stress and Impairs Reactive GFAP Isoform Profile. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:157. [PMID: 32982688 PMCID: PMC7492828 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-endurance (UE) race has been associated with brain metabolic changes, but it is still unknown which regions are vulnerable. This study investigated whether high-volume training in rodents, even under moderate intensity, can induce cerebellar oxidative and inflammatory status. Forty-five adult rats were divided into six groups according to a training period, followed or not by an exhaustion test (ET) that simulated UE: control (C), control + ET (C-ET), moderate-volume (MV) training and MV-ET, high-volume training (HV) and HV-ET. The training period was 30 (MV) and 90 (HV) min/day, 5 times/week for 3 months as a continuous running on a treadmill at a maximum velocity of 12 m/min. After 24 h, the ET was performed at 50% maximum velocities up to the animals refused to run, and then serum lactate levels were evaluated. Serum and cerebellar homogenates were obtained 24 h after ET. Serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and corticosterone levels were assessed. Lipid peroxidation (LP), nitric oxide (NO), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and GFAP proteins, reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were quantified in the cerebellum. Serum lactate concentrations were lower in MV-ET (∼20%) and HV-ET (∼40%) compared to the C-ET group. CK and corticosterone levels were increased more than ∼ twofold by HV training compared to control. ET increased CK levels in MV-ET vs. MV group (P = 0.026). HV induced higher LP levels (∼40%), but an additive effect of ET was only seen in the MV-ET group (P = 0.02). SOD activity was higher in all trained groups vs. C and C-ET (P < 0.05). CAT activity, however, was intensified only in the MV group (P < 0.02). The 50 kDa GFAP levels were enhanced in C-ET and MV-ET vs. respective controls, while 42 kDa (∼40%) and 39 kDa (∼26%) isoform levels were reduced. In the HV-ET group, the 50 KDa isoform amount was reduced ∼40-60% compared to the other groups and the 39 KDa isoform, increased sevenfold. LDH levels, GSH/GSSG ratio, and NO production were not modified. ET elevated IL-1β levels in the CT and MV groups. Data shows that cerebellar resilience to oxidative damage may be maintained under moderate-volume training, but it is reduced by UE running. High-volume training per se provoked systemic metabolic changes, cerebellar lipid peroxidation, and unbalanced enzymatic antioxidant resource. UE after high-volume training modified the GFAP isoform profile suggesting impaired astrocyte reactivity in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Fabricio de Souza
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports – GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Ricielle Lopes Augusto
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Arruda de Moraes
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Plasticity, Department of Anatomy, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Fabio Borges de Souza
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Lílian Vanessa da Penha Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Danielle Dutra Pereira
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gisele Machado Magalhães Moreno
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Araujo de Souza
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Integrative Physiology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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15
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Duckworth SC, Higginbotham CS, Pederson JA, Rogers RR, Marshall MR, Williams TD, Ballmann CG. Physical and Cognitive Performance During Upper-Extremity Versus Full-Body Exercise Under Dual Tasking Conditions. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:338-352. [PMID: 32741251 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520945088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate physical and cognitive performance during dual task conditions of upper-extremity (UE) or full-body (FB) rowing exercise. In a crossover counterbalanced design, college-aged male and female participants completed five conditions: (a) Sitting, (b) Single task UE rowing, (c) Single task FB rowing, (d) Dual task UE rowing, and (e) Dual task FB rowing. For single task UE and FB rowing conditions, participants were asked to row as hard as possible. After sitting and dual-task conditions, we administered the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and a word-list memory test. We analyzed participants' absolute differences (single task - dual task) in power output and their cognitive test scores to compare UE and FB rowing. There were no significant absolute differences from sitting to dual task conditions of UE and FB rowing for either PASAT (p = 0.958) or word list memory (p = 0.899) cognitive scores. Absolute power output loss from single to dual task conditions was significantly higher in FB versus UE for PASAT (p = 0.039; d = 0.54) and word list memory (p = 0.021; d = 0.66) in the dual task condition. These results suggest that, while cognitive performance was preserved regardless of the amount of muscle mass activated during dual task rowing, physical performance suffered more during FB than UE rowing under the dual task condition. These findings have important implications for optimizing cognitive and physical performance in dual task situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Duckworth
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Carrie S Higginbotham
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Joseph A Pederson
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Mallory R Marshall
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, 1744Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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16
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Qin F, Dong Y, Wang S, Xu M, Wang Z, Qu C, Yang Y, Zhao J. Maximum oxygen consumption and quantification of exercise intensity in untrained male Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11520. [PMID: 32661254 PMCID: PMC7359321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore a valid test protocol for measuring VO2max in healthy untrained male Wistar rats of different ages and quantifying the exercise intensity (%VO2max) of running under different treadmill grades and speeds. The test protocols and %VO2max will provide a reference for the design of exercise intensity. We tested male Wistar rats aged 4 weeks, 10 weeks, 10 months and 16 months old with three test protocols (Procedure 1 [P1], 2 [P2] and 3 [P3]) for each age group to quantify VO2max. We analysed VO2max, respiratory exchange ratio and test duration to determine an optimal test protocol of VO2max for different age groups. We used the optimal test protocol to explore the changes in age-related VO2max. Finally, %VO2max of running under different treadmill speeds and grades was quantified. VO2max of Wistar rats decreased significantly after the age of 4 weeks (p < 0.05). The optimum VO2max can be induced by personalised protocols for different ages. In 4-week-old Wistar rats, the highest VO2max values were attained by P1 (104.4 ± 6.9 mL · kg−1 · min−1, p = 0.032). The highest VO2max value (84.7 ± 3.7 mL · kg−1 · min−1, p = 0.037) of 8-week-old Wistar rats was attained in P2. In 10-month-old Wistar rats, the highest VO2max value was obtained in P3 (63.3 ± 1.7 mL · kg−1 · min−1). This work could be used as a reference for assessing aerobic capacity in studies on exercise intervention with untrained male Wistar rats. However, the %VO2max measurements at various treadmill speeds and grades only apply to untrained male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- China Institute of Sport Science, No. 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China.,School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanan Dong
- China Institute of Sport Science, No. 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China.,Beijing Institute of Sports Science, Beijing, 100075, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Minxiao Xu
- China Institute of Sport Science, No. 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- China Institute of Sport Science, No. 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Chaoyi Qu
- China Institute of Sport Science, No. 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, 61801, USA
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, No. 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China.
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17
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The physiology of rowing with perspective on training and health. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1943-1963. [PMID: 32627051 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review presents a perspective on the expansive literature on rowing. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for the most relevant literature, while some information was obtained from books. RESULTS Following the life span of former rowers paved the way to advocate exercise for health promotion. Rowing involves almost all muscles during the stroke and competition requires a large oxygen uptake, which is challenged by the pulmonary diffusion capacity and restriction in blood flow to the muscles. Unique training adaptations allow for simultaneous engagement of the legs in the relatively slow movement of the rowing stroke that, therefore, involves primarily slow-twitch muscle fibres. Like other sport activities, rowing is associated with adaptation not only of the heart, including both increased internal diameters and myocardial size, but also skeletal muscles with hypertrophy of especially slow-twitch muscle fibres. The high metabolic requirement of intense rowing reduces blood pH and, thereby, arterial oxygen saturation decreases as arterial oxygen tension becomes affected. CONCLUSION Competitive rowing challenges most systems in the body including pulmonary function and circulatory control with implication for cerebral blood flow and neuromuscular activation. Thus, the physiology of rowing is complex, but it obviously favours large individuals with arms and legs that allow the development of a long stroke. Present inquiries include the development of an appropriately large cardiac output despite the Valsalva-like manoeuvre associated with the stroke, and the remarkable ability of the brain to maintain motor control and metabolism despite marked reductions in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation.
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18
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Pahwa ARR, Miller DJ, Caplan JB, Collins DF. Performance on an Associative Memory Test Decreases 8 hr After Cardiovascular Exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:219-226. [PMID: 32460243 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effects of acute exercise on performance of a paired associate learning (PAL) test, an operationalization of hippocampal-dependent associative memory. Participants performed a PAL test and then ran on a treadmill (exercise group, n = 52) or solved Sudoku puzzles (control group, n = 54). Participants returned 2, 5, or 8 hr later to perform a second, different, PAL test. PAL scores for the control group did not change over time. Similarly, scores on tests taken 2 and 5 hr after exercise were not different from baseline or control data. Scores on tests taken 8 hr after exercise, however, fell significantly below baseline (by 8.6%) and control (by 9.8%) scores. These data demonstrate that acute exercise can negatively affect the encoding and retrieval of new information even hours after the exercise bout, which should be a consideration when designing exercise programs to enhance, and not hinder, learning.
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19
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Acute aerobic exercise and neuroplasticity of the motor cortex: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:408-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Norman JE, Rutkowsky J, Bodine S, Rutledge JC. The Potential Mechanisms of Exercise-induced Cognitive Protection: A Literature Review. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:1827-1831. [PMID: 29623829 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180406105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dementia has become a major health concern for the aging population of the United States. Studies indicate that participation in moderate exercise, with training, has been shown to have a beneficial impact on cognition. Thus, exercise and its effects on cognitive function has become an important area of research. This review summarizes the current literature on the potential mechanisms of the benefits of exercise for cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Norman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Rutkowsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sue Bodine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - John C Rutledge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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21
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Matsui T, Liu YF, Soya M, Shima T, Soya H. Tyrosine as a Mechanistic-Based Biomarker for Brain Glycogen Decrease and Supercompensation With Endurance Exercise in Rats: A Metabolomics Study of Plasma. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:200. [PMID: 30941004 PMCID: PMC6433992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain glycogen, localized in astrocytes, produces lactate as an energy source and/or a signal factor to serve neuronal functions involved in memory formation and exercise endurance. In rodents, 4 weeks of chronic moderate exercise-enhancing endurance and cognition increases brain glycogen in the hippocampus and cortex, which is an adaption of brain metabolism achieved through exercise. Although this brain adaptation is likely induced due to the accumulation of acute endurance exercise–induced brain glycogen supercompensation, its molecular mechanisms and biomarkers are unidentified. Since noradrenaline synthesized from blood-borne tyrosine activates not only glycogenolysis but also glycogenesis in astrocytes, we hypothesized that blood tyrosine is a mechanistic-based biomarker of acute exercise–induced brain glycogen supercompensation. To test this hypothesis, we used a rat model of endurance exercise, a microwave irradiation for accurate detection of glycogen in the brain (the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus), and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry–based metabolomics to observe the comprehensive metabolic profile of the blood. Endurance exercise induced fatigue factors such as a decrease in blood glucose, an increase in blood lactate, and the depletion of muscle glycogen, but those parameters recovered to basal levels within 6 h after exercise. Brain glycogen decreased during endurance exercise and showed supercompensation within 6 h after exercise. Metabolomics detected 186 metabolites in the plasma, and 110 metabolites changed significantly during and following exhaustive exercise. Brain glycogen levels correlated negatively with plasma glycogenic amino acids (serine, proline, threonine, glutamate, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) (r < −0.9). This is the first study to produce a broad picture of plasma metabolite changes due to endurance exercise–induced brain glycogen supercompensation. Our findings suggest that plasma glycogenic amino acids are sensitive indicators of brain glycogen levels in endurance exercise. In particular, plasma tyrosine as a precursor of brain noradrenaline might be a valuable mechanistic-based biomarker to predict brain glycogen dynamics in endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mariko Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeru Shima
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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22
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Hirase H, Akther S, Wang X, Oe Y. Glycogen distribution in mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:923-932. [PMID: 30675919 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a limbic structure involved in the consolidation of episodic memory. In the recent decade, glycogenolysis in the rodent hippocampus has been shown critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Astrocytes are the primary cells that store glycogen which is subject to degradation in hypoglycemic conditions. Focused microwave application to the brain halts metabolic activities, and therefore preserves brain glycogen. Immunohistochemistry against glycogen on focused microwave-assisted brain samples is suitable for both macroscopic and microscopic investigation of glycogen distribution. Glycogen immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus showed a characteristic punctate signal pattern that depended on hippocampal layers. In particular, the hilus is the most glycogen-rich subregion of the hippocampus. Moreover, large glycogen puncta (>0.5 µm in diameter) observed in neuropil areas are organized in a patchy pattern consisting of puncta-rich and -poor astrocytes. These observations are discussed with respect to distinct hippocampal neural activity states observed in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hirase
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.,Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonam Akther
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.,Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Oe
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
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23
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Glycogenolysis in Cerebral Cortex During Sensory Stimulation, Acute Hypoglycemia, and Exercise: Impact on Astrocytic Energetics, Aerobic Glycolysis, and Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:209-267. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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DiNuzzo M, Walls AB, Öz G, Seaquist ER, Waagepetersen HS, Bak LK, Nedergaard M, Schousboe A. State-Dependent Changes in Brain Glycogen Metabolism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:269-309. [PMID: 31667812 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of glycogen structure, concentration, polydispersity and turnover is critical to qualify the role of glycogen in the brain. These molecular and metabolic features are under the control of neuronal activity through the interdependent action of neuromodulatory tone, ionic homeostasis and availability of metabolic substrates, all variables that concur to define the state of the system. In this chapter, we briefly describe how glycogen responds to selected behavioral, nutritional, environmental, hormonal, developmental and pathological conditions. We argue that interpreting glycogen metabolism through the lens of brain state is an effective approach to establish the relevance of energetics in connecting molecular and cellular neurophysiology to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne B Walls
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse K Bak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Dysregulation of Glycogen Metabolism with Concomitant Spatial Memory Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Beneficial Effects of Chronic Exercise. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:363-383. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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The Structure and the Regulation of Glycogen Phosphorylases in Brain. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:125-145. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Brewer MK, Gentry MS. Brain Glycogen Structure and Its Associated Proteins: Past, Present and Future. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:17-81. [PMID: 31667805 PMCID: PMC7239500 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the history of glycogen-related research and discusses in detail the structure, regulation, chemical properties and subcellular distribution of glycogen and its associated proteins, with particular focus on these aspects in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
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28
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Weightman Potter PG, Vlachaki Walker JM, Robb JL, Chilton JK, Williamson R, Randall AD, Ellacott KLJ, Beall C. Basal fatty acid oxidation increases after recurrent low glucose in human primary astrocytes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:187-198. [PMID: 30293112 PMCID: PMC6290858 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Hypoglycaemia is a major barrier to good glucose control in type 1 diabetes. Frequent hypoglycaemic episodes impair awareness of subsequent hypoglycaemic bouts. Neural changes underpinning awareness of hypoglycaemia are poorly defined and molecular mechanisms by which glial cells contribute to hypoglycaemia sensing and glucose counterregulation require further investigation. The aim of the current study was to examine whether, and by what mechanism, human primary astrocyte (HPA) function was altered by acute and recurrent low glucose (RLG). METHODS To test whether glia, specifically astrocytes, could detect changes in glucose, we utilised HPA and U373 astrocytoma cells and exposed them to RLG in vitro. This allowed measurement, with high specificity and sensitivity, of RLG-associated changes in cellular metabolism. We examined changes in protein phosphorylation/expression using western blotting. Metabolic function was assessed using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyser. Immunofluorescent imaging was used to examine cell morphology and enzymatic assays were used to measure lactate release, glycogen content, intracellular ATP and nucleotide ratios. RESULTS AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated over a pathophysiologically relevant glucose concentration range. RLG produced an increased dependency on fatty acid oxidation for basal mitochondrial metabolism and exhibited hallmarks of mitochondrial stress, including increased proton leak and reduced coupling efficiency. Relative to glucose availability, lactate release increased during low glucose but this was not modified by RLG. Basal glucose uptake was not modified by RLG and glycogen levels were similar in control and RLG-treated cells. Mitochondrial adaptations to RLG were partially recovered by maintaining euglycaemic levels of glucose following RLG exposure. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taken together, these data indicate that HPA mitochondria are altered following RLG, with a metabolic switch towards increased fatty acid oxidation, suggesting glial adaptations to RLG involve altered mitochondrial metabolism that could contribute to defective glucose counterregulation to hypoglycaemia in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Weightman Potter
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Julia M Vlachaki Walker
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Josephine L Robb
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - John K Chilton
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Ritchie Williamson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Andrew D Randall
- Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kate L J Ellacott
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
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29
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Abstract
The exploits of elite athletes delight, frustrate, and confound us as they strive to reach their physiological, psychological, and biomechanical limits. We dissect nutritional approaches to optimal performance, showcasing the contribution of modern sports science to gold medals and world titles. Despite an enduring belief in a single, superior “athletic diet,” diversity in sports nutrition practices among successful athletes arises from the specificity of the metabolic demands of different sports and the periodization of training and competition goals. Pragmatic implementation of nutrition strategies in real-world scenarios and the prioritization of important strategies when nutrition themes are in conflict add to this variation. Lastly, differences in athlete practices both promote and reflect areas of controversy and disagreement among sports nutrition experts.
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30
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Xiong Y, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Ren Y, Wang R, Zhao M, Hao Y, Liu H, Wang X. Exhaustive-exercise-induced oxidative stress alteration of erythrocyte oxygen release capacity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:953-962. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of exhaustive running exercise in the oxygen release capacity of rat erythrocytes. Rats were divided into sedentary control, moderate running exercise, and exhaustive running exercise groups. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the erythrocyte oxygen release process of the different groups were tested. We also determined the degree of band-3 oxidation and phosphorylation, anion transport activity, and carbonic anhydrase isoform II activity. Biochemical studies suggested that exhaustive running significantly increased oxidative injury parameters in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and methaemoglobin levels. Furthermore, exhaustive running significantly decreased anion transport activity and carbonic anhydrase isoform II activity. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that erythrocytes oxygen release ability also significantly increased due to elevated 2,3-DPG level after exhaustive running. Kinetic analysis indicated that exhaustive running resulted in significantly decreased T50 value. We presented evidence that exhaustive running remarkably impacted thermodynamic and kinetic properties of RBC oxygen release. In addition, changes in 2,3-DPG levels and band-3 oxidation and phosphorylation could be the driving force for exhaustive-running-induced alterations in erythrocyte oxygen release thermodynamic and kinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Yanlei Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (PUMC), P.R. China
| | - Yueming Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Yajin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Yaojin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Ruofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Mingzi Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Hao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Haibei Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
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Delezie J, Handschin C. Endocrine Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and the Brain. Front Neurol 2018; 9:698. [PMID: 30197620 PMCID: PMC6117390 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an essential regulator of energy homeostasis and a potent coordinator of exercise-induced adaptations in other organs including the liver, fat or the brain. Skeletal muscle-initiated crosstalk with other tissues is accomplished though the secretion of myokines, protein hormones which can exert autocrine, paracrine and long-distance endocrine effects. In addition, the enhanced release or uptake of metabolites from and into contracting muscle cells, respectively, likewise can act as a powerful mediator of tissue interactions, in particular in regard to the central nervous system. The present review will discuss the current stage of knowledge regarding how exercise and the muscle secretome improve a broad range of brain functions related to vascularization, neuroplasticity, memory, sleep and mood. Even though the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the communication between muscle and brain is still poorly understood, physical activity represents one of the most effective strategies to reduce the prevalence and incidence of depression, cognitive, metabolic or degenerative neuronal disorders, and thus warrants further study.
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Glace BW, Kremenic IJ, McHugh MP. Effect of carbohydrate beverage ingestion on central versus peripheral fatigue: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial in cyclists. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:139-147. [PMID: 30058344 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether carbohydrate ingestion delays fatigue in endurance-trained cyclists via peripheral or central mechanisms. Ten men (35 ± 9 years of age) and 10 women (42 ± 7 years of age) were assigned, in a double-blind, crossover design, to a sports drink (CHO) or to a placebo (PL). The following strength measures were made 3 times (before exercise, after a time trial (TT), and after a ride to exhaustion): (i) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC); (ii) MVC with superimposed femoral nerve magnetic stimulation to measure central activation ratio (CAR); and (iii) femoral nerve stimulation in a 3-s pulse train on relaxed muscle. The subjects cycled for 2 h at approximately 65% of peak oxygen consumption, with five 1-min sprints interspersed, followed by a 3-km TT. After strength testing, the cyclists remounted their bikes, performed a brief warm-up, and pedaled at approximately 85% peak oxygen consumption until unable to maintain workload. Changes in metabolic and strength measurements were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA. From before exercise to after the TT, MVC declined in men (17%) and women (18%) (p = 0.004), with no effect of beverage (p > 0.193); CAR decreased in both sexes with PL (p = 0.009), and the decline was attenuated by CHO in men only (time × treatment, p = 0.022); and there was no evidence of peripheral fatigue in either sex with either beverage (p > 0.122). Men rode faster in the TT with CHO (p = 0.005) but did not improve performance in the ride to exhaustion (p = 0.080). In women, CHO did not improve performance in the TT (p = 0.173) or in the ride to exhaustion (p = 0.930). We concluded that carbohydrate ingestion preserved central activation and performance in men, but not in women, during long-duration cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth W Glace
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ian J Kremenic
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Malachy P McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Alhamami HN, Alshamrani A, Briski KP. Inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase stimulates ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus AMP-activated protein kinase: Activity and neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein expression in male rats. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29199177 PMCID: PMC5727266 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucose polymer glycogen is a vital fuel reserve in the brain. The mediobasal hypothalamic energy sensor AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) maintains glucostasis via neurotransmitter mechanisms that suppress [γ‐aminobutyric acid; GABA] or stimulate [nitric oxide; steroidogenic factor‐1 (SF1)] counter‐regulatory outflow. This study investigated whether glycogen‐derived fuel supply is a critical screened variable in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) monitoring of neuro‐metabolic stability during glucostasis and/or insulin (I)‐induced hypoglycemia. Adult male rats were pretreated by intra‐VMN infusion of the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐D‐arabinitol (DAB) before sc vehicle or I injection. Western blot analyses of micropunch‐dissected VMN tissue from euglycemic animals showed DAB augmentation of phosphoAMPK (pAMPK), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and SF‐1, but not glutamate decarboxylase65/67 (GAD) protein. Combinatory DAB/I treatment did not further enhance AMPK activity but significantly amplified nNOS expression relative to DAB alone. Hypoglycemic stimulation of corticosterone, but not glucagon release was prevented by DAB. Results imply that glycogen‐derived substrate fuel provision represses VMN AMPK activity and neurotransmitter signals of metabolic deficiency. Progressive augmentation of nNOS protein by DAB/I versus DAB/V intimates that “fuel‐inhibited” nitrergic neurons may exhibit increasing sensitivity to disrupted glycogen breakdown during glucoprivation versus glucostasis. nNOS and GAD reactivity to DAB/I, but not I implies that acute glycogen utilization during hypoglycemia may be sufficiently robust to avert effects on local metabolic sensory signaling. DAB/I upregulation of GAD alongside prevention of hypercorticosteronemia suggests that indicators of metabolic sufficiency may occur secondary to local compensatory adaptations to severe restriction of glucose‐derived energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain N Alhamami
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
| | - Ayed Alshamrani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
| | - Karen P Briski
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Pietrelli A, Matković L, Vacotto M, Lopez-Costa JJ, Basso N, Brusco A. Aerobic exercise upregulates the BDNF-Serotonin systems and improves the cognitive function in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:528-542. [PMID: 29800645 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise (AE) benefits brain health and behavior. Serotonin (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are known to mediate and shape cognitive processes. Both systems share some actions: BDNF is involved in the maturation and function of 5-HT neurons. In turn, 5-HT is involved in neuroplasticity phenomena mediated by BDNF and stimulated by exercise. The aim of this work was to study the long-term effects of AE on BDNF- 5-HT systems and cognitive function in rats at different ages. A lifelong moderate-intensity aerobic training program was designed, in which aerobically exercised (E) and sedentary control (C) rats were studied at middle (8 months) and old age (18 months) by means of biochemical, immunohistochemical and behavioral assays. The levels and expression of BDNF, 5-HT, serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5-HT1A receptor were determined in selected brain areas involved in memory and learning. Immunopositive cells to neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) in the hippocampus CA1 area were also quantified. The cognitive function was evaluated by the object recognition test (ORT). Results indicate that AE enhanced spatial and non-spatial memory systems, modulated by age. This outcome temporarily correlated with a significant upregulation of cortical, hippocampal and striatal BDNF levels in parallel with an increase in the number of hippocampal CA1-mature neurons. AE also increased brain and raphe 5-HT levels, as well as the expression of SERT and 5-HT1A receptor in the cortex and hippocampus. Old AE rats showed a highly conserved response, indicating a remarkable protective effect of exercise on both systems. In summary, lifelong AE positively affects BDNF-5-HT systems, improves cognitive function and protects the brain against the deleterious effects of sedentary life and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pietrelli
- Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES), Departamento de Investigación en Ciencia Básica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - L Matković
- Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES), Departamento de Investigación en Ciencia Básica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Vacotto
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J J Lopez-Costa
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Basso
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Brusco
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Mann GE. Circadian control of p75 neurotrophin receptor leads to alternate activation of Nrf2 and c-Rel to reset energy metabolism in astrocytes via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 119:34-44. [PMID: 29374533 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clock genes regulate energy metabolism partly through neurotrophins in the body. The low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR is a clock component directly regulated by the transcriptional factor Clock:Bmal1 complex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed in the brain and plays a key role in coordinating metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes. BDNF transduces signals through TrkB and p75NTR receptors. This review highlights a novel molecular mechanism by which BDNF via circadian control of p75NTR leads to daily resetting of glucose and glycogen metabolism in brain astrocytes to accommodate their functional interaction with neurons. Astrocytes store glycogen as an energy reservoir to provide active neurons with the glycolytic metabolite lactate. Astrocytes predominantly express the truncated receptor TrkB.T1 which lacks an intracellular receptor tyrosine kinase domain. TrkB.T1 retains the capacity to regulate cell morphology through regulation of Rho GTPases. In contrast, p75NTR mediates generation of the bioactive lipid ceramide upon stimulation with BDNF and inhibits PKA activation. As ceramide directly activates PKCζ, we discuss the importance of the TrkB.T1-p75NTR-ceramide-PKCζ signaling axis in the stimulation of glycogen and lipid synthesis and activation of RhoA. Ceramide-PKCζ-casein kinase 2 signaling activates Nrf2 to support oxidative phosphorylation via upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. In the absence of p75NTR, TrkB.T1 functionally interacts with adenosine A2AR and dopamine D1R receptors to enhance cAMP-PKA signaling and activate Rac1 and NF-κB c-Rel, favoring glycogen hydrolysis, gluconeogenesis and aerobic glycolysis. Thus, diurnal changes in p75NTR levels in astrocytes resets energy metabolism via BDNF to accommodate their metabolic interaction with neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0863, Japan.
| | - Eiji Warabi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0863, Japan
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Dimer NW, Ferreira BK, Agostini JF, Gomes ML, Kist LW, Malgarin F, Carvalho-Silva M, Gomes LM, Rebelo J, Frederico MJS, Silva FRMB, Rico EP, Bogo MR, Streck EL, Ferreira GC, Schuck PF. Brain bioenergetics in rats with acute hyperphenylalaninemia. Neurochem Int 2018; 117:188-203. [PMID: 29454001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disorder of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism caused by deficient phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) activity. The deficiency results in increased levels of Phe and its metabolites in fluids and tissues of patients. PKU patients present neurological signs and symptoms including hypomyelination and intellectual deficit. This study assessed brain bioenergetics at 1 h after acute Phe administration to induce hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) in rats. Wistar rats were randomized in two groups: HPA animals received a single subcutaneous administration of Phe (5.2 μmol/g) plus p-Cl-Phe (PAH inhibitor) (0.9 μmol/g); control animals received a single injection of 0.9% NaCl. In cerebral cortex, HPA group showed lower mitochondrial mass, lower glycogen levels, as well as lower activities of complexes I-III and IV, ATP synthase and citrate synthase. Higher levels of free Pi and phospho-AMPK, and higher activities of LDH, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were also reported in cerebral cortex of HPA animals. In striatum, HPA animals had higher LDH (pyruvate to lactate) and isocitrate dehydrogenase activities, and lower activities of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and complex IV, as well as lower phospho-AMPK immunocontent. In hippocampus, HPA rats had higher mRNA expression for MFN1 and higher activities of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, but decreased activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and complexes I and IV. In conclusion, our data demonstrated impaired bioenergetics in cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of HPA rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Weber Dimer
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Klippel Ferreira
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroenergética e Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jotele Fontana Agostini
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Gomes
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Malgarin
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Milena Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lara Mezari Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Joyce Rebelo
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Marisa Jádna Silva Frederico
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emilio Luiz Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroenergética e Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Hyper-hippocampal glycogen induced by glycogen loading with exhaustive exercise. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1285. [PMID: 29352196 PMCID: PMC5775355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen loading (GL), a well-known type of sports conditioning, in combination with exercise and a high carbohydrate diet (HCD) for 1 week enhances individual endurance capacity through muscle glycogen supercompensation. This exercise-diet combination is necessary for successful GL. Glycogen in the brain contributes to hippocampus-related memory functions and endurance capacity. Although the effect of HCD on the brain remains unknown, brain supercompensation occurs following exhaustive exercise (EE), a component of GL. We thus employed a rat model of GL and examined whether GL increases glycogen levels in the brain as well as in muscle, and found that GL increased glycogen levels in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, as well as in muscle. We further explored the essential components of GL (exercise and/or diet conditions) to establish a minimal model of GL focusing on the brain. Exercise, rather than a HCD, was found to be crucial for GL-induced hyper-glycogen in muscle, the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. Moreover, EE was essential for hyper-glycogen only in the hippocampus even without HCD. Here we propose the EE component of GL without HCD as a condition that enhances brain glycogen stores especially in the hippocampus, implicating a physiological strategy to enhance hippocampal functions.
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Hashimoto T, Tsukamoto H, Takenaka S, Olesen ND, Petersen LG, Sørensen H, Nielsen HB, Secher NH, Ogoh S. Maintained exercise‐enhanced brain executive function related to cerebral lactate metabolism in men. FASEB J 2018; 32:1417-1427. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700381rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Shiga Japan
| | - Hayato Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Shiga Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Saki Takenaka
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Shiga Japan
| | - Niels D. Olesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Anesthesia Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lonnie G. Petersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Henrik Sørensen
- Department of Anesthesia Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Henning B. Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesia Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Niels H. Secher
- Department of Anesthesia Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Graduate School of EngineeringToyo University Saitama Japan
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Longman D, Stock JT, Wells JCK. A trade-off between cognitive and physical performance, with relative preservation of brain function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13709. [PMID: 29057922 PMCID: PMC5651807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Debate surrounds the issue of how the large, metabolically expensive brains of Homo sapiens can be energetically afforded. At the evolutionary level, decreased investment in muscularity, adiposity and the digestive tract allow for a larger brain. Developmentally, high neo-natal adiposity and preferential distribution of resources to the brain provide an energetic buffer during times of environmental stress. Through an experimental design, we investigated the hypothesis of a trade-off involving brain and muscle at the acute level in humans. Mental performance was measured by a free-recall test, and physical performance by power output on an indoor rowing ergometer. Sixty-two male student rowers performed the two tests in isolation, and then again simultaneously. Paired samples t-tests revealed that both power output and mental performance reduced when tested together compared to in isolation (t(61) = 9.699, p < 0.001 and t(61) = 8.975, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the decrease in physical performance was greater than the decrease in mental performance (t(61) = -2.069, p = 0.043). This is the first investigation to demonstrate an acute level trade-off between these two functions, and provides support for the selfish brain hypothesis due to the relative preservation of cognitive function over physical power output. The underlying mechanism is unclear, and requires further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Longman
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3QG, UK.
| | - Jay T Stock
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3QG, UK
- Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Effects of Moderate Exercise on Cortical Resilience: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study Targeting the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:143-152. [PMID: 27359179 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The beneficial effects of exercise on the brain regions that support cognitive control and memory are well documented. However, examination of the capacity of acute exercise to promote cortical resilience-the ability to recover from temporary pertubation-has been largely unexplored. The present study sought to determine whether single session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can accelerate recovery of inhibitory control centers in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after transient perturbation via continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS). METHODS In a within-participants experimental design, 28 female participants aged 18 to 26 years (mean [standard deviation] = 20.32 [1.79] years) completed a session each of moderate-intensity and very light-intensity exercise, in a randomized order. Before each exercise session, participants received active cTBS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A Stroop task was used to quantify both the initial perturbation and subsequent recovery effects on inhibitory control. RESULTS Results revealed a significant exercise condition (moderate-intensity exercise, very light-intensity exercise) by time (prestimulation, poststimulation, postexercise) interaction (F(2,52) = 5.93, p = .005, d = 0.38). Specifically, the proportion of the cTBS-induced decrement in inhibition restored at 40 minutes postexercise was significantly higher after a bout of moderate-intensity exercise (101.26%) compared with very light-intensity exercise (18.36%; t(27) = -2.17, p = .039, d = -.57, 95% confidence interval = -161.40 to -4.40). CONCLUSION These findings support the hypothesis that exercise promotes cortical resilience, specifically in relation to the brain regions that support inhibitory control. The resilience-promoting effects of exercise have empirical and theoretical implications for how we conceptualize the neuroprotective effects of exercise.
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Öz G, DiNuzzo M, Kumar A, Moheet A, Khowaja A, Kubisiak K, Eberly LE, Seaquist ER. Cerebral glycogen in humans following acute and recurrent hypoglycemia: Implications on a role in hypoglycemia unawareness. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2883-2893. [PMID: 27834283 PMCID: PMC5536796 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16678240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supercompensated brain glycogen levels may contribute to the development of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) following recurrent hypoglycemia (RH) by providing energy for the brain during subsequent periods of hypoglycemia. To assess the role of glycogen supercompensation in the generation of HAAF, we estimated the level of brain glycogen following RH and acute hypoglycemia (AH). After undergoing 3 hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic and 3 hyperinsulinemic, hypoglycemic clamps (RH) on separate occasions at least 1 month apart, five healthy volunteers received [1-13C]glucose intravenously over 80+ h while maintaining euglycemia. 13C-glycogen levels in the occipital lobe were measured by 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy at ∼8, 20, 32, 44, 56, 68 and 80 h at 4 T and glycogen levels estimated by fitting the data with a biophysical model that takes into account the tiered glycogen structure. Similarly, prior 13C-glycogen data obtained following a single hypoglycemic episode (AH) were fitted with the same model. Glycogen levels did not significantly increase after RH relative to after euglycemia, while they increased by ∼16% after AH relative to after euglycemia. These data suggest that glycogen supercompensation may be blunted with repeated hypoglycemic episodes. A causal relationship between glycogen supercompensation and generation of HAAF remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Öz
- 1 Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Mauro DiNuzzo
- 2 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anjali Kumar
- 3 Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Amir Moheet
- 3 Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ameer Khowaja
- 3 Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Kristine Kubisiak
- 4 Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Lynn E Eberly
- 4 Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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43
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Technical and experimental features of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of brain glycogen metabolism. Anal Biochem 2017; 529:117-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Rodents and humans are able to detect the odour of L-Lactate. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178478. [PMID: 28542639 PMCID: PMC5444829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Lactate (LL) is an essential cellular metabolite which can be used to generate energy. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that LL is used for inter-cellular signalling. Some LL-sensitive receptors have been identified but we recently proposed that there may be yet another unknown G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) sensitive to LL in the brain. Olfactory receptors (ORs) represent the largest family of GPCRs and some of them are expressed outside the olfactory system, including brain, making them interesting candidates for non-olfactory LL signalling. One of the “ectopically” expressed ORs, Olfr78 in mice (Olr59 in rats and OR51E2 in humans), reportedly can be activated by LL. This implies that both rodents and humans should be able to detect the LL odour. Surprisingly, this has never been demonstrated. Here we show that mice can detect the odour of LL in odour detection and habituation-dishabituation tasks, and discriminate it from peppermint and vanilla odours. Behaviour of the Olfr78 null mice and wildtype mice in odour detection task was not different, indicating that rodents are equipped with more than one LL-sensitive OR. Rats were also able to use the smell of LL as a cue in an odour-reward associative learning task. When presented to humans, more than 90% of participants detected a smell of LL in solution. Interestingly, LL was perceived differently than acetate or propionate—LL was preferentially reported as a pleasant sweet scent while acetate and propionate were perceived as repulsive sour/acid smells. Subjective perception of LL smell was different in men and women. Taken together, our data demonstrate that both rodents and humans are able to detect the odour of LL. Moreover, in mice, LL perception is not purely mediated by Olfr78. Discovery of further LL-sensitive OR might shed the light on their contribution to LL signalling in the body.
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Astrocytic glycogen-derived lactate fuels the brain during exhaustive exercise to maintain endurance capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6358-6363. [PMID: 28515312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702739114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain glycogen stored in astrocytes provides lactate as an energy source to neurons through monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to maintain neuronal functions such as hippocampus-regulated memory formation. Although prolonged exhaustive exercise decreases brain glycogen, the role of this decrease and lactate transport in the exercising brain remains less clear. Because muscle glycogen fuels exercising muscles, we hypothesized that astrocytic glycogen plays an energetic role in the prolonged-exercising brain to maintain endurance capacity through lactate transport. To test this hypothesis, we used a rat model of exhaustive exercise and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to observe comprehensive energetics of the brain (cortex and hippocampus) and muscle (plantaris). At exhaustion, muscle glycogen was depleted but brain glycogen was only decreased. The levels of MCT2, which takes up lactate in neurons, increased in the brain, as did muscle MCTs. Metabolomics revealed that brain, but not muscle, ATP was maintained with lactate and other glycogenolytic/glycolytic sources. Intracerebroventricular injection of the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol did not affect peripheral glycemic conditions but suppressed brain lactate production and decreased hippocampal ATP levels at exhaustion. An MCT2 inhibitor, α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamate, triggered a similar response that resulted in lower endurance capacity. These findings provide direct evidence for the energetic role of astrocytic glycogen-derived lactate in the exhaustive-exercising brain, implicating the significance of brain glycogen level in endurance capacity. Glycogen-maintained ATP in the brain is a possible defense mechanism for neurons in the exhausted brain.
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Vieira JM, Carvalho FB, Gutierres JM, Soares MSP, Oliveira PS, Rubin MA, Morsch VM, Schetinger MR, Spanevello RM. Caffeine prevents high-intensity exercise-induced increase in enzymatic antioxidant and Na+-K+-ATPase activities and reduction of anxiolytic like-behaviour in rats. Redox Rep 2017; 22:493-500. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1322739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliano M. Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano B. Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jessié M. Gutierres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayara S. P. Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Pathise S. Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Maribel A. Rubin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera M. Morsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roselia M. Spanevello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Vieira JM, Gutierres JM, Carvalho FB, Pereira LB, Oliveira LS, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Rodrigues MV, Leitemperger J, Loro V, Krewer CC, Vencato MS, Spanevello RM. Caffeine prevents changes in muscle caused by high-intensity interval training. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:116-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Burke LM, van Loon LJC, Hawley JA. Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1055-1067. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the pioneering studies conducted in the 1960s in which glycogen status was investigated using the muscle biopsy technique, sports scientists have developed a sophisticated appreciation of the role of glycogen in cellular adaptation and exercise performance, as well as sites of storage of this important metabolic fuel. While sports nutrition guidelines have evolved during the past decade to incorporate sport-specific and periodized manipulation of carbohydrate (CHO) availability, athletes attempt to maximize muscle glycogen synthesis between important workouts or competitive events so that fuel stores closely match the demands of the prescribed exercise. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that enhance or impair this biphasic process. In the early postexercise period (0–4 h), glycogen depletion provides a strong drive for its own resynthesis, with the provision of CHO (~1 g/kg body mass) optimizing this process. During the later phase of recovery (4–24 h), CHO intake should meet the anticipated fuel needs of the training/competition, with the type, form, and pattern of intake being less important than total intake. Dietary strategies that can enhance glycogen synthesis from suboptimal amounts of CHO or energy intake are of practical interest to many athletes; in this scenario, the coingestion of protein with CHO can assist glycogen storage. Future research should identify other factors that enhance the rate of synthesis of glycogen storage in a limited time frame, improve glycogen storage from a limited CHO intake, or increase muscle glycogen supercompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Burke
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - John A. Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Waitt AE, Reed L, Ransom BR, Brown AM. Emerging Roles for Glycogen in the CNS. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:73. [PMID: 28360839 PMCID: PMC5352909 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of glycogen, the depot into which excess glucose is stored in mammals, to act as a source of rapidly available energy substrate, has been exploited by several organs for both general and local advantage. The liver, expressing the highest concentration of glycogen maintains systemic normoglycemia ensuring the brain receives a supply of glucose in excess of demand. However the brain also contains glycogen, although its role is more specialized. Brain glycogen is located exclusively in astrocytes in the adult, with the exception of pathological conditions, thus in order to benefit neurons, and energy conduit (lactate) is trafficked inter-cellularly. Such a complex scheme requires cell type specific expression of a variety of metabolic enzymes and transporters. Glycogen supports neural elements during withdrawal of glucose, but once the limited buffer of glycogen is exhausted neural function fails and irreversible injury ensues. Under physiological conditions glycogen acts to provide supplemental substrates when ambient glucose is unable to support function during increased energy demand. Glycogen also supports learning and memory where it provides lactate to neurons during the conditioning phase of in vitro long-term potentiation (LTP), an experimental correlate of learning. Inhibiting the breakdown of glycogen or intercellular transport of lactate in in vivo rat models inhibits the retention of memory. Our current understanding of the importance of brain glycogen is expanding to encompass roles that are fundamental to higher brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Waitt
- School of Life Sciences, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Liam Reed
- School of Life Sciences, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Bruce R. Ransom
- Department of Neurology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Angus M. Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
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50
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Shima T, Matsui T, Jesmin S, Okamoto M, Soya M, Inoue K, Liu YF, Torres-Aleman I, McEwen BS, Soya H. Moderate exercise ameliorates dysregulated hippocampal glycometabolism and memory function in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:597-606. [PMID: 27928614 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is likely to be an independent risk factor for hippocampal-based memory dysfunction, although this complication has yet to be investigated in detail. As dysregulated glycometabolism in peripheral tissues is a key symptom of type 2 diabetes, it is hypothesised that diabetes-mediated memory dysfunction is also caused by hippocampal glycometabolic dysfunction. If so, such dysfunction should also be ameliorated with moderate exercise by normalising hippocampal glycometabolism, since 4 weeks of moderate exercise enhances memory function and local hippocampal glycogen levels in normal animals. METHODS The hippocampal glycometabolism in OLETF rats (model of human type 2 diabetes) was assessed and, subsequently, the effects of exercise on memory function and hippocampal glycometabolism were investigated. RESULTS OLETF rats, which have memory dysfunction, exhibited higher levels of glycogen in the hippocampus than did control rats, and breakdown of hippocampal glycogen with a single bout of exercise remained unimpaired. However, OLETF rats expressed lower levels of hippocampal monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2, a transporter for lactate to neurons). Four weeks of moderate exercise improved spatial memory accompanied by further increase in hippocampal glycogen levels and restoration of MCT2 expression independent of neurotrophic factor and clinical symptoms in OLETF rats. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings are the first to describe detailed profiles of glycometabolism in the type 2 diabetic hippocampus and to show that 4 weeks of moderate exercise improves memory dysfunction in type 2 diabetes via amelioration of dysregulated hippocampal glycometabolism. Dysregulated hippocampal lactate-transport-related glycometabolism is a possible aetiology of type-2-diabetes-mediated memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Shima
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Subrina Jesmin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okamoto
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Koshiro Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | | | - Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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