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Li G, Li Z, Liu J. Amino acids regulating skeletal muscle metabolism: mechanisms of action, physical training dosage recommendations and adverse effects. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:41. [PMID: 38956658 PMCID: PMC11220999 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining skeletal muscle mass is important for improving muscle strength and function. Hence, maximizing lean body mass (LBM) is the primary goal for both elite athletes and fitness enthusiasts. The use of amino acids as dietary supplements is widespread among athletes and physically active individuals. Extensive literature analysis reveals that branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), creatine, glutamine and β-alanine may be beneficial in regulating skeletal muscle metabolism, enhancing LBM and mitigating exercise-induced muscle damage. This review details the mechanisms of these amino acids, offering insights into their efficacy as supplements. Recommended dosage and potential side effects are then outlined to aid athletes in making informed choices and safeguard their health. Lastly, limitations within the current literature are addressed, highlighting opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Li
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal university, No. 5268, Renmin Street, Changchun city, Jilin province, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Li
- Gaomi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gaomi city, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Liu
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal university, No. 5268, Renmin Street, Changchun city, Jilin province, 130024, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Aussieker T, Janssen TAH, Hermans WJH, Holwerda AM, Senden JM, van Kranenburg JMX, Goessens JPB, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. Coingestion of Collagen With Whey Protein Prevents Postexercise Decline in Plasma Glycine Availability in Recreationally Active Men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:189-198. [PMID: 38604602 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Whey protein ingestion during recovery from exercise increases myofibrillar but not muscle connective protein synthesis rates. It has been speculated that whey protein does not provide sufficient glycine to maximize postexercise muscle connective protein synthesis rates. In the present study, we assessed the impact of coingesting different amounts of collagen with whey protein as a nutritional strategy to increase plasma glycine availability during recovery from exercise. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 14 recreationally active men (age: 26 ± 5 years; body mass index: 23.8 ± 2.1 kg·m-2) ingested in total 30 g protein, provided as whey protein with 0 g (WHEY), 5 g (WC05); 10 g (WC10), and 15 g (WC15) of collagen protein immediately after a single bout of resistance exercise. Blood samples were collected frequently over 6 hr of postexercise recovery to assess postprandial plasma amino acid kinetics and availability. Protein ingestion strongly increased plasma amino acid concentrations (p < .001) with no differences in plasma total amino acid availability between treatments (p > .05). The postprandial rise in plasma leucine and essential amino acid availability was greater in WHEY compared with the WC10 and WC15 treatments (p < .05). Plasma glycine and nonessential amino acid concentrations declined following whey protein ingestion but increased following collagen coingestion (p < .05). Postprandial plasma glycine availability averaged -8.9 ± 5.8, 9.2 ± 3.7, 23.1 ± 6.5, and 39.8 ± 11.0 mmol·360 min/L in WHEY, WC05, WC10, and WC15, respectively (incremental area under curve values, p < .05). Coingestion of a small amount of collagen (5 g) with whey protein (25 g) is sufficient to prevent the decline in plasma glycine availability during recovery from lower body resistance-type exercise in recreationally active men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Aussieker
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A H Janssen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley J H Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Monteyne AJ, West S, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Reconsidering the pre-eminence of dietary leucine and plasma leucinemia for predicting the stimulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:7-16. [PMID: 38705358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS) with or without physical activity has been an intensely studied area within nutrition and physiology. The leucine content of dietary protein and the subsequent plasma leucinemia it elicits postingestion is often considered the primary drivers of the postprandial MPS response. This concept, generally known as the leucine "trigger" hypothesis, has also been adopted within more applied aspects of nutrition. Our view is that recent evidence is driving a more nuanced picture of the regulation of postprandial MPS by revealing a compelling dissociation between ingested leucine or plasma leucinemia and the magnitude of the postprandial MPS response. Much of this lack of coherence has arisen as experimental progress has demanded relevant studies move beyond reliance on isolated amino acids and proteins to use increasingly complex protein-rich meals, whole foods, and mixed meals. Our overreliance on the centrality of leucine in this field has been reflected in 2 recent systematic reviews. In this perspective, we propose a re-evaluation of the pre-eminent role of these leucine variables in the stimulation of postprandial MPS. We view the development of a more complex intellectual framework now a priority if we are to see continued progress concerning the mechanistic regulation of postprandial muscle protein turnover, but also consequential from an applied perspective when evaluating the value of novel dietary protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam West
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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4
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Álvarez-Herms J, Odriozola A. Microbiome and physical activity. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:409-450. [PMID: 38908903 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Regular physical activity promotes health benefits and contributes to develop the individual biological potential. Chronical physical activity performed at moderate and high-intensity is the intensity more favorable to produce health development in athletes and improve the gut microbiota balance. The athletic microbiome is characterized by increased microbial diversity and abundance as well as greater phenotypic versatility. In addition, physical activity and microbiota composition have bidirectional effects, with regular physical activity improving microbial composition and microbial composition enhancing physical performance. The improvement of physical performance by a healthy microbiota is related to different phenotypes: i) efficient metabolic development, ii) improved regulation of intestinal permeability, iii) favourable modulation of local and systemic inflammatory and efficient immune responses, iv) efective regulation of systemic pH and, v) protection against acute stressful events such as environmental exposure to altitude or heat. The type of sport, both intensity or volume characteristics promote microbiota specialisation. Individual assessment of the state of the gut microbiota can be an effective biomarker for monitoring health in the medium to long term. The relationship between the microbiota and the rest of the body is bidirectional and symbiotic, with a full connection between the systemic functions of the nervous, musculoskeletal, endocrine, metabolic, acid-base and immune systems. In addition, circadian rhythms, including regular physical activity, directly influence the adaptive response of the microbiota. In conclusion, regular stimuli of moderate- and high-intensity physical activity promote greater diversity, abundance, resilience and versatility of the gut microbiota. This effect is highly beneficial for human health when healthy lifestyle habits including nutrition, hydration, rest, chronoregulation and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Phymo® Lab, Physiology and Molecular Laboratory, Collado Hermoso, Segovia, Spain.
| | - Adrián Odriozola
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Milan AM, Menting GGA, Barnett MPG, Liu Y, McNabb WC, Roy NC, Hutchings SC, Mungure T, Weeks M, Li S, Hort J, Calder S, O'Grady G, Mithen RF. The impact of heat-set milk protein gel textures modified by pH on circulating amino acid appearance and gastric function in healthy female adults: a randomised controlled trial. Food Funct 2024; 15:5613-5626. [PMID: 38722062 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Modification of dairy proteins during processing impacts structural assemblies, influencing textural and nutritional properties of dairy products, and release and availability of amino acids during digestion. By modifying only pH, acid heat-set bovine dairy gels with divergent textural properties were developed to alter protein digestion. In vitro assay confirmed faster digestion of protein from a firm gel (pH 5.65) versus a soft gel (pH 6.55). We hypothesised that firm gel (FIRM-G; pH 5.6) would result in greater indispensable amino acid (IAA) appearance in circulation over 5 h and corresponding differences in gastric myoelectrical activity relative to soft gel (SOFT-G; pH 6.2). In a randomised, single-blind cross-over trial, healthy females (n = 20) consumed 150 g of each gel; plasma amino acid appearance was assessed over 5 hours. Iso-nitrogenous, iso-caloric gels were prepared from identical mixtures of bovine milk and whey protein concentrates; providing 17.7 g (FIRM-G) and 18.9 g (SOFT-G) of protein per serving. Secondary outcomes included gastric myoelectrical activity measured by body surface gastric mapping, glycaemic, triglyceridaemic, and subjective appetite and digestive responses. Overall plasma IAA (area under the curve) did not differ between gels. However, plasma IAA concentrations were higher, and increased more rapidly over time after SOFT-G compared with FIRM-G (1455 ± 53 versus 1350 ± 62 μmol L-1 at 30 min, p = 0.024). Similarly, total, branched-chain and dispensable amino acids were higher at 30 min with SOFT-G than FIRM-G (total: 3939 ± 97 versus 3702 ± 127 μmol L-1, p = 0.014; branched-chain: 677 ± 30 versus 619 ± 34 μmol L-1, p = 0.047; dispensable: 2334 ± 53 versus 2210 ± 76 μmol L-1, p = 0.032). All other measured parameters were similar between gels. Peak postprandial aminoacidaemia was higher and faster following ingestion of SOFT-G. Customised plasma amino acid appearance from dairy is achievable by altering gel coagulum structure using pH during processing and may have minimal influence on related postprandial responses, with implications for targeting food design for optimal health. The Clinical Trial Registry number is ACTRN12622001418763 (https://www.anzctr.org.au) registered November 7, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Milan
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew P G Barnett
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Yutong Liu
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Warren C McNabb
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole C Roy
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.
| | | | - Tanyaradzwa Mungure
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mike Weeks
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Siqi Li
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Joanne Hort
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- Food Experience and Sensory Testing Lab, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Stefan Calder
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Greg O'Grady
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard F Mithen
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Takegaki J, Sase K, Kono Y, Fujita T, Konishi S, Fujita S. Intramuscular injection of mesenchymal stem cells augments basal muscle protein synthesis after bouts of resistance exercise in male mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15991. [PMID: 38605421 PMCID: PMC11009371 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is critical for activities of daily living. Resistance training maintains or increases muscle mass, and various strategies maximize the training adaptation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with differential potency in skeletal muscle cells and the capacity to secrete growth factors. However, little is known regarding the effect of intramuscular injection of MSCs on basal muscle protein synthesis and catabolic systems after resistance training. Here, we measured changes in basal muscle protein synthesis, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and autophagy-lysosome system-related factors after bouts of resistance exercise by intramuscular injection of MSCs. Mice performed three bouts of resistance exercise (each consisting of 50 maximal isometric contractions elicited by electrical stimulation) on the right gastrocnemius muscle every 48 h, and immediately after the first bout, mice were intramuscularly injected with either MSCs (2.0 × 106 cells) labeled with green fluorescence protein (GFP) or vehicle only placebo. Seventy-two hours after the third exercise bout, GFP was detected only in the muscle injected with MSCs with concomitant elevation of muscle protein synthesis. The injection of MSCs also increased protein ubiquitination. These results suggest that the intramuscular injection of MSCs augmented muscle protein turnover at the basal state after consecutive resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Takegaki
- Research Organization of Science and TechnologyRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research OrganizationRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceKobe UniversityKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Kohei Sase
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Yusuke Kono
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research OrganizationRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
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Hannaian SJ, Lov J, Hawley SE, Dargegen M, Malenda D, Gritsas A, Gouspillou G, Morais JA, Churchward-Venne TA. Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester, whey protein, or their co-ingestion in the overnight postabsorptive state elicit a similar stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in young males: a double-blind randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:716-729. [PMID: 38215886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketone bodies may have anabolic effects in skeletal muscle via their capacity to stimulate protein synthesis. Whether orally ingested exogenous ketones can stimulate postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates with and without dietary protein co-ingestion is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ketone monoester intake and elevated blood β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) concentration, with and without dietary protein co-ingestion, on postprandial MyoPS rates and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway signaling. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, parallel group design, 36 recreationally active healthy young males (age: 24.2 ± 4.1 y; body fat: 20.9% ± 5.8%; body mass index: 23.4 ± 2 kg/m2) received a primed continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and ingested one of the following: 1) the ketone monoester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KET), 2) 10 g whey protein (PRO), or 3) the combination of both (KET+PRO). Blood and muscle biopsy samples were collected during basal and postprandial (300 min) conditions to assess β-OHB, glucose, insulin, and amino acid concentrations, MyoPS rates, and mTORC1 pathway signaling. RESULTS Capillary blood β-OHB concentration increased similarly during postprandial conditions in KET and KET+PRO, with both being greater than PRO from 30 to 180 min (treatment × time interaction: P < 0.001). Postprandial plasma leucine and essential amino acid (EAA) incremental area under the curve (iAUC) over 300 min was greater (treatment: both P < 0.001) in KET+PRO compared with PRO and KET. KET, PRO, and KET+PRO stimulated postprandial MyoPS rates (0-300 min) higher than basal conditions [absolute change: 0.020%/h; (95% CI: 0.013, 0.027%/h), 0.014%/h (95% CI: 0.009, 0.019%/h), 0.019%/h (95% CI: 0.014, 0.024%/h), respectively (time: P < 0.001)], with no difference between treatments (treatment: P = 0.383) or treatment × time interaction (interaction: P = 0.245). mTORC1 pathway signaling responses did not differ between treatments (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acute oral intake of a ketone monoester, 10 g whey protein, or their co-ingestion in the overnight postabsorptive state elicit a similar stimulation of postprandial MyoPS rates in healthy young males. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04565444 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04565444).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis J Hannaian
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jamie Lov
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie E Hawley
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manon Dargegen
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Divine Malenda
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ari Gritsas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Département des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - José A Morais
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Sahin K, Orhan C, Ozdemir O, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Ojalvo SP, Komorowski JR. Effects of Whey Protein Combined with Amylopectin/Chromium on the Muscle Protein Synthesis and mTOR Phosphorylation in Exercised Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1031-1040. [PMID: 37341874 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of varying doses of whey protein (WP) and amylopectin/chromium complex (ACr) supplementation on muscle protein synthesis (MPS), amino acid and insulin levels, and the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways in exercised rats. A total of 72 rats were randomly divided into nine groups: (1) Exercise (Ex), (2) Ex + WPI to (5) Ex + WPIV with various oral doses of whey protein (0.465, 1.55, 2.33, and 3.1 g/kg) and (6) Ex + WPI + ACr to (9) Ex + WPIV + ACr with various doses of whey protein combined with 0.155 g/kg ACr. On the day of single-dose administration, the products were given by oral gavage after exercise. To measure the protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR), a bolus dose of deuterium-labeled phenylalanine was given, and its effects were evaluated 1 h after supplementation. Rats that received 3.1 g/kg of whey protein (WP) combined with ACr exhibited the most significant increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) compared to the Ex group (115.7%, p < 0.0001). In comparison to rats that received the same dose of WP alone, those given the combination of WP and ACr at the same dosage showed a 14.3% increase in MPS (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the WP (3.1 g/kg) + ACr group exhibited the highest elevation in serum insulin levels when compared to the Ex group (111.9%, p < 0.0001). Among the different groups, the WP (2.33 g/kg) + ACr group demonstrated the greatest increase in mTOR levels (224.2%, p < 0.0001). Additionally, the combination of WP (2.33 g/kg) and ACr resulted in a 169.8% increase in 4E-BP1 levels (p < 0.0001), while S6K1 levels rose by 141.2% in the WP (2.33 g/kg) + ACr group (p < 0.0001). Overall, supplementation with various doses of WP combined with ACr increased MPS and enhanced the mTOR signaling pathway compared to WP alone and the Ex group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey.
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Ozdemir
- Technical Sciences, Vocational School, Department of Veterinary Science, Batman University, Batman, 72000, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Sara Perez Ojalvo
- Research and Development Department, Nutrition 21 LLC, Purchase, NY, 10577, USA
| | - James R Komorowski
- Research and Development Department, Nutrition 21 LLC, Purchase, NY, 10577, USA
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9
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Zhang X, Kapoor D, Jeong SJ, Fappi A, Stitham J, Shabrish V, Sergin I, Yousif E, Rodriguez-Velez A, Yeh YS, Park A, Yurdagul A, Rom O, Epelman S, Schilling JD, Sardiello M, Diwan A, Cho J, Stitziel NO, Javaheri A, Lodhi IJ, Mittendorfer B, Razani B. Identification of a leucine-mediated threshold effect governing macrophage mTOR signalling and cardiovascular risk. Nat Metab 2024; 6:359-377. [PMID: 38409323 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
High protein intake is common in western societies and is often promoted as part of a healthy lifestyle; however, amino-acid-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling in macrophages has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischaemic cardiovascular disease. In a series of clinical studies on male and female participants ( NCT03946774 and NCT03994367 ) that involved graded amounts of protein ingestion together with detailed plasma amino acid analysis and human monocyte/macrophage experiments, we identify leucine as the key activator of mTOR signalling in macrophages. We describe a threshold effect of high protein intake and circulating leucine on monocytes/macrophages wherein only protein in excess of ∼25 g per meal induces mTOR activation and functional effects. By designing specific diets modified in protein and leucine content representative of the intake in the general population, we confirm this threshold effect in mouse models and find ingestion of protein in excess of ∼22% of dietary energy requirements drives atherosclerosis in male mice. These data demonstrate a mechanistic basis for the adverse impact of excessive dietary protein on cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Divya Kapoor
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alan Fappi
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jeremiah Stitham
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vasavi Shabrish
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ismail Sergin
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eman Yousif
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arick Park
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jaehyung Cho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Babak Razani
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Tamura K, Kitazawa H, Sugita S, Hashizume K, Iwashita M, Ishigami T, Minegishi Y, Shimotoyodome A, Ota N. Tyrosine Is a Booster of Leucine-Induced Muscle Anabolic Response. Nutrients 2023; 16:84. [PMID: 38201913 PMCID: PMC10780460 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Leucine (Leu), an essential amino acid, is known to stimulate protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle via mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activation. However, the intrinsic contribution of other amino acids to Leu-mediated activation of mTORC1 signaling remains unexplored. This study aimed to identify amino acids that can promote mTORC1 activity in combination with Leu and to assess the effectiveness of these combinations in vitro and in vivo. We found that tyrosine (Tyr) enhanced Leu-induced phosphorylation of S6 kinase (S6K), an indicator of mTORC1 activity, although it exerted no such effect individually. This booster effect was observed in C2C12 cells, isolated murine muscle, and the skeletal muscles of mice orally administered the amino acids. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this Tyr-mediated booster effect, the expression of the intracellular Leu sensors, Sestrin1 and 2, was suppressed, and the cells were treated with Leu and Tyr. This suppression enabled Tyr alone to induce S6K phosphorylation and enhanced the booster effect, suggesting that Tyr possibly contributes to mTORC1 activation when Sestrin-GAP activity toward Rags 2 (GATOR2) is dissociated through Sestrin knockdown or the binding of Sestrins to Leu. Collectively, these results indicate that Tyr is a key regulator of Leu-mediated protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Tamura
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Hidefumi Kitazawa
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Kohjiro Hashizume
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Masazumi Iwashita
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Takaaki Ishigami
- Processing Development Research, Kao Corporation, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama 640-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Minegishi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Akira Shimotoyodome
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Noriyasu Ota
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
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11
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Stadhouders LEM, Smith JAB, Gabriel BM, Verbrugge SAJ, Hammersen TD, Kolijn D, Vogel ISP, Mohamed AD, de Wit GMJ, Offringa C, Hoogaars WMH, Gehlert S, Wackerhage H, Jaspers RT. Myotube growth is associated with cancer-like metabolic reprogramming and is limited by phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. Exp Cell Res 2023; 433:113820. [PMID: 37879549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The Warburg effect links growth and glycolysis in cancer. A key purpose of the Warburg effect is to generate glycolytic intermediates for anabolic reactions, such as nucleotides → RNA/DNA and amino acids → protein synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a similar 'glycolysis-for-anabolism' metabolic reprogramming also occurs in hypertrophying skeletal muscle. To interrogate this, we first induced C2C12 myotube hypertrophy with IGF-1. We then added 14C glucose to the differentiation medium and measured radioactivity in isolated protein and RNA to establish whether 14C had entered anabolism. We found that especially protein became radioactive, suggesting a glucose → glycolytic intermediates → non-essential amino acid(s) → protein series of reactions, the rate of which was increased by IGF-1. Next, to investigate the importance of glycolytic flux and non-essential amino acid synthesis for myotube hypertrophy, we exposed C2C12 and primary mouse myotubes to the glycolysis inhibitor 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2DG). We found that inhibiting glycolysis lowered C2C12 and primary myotube size. Similarly, siRNA silencing of PHGDH, the key enzyme of the serine biosynthesis pathway, decreased C2C12 and primary myotube size; whereas retroviral PHGDH overexpression increased C2C12 myotube size. Together these results suggest that glycolysis is important for hypertrophying myotubes, which reprogram their metabolism to facilitate anabolism, similar to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian E M Stadhouders
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathon A B Smith
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FYFA), Group of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brendan M Gabriel
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sander A J Verbrugge
- Exercise Biology, Department for Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992, München/Munich, Germany
| | - Tim D Hammersen
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Detmar Kolijn
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Molecular Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilse S P Vogel
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abdalla D Mohamed
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK; Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Target Genomic and Chromosomal Instability, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Gerard M J de Wit
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Offringa
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willem M H Hoogaars
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department for the Biosciences of Sports, Institute of Sports Science, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141, Hildesheim, Germany; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Exercise Biology, Department for Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992, München/Munich, Germany
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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12
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Noh KW, Park S. Effects of resistance training and protein supplementation interventions on muscle volume and muscle function: sex differences in humans. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:15-25. [PMID: 38297472 PMCID: PMC10847829 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to identify differences in the effects of co-intervention with resistance training (RT) and protein supplementation according to sex and provide meaningful information for future research on the development of exercise programs to improve muscle volume and muscle function. METHODS PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched to identify clinical and nonclinical studies that assessed the effects of RT in older adults with sarcopenia; these studies were published between 1990 and 2023. Cross-sectional and double-blind studies (randomized controlled trials, RCTs) were examined in this review. RESULTS The effects of parallel intervention with RT and protein supplementation on muscle volume and physical function were found to differ according to sex. Both males and females had improvements in muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical function after RT and protein supplementation; however, many studies found a greater increase in muscle volume and function in males than in females. Such difference may be due to differences in physiological characteristics between males and females. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this review, the effects of combined intervention with RT and protein supplementation on muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical function to differ according to sex. Owing to these sex differences in the response and physiological characteristics caused by the parallel intervention of RT and protein supplementation, such differences must be considered to maximize the effects of RT and protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Noh
- Institute of Sports Medicine & Nutrition, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Park
- Institute of Sports Medicine & Nutrition, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Best R, Williams JM, Pearce J. The Physiological Requirements of and Nutritional Recommendations for Equestrian Riders. Nutrients 2023; 15:4977. [PMID: 38068833 PMCID: PMC10708571 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Equestrian sport is under-researched within the sport science literature, creating a possible knowledge vacuum for athletes and support personnel wishing to train and perform in an evidence-based manner. This review aims to synthesise available evidence from equitation, sport, and veterinary sciences to describe the pertinent rider physiology of equestrian disciplines. Estimates of energy expenditure and the contribution of underpinning energy systems to equestrian performance are used to provide nutrition and hydration recommendations for competition and training in equestrian disciplines. Relative energy deficiency and disordered eating are also considered. The practical challenges of the equestrian environment, including competitive, personal, and professional factors, injury and concussion, and female participation, are discussed to better highlight novelty within equestrian disciplines compared to more commonly studied sports. The evidence and recommendations are supported by example scenarios, and future research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Te Pūkenga, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Jane M. Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Hartpury Gl19 3BE, UK;
| | - Jeni Pearce
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
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14
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Ely IA, Phillips BE, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Breen L, Larsen MS, Atherton PJ. A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1849-1865. [PMID: 37625315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) are influenced through dietary protein intake and physical (in)activity, which it follows, regulate skeletal muscle (SKM) mass across the lifespan. Following consumption of dietary protein, the bio-availability of essential amino acids (EAA), and primarily leucine (LEU), drive a transient increase in MPS with an ensuing refractory period before the next MPS stimulation is possible (due to the "muscle full" state). At the same time, MPB is periodically constrained via reflex insulin actions. Layering exercise on top of protein intake increases the sensitivity of SKM to EAA, therefore extending the muscle full set-point (∼48 h), to permit long-term remodelling (e.g., hypertrophy). In contrast, ageing and physical inactivity are associated with a premature muscle full set-point in response to dietary protein/EAA and contractile activity. Of all the EAA, LEU is the most potent stimulator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-signalling pathway, with the phosphorylation of mTORC1 substrates increasing ∼3-fold more than with all other EAA. Furthermore, maximal MPS stimulation is also achieved following low doses of LEU-enriched protein/EAA, negating the need for larger protein doses. As a result, LEU supplementation has been of long term interest to maximise muscle anabolism and subsequent net protein accretion, especially when in tandem with resistance exercise. This review highlights current knowledge vis-à-vis the anabolic effects of LEU supplementation in isolation, and in enriched protein/EAA sources (i.e., EAA and/or protein sources with added LEU), in the context of ageing, exercise and unloading states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ely
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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15
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Kaspy MS, Hannaian SJ, Bell ZW, Churchward-Venne TA. The effects of branched-chain amino acids on muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein breakdown and associated molecular signalling responses in humans: an update. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37681443 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine and valine) are three of the nine indispensable amino acids, and are frequently consumed as a dietary supplement by athletes and recreationally active individuals alike. The popularity of BCAA supplements is largely predicated on the notion that they can stimulate rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and suppress rates of muscle protein breakdown (MPB), the combination of which promotes a net anabolic response in skeletal muscle. To date, several studies have shown that BCAA (particularly leucine) increase the phosphorylation status of key proteins within the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway involved in the regulation of translation initiation in human muscle. Early research in humans demonstrated that BCAA provision reduced indices of whole-body protein breakdown and MPB; however, there was no stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS. In contrast, recent work has demonstrated that BCAA intake can stimulate postprandial MPS rates at rest and can further increase MPS rates during recovery after a bout of resistance exercise. The purpose of this evidence-based narrative review is to critically appraise the available research pertaining to studies examining the effects of BCAA on MPS, MPB and associated molecular signalling responses in humans. Overall, BCAA can activate molecular pathways that regulate translation initiation, reduce indices of whole-body and MPB, and transiently stimulate MPS rates. However, the stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS rates is less than the response observed following ingestion of a complete protein source providing the full complement of indispensable amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Kaspy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarkis J Hannaian
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Room D6 237.F, 1650 Cedar Avenue, H3G 1A4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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West S, Monteyne AJ, Whelehan G, van der Heijden I, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Ingestion of mycoprotein, pea protein, and their blend support comparable postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in resistance-trained individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E267-E279. [PMID: 37529834 PMCID: PMC10655824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pea protein is an attractive nonanimal-derived protein source to support dietary protein requirements. However, although high in leucine, a low methionine content has been suggested to limit its anabolic potential. Mycoprotein has a complete amino acid profile which, at least in part, may explain its ability to robustly stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates. We hypothesized that an inferior postexercise MyoPS response would be seen following ingestion of pea protein compared with mycoprotein, which would be (partially) rescued by blending the two sources. Thirty-three healthy, young [age: 21 ± 1 yr, body mass index (BMI): 24 ± 1 kg·m-2] and resistance-trained participants received primed, continuous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and completed a bout of whole body resistance exercise before ingesting 25 g of protein from mycoprotein (MYC, n = 11), pea protein (PEA, n = 11), or a blend (39% MYC, 61% PEA) of the two (BLEND, n = 11). Blood and muscle samples were taken pre-, 2 h, and 4 h postexercise/protein ingestion to assess postabsorptive and postprandial postexercise myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rates (FSRs). Protein ingestion increased plasma essential amino acid and leucine concentrations (time effect; P < 0.0001), but more rapidly in BLEND and PEA compared with MYC (time × condition interaction; P < 0.0001). From similar postabsorptive values (MYC, 0.026 ± 0.008%·h-1; PEA, 0.028 ± 0.007%·h-1; BLEND, 0.026 ± 0.006%·h-1), resistance exercise and protein ingestion increased myofibrillar FSRs (time effect; P < 0.0001) over a 4-h postprandial period (MYC, 0.076 ± 0.004%·h-1; PEA, 0.087 ± 0.01%·h-1; BLEND, 0.085 ± 0.01%·h-1), with no differences between groups (all; P > 0.05). These data show that all three nonanimal-derived protein sources have utility in supporting postexercise muscle reconditioning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence that pea protein (PEA), mycoprotein (MYC), and their blend (BLEND) can support postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates following a bout of whole body resistance exercise. Furthermore, these data suggest that a methionine deficiency in pea may not limit its capacity to stimulate an acute increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gráinne Whelehan
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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17
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Paulussen KJ, Barnes TM, Askow AT, Salvador AF, McKenna CF, Scaroni SE, Fliflet A, Ulanov AV, Li Z, West DW, Bauer LL, Paluska SA, Dilger RN, Moore DR, Boppart MD, Burd NA. Underpinning the Food Matrix Regulation of Postexercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis by Comparing Salmon Ingestion With the Sum of Its Isolated Nutrients in Healthy Young Adults. J Nutr 2023; 153:1359-1372. [PMID: 36870539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein is most commonly consumed as whole foods as opposed to single nutrients. However, the food matrix regulation of the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response has received little attention. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of eating salmon (SAL) and of ingesting the same nutrients as an isolated mixture of crystalline amino acids and fish oil (ISO) on the stimulation of postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) and whole-body leucine oxidation rates in healthy young adults. METHODS Ten recreationally active adults (24 ± 4 y; 5 men, 5 women) performed an acute bout of resistance exercise, followed by the ingestion of SAL or ISO in a crossover fashion. Blood, breath, and muscle biopsies were collected at rest and after exercise during primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]leucine. All data are presented as means ± SD and/or mean differences (95% CIs). RESULTS Postprandial essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations peaked earlier (P = 0.024) in the ISO group than those in the SAL group. Postprandial leucine oxidation rates increased over time (P < 0.001) and peaked earlier in the ISO group (1.239 ± 0.321 nmol/kg/min; 63 ± 25 min) than those in the SAL group (1.230 ± 0.561 nmol/kg/min; 105 ± 20 min; P = 0.003). MPS rates for SAL (0.056 ± 0.022 %/h; P = 0.001) and ISO (0.046 ± 0.025 %/h; P = 0.025) were greater than the basal rates (0.020 ± 0.011 %/h) during the 0- to 5-h recovery period, with no differences between conditions (P = 0.308). CONCLUSION We showed that the postexercise ingestion of SAL or ISO stimulate postexercise MPS rates with no differences between the conditions. Thus, our results indicate that ingesting protein from SAL as a whole-food matrix is similarly anabolic to ISO in healthy young adults. This trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov as NCT03870165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jm Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Takeshi M Barnes
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Susannah E Scaroni
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander Fliflet
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel Wd West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; KITE Research, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura L Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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18
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Gorska M, Weiss J, Pohl P. Fast and simple analysis of the content of Zn, Mg, Ca, Na, and K in selected beverages widely consumed by athletes by flowing liquid cathode atmospheric pressure glow discharge optical emission spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1775-1789. [PMID: 36987853 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
An atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) system, generated between a flowing liquid cathode (FLC) and a gas (He) jet anode, was applied for the determination of Zn, Mg, Ca, Na, and K in selected beverages commonly chosen by athletes (namely Coca-Cola Zero, energy and vitamin drinks, pre-workout, branched-chain amino acids, almond drink, and whey protein) by optical emission spectrometry (OES). In some cases (i.e., Coca-Cola, energy drink, and almond drink), sugared and sugar-free versions of the beverages were analyzed with the purpose of establishing the impact of added sugar on the analyte signal intensities. The analysis was performed after a simplified sample preparation procedure, which involved only their dilution and acidification with HNO3 to a concentration of 0.2 mol L-1. To determine the most suitable conditions for performing the analysis, optimization of the crucial operating parameters and sample dilution was carried out. Under the compromise conditions, the instrumental detection limits (DLs) were established and found to be 21, 0.91, 20, 0.062, and 0.14 μg L-1 for Zn, Mg, Ca, Na, and K, respectively. Due to the relatively low detection limits, the analyte content could be determined for a fairly high dilution, being concurrently the same for all analytes, which further simplified the whole procedure. It was found that the vast majority of samples could be determined using external calibration with simple standard solutions. The standard addition technique used for calibration was only required for the determination of Mg in three samples. The analysis results were consistent (in the majority of cases the recovery values were in the range of 88-111%) with the values obtained for the reference method (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES), which proved the reliability of the results obtained from the developed FLC-APGD-OES system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gorska
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Weiss
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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19
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Fatoki TH, Chukwuejim S, Udenigwe CC, Aluko RE. In Silico Exploration of Metabolically Active Peptides as Potential Therapeutic Agents against Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065828. [PMID: 36982902 PMCID: PMC10058213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is regarded as a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is featured by progressive damage of the upper and lower motor neurons. To date, over 45 genes have been found to be connected with ALS pathology. The aim of this work was to computationally identify unique sets of protein hydrolysate peptides that could serve as therapeutic agents against ALS. Computational methods which include target prediction, protein-protein interaction, and peptide-protein molecular docking were used. The results showed that the network of critical ALS-associated genes consists of ATG16L2, SCFD1, VAC15, VEGFA, KEAP1, KIF5A, FIG4, TUBA4A, SIGMAR1, SETX, ANXA11, HNRNPL, NEK1, C9orf72, VCP, RPSA, ATP5B, and SOD1 together with predicted kinases such as AKT1, CDK4, DNAPK, MAPK14, and ERK2 in addition to transcription factors such as MYC, RELA, ZMIZ1, EGR1, TRIM28, and FOXA2. The identified molecular targets of the peptides that support multi-metabolic components in ALS pathogenesis include cyclooxygenase-2, angiotensin I-converting enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein 3, and endothelin receptor ET-A. Overall, the results showed that AGL, APL, AVK, IIW, PVI, and VAY peptides are promising candidates for further study. Future work would be needed to validate the therapeutic properties of these hydrolysate peptides by in vitro and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley Chukwuejim
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, PMB 373, Oye 371104, Nigeria
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chibuike C Udenigwe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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20
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Aragon AA, Tipton KD, Schoenfeld BJ. Age-related muscle anabolic resistance: inevitable or preventable? Nutr Rev 2023; 81:441-454. [PMID: 36018750 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and performance, commonly referred to as sarcopenia, has wide-ranging detrimental effects on human health, the ramifications of which can have serious implications for both morbidity and mortality. Various interventional strategies have been proposed to counteract sarcopenia, with a particular emphasis on those employing a combination of exercise and nutrition. However, the efficacy of these interventions can be confounded by an age-related blunting of the muscle protein synthesis response to a given dose of protein/amino acids, which has been termed "anabolic resistance." While the pathophysiology of sarcopenia is undoubtedly complex, anabolic resistance is implicated in the progression of age-related muscle loss and its underlying complications. Several mechanisms have been proposed as underlying age-related impairments in the anabolic response to protein consumption. These include decreased anabolic molecular signaling activity, reduced insulin-mediated capillary recruitment (thus, reduced amino acid delivery), and increased splanchnic retention of amino acids (thus, reduced availability for muscular uptake). Obesity and sedentarism can exacerbate, or at least facilitate, anabolic resistance, mediated in part by insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. This narrative review addresses the key factors and contextual elements involved in reduction of the acute muscle protein synthesis response associated with aging and its varied consequences. Practical interventions focused on dietary protein manipulation are proposed to prevent the onset of anabolic resistance and mitigate its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Aragon
- is with the Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- is with the Institute of Performance Nutrition, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- is with the Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
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21
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Leucine ingestion promotes mTOR translocation to the periphery and enhances total and peripheral RPS6 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. Amino Acids 2023; 55:253-261. [PMID: 36474017 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of protein synthesis, by anabolic stimuli (such as muscle contraction or essential amino acids) involves its translocation to the cell periphery. Leucine is generally considered the most anabolic of amino acids for its ability to independently modulate muscle protein synthesis. However, it is currently unknown if free leucine impacts region-specific mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation events and protein-protein interactions. In this clinical trial (NCT03952884; registered May 16, 2019), we used immunofluorescence methods to investigate the role of dietary leucine on the postprandial regulation of mTORC1 and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), an important downstream readout of mTORC1 activity. Eight young, healthy, recreationally active males (n = 8; 23 ± 3 yrs) ingested 2 g of leucine with vastus lateralis biopsies collected at baseline, 30, 60, and 180 min postprandial. Leucine promoted mTOR translocation to the periphery (~ 18-29%; p ≤ 0.012) and enhanced mTOR localization with the lysosome (~ 16%; both p = 0.049) at 30 and 60 min post-feeding. p-RPS6Ser240/244 staining intensity, a readout of mTORC1 activity, was significantly elevated at all postprandial timepoints in both the total fiber (~ 14-30%; p ≤ 0.032) and peripheral regions (~ 16-33%; p ≤ 0.014). Additionally, total and peripheral p-RPS6Ser240/244 staining intensity at 60 min was positively correlated (r = 0.74, p = 0.036; r = 0.80, p = 0.016, respectively) with rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis over 180 min. The ability of leucine to activate mTORC1 in peripheral regions favors an enhanced rate of MPS, as this is the intracellular space thought to be replete with the cellular machinery that facilitates this anabolic process.
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22
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van der Heijden I, Monteyne AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:206-230. [PMID: 35960188 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the age-related decline in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and the associated negative health outcomes, it has been proposed that dietary protein recommendations for older adults should be increased alongside an active lifestyle and/or structured exercise training. Concomitantly, there are growing environmental concerns associated with the production of animal-based dietary protein sources. The question therefore arises as to where this dietary protein required for meeting the protein demands of the rapidly aging global population should (or could) be obtained. Various non-animal-derived protein sources possess favorable sustainability credentials, though much less is known (compared with animal-derived proteins) about their ability to influence muscle anabolism. It is also likely that the anabolic potential of various alternative protein sources varies markedly, with the majority of options remaining to be investigated. The purpose of this review was to thoroughly assess the current evidence base for the utility of alternative protein sources (plants, fungi, insects, algae, and lab-grown "meat") to support muscle anabolism in (active) older adults. The solid existing data portfolio requires considerable expansion to encompass the strategic evaluation of the various types of dietary protein sources. Such data will ultimately be necessary to support desirable alterations and refinements in nutritional guidelines to support healthy and active aging, while concomitantly securing a sustainable food future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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23
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de Marco Castro E, Valli G, Buffière C, Guillet C, Mullen B, Pratt J, Horner K, Naumann-Gola S, Bader-Mittermaier S, Paganini M, De Vito G, Roche HM, Dardevet D. Peripheral Amino Acid Appearance Is Lower Following Plant Protein Fibre Products, Compared to Whey Protein and Fibre Ingestion, in Healthy Older Adults despite Optimised Amino Acid Profile. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010035. [PMID: 36615694 PMCID: PMC9824653 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based proteins are generally characterised by lower Indispensable Amino Acid (IAA) content, digestibility, and anabolic properties, compared to animal-based proteins. However, they are environmentally friendlier, and wider consumption is advocated. Older adults have higher dietary protein needs to prevent sarcopenia, a disease marked by an accelerated loss of muscle mass and function. Given the lower environmental footprint of plant-based proteins and the importance of optimising dietary protein quality among older adults, this paper aims to assess the net peripheral Amino Acid (AA) appearance after ingestion of three different plant protein and fibre (PPF) products, compared to whey protein with added fibre (WPF), in healthy older adults. In a randomised, single-blind, crossover design, nine healthy men and women aged ≥65 years consumed four test meals balanced in AA according to the FAO reference protein for humans, matched for leucine, to optimally stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older adults. A fasted blood sample was drawn at each visit before consuming the test meal, followed by postprandial arterialise blood sampling every 30 min for 3 h. The test meal was composed of a soup containing either WPF or PPF 1-3. The PPF blends comprised pea proteins with varying additional rice, pumpkin, soy, oat, and/or almond protein. PPF product ingestion resulted in a lower maximal increase of postprandial leucine concentration and the sum of branched-chain AA (BCAA) and IAA concentrations, compared to WPF, with no effect on their incremental area under the curve. Plasma methionine and cysteine, and to a lesser extent threonine, appearance were limited after consuming the PPF products, but not WPF. Despite equal leucine doses, the WPF induced greater postprandial insulin concentrations than the PPF products. In conclusion, the postprandial appearance of AA is highly dependent on the protein source in older adults, despite providing equivalent IAA levels and dietary fibre. Coupled with lower insulin concentrations, this could imply less anabolic potential. Further investigation is required to understand the applicability of plant-based proteins in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena de Marco Castro
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giacomo Valli
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Caroline Buffière
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Brian Mullen
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jedd Pratt
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Katy Horner
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susanne Naumann-Gola
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str., 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Matteo Paganini
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Helen M. Roche
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, The Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Correspondence:
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24
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Ademolu AB. Branched Chain Amino Acids and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e4322-e4323. [PMID: 35994362 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Forbes SC, Fairman CM, Gualano B, Roschel H. Creatine supplementation for older adults: Focus on sarcopenia, osteoporosis, frailty and Cachexia. Bone 2022; 162:116467. [PMID: 35688360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia refers to the age-related reduction in strength, muscle mass and functionality which increases the risk for falls, injuries and fractures. Sarcopenia is associated with other age-related conditions such as osteoporosis, frailty and cachexia. Identifying treatments to overcome sarcopenia and associated conditions is important from a global health perspective. There is evidence that creatine monohydrate supplementation, primarily when combined with resistance training, has favorable effects on indices of aging muscle and bone. These musculoskeletal benefits provide some rationale for creatine being a potential intervention for treating frailty and cachexia. The purposes of this narrative review are to update the collective body of research pertaining to the effects of creatine supplementation on indices of aging muscle and bone (including bone turnover markers) and present possible justification and rationale for its utilization in the treatment of frailty and cachexia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Ciaran M Fairman
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Prevention of Loss of Muscle Mass and Function in Older Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: Potential Role of Dietary Essential Amino Acids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138090. [PMID: 35805748 PMCID: PMC9265941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic became a global emergency, social distancing, quarantine, and limitations in outdoor activities have resulted in an environment of enforced physical inactivity (EPI). A prolonged period of EPI in older individuals accelerates the deterioration of skeletal muscle health, including loss of muscle mass and function, commonly referred to as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is associated with an increased likelihood of the progression of diabetes, obesity, and/or depression. Well-known approaches to mitigate the symptoms of sarcopenia include participation in resistance exercise training and/or intake of balanced essential amino acids (EAAs) and high-quality (i.e., containing high EEAs) protein. As the pandemic situation discourages physical exercise, nutritional approaches, especially dietary EAA intake, could be a good alternative for counteracting against EPI-promoted loss of muscle mass and function. Therefore, in the present review, we cover (1) the impact of EPI-induced muscle loss and function on health, (2) the therapeutic potential of dietary EAAs for muscle health (e.g., muscle mass and function) in the EPI condition in comparison with protein sources, and finally (3) practical guidelines of dietary EAA intake for optimal anabolic response in EPI.
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27
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Lv X, Zhou C, Yan Q, Tan Z, Kang J, Tang S. Elucidating the underlying mechanism of amino acids to regulate muscle protein synthesis: impact on human health. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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28
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Horstman AMH, Huppertz T. Milk proteins: Processing, gastric coagulation, amino acid availability and muscle protein synthesis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10267-10282. [PMID: 35611879 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion is regulated on various levels, including dietary protein digestion and amino acid (AA) absorption, splanchnic AA retention, the availability of dietary protein-derived AA in the circulation, delivery of AA to the muscle, uptake of AA by the muscle, and intramuscular signaling. AA availability after consumption of dairy products is primarily determined by the rate of gastric emptying of milk proteins, which is mainly linked to coagulation of milk proteins in the stomach. Caseins form gastric coagula, which make their gastric emptying and subsequent postprandial aminoacidemia notably slower than that of whey proteins. Only recently, the role of processing, food structure, preservation and matrix on coagulation herein has been getting attention. In this review we describe various processes, that affect gastric coagulation of caseins and therewith control gastric emptying, such as the conversion to caseinate, heat treatment in the presence of whey proteins, conversion to stirred yoghurt and enzymatic hydrolysis. Modulating product characteristics by processing can be very useful to steer the gastric behavior of protein, and the subsequent digestion and AA absorption and muscle anabolic response to maintain or increase muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thom Huppertz
- Research & Development, FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Hartono FA, Martin-Arrowsmith PW, Peeters WM, Churchward-Venne TA. The Effects of Dietary Protein Supplementation on Acute Changes in Muscle Protein Synthesis and Longer-Term Changes in Muscle Mass, Strength, and Aerobic Capacity in Response to Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:1295-1328. [PMID: 35113389 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engaging in both resistance and endurance exercise within the same training program, termed 'concurrent exercise training,' is common practice in many athletic disciplines that require a combination of strength and endurance and is recommended by a number of organizations to improve muscular and cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of chronic metabolic disease. Dietary protein ingestion supports skeletal muscle remodeling after exercise by stimulating the synthesis of muscle proteins and can optimize resistance exercise-training mediated increases in skeletal muscle size and strength; however, the effects of protein supplementation on acute and longer-term adaptive responses to concurrent resistance and endurance exercise are unclear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of dietary protein supplementation on acute changes in muscle protein synthesis and longer-term changes in muscle mass, strength, and aerobic capacity in responses to concurrent resistance and endurance exercise in healthy adults. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in five databases: Scopus, Embase, Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science. Acute and longer-term controlled trials involving concurrent exercise and protein supplementation in healthy adults (ages 18-65 years) were included in this systematic review. Main outcomes of interest were changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates, muscle mass, muscle strength, and whole-body aerobic capacity (i.e., maximal/peak aerobic capacity [VO2max/peak]). The quality of studies was assessed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment for Controlled Intervention Studies. RESULTS Four acute studies including 84 trained young males and ten longer-term studies including 167 trained and 391 untrained participants fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All included acute studies demonstrated that protein ingestion enhanced myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, but not mitochondrial protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery after an acute bout of concurrent exercise. Of the included longer-term training studies, five out of nine reported that protein supplementation enhanced concurrent training-mediated increases in muscle mass, while five out of nine studies reported that protein supplementation enhanced concurrent training-mediated increases in muscle strength and/or power. In terms of aerobic adaptations, all six included studies reported no effect of protein supplementation on concurrent training-mediated increases in VO2max/peak. CONCLUSION Protein ingestion after an acute bout of concurrent exercise further increases myofibrillar, but not mitochondrial, protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery. There is some evidence that protein supplementation during longer-term training further enhances concurrent training-mediated increases in skeletal muscle mass and strength/power, but not whole-body aerobic capacity (i.e., VO2max/peak).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick W Martin-Arrowsmith
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Currie Memorial Gymnasium A205, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S4, Canada
| | - Wouter M Peeters
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sports Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Currie Memorial Gymnasium A205, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S4, Canada.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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30
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Beals JW, Mittendorfer B. The secret to a long "musclespan" is a little hard work. J Physiol 2022; 600:2017-2018. [PMID: 35100656 PMCID: PMC9058198 DOI: 10.1113/jp282877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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31
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Whey Protein Supplementation Is Superior to Leucine-Matched Collagen Peptides to Increase Muscle Thickness During a 10-Week Resistance Training Program in Untrained Young Adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:133-143. [PMID: 35042187 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation of whey protein (WP) versus leucine-matched collagen peptides (CP) on muscle thickness MT and performance after a resistance training (RT) program in young adults. Twenty-two healthy untrained participants were randomly assigned to either a WP (n = 11) or leucine-matched CP (n = 11) group and then submitted to a supervised 10-week RT program (3 days/week). The groups were supplemented with an equivalent amount of WP (35 g, containing 3.0 g of leucine) and CP (35 g, containing 1.0 g of leucine and 2.0 g of free leucine) during the intervention period (after each workout and in the evening on nontraining days). MT of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii, isokinetic peak torque and mean power output of the elbow flexors, and peak power output of the lower body were assessed before and after the RT program. The WP group experienced a greater (interaction, p < .05) increase in the vastus lateralis (effect size, WP = 0.68 vs. CP = 0.38; % Δ, WP = 8.4 ± 2.5 vs. CP = 5.6 ± 2.6%) and biceps brachii muscle thickness (effect size, WP = 0.61 vs. CP = 0.35; % , WP = 10.1 ± 3.8 vs. CP = 6.0 ± 3.2%), with a similar increase in muscle performance (peak torque, mean power output, and peak power output) between groups (time p < .05). Supplementation with WP was superior to leucine content-matched CP supplementation in increasing muscle size, but not strength and power, after a 10-week RT program in young adults.
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Tome D. Efficiency of Free Amino Acids in Supporting Muscle Protein Synthesis. J Nutr 2022; 152:3-4. [PMID: 35021214 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tome
- UMR PNCA, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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König D, Kohl J, Jerger S, Centner C. Potential Relevance of Bioactive Peptides in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113997. [PMID: 34836255 PMCID: PMC8622853 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are physiologically active peptides mostly derived from proteins following gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation or hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. It has been shown that bioactive peptides can be resorbed in their intact form and have repeatedly been shown to have a positive effect on health-related parameters such as hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia, inflammation and oxidative stress. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that biologically active peptides could also play an important role in sports nutrition. Current studies have shown that bioactive peptides could have a positive impact on changes in body composition and muscular performance, reduce muscle damage following exercise and induce beneficial adaptions within the connective tissue. In the following overview, potential mechanisms as well as possible limitations regarding the sports-related effect of bioactive peptides and their potential mechanisms are presented and discussed. In addition, practical applications will be discussed on how bioactive peptides can be integrated into a nutritional approach in sports to enhance athletic performance as well as prevent injuries and improve the rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel König
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz, 61150 Vienna, Austria
- Department for Nutritional Science, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, 61150 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-59130
| | - Jan Kohl
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Simon Jerger
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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34
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Dietary protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults: a critical narrative review of the scientific evidence. Nutr Res Rev 2021; 36:69-85. [PMID: 34666855 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adequate protein intake is essential for the maintenance of whole-body protein mass. Different methodological approaches are used to substantiate the evidence for the current protein recommendations, and it is continuously debated whether older adults require more protein to counteract the age-dependent loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia. Thus, the purpose of this critical narrative review is to outline and discuss differences in the approaches and methodologies assessing the protein requirements and, hence, resulting in controversies in current protein recommendations for healthy older adults. Through a literature search, this narrative review first summarises the historical development of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University setting of protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. Hereafter, we describe the various types of studies (epidemiological studies and protein turnover kinetic measurements) and applied methodological approaches founding the basis and the different recommendations with focus on healthy older adults. Finally, we discuss important factors to be considered in future studies to obtain evidence for international agreement on protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. We conclude by proposing future directions to determine 'true' protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults.
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Mathewson SL, Gordon AL, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Greig CA, Phillips BE. Determining the Influence of Habitual Dietary Protein Intake on Physiological Muscle Parameters in Youth and Older Age. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103560. [PMID: 34684561 PMCID: PMC8539198 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ingestion is a potent stimulator of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS). However, older adults demonstrate resistance to anabolic stimuli. Some evidence has demonstrated that a larger acute protein dose is required in older compared to younger adults to elicit the same synthetic response, suggesting that older adults should be consuming higher habitual dietary protein to optimise muscle mass. However, limited research has explored dietary habits in different age groups or the relationship between habitual dietary intake and mechanistic physiological parameters associated with muscle mass and function. This work investigated the effect of habitual dietary intake in young (n = 10, 25.9 (3.2y)) and older (n = 16, 70.2 (3.2y)) community-dwelling adults (16:10 male: female) on physiological muscle parameters. Dietary intake was assessed using four-day diet diaries. Post-absorptive MPS and MPS responses to feeding (4.25x basal metabolic rate; 16% protein) were determined in muscle biopsies of the m. vastus lateralis via stable isotope tracer ([1, 2-13C2]-leucine) infusions with mass-spectrometric analyses. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Whole body strength was assessed via 1-repetition maximum assessments. No significant differences in habitual dietary intake (protein, fat, carbohydrate and leucine as g.kgWBLM-1.day-1) were observed between age groups. Whole-body lean mass (61.8 ± 9.9 vs. 49.8 ± 11.9 kg, p = 0.01) and knee-extensor strength (87.7 ± 28.3 vs. 56.8 ± 16.4 kg, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in young adults. Habitual protein intake (g.kg-1.day-1) was not associated with whole-body lean mass, upper-leg lean mass, whole-body strength, knee-extensor strength, basal MPS or fed-state MPS across both age groups. These findings suggest that differences in muscle mass and strength parameters between youth and older age are not explained by differences in habitual dietary protein intake. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to fully explore these relationships and inform on interventions to mitigate sarcopenia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Mathewson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.M.); (C.A.G.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adam L. Gordon
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (A.L.G.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
- Department of Medicine for the Elderly, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (A.L.G.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (A.L.G.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
| | - Carolyn A. Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.M.); (C.A.G.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (A.L.G.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
- Correspondence:
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36
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Weijzen MEG, van Gassel RJJ, Kouw IWK, Trommelen J, Gorissen SHM, van Kranenburg J, Goessens JPB, van de Poll MCG, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Ingestion of Free Amino Acids Compared with an Equivalent Amount of Intact Protein Results in More Rapid Amino Acid Absorption and Greater Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Availability Without Affecting Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Young Adults in a Double-Blind Randomized Trial. J Nutr 2021; 152:59-67. [PMID: 34642762 PMCID: PMC8754581 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of protein digestion and amino acid absorption determines the postprandial rise in circulating amino acids and modulates postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare protein digestion, amino acid absorption kinetics, and the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response following ingestion of intact milk protein or an equivalent amount of free amino acids. METHODS Twenty-four healthy, young participants (mean ± SD age: 22 ± 3 y and BMI 23 ± 2 kg/m2; sex: 12 male and 12 female participants) received a primed continuous infusion of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and l-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine, after which they ingested either 30 g intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled milk protein or an equivalent amount of free amino acids labeled with l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained to assess protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics (secondary outcome), whole-body protein net balance (secondary outcome), and mixed muscle protein synthesis rates (primary outcome) throughout the 6-h postprandial period. RESULTS Postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations increased after ingestion of intact milk protein and free amino acids (both P < 0.001), with a greater increase following ingestion of the free amino acids than following ingestion of intact milk protein (P-time × treatment < 0.001). Exogenous phenylalanine release into plasma, assessed over the 6-h postprandial period, was greater with free amino acid ingestion (76 ± 9%) than with milk protein treatment (59 ± 10%; P < 0.001). Ingestion of free amino acids and intact milk protein increased mixed muscle protein synthesis rates (P-time < 0.001), with no differences between treatments (from 0.037 ± 0.015%/h to 0.053 ± 0.014%/h and 0.039 ± 0.016%/h to 0.051 ± 0.010%/h, respectively; P-time × treatment = 0.629). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of a bolus of free amino acids leads to more rapid amino acid absorption and greater postprandial plasma amino acid availability than ingestion of an equivalent amount of intact milk protein. Ingestion of free amino acids may be preferred over ingestion of intact protein in conditions where protein digestion and amino acid absorption are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E G Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J J van Gassel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel C G van de Poll
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ruiz-Castellano C, Espinar S, Contreras C, Mata F, Aragon AA, Martínez-Sanz JM. Achieving an Optimal Fat Loss Phase in Resistance-Trained Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093255. [PMID: 34579132 PMCID: PMC8471721 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing the body composition of athletes is a common practice in the field of sports nutrition. The loss of body weight (BW) in resistance-trained athletes is mainly conducted for aesthetic reasons (bodybuilding) or performance (powerlifting or weightlifting). The aim of this review is to provide dietary–nutritional strategies for the loss of fat mass in resistance-trained athletes. During the weight loss phase, the goal is to reduce the fat mass by maximizing the retention of fat-free mass. In this narrative review, the scientific literature is evaluated, and dietary–nutritional and supplementation recommendations for the weight loss phase of resistance-trained athletes are provided. Caloric intake should be set based on a target BW loss of 0.5–1.0%/week to maximize fat-free mass retention. Protein intake (2.2–3.0 g/kgBW/day) should be distributed throughout the day (3–6 meals), ensuring in each meal an adequate amount of protein (0.40–0.55 g/kgBW/meal) and including a meal within 2–3 h before and after training. Carbohydrate intake should be adapted to the level of activity of the athlete in order to training performance (2–5 g/kgBW/day). Caffeine (3–6 mg/kgBW/day) and creatine monohydrate (3–5 g/day) could be incorporated into the athlete’s diet due to their ergogenic effects in relation to resistance training. The intake of micronutrients complexes should be limited to special situations in which there is a real deficiency, and the athlete cannot consume through their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Espinar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Contreras
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Mata
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Nutrición (CEAN), 14010 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Alan A. Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA;
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
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38
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Souza CGD. Pharmacological Treatment of Sarcopenia. Rev Bras Ortop 2021; 56:425-431. [PMID: 34483384 PMCID: PMC8405270 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia has been acquiring a growing importance in the scientific literature and in doctors' offices. As the population ages, it becomes increasingly essential to know, prevent, and treat this clinical condition. The purpose of the present review is to bring up the current evidence on the diagnosis of this pathology, in a practical way, as well as the main current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Gonçalves de Souza
- Grupo de Doenças Osteometabólicas, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Sçao Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Paulussen KJM, Alamilla RA, Salvador AF, McKenna CF, Askow AT, Fang HY, Li Z, Ulanov AV, Paluska SA, Rathmacher JA, Jäger R, Purpura M, Burd NA. Dileucine ingestion is more effective than leucine in stimulating muscle protein turnover in young males: a double blind randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1111-1122. [PMID: 34323596 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00295.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine is regarded as an anabolic trigger for the mTORC1 pathway and the stimulation muscle protein synthesis rates. More recently, there has been an interest in underpinning the relevance of BCAA-containing dipeptides and their intact absorption into circulation to regulate muscle anabolic responses. We investigated the effects of dileucine and leucine ingestion on postprandial muscle protein turnover. Ten healthy young men (age: 23±3 y) consumed either 2 g of leucine (LEU) or 2 g of dileucine (DILEU) in a randomized crossover design. The participants underwent repeated blood and muscle biopsy sampling during primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine and L-[15N]phenylalanine to determine myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) and mixed muscle protein breakdown rates (MPB), respectively. LEU and DILEU similarly increased plasma leucine net area under the curve (AUC; P = 0.396). DILEU increased plasma dileucine AUC to a greater extent than LEU (P = 0.013). Phosphorylation of Akt (P = 0.002), rpS6 (P <0.001) and p70S6K (P < 0.001) increased over time in both LEU and DILEU conditions. Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (P = 0.229) and eEF2 (P = 0.999) did not change over time irrespective of condition. Cumulative (0-180 min) MPS increased in DILEU (0.075±0.032 %⋅hour-1), but not in LEU (0.047±0.029 %⋅hour-1; P=0.023). MPB did not differ between LEU (0.043±0.030 %⋅h-1) and DILEU conditions (0.051±0.027 %⋅hour-1; P = 0.659). Our results showed that dileucine ingestion elevated plasma dileucine concentrations and muscle protein turnover by stimulating MPS in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J M Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rafael A Alamilla
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Fang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Centre, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Centre, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - John A Rathmacher
- Heartland Assays, Iowa State University Research Park, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Zaromskyte G, Prokopidis K, Ioannidis T, Tipton KD, Witard OC. Evaluating the Leucine Trigger Hypothesis to Explain the Post-prandial Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:685165. [PMID: 34307436 PMCID: PMC8295465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.685165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The "leucine trigger" hypothesis was originally conceived to explain the post-prandial regulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This hypothesis implicates the magnitude (amplitude and rate) of post-prandial increase in blood leucine concentrations for regulation of the magnitude of MPS response to an ingested protein source. Recent evidence from experimental studies has challenged this theory, with reports of a disconnect between blood leucine concentration profiles and post-prandial rates of MPS in response to protein ingestion. Aim: The primary aim of this systematic review was to qualitatively evaluate the leucine trigger hypothesis to explain the post-prandial regulation of MPS in response to ingested protein at rest and post-exercise in young and older adults. We hypothesized that experimental support for the leucine trigger hypothesis will depend on age, exercise status (rest vs. post-exercise), and type of ingested protein (i.e., isolated proteins vs. protein-rich whole food sources). Methods: This qualitative systematic review extracted data from studies that combined measurements of post-prandial blood leucine concentrations and rates of MPS following ingested protein at rest and following exercise in young and older adults. Data relating to blood leucine concentration profiles and post-prandial MPS rates were extracted from all studies, and reported as providing sufficient or insufficient evidence for the leucine trigger hypothesis. Results: Overall, 16 of the 29 eligible studies provided sufficient evidence to support the leucine trigger hypothesis for explaining divergent post-prandial rates of MPS in response to different ingested protein sources. Of these 16 studies, 13 were conducted in older adults (eight of which conducted measurements post-exercise) and 14 studies included the administration of isolated proteins. Conclusion: This systematic review underscores the merits of the leucine trigger hypothesis for the explanation of the regulation of MPS. However, our data indicate that the leucine trigger hypothesis confers most application in regulating the post-prandial response of MPS to ingested proteins in older adults. Consistent with our hypothesis, we provide data to support the idea that the leucine trigger hypothesis is more relevant within the context of ingesting isolated protein sources rather than protein-rich whole foods. Future mechanistic studies are warranted to understand the complex series of modulatory factors beyond blood leucine concentration profiles within a food matrix that regulate post-prandial rates of MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Zaromskyte
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Theofilos Ioannidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Institute of Performance Nutrition, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Egg White Protein Feeding Facilitates Skeletal Muscle Gain in Young Rats with/without Clenbuterol Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062042. [PMID: 34203642 PMCID: PMC8232167 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS), egg white protein (EGG) has an excellent score, comparable to that of whey protein but with a lower amount of leucine. We examined the effect of EGG feeding on rat skeletal muscle gain in comparison to that of two common animal-derived protein sources: casein (CAS) and whey (WHE). To explore the full potential of EGG, this was examined in clenbuterol-treated young rats. Furthermore, we focused on leucine-associated anabolic signaling in response to EGG after single-dose ingestion and chronic ingestion, as well as clenbuterol treatment. Because EGG is an arginine-rich protein source, a portion of the experiment was repeated with diets containing equal amounts of arginine. We demonstrated that EGG feeding accelerates skeletal muscle gain under anabolism-dominant conditions more efficiently than CAS and WHE and this stronger effect with EGG is not dependent on the arginine-rich composition of the protein source. We also demonstrated that the plausible mechanism of the stronger muscle-gain effect with EGG is not detectable in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) or insulin signaling under our experimental conditions. We conclude that EGG may have a superior efficiency in muscle gain compared to other common animal-based proteins.
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42
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Higashida K, Inoue S, Takeuchi N, Ato S, Ogasawara R, Nakai N. Basal and resistance exercise-induced increase in protein synthesis is impaired in skeletal muscle of iron-deficient rats. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111389. [PMID: 34303956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on basal- and contraction-induced increases in muscle protein synthesis. METHODS Four-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. The rats in two of the three groups had free access to a control diet (AD) or iron-deficient diet (ID) for 4 wk. The rats in the third group (CON) were pair-fed the control diet to the mean intake of the ID group. RESULTS In comparison with the CON group, the ID group showed significantly lower hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations, iron-containing protein levels, and total iron content in skeletal muscle, but non-iron-containing protein levels did not show any differences between the groups. Protein synthesis, measured by puromycin-labeled peptides, was lower in the ID group compared with the CON group in both basal- and contraction-stimulated states. The ID diet impaired the activation levels of signaling pathways involved in protein synthesis, such as ribosomal protein S6 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1. Furthermore, dietary iron deficiency decreased autophagy capacity, but did not affect the ubiquitinated protein content. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that severe iron deficiency decreases not only basal but also muscle contraction-induced increases in protein synthesis due to, at least in part, downregulation of the protein synthesis signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Higashida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan.
| | - Sachika Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Nodoka Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Satoru Ato
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan
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Plant Proteins and Exercise: What Role Can Plant Proteins Have in Promoting Adaptations to Exercise? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061962. [PMID: 34200501 PMCID: PMC8230006 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate dietary protein is important for many aspects of health with current evidence suggesting that exercising individuals need greater amounts of protein. When assessing protein quality, animal sources of protein routinely rank amongst the highest in quality, largely due to the higher levels of essential amino acids they possess in addition to exhibiting more favorable levels of digestibility and absorption patterns of the amino acids. In recent years, the inclusion of plant protein sources in the diet has grown and evidence continues to accumulate on the comparison of various plant protein sources and animal protein sources in their ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS), heighten exercise training adaptations, and facilitate recovery from exercise. Without question, the most robust changes in MPS come from efficacious doses of a whey protein isolate, but several studies have highlighted the successful ability of different plant sources to significantly elevate resting rates of MPS. In terms of facilitating prolonged adaptations to exercise training, multiple studies have indicated that a dose of plant protein that offers enough essential amino acids, especially leucine, consumed over 8–12 weeks can stimulate similar adaptations as seen with animal protein sources. More research is needed to see if longer supplementation periods maintain equivalence between the protein sources. Several practices exist whereby the anabolic potential of a plant protein source can be improved and generally, more research is needed to best understand which practice (if any) offers notable advantages. In conclusion, as one considers the favorable health implications of increasing plant intake as well as environmental sustainability, the interest in consuming more plant proteins will continue to be present. The evidence base for plant proteins in exercising individuals has seen impressive growth with many of these findings now indicating that consumption of a plant protein source in an efficacious dose (typically larger than an animal protein) can instigate similar and favorable changes in amino acid update, MPS rates, and exercise training adaptations such as strength and body composition as well as recovery.
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Traylor DA, Kamal M, Nunes EA, Prior T, Gorissen SHM, Lees M, Gesel F, Lim C, Phillips SM. Consumption of High-Leucine-Containing Protein Bar Following Breakfast Impacts Aminoacidemia and Subjective Appetite in Older Persons. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab080. [PMID: 34104852 PMCID: PMC8178109 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available examining dietary interventions for optimizing protein and leucine intake to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in older humans. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the aminoacidemia and appetite responses of older adults after consuming breakfast, a meal frequently consumed with high-carbohydrate and below-par amounts of protein and leucine for stimulating MPS. METHODS Five men and 3 women (means ± SD; age: 74 ± 7 y, BMI: 25.7 ± 4.9 kg/m2, fat- and bone-free mass: 63 ± 7 kg) took part in this experiment in which they consumed breakfasts with low-protein (LP = 13 ± 2 g), high-protein (HP = 32 ± 5 g), and LP followed by a protein- and leucine-enriched bar formulation 2 h later (LP + Bar = 29 ± 2 g). The LP, HP, and LP + Bar breakfast conditions contained 519 ± 86 kcal, 535 ± 83 kcal, and 739 ± 86 kcal, respectively. Blood samples were drawn for 6 h and analyzed for amino acid, insulin, and glucose concentrations. Visual analog scales were assessed for hunger, fullness, and desire to eat. RESULTS The net AUC for essential amino acid (EAA) exposure was similar between the LP + Bar and HP conditions but greater in the HP condition compared with the LP condition. Peak leucinemia was higher in the LP + Bar condition compared with the HP, and both were greater than the LP condition. Net leucine exposure was similar between HP and LP + Bar, and both were greater than LP. Hunger was similarly reduced in LP + Bar and HP, and LP + Bar resulted in a greater hunger reduction than LP. Both LP + Bar and HP resulted in greater net fullness scores than LP. CONCLUSIONS Consuming our bar formulation increased blood leucine availability and net exposure to EAAs to a similar degree as consuming a high-protein meal. High-protein at breakfast results in a greater net exposure to EAAs and leucine, which could support MPS in older persons. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03712761.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Traylor
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Kamal
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa-Catarina, Brazil
| | - Todd Prior
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Lees
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Fran Gesel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH, USA
| | - Changhyun Lim
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Urschel KL, McKenzie EC. Nutritional Influences on Skeletal Muscle and Muscular Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:139-175. [PMID: 33820605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle comprises 40% to 55% of mature body weight in horses, and its mass is determined largely by rates of muscle protein synthesis. In order to support exercise, appropriate energy sources are essential: glucose can support both anaerobic and aerobic exercise, whereas fat can only be metabolized aerobically. Following exercise, ingestion of nonfiber carbohydrates and protein can aid muscle growth and recovery. Muscle glycogen replenishment is slow in horses, regardless of dietary interventions. Several heritable muscle disorders, including type 1 and 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, can be managed in part by restricting dietary nonstructural carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, 612 W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Erica C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, 700 Southwest 30th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Page J, Erskine RM, Hopkins ND. Skeletal muscle properties and vascular function do not differ between healthy, young vegan and omnivorous men. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:559-568. [PMID: 33905293 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1923814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A vegan diet is associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but protein deficiencies may be detrimental to skeletal muscle structure and function. The aim of this study was to compare the vascular and skeletal muscle properties between young, healthy, recreationally active habitual vegan (VEG) and omnivorous (OMN) men. Sixteen OMN and nine VEG underwent ultrasound scans to determine brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness and fascicle pennation angle. Knee extension maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force was assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer, and V˙O2max on a cycle ergometer and online gas analysis system. A three-day food diary determined habitual dietary behaviour. Bayesian analyses of independent groups provided "moderate" to "very strong" evidence for lower consumption of absolute (63±21 g/d vs. 98 ± 30 g/d; Bayes Factor (BF01) = 0.140) and relative (0.86 ± 0.29 g/kg/d vs.1.36 ± 0.52 g/kg/d; BF01 = 0.259) protein, absolute saturated fat (15.2 ± 7.9 g vs. 30.3 ± 11.8 g; BF01 = 0.089) and cholesterol (5.0 ± 6.0 mg vs. 337.9 ± 232.6 mg; BF01 = 0.019) in VEG compared to OMN, respectively. Further, there was "anecdotal" evidence to support no differences in FMD (3.37 ± 3.31% vs. 4.58 ± 5.82%; BF01 = 2.591), cIMT (0.51 ± 0.07 mm vs. 0.49 ± 0.04 mm; BF01 = 2.510), VL thickness (26.1 ± 3.7 mm vs. 27.8 ± 6.4 mm; BF01 = 2.726), fascicle pennation angle (16.6 ± 4.7° vs. 17.7 ± 3.7°; BF01 = 2.844), MVIC (627 ± 182 N vs. 551 ± 102 N; BF01 = 1.656) or V˙O2max (40.8 ± 9.8 ml/kg/min vs. 35.8 ± 5.2 ml/kg/min; BF01 = 1.218) between VEG and OMN, respectively. Despite marked differences in habitual nutrient intake, healthy, young vegan and omnivorous men did not differ regarding vascular and skeletal muscle structure and function, or cardiovascular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Page
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola D Hopkins
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Comparison of the effect of soya protein and whey protein on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:885-895. [PMID: 33971994 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Essential amino acids (EAA) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soya and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published randomised clinical trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soya protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. We searched PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soya protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all randomised clinical trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soya protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations were calculated using random effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. After excluding non-relevant articles, ten studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation (weighted mean difference (WMD: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·15, 1·67; P = 0·019). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soya protein supplementation and body composition parameters. Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage.
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Mazzilli M, Macaluso F, Zambelli S, Picerno P, Iuliano E. The Use of Dietary Supplements in Fitness Practitioners: A Cross-Sectional Observation Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095005. [PMID: 34065071 PMCID: PMC8125933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of use of dietary supplements (DSs) among gym users and gym instructors involved in body shaping-oriented fitness training. Furthermore, this study aimed to verify whether differences existed in the prevalence and in the types of DSs used in both gym users and gym instructors involved in body shaping-oriented fitness competitions vs. those not involved in fitness competitions. A survey was distributed to 316 participants, composed of 89 gym instructors and 227 gym users of both genders aged 27.3 ± 7.7. Among these participants, 52 were involved in competitions and 248 were not, while 16 participants did not specify either way. The results showed a high prevalence in the use of DSs in the population considered, with 85.4% of the participants declaring they used DSs, with high heterogeneity in the numbers and in the combinations used. No differences were found between gym instructors and gym users, or between participants involved and those not involved in competitions. The results indicate that DSs are widely used by persons involved in body shaping-oriented fitness training. The results also suggest that the majority of the participants decided individually which DSs to use.
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49
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Paulussen KJM, McKenna CF, Beals JW, Wilund KR, Salvador AF, Burd NA. Anabolic Resistance of Muscle Protein Turnover Comes in Various Shapes and Sizes. Front Nutr 2021; 8:615849. [PMID: 34026802 PMCID: PMC8131552 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.615849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic resistance is defined by a blunted stimulation of muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) to common anabolic stimuli in skeletal muscle tissue such as dietary protein and exercise. Generally, MPS is the target of most exercise and feeding interventions as muscle protein breakdown rates seem to be less responsive to these stimuli. Ultimately, the blunted responsiveness of MPS to dietary protein and exercise underpins the loss of the amount and quality of skeletal muscle mass leading to decrements in physical performance in these populations. The increase of both habitual physical activity (including structured exercise that targets general fitness characteristics) and protein dense food ingestion are frontline strategies utilized to support muscle mass, performance, and health. In this paper, we discuss anabolic resistance as a common denominator underpinning muscle mass loss with aging, obesity, and other disease states. Namely, we discuss the fact that anabolic resistance exists as a dimmer switch, capable of varying from higher to lower levels of resistance, to the main anabolic stimuli of feeding and exercise depending on the population. Moreover, we review the evidence on whether increased physical activity and targeted exercise can be leveraged to restore the sensitivity of skeletal muscle tissue to dietary amino acids regardless of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. M. Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F. McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Joseph W. Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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50
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Jacinto JL, Nunes JP, Ribeiro AS, Casonatto J, Roveratti MC, Sena BNS, Cyrino ES, DA Silva RA, Aguiar AF. Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve Muscle Recovery from Resistance Exercise in Young Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2021; 14:486-497. [PMID: 34055154 PMCID: PMC8136571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of free leucine supplementation on muscle recovery from resistance exercise (RE) in young adults. Fourteen untrained subjects (23.9 ± 3.6 years old) underwent RE sessions (leg press and hack squat: three sets of 8-12 reps at 70% 1RM) supplemented with leucine (LEU: two daily doses of 3g) or a placebo (PLA), separated by a seven-day washout period. Following each occasion, participants were evaluated in three subsequent days (24h, 48h, and 72h) for muscle recovery via a repetition-to-failure test. The following markers were assessed: repetition performance, perceived exertion, lactate, creatine kinase, muscle soreness (DOMS), testosterone, and cortisol. No significant difference was observed between LEU and PLA conditions (p > 0.05). Number of repetitions performed in the repetition-to-failure tests, perceived exertion, cortisol, and testosterone:cortisol ratio did not change over time (p > 0.05). Creatine kinase increased immediately after exercise, at 24h, and 48h, and was attenuated at 72h post-exercise, while testosterone, lactate, and DOMS increased at 24h post-exercise (p < 0.05) and remained elevated up to 72h. All outcomes were similar between LEU and PLA. Results indicate that a 6g daily dose of free leucine supplementation does not improve muscle recovery following lower-limb RE in untrained young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson L Jacinto
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Juliano Casonatto
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Mirela C Roveratti
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Bruna N S Sena
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Rubens A DA Silva
- Département des Sciences de la Santé, Programme de Physiothérapie de l'université McGill offert en extension à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), 555 boul. de l'Université, ville du Saguenay, CANADA
| | - Andreo F Aguiar
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, Northern University of Paraná, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
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