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Getsy PM, Coffee GA, May WJ, Baby SM, Bates JN, Lewis SJ. The Reducing Agent Dithiothreitol Modulates the Ventilatory Responses That Occur in Freely Moving Rats during and following a Hypoxic-Hypercapnic Challenge. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:498. [PMID: 38671945 PMCID: PMC11047747 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the hypothesis that changes in the oxidation-reduction state of thiol residues in functional proteins play a major role in the expression of the ventilatory responses in conscious rats that occur during a hypoxic-hypercapnic (HH) gas challenge and upon return to room air. A HH gas challenge in vehicle-treated rats elicited robust and sustained increases in minute volume (via increases in frequency of breathing and tidal volume), peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, and inspiratory and expiratory drives while minimally affecting the non-eupneic breathing index (NEBI). The HH-induced increases in these parameters, except for frequency of breathing, were substantially diminished in rats pre-treated with the potent and lipophilic disulfide-reducing agent, L,D-dithiothreitol (100 µmol/kg, IV). The ventilatory responses that occurred upon return to room air were also substantially different in dithiothreitol-treated rats. In contrast, pre-treatment with a substantially higher dose (500 µmol/kg, IV) of the lipophilic congener of the monosulfide, N-acetyl-L-cysteine methyl ester (L-NACme), only minimally affected the expression of the above-mentioned ventilatory responses that occurred during the HH gas challenge or upon return to room air. The effectiveness of dithiothreitol suggests that the oxidation of thiol residues occurs during exposure to a HH gas challenge and that this process plays an essential role in allowing for the expression of the post-HH excitatory phase in breathing. However, this interpretation is contradicted by the lack of effects of L-NACme. This apparent conundrum may be explained by the disulfide structure affording unique functional properties to dithiothreitol in comparison to monosulfides. More specifically, the disulfide structure may give dithiothreitol the ability to alter the conformational state of functional proteins while transferring electrons. It is also possible that dithiothreitol is simply a more efficient reducing agent following systemic injection, although one interpretation of the data is that the effects of dithiothreitol are not due to its reducing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (P.M.G.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Gregory A. Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (P.M.G.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Walter J. May
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Santhosh M. Baby
- Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 213 Witmer Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA;
| | - James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (P.M.G.); (G.A.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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2
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Tonellato MH, Cates VC, Dickenson JA, Day TA, Strzalkowski NDJ. The effects of acute normobaric hypoxia on standing balance while dual-tasking with and without visual input. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05469-4. [PMID: 38573534 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of acute normobaric hypoxia on standing balance under single and dual-task conditions, both with and without visual input. METHODS 20 participants (7 female, 20-31 years old) stood on a force plate for 16, 90-s trials across four balance conditions: single-task (quiet stance) or dual-task (auditory Stroop test), with eyes open or closed. Trials were divided into four oxygen conditions where the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) was manipulated (normoxia: 0.21 and normobaric hypoxia: 0.16, 0.145 and 0.13 FIO2) to simulate altitudes of 1100, 3,400, 4300, and 5200 m. Participants breathed each FIO2 for ~ 3 min before testing, which lasted an additional 7-8 min per oxygen condition. Cardiorespiratory measures included heart rate, peripheral blood oxygen saturation, and pressure of end tidal (PET) CO2 and O2. Center of pressure measures included total path length, 95% ellipse area, and anteroposterior and mediolateral velocity. Auditory Stroop test performance was measured as response accuracy and latency. RESULTS Significant decreases in oxygen saturation and PETO2, and increased heart rate were observed between normoxia and normobaric hypoxia (P < 0.0001). Total path length was higher at 0.13 compared to 0.21 FIO2 for the eyes closed no Stoop test condition (P = 0.0197). No other significant differences were observed. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that acute normobaric hypoxia has a minimal impact on standing balance and does not influence auditory Stroop test or dual-task performance. Further investigation with longer exposure is required to understand the impact and time course of normobaric hypoxia on standing balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall H Tonellato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, 4826Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB, T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Valerie C Cates
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, 4826Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB, T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Jessica A Dickenson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, 4826Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB, T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Trevor A Day
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, 4826Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB, T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Nicholas D J Strzalkowski
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, 4826Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB, T3E 6K6, Canada.
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Prabhakar NR, Peng YJ, Nanduri J. Carotid body hypersensitivity in intermittent hypoxia and obtructive sleep apnoea. J Physiol 2023; 601:5481-5494. [PMID: 37029496 DOI: 10.1113/jp284111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid bodies are the principal sensory organs for detecting changes in arterial blood oxygen concentration, and the carotid body chemoreflex is a major regulator of the sympathetic tone, blood pressure and breathing. Intermittent hypoxia is a hallmark manifestation of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), which is a widespread respiratory disorder. In the first part of this review, we discuss the role of carotid bodies in heightened sympathetic tone and hypertension in rodents treated with intermittent hypoxia, and the underlying cellular, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms. We also present evidence for hitherto-uncharacterized role of carotid body afferents in triggering cellular and molecular changes induced by intermittent hypoxia. In the second part of the review, we present evidence for a contribution of a hypersensitive carotid body to OSA and potential therapeutic intervention to mitigate OSA in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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4
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Conde SV, Polotsky VY, Joseph V, Kinkead R. On the origins of sleep disordered breathing, cardiorespiratory and metabolic dysfunction: which came first, the chicken or the egg? J Physiol 2023; 601:5509-5525. [PMID: 36988138 PMCID: PMC10539476 DOI: 10.1113/jp284113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a complex, sex specific and highly heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders. Nevertheless, sleep fragmentation and repeated fluctuations of arterial blood gases for several hours per night are at the core of the problem; together, they impose significant stress to the organism with deleterious consequences on physical and mental health. SDB increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, depression and anxiety disorders; however, the same health issues are risk factors for SDB. So, which came first, the chicken or the egg? What causes the appearance of the first significant apnoeic events during sleep? These are important questions because although moderate to severe SDB affects ∼500 million adults globally, we still have a poor understanding of the origins of the disease, and the main treatments (and animal models) focus on the symptoms rather than the cause. Because obesity, metabolic dysfunction and stress-related neurological disorders generally appear progressively, we discuss how the development of these diseases can lead to specific anatomical and non-anatomical traits of SDB in males and females while considering the impacts of sex steroids. In light of the growing evidence indicating that the carotid bodies are important sensors of key metabolic and endocrine signals associated with stress and dysmetabolism, we propose that these organs play a key role in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V. Conde
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval & Research Center of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, QC. Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval & Research Center of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, QC. Canada
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Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Lewis SJ. Loss of ganglioglomerular nerve input to the carotid body impacts the hypoxic ventilatory response in freely-moving rats. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1007043. [PMID: 37008015 PMCID: PMC10060956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1007043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotid bodies are the primary sensors of blood pH, pO2 and pCO2. The ganglioglomerular nerve (GGN) provides post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve input to the carotid bodies, however the physiological relevance of this innervation is still unclear. The main objective of this study was to determine how the absence of the GGN influences the hypoxic ventilatory response in juvenile rats. As such, we determined the ventilatory responses that occur during and following five successive episodes of hypoxic gas challenge (HXC, 10% O2, 90% N2), each separated by 15 min of room-air, in juvenile (P25) sham-operated (SHAM) male Sprague Dawley rats and in those with bilateral transection of the ganglioglomerular nerves (GGNX). The key findings were that 1) resting ventilatory parameters were similar in SHAM and GGNX rats, 2) the initial changes in frequency of breathing, tidal volume, minute ventilation, inspiratory time, peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, and inspiratory and expiratory drives were markedly different in GGNX rats, 3) the initial changes in expiratory time, relaxation time, end inspiratory or expiratory pauses, apneic pause and non-eupneic breathing index (NEBI) were similar in SHAM and GGNX rats, 4) the plateau phases obtained during each HXC were similar in SHAM and GGNX rats, and 5) the ventilatory responses that occurred upon return to room-air were similar in SHAM and GGNX rats. Overall, these changes in ventilation during and following HXC in GGNX rats raises the possibility the loss of GGN input to the carotid bodies effects how primary glomus cells respond to hypoxia and the return to room-air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Paulina M. Getsy,
| | - Gregory A. Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Li M, Peng Y, Chen W, Gao Y, Yang M, Li J, He J. Active Nrf2 signaling flexibly regulates HO-1 and NQO-1 in hypoxic Gansu Zokor (Eospalax cansus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 264:110811. [PMID: 36372272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gansu zokor (Eospalax cansus) is a typical subterranean rodent species with resistance to ambient hypoxia. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling plays a key role in regulating redox homeostasis. However, little is known about the regulation of Nrf2 signaling in Gansu zokor. We exposed Gansu zokors and SD rats to chronic hypoxia (44 h at 10.5% O2) or acute hypoxia (6 h at 6.5% O2) andmeasured the activities of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1),gene expression of HO-1, NQO-1, Nrf2, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (KEAP1), and β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TRCP) in the brain and liver. We found that Gansu zokor increased the NQO-1 protein content and activity, HO-1 protein content in the brain, and increased HO-1 activity and mRNA level, NQO-1 activity and protein content in the liver by up regulating Nrf2 gene expression under chronic hypoxia. Although acute hypoxia enhanced the expression of Nrf2 gene, only the level of HO-1 mRNA in the liver increased. Besides, the HO-1 and NQO-1 genes in the brain, HO-1 genes and NQO-1 mRNA in the Gansu zokor liver were significantly higher than those in SD rats under normoxia. Negative regulators of Nrf2 signaling were tissue specific: KEAP1 protein decreased in the brain, and β-TRCP decreased in the liver. The Nrf2 signaling and expression of downstream antioxidant enzymes were different under different oxygen concentrations, reflecting the flexible characteristics of Gansu zokor to deal with the hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifan Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongjiao Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Maohong Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianping He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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Perry SF, Pan YK, Gilmour KM. Insights into the control and consequences of breathing adjustments in fishes-from larvae to adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1065573. [PMID: 36793421 PMCID: PMC9923008 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1065573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjustments of ventilation in fishes to regulate the volume of water flowing over the gills are critically important responses to match branchial gas transfer with metabolic needs and to defend homeostasis during environmental fluctuations in O2 and/or CO2 levels. In this focused review, we discuss the control and consequences of ventilatory adjustments in fish, briefly summarizing ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia before describing the current state of knowledge of the chemoreceptor cells and molecular mechanisms involved in sensing O2 and CO2. We emphasize, where possible, insights gained from studies on early developmental stages. In particular, zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae have emerged as an important model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of O2 and CO2 chemosensing as well as the central integration of chemosensory information. Their value stems, in part, from their amenability to genetic manipulation, which enables the creation of loss-of-function mutants, optogenetic manipulation, and the production of transgenic fish with specific genes linked to fluorescent reporters or biosensors.
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8
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Peng Y, Nanduri J, Wang N, Khan SA, Pamenter M, Prabhakar NR. Carotid body responses to O 2 and CO 2 in hypoxia-tolerant naked mole rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 236:e13851. [PMID: 35757963 PMCID: PMC9787741 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Naked mole rats (NMRs) exhibit blunted hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic ventilatory responses (HCVR). The mechanism(s) underlying these responses are largely unknown. We hypothesized that attenuated carotid body (CB) sensitivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia contributes to the near absence of ventilatory responses to hypoxia and CO2 in NMRs. METHODS We measured ex vivo CB sensory nerve activity, phrenic nerve activity (an estimation of ventilation), and blood gases in urethane-anesthetized NMRs and C57BL/6 mice breathing normoxic, hypoxic, or hypercapnic gases. CB morphology, carbon monoxide, and H2 S levels were also determined. RESULTS Relative to mice, NMRs had blunted CB and HVR. Morphologically, NMRs have larger CBs, which contained more glomus cells than in mice. Furthermore, NMR glomus cells form a dispersed pattern compared to a clustered pattern in mice. Hemeoxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA was elevated in NMR CBs, and an HO inhibitor increased CB sensitivity to hypoxia in NMRs. This increase was blocked by an H2 S synthesis inhibitor, suggesting that interrupted gas messenger signaling contributes to the blunted CB responses and HVR in NMRs. Regarding hypercapnia, CB and ventilatory responses to CO2 in NMRs were larger than in mice. Carbonic anhydrase (CA)-2 mRNA is elevated in NMR CBs, and a CA inhibitor blocked the augmented CB response to CO2 in NMRs, indicating CA activity regulates augmented CB response to CO2 . CONCLUSIONS Consistent with our hypothesis, impaired CB responses to hypoxia contribute in part to the blunted HVR in NMRs. Conversely, the HCVR and CB are more sensitive to CO2 in NMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 SensingUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 SensingUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 SensingUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shakil A. Khan
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 SensingUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Matthew E. Pamenter
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Nanduri R. Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 SensingUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Yu JJ, Non AL, Heinrich EC, Gu W, Alcock J, Moya EA, Lawrence ES, Tift MS, O'Brien KA, Storz JF, Signore AV, Khudyakov JI, Milsom WK, Wilson SM, Beall CM, Villafuerte FC, Stobdan T, Julian CG, Moore LG, Fuster MM, Stokes JA, Milner R, West JB, Zhang J, Shyy JY, Childebayeva A, Vázquez-Medina JP, Pham LV, Mesarwi OA, Hall JE, Cheviron ZA, Sieker J, Blood AB, Yuan JX, Scott GR, Rana BK, Ponganis PJ, Malhotra A, Powell FL, Simonson TS. Time Domains of Hypoxia Responses and -Omics Insights. Front Physiol 2022; 13:885295. [PMID: 36035495 PMCID: PMC9400701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.885295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to respond rapidly to changes in oxygen tension is critical for many forms of life. Challenges to oxygen homeostasis, specifically in the contexts of evolutionary biology and biomedicine, provide important insights into mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation and tolerance. Here we synthesize findings across varying time domains of hypoxia in terms of oxygen delivery, ranging from early animal to modern human evolution and examine the potential impacts of environmental and clinical challenges through emerging multi-omics approaches. We discuss how diverse animal species have adapted to hypoxic environments, how humans vary in their responses to hypoxia (i.e., in the context of high-altitude exposure, cardiopulmonary disease, and sleep apnea), and how findings from each of these fields inform the other and lead to promising new directions in basic and clinical hypoxia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amy L. Non
- Department of Anthropology, Division of Social Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Erica C. Heinrich
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Wanjun Gu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joe Alcock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, MX, United States
| | - Esteban A. Moya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elijah S. Lawrence
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael S. Tift
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Katie A. O'Brien
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, ENG, United Kingdom
| | - Jay F. Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, IL, United States
| | - Anthony V. Signore
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, IL, United States
| | - Jane I. Khudyakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | | | - Sean M. Wilson
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Colleen G. Julian
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lorna G. Moore
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark M. Fuster
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, United States
| | - Richard Milner
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - John B. West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - John Y. Shyy
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ainash Childebayeva
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José Pablo Vázquez-Medina
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Luu V. Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Omar A. Mesarwi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zachary A. Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Jeremy Sieker
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Arlin B. Blood
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jason X. Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Graham R. Scott
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Brinda K. Rana
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Paul J. Ponganis
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Frank L. Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Prokop JW, Jdanov V, Savage L, Morris M, Lamb N, VanSickle E, Stenger CL, Rajasekaran S, Bupp CP. Computational and Experimental Analysis of Genetic Variants. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3303-3336. [PMID: 35578967 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genomics has grown exponentially over the last decade. Common variants are associated with physiological changes through statistical strategies such as Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and quantitative trail loci (QTL). Rare variants are associated with diseases through extensive filtering tools, including population genomics and trio-based sequencing (parents and probands). However, the genomic associations require follow-up analyses to narrow causal variants, identify genes that are influenced, and to determine the physiological changes. Large quantities of data exist that can be used to connect variants to gene changes, cell types, protein pathways, clinical phenotypes, and animal models that establish physiological genomics. This data combined with bioinformatics including evolutionary analysis, structural insights, and gene regulation can yield testable hypotheses for mechanisms of genomic variants. Molecular biology, biochemistry, cell culture, CRISPR editing, and animal models can test the hypotheses to give molecular variant mechanisms. Variant characterizations can be a significant component of educating future professionals at the undergraduate, graduate, or medical training programs through teaching the basic concepts and terminology of genetics while learning independent research hypothesis design. This article goes through the computational and experimental analysis strategies of variant characterization and provides examples of these tools applied in publications. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3303-3336, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Vladislav Jdanov
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Lane Savage
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Michele Morris
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Neil Lamb
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Cynthia L Stenger
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama, USA
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Office of Research, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Caleb P Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Medical Genetics, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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11
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Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease that results from loss of upper airway muscle tone leading to upper airway collapse during sleep in anatomically susceptible persons, leading to recurrent periods of hypoventilation, hypoxia, and arousals from sleep. Significant clinical consequences of the disorder cover a wide spectrum and include daytime hypersomnolence, neurocognitive dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction, respiratory failure, and pulmonary hypertension. With escalating rates of obesity a major risk factor for OSA, the public health burden from OSA and its sequalae are expected to increase, as well. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms responsible for the development of OSA and associated neurocognitive and cardiometabolic comorbidities. Emphasis is placed on the neural control of the striated muscles that control the pharyngeal passages, especially regulation of hypoglossal motoneuron activity throughout the sleep/wake cycle, the neurocognitive complications of OSA, and the therapeutic options available to treat OSA including recent pharmacotherapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luu V Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Jonathan Jun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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12
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Adaptive cardiorespiratory changes to chronic continuous and intermittent hypoxia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 188:103-123. [PMID: 35965023 PMCID: PMC9906984 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91534-2.00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews cardiorespiratory adaptations to chronic hypoxia (CH) experienced at high altitude and cardiorespiratory pathologies elicited by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) occurring with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Short-term CH increases breathing (ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia) and blood pressure (BP) through carotid body (CB) chemo reflex. Hyperplasia of glomus cells, alterations in ion channels, and recruitment of additional excitatory molecules are implicated in the heightened CB chemo reflex by CH. Transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1 and 2) is a major molecular mechanism underlying respiratory adaptations to short-term CH. High-altitude natives experiencing long-term CH exhibit blunted hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) and reduced BP due to desensitization of CB response to hypoxia and impaired processing of CB sensory information at the central nervous system. Ventilatory changes evoked by long-term CH are not readily reversed after return to sea level. OSA patients and rodents subjected to CIH exhibit heightened CB chemo reflex, increased hypoxic ventilatory response, and hypertension. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major cellular mechanism underlying CIH-induced enhanced CB chemo reflex and the ensuing cardiorespiratory pathologies. ROS generation by CIH is mediated by nontranscriptional, disrupted HIF-1 and HIF-2-dependent transcriptions as well as epigenetic mechanisms.
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13
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Mouchel Dit Leguerrier D, Barré R, Molloy J, Thomas F. Lanthanide complexes as redox and ROS/RNS probes: A new paradigm that makes use of redox-reactive and redox non-innocent ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Olson KR. A Case for Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolism as an Oxygen Sensing Mechanism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111650. [PMID: 34829521 PMCID: PMC8615108 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect oxygen availability is a ubiquitous attribute of aerobic organisms. However, the mechanism(s) that transduce oxygen concentration or availability into appropriate physiological responses is less clear and often controversial. This review will make the case for oxygen-dependent metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and polysulfides, collectively referred to as reactive sulfur species (RSS) as a physiologically relevant O2 sensing mechanism. This hypothesis is based on observations that H2S and RSS metabolism is inversely correlated with O2 tension, exogenous H2S elicits physiological responses identical to those produced by hypoxia, factors that affect H2S production or catabolism also affect tissue responses to hypoxia, and that RSS efficiently regulate downstream effectors of the hypoxic response in a manner consistent with a decrease in O2. H2S-mediated O2 sensing is then compared to the more generally accepted reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated O2 sensing mechanism and a number of reasons are offered to resolve some of the confusion between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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15
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Hutami IR, Izawa T, Khurel-Ochir T, Sakamaki T, Iwasa A, Tanaka E. Macrophage Motility in Wound Healing Is Regulated by HIF-1α via S1P Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168992. [PMID: 34445695 PMCID: PMC8396560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the molecular pathways mediating wound healing induce cell migration and localization of cytokines to sites of injury. Macrophages are immune cells that sense and actively respond to disturbances in tissue homeostasis by initiating, and subsequently resolving, inflammation. Hypoxic conditions generated at a wound site also strongly recruit macrophages and affect their function. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α is a transcription factor that contributes to both glycolysis and the induction of inflammatory genes, while also being critical for macrophage activation. For the latter, HIF-1α regulates sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) to affect the migration, activation, differentiation, and polarization of macrophages. Recently, S1P and HIF-1α have received much attention, and various studies have been performed to investigate their roles in initiating and resolving inflammation via macrophages. It is hypothesized that the HIF-1α/S1P/S1P receptor axis is an important determinant of macrophage function under inflammatory conditions and during disease pathogenesis. Therefore, in this review, biological regulation of monocytes/macrophages in response to circulating HIF-1α is summarized, including signaling by S1P/S1P receptors, which have essential roles in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islamy Rahma Hutami
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (I.R.H.); (T.K.-O.); (T.S.); (A.I.); (E.T.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang 50112, Indonesia
| | - Takashi Izawa
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (I.R.H.); (T.K.-O.); (T.S.); (A.I.); (E.T.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-6691; Fax: +81-88-235-6694
| | - Tsendsuren Khurel-Ochir
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (I.R.H.); (T.K.-O.); (T.S.); (A.I.); (E.T.)
| | - Takuma Sakamaki
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (I.R.H.); (T.K.-O.); (T.S.); (A.I.); (E.T.)
| | - Akihiko Iwasa
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (I.R.H.); (T.K.-O.); (T.S.); (A.I.); (E.T.)
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (I.R.H.); (T.K.-O.); (T.S.); (A.I.); (E.T.)
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16
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Amorim MR, Dergacheva O, Fleury-Curado T, Pho H, Freire C, Mendelowitz D, Branco LGS, Polotsky VY. The Effect of DREADD Activation of Leptin Receptor Positive Neurons in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract on Sleep Disordered Breathing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6742. [PMID: 34201760 PMCID: PMC8269100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is recurrent obstruction of the upper airway due to the loss of upper airway muscle tone during sleep. OSA is highly prevalent, especially in obesity. There is no pharmacotherapy for OSA. Previous studies have demonstrated the role of leptin, an adipose-tissue-produced hormone, as a potent respiratory stimulant. Leptin signaling via a long functional isoform of leptin receptor, LEPRb, in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), has been implicated in control of breathing. We hypothesized that leptin acts on LEPRb positive neurons in the NTS to increase ventilation and maintain upper airway patency during sleep in obese mice. We expressed designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) selectively in the LEPRb positive neurons of the NTS of Leprb-Cre-GFP mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and examined the effect of DREADD ligand, J60, on tongue muscle activity and breathing during sleep. J60 was a potent activator of LEPRb positive NTS neurons, but did not stimulate breathing or upper airway muscles during NREM and REM sleep. We conclude that, in DIO mice, the stimulating effects of leptin on breathing during sleep are independent of LEPRb signaling in the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus R. Amorim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (T.F.-C.); (H.P.); (C.F.)
- Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil;
| | - Olga Dergacheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (O.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Thomaz Fleury-Curado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (T.F.-C.); (H.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Huy Pho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (T.F.-C.); (H.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Carla Freire
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (T.F.-C.); (H.P.); (C.F.)
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (O.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Luiz G. S. Branco
- Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil;
| | - Vsevolod Y. Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (T.F.-C.); (H.P.); (C.F.)
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17
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Prabhakar NR, Peng YJ, Nanduri J. Hypoxia-inducible factors and obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5042-5051. [PMID: 32730232 DOI: 10.1172/jci137560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a hallmark manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a widespread disorder of breathing. This Review focuses on the role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cognitive decline in experimental models of IH patterned after O2 profiles seen in OSA. IH increases HIF-1α and decreases HIF-2α protein levels. Dysregulated HIFs increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) through HIF-1-dependent activation of pro-oxidant enzyme genes in addition to reduced transcription of antioxidant genes by HIF-2. ROS in turn activate chemoreflex and suppress baroreflex, thereby stimulating the sympathetic nervous system and causing hypertension. We also discuss how increased ROS generation by HIF-1 contributes to IH-induced insulin resistance and T2D as well as disrupted NMDA receptor signaling in the hippocampus, resulting in cognitive decline.
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18
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Keir DA, Duffin J, Floras JS. Measuring Peripheral Chemoreflex Hypersensitivity in Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2020; 11:595486. [PMID: 33447244 PMCID: PMC7802759 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.595486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) induces chronic sympathetic activation. This disturbance is a consequence of both compensatory reflex disinhibition in response to lower cardiac output and patient-specific activation of one or more excitatory stimuli. The result is the net adrenergic output that exceeds homeostatic need, which compromises cardiac, renal, and vascular function and foreshortens lifespan. One such sympatho-excitatory mechanism, evident in ~40-45% of those with HFrEF, is the augmentation of carotid (peripheral) chemoreflex ventilatory and sympathetic responsiveness to reductions in arterial oxygen tension and acidosis. Recognition of the contribution of increased chemoreflex gain to the pathophysiology of HFrEF and to patients' prognosis has focused attention on targeting the carotid body to attenuate sympathetic drive, alleviate heart failure symptoms, and prolong life. The current challenge is to identify those patients most likely to benefit from such interventions. Two assumptions underlying contemporary test protocols are that the ventilatory response to acute hypoxic exposure quantifies accurately peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and that the unmeasured sympathetic response mirrors the determined ventilatory response. This Perspective questions both assumptions, illustrates the limitations of conventional transient hypoxic tests for assessing peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and demonstrates how a modified rebreathing test capable of comprehensively quantifying both the ventilatory and sympathoneural efferent responses to peripheral chemoreflex perturbation, including their sensitivities and recruitment thresholds, can better identify individuals most likely to benefit from carotid body intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Keir
- University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - James Duffin
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Thornhill Research Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John S. Floras
- University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND ANTIHYPOXIC RESISTANCE STATE IN ELDER CORONARY HEART DISEASE PATIENTS. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2020.001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study. Evaluation of cardiorespiratory system and microcirculation state in elder CHD patients with different resistance against hypoxia.
Methods. The author has carried out a retrospective analysis of 103 CHD 60+-patients, their deaths have occurred due to cardiovascular events. Two patient groups have been formed including patients (68 persons) having kept their resistance to hypoxia (their blood SO2 level was never below 80 %) and patients (35 ones) with decreased resistance to hypoxia, their blood SO2 level having been dropped below 80 %.
Results: The life span of patients with decreased hypoxia resistance is lower comparing to ones having kept such resistance. The patients with decreased hypoxia resistance demonstrate decreased ejection fraction, increased mass of left ventricle myocardium as well as increased left ventricle volumes. Such patients show also significant increase of mean daily values of systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. Generally, the micro-circulation state in patients with decreased anti-hypoxic resistance is lower comparing to persons having kept this resistance. Simultaneously, the endothelial function of persons with decreased anti-hypoxic resistance is significantly worse. The pulmonary ventilation system patency and bronchial patency in these persons are also lowered comparing to these indices in patients with kept anti-hypoxic resistance.
Conclusions: The decrease of anti-hypoxic resistance leads to the shorter life span on elderly CHD patients. Such decreased resistance is accompanied by worsened potency of cardio-respiratory system, microcirculation, and endothelial system functioning.
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20
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Kim LJ, Polotsky VY. Carotid Body and Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5117. [PMID: 32698380 PMCID: PMC7404212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is responsible for the peripheral chemoreflex by sensing blood gases and pH. The CB also appears to act as a peripheral sensor of metabolites and hormones, regulating the metabolism. CB malfunction induces aberrant chemosensory responses that culminate in the tonic overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympatho-excitation evoked by CB may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, inducing systemic hypertension, insulin resistance and sleep-disordered breathing. Several molecular pathways are involved in the modulation of CB activity, and their pharmacological manipulation may lead to overall benefits for cardiometabolic diseases. In this review, we will discuss the role of the CB in the regulation of metabolism and in the pathogenesis of the metabolic dysfunction induced by CB overactivity. We will also explore the potential pharmacological targets in the CB for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise J. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
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21
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Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL, Souza GMPR, Abbott SBG, Brooks VL. Neuronal Networks in Hypertension: Recent Advances. Hypertension 2020; 76:300-311. [PMID: 32594802 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenic hypertension is associated with excessive sympathetic nerve activity to the kidneys and portions of the cardiovascular system. Here we examine the brain regions that cause heightened sympathetic nerve activity in animal models of neurogenic hypertension, and we discuss the triggers responsible for the changes in neuronal activity within these regions. We highlight the limitations of the evidence and, whenever possible, we briefly address the pertinence of the findings to human hypertension. The arterial baroreflex reduces arterial blood pressure variability and contributes to the arterial blood pressure set point. This set point can also be elevated by a newly described cerebral blood flow-dependent and astrocyte-mediated sympathetic reflex. Both reflexes converge on the presympathetic neurons of the rostral medulla oblongata, and both are plausible causes of neurogenic hypertension. Sensory afferent dysfunction (reduced baroreceptor activity, increased renal, or carotid body afferent) contributes to many forms of neurogenic hypertension. Neurogenic hypertension can also result from activation of brain nuclei or sensory afferents by excess circulating hormones (leptin, insulin, Ang II [angiotensin II]) or sodium. Leptin raises blood vessel sympathetic nerve activity by activating the carotid bodies and subsets of arcuate neurons. Ang II works in the lamina terminalis and probably throughout the brain stem and hypothalamus. Sodium is sensed primarily in the lamina terminalis. Regardless of its cause, the excess sympathetic nerve activity is mediated to some extent by activation of presympathetic neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Increased activity of the orexinergic neurons also contributes to hypertension in selected models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice G Guyenet
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (P.G.G., R.L.S., G.M.P.R.S., S.B.G.A.)
| | - Ruth L Stornetta
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (P.G.G., R.L.S., G.M.P.R.S., S.B.G.A.)
| | - George M P R Souza
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (P.G.G., R.L.S., G.M.P.R.S., S.B.G.A.)
| | - Stephen B G Abbott
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (P.G.G., R.L.S., G.M.P.R.S., S.B.G.A.)
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland (V.L.B.)
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22
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Bittencourt‐Silva PG, Menezes MF, Mendonça‐Junior BA, Karlen‐Amarante M, Zoccal DB. Postnatal intermittent hypoxia enhances phrenic and reduces vagal upper airway motor activities in rats by epigenetic mechanisms. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:148-159. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma G. Bittencourt‐Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pathology School of Dentistry of Araraquara São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Miguel Furtado Menezes
- Department of Physiology and Pathology School of Dentistry of Araraquara São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Bolival A. Mendonça‐Junior
- Department of Physiology and Pathology School of Dentistry of Araraquara São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Marlusa Karlen‐Amarante
- Department of Physiology and Pathology School of Dentistry of Araraquara São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Daniel B. Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology School of Dentistry of Araraquara São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
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23
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de Araújo EV, Carneiro dos Santos LA, Speretta GFF, Ferreira GDAH, de Luna Freire MO, de Santana DF, Carvalho‐Galvão A, Cruz JC, Costa-Silva JHD, Braga V, Brito Alves JL. Short‐ and long‐term effects of maternal dyslipidaemia on blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity in male rat offspring. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:27-37. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guilherme Fleury Fina Speretta
- Department of Physiological Sciences Biological Sciences Centre Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianopolis Brazil
| | | | | | - David Filipe de Santana
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences Federal University of Pernambuco Vitória de Santo Antão Brazil
| | - Alynne Carvalho‐Galvão
- Biotechnology Department Biotechnology Centre Federal University of Paraíba João Pessoa Brazil
| | - Josiane Campos Cruz
- Biotechnology Department Biotechnology Centre Federal University of Paraíba João Pessoa Brazil
| | - João Henrique da Costa-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences Federal University of Pernambuco Vitória de Santo Antão Brazil
| | - Valdir Braga
- Biotechnology Department Biotechnology Centre Federal University of Paraíba João Pessoa Brazil
| | - José Luiz Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition Health Sciences Centre Federal University of Paraíba João Pessoa Brazil
- Biotechnology Department Biotechnology Centre Federal University of Paraíba João Pessoa Brazil
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24
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Chen M, Pritchard C, Fortune D, Kodi P, Grados M. Hydrogen sulfide: a target to modulate oxidative stress and neuroplasticity for the treatment of pathological anxiety. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 20:109-121. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1668270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Diandra Fortune
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Priyadurga Kodi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco Grados
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Leake A, Salem K, Madigan MC, Lee GR, Shukla A, Hong G, Zuckerbraun BS, Tzeng E. Systemic vasoprotection by inhaled carbon monoxide is mediated through prolonged alterations in monocyte/macrophage function. Nitric Oxide 2019; 94:36-47. [PMID: 31593762 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is anti-inflammatory and protective in models of disease. Its actions in vitro are short-lived but are sustained in vivo. We hypothesize that systemic CO can mediate prolonged phenotype changes in vivo, with a focus on macrophages (Mφs). Mφs isolated from CO treated rats responded to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with increased IL6, IL10 and iNOS expression but decreased TNF. Conditioned media (CM) collected from peritoneal Mφs isolated from CO treated rats stimulated endothelial cell (EC) proliferation versus CM from Mφs from air treated rats. This effect was mediated by Mφ released VEGF and HMGB1. Inhaled CO reduced LPS induced Mφ M1 inflammatory phenotype for up to 5 days. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption in LPS treated Mφs from CO treated mice was preserved compared to LPS treated Mφs from control mice. Finally, transient reduction of inflammatory cells at the time of inhaled CO treatment eliminated the vasoprotective effect of CO in a rodent carotid injury model. Thus, inhaled CO induces a prolonged mixed phenotype change in Mφs, and potentially other inflammatory cells, that contribute to vasoprotection. These findings demonstrate the ability of inhaled CO to modify Mφs in a sustained manner to mediate its therapeutic actions, supporting the translational potential of inhaled CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leake
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karim Salem
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael C Madigan
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ghee Rye Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ankur Shukla
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guiying Hong
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brian S Zuckerbraun
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Edith Tzeng
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ghosh S, Roy B, Bandyopadhyay S. Formation or Cleavage of Rings via Sulfide-Mediated Reduction Offers Background-Free Detection of Sulfide. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12031-12039. [PMID: 31461274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A set of three highly selective probes for sulfide detection has been developed. Two novel mechanistic strategies for the detection, including (a) transformation of a pro-fluorophore into an active fluorophore and (b) destruction of a fused ring to activate a fluorophore, have been explored. The structural features of the probes including azido groups ("active" and "latent") and leaving groups (with or without being attached to the fluorophore) have been investigated. During the course of the mechanistic studies, the single-crystal structures of all the probes and the products were obtained. One of the probes proved to be superior in terms of its ability to detect sulfide in pure water via an in situ formation of a fluorophore from a nonfluorescent precursor. These cheap and easy-to-prepare probes offer practical applications of sulfide recognition in environmental water samples and in the ovaries of fruit flies. A detection and quantification method using one of these probes and analysis with a smartphone enabled nonspecialists to detect sulfide reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur , Nadia 741246 , India
| | - Biswajit Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur , Nadia 741246 , India
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur , Nadia 741246 , India
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de Araújo EV, Guimarães KSDL, Magnani M, Cruz JC, Vidal H, Braga VDA, de Brito Alves JL. Maternal dyslipidemia during pregnancy and lactation increases blood pressure and disrupts cardiorespiratory and glucose hemostasis in female rat offspring. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:925-936. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and metabolic disorders evidenced in adults who have been exposed to nutritional insults during early life may be sex-dependent. We evaluated if blood pressure (BP), cardiorespiratory control, and metabolic parameters are affected in female offspring (FO) from dams fed a dyslipidaemic diet during pregnancy and lactation. FO was obtained from dams who received control (CTL) or dyslipidaemic diets during pregnancy and lactation. The effects of a maternal dyslipidaemic diet on BP, cardiorespiratory control, and biochemical parameters were assessed at 30 and 90 days of age. The experimental protocol based on a dyslipidaemic diet intervention was effective in developing maternal dyslipidemia. At 30 days of age, the FO from dyslipidaemic dams displayed disordered respiratory pattern, enhanced ventilatory response to hypercapnia (P < 0.05), and increased serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides (P < 0.05) when compared with CTL female offspring. At 90 days of age, FO from dyslipidaemic dams had augmented BP (P < 0.05), exacerbated cardiorespiratory responses to hypercapnia (P < 0.05), enhanced pressor responses to peripheral chemoreflex activation (P < 0.05), impaired baroreflex (P < 0.05), and larger delta variations in arterial pressure after ganglionic blockade (P < 0.05). Furthermore, during oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests, FO from dyslipidaemic dams exhibited altered glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05) when compared with FO from CTL dams. Altered breathing linked to enhanced central and peripheral chemosensitivity, impaired baroreflex, and augmented sympathetic tone may be predisposing factors for increased BP and metabolic disorders in female offspring from dyslipidaemic dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Veríssimo de Araújo
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Josiane Campos Cruz
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN (Cardio, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Oullins, France
| | | | - José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
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29
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Wang H, Cade BE, Sofer T, Sands SA, Chen H, Browning SR, Stilp AM, Louie TL, Thornton TA, Johnson WC, Below JE, Conomos MP, Evans DS, Gharib SA, Guo X, Wood AC, Mei H, Yaffe K, Loredo JS, Ramos AR, Barrett-Connor E, Ancoli-Israel S, Zee PC, Arens R, Shah NA, Taylor KD, Tranah GJ, Stone KL, Hanis CL, Wilson JG, Gottlieb DJ, Patel SR, Rice K, Post WS, Rotter JI, Sunyaev SR, Cai J, Lin X, Purcell SM, Laurie CC, Saxena R, Redline S, Zhu X. Admixture mapping identifies novel loci for obstructive sleep apnea in Hispanic/Latino Americans. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:675-687. [PMID: 30403821 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Its prevalence and severity vary across ancestral background. Although OSA traits are heritable, few genetic associations have been identified. To identify genetic regions associated with OSA and improve statistical power, we applied admixture mapping on three primary OSA traits [the apnea hypopnea index (AHI), overnight average oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) and percentage time SaO2 < 90%] and a secondary trait (respiratory event duration) in a Hispanic/Latino American population study of 11 575 individuals with significant variation in ancestral background. Linear mixed models were performed using previously inferred African, European and Amerindian local genetic ancestry markers. Global African ancestry was associated with a lower AHI, higher SaO2 and shorter event duration. Admixture mapping analysis of the primary OSA traits identified local African ancestry at the chromosomal region 2q37 as genome-wide significantly associated with AHI (P < 5.7 × 10-5), and European and Amerindian ancestries at 18q21 suggestively associated with both AHI and percentage time SaO2 < 90% (P < 10-3). Follow-up joint ancestry-SNP association analyses identified novel variants in ferrochelatase (FECH), significantly associated with AHI and percentage time SaO2 < 90% after adjusting for multiple tests (P < 8 × 10-6). These signals contributed to the admixture mapping associations and were replicated in independent cohorts. In this first admixture mapping study of OSA, novel associations with variants in the iron/heme metabolism pathway suggest a role for iron in influencing respiratory traits underlying OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Wang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott A Sands
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Health, School of Public Health & School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sharon R Browning
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrienne M Stilp
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tin L Louie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - W Craig Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew P Conomos
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, UW Medicine Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alexis C Wood
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jose S Loredo
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alberto R Ramos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sonia Ancoli-Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Department of Neurology and Sleep Medicine Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raanan Arens
- The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Division of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Neomi A Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katie L Stone
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Daniel J Gottlieb
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjay R Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ken Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Shamil R Sunyaev
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cathy C Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Anesthesia, Pain, and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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30
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Keir DA, Duffin J, Millar PJ, Floras JS. Simultaneous assessment of central and peripheral chemoreflex regulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity and ventilation in healthy young men. J Physiol 2019; 597:3281-3296. [DOI: 10.1113/jp277691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Keir
- University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Division of CardiologyDepartment of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - James Duffin
- Departments of Anaesthesia and PhysiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Thornhill Research Inc. Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Philip J. Millar
- University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Division of CardiologyDepartment of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Human Health and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - John S. Floras
- University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Division of CardiologyDepartment of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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31
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Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL, Holloway BB, Souza GMPR, Abbott SBG. Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla and Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 72:559-566. [PMID: 30354763 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.10921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice G Guyenet
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ruth L Stornetta
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Benjamin B Holloway
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - George M P R Souza
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Stephen B G Abbott
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Camuzi D, de Amorim ÍSS, Ribeiro Pinto LF, Oliveira Trivilin L, Mencalha AL, Soares Lima SC. Regulation Is in the Air: The Relationship between Hypoxia and Epigenetics in Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040300. [PMID: 30939818 PMCID: PMC6523720 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an inherent condition of tumors and contributes to cancer development and progression. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the major transcription factors involved in response to low O2 levels, orchestrating the expression of hundreds of genes involved in cancer hallmarks’ acquisition and modulation of epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics refers to inheritable mechanisms responsible for regulating gene expression, including genes involved in the hypoxia response, without altering the sequence of DNA bases. The main epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and histone modifications. These mechanisms are highly influenced by cell microenvironment, such as O2 levels. The balance and interaction between these pathways is essential for homeostasis and is directly linked to cellular metabolism. Some of the major players in the regulation of HIFs, such as prolyl hydroxylases, DNA methylation regulators, and histone modifiers require oxygen as a substrate, or have metabolic intermediates as cofactors, whose levels are altered during hypoxia. Furthermore, during pathological hypoxia, HIFs’ targets as well as alterations in epigenetic patterns impact several pathways linked to tumorigenesis, such as proliferation and apoptosis, among other hallmarks. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between hypoxia and epigenetic mechanisms, and its crucial impact on the acquisition of cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Camuzi
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Ísis Salviano Soares de Amorim
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer (LABICAN), Departamento de Biofisica e Biometria (DBB), Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes (IBRAG), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro CEP 20511-010, Brazil.
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Trivilin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Espírito Santo CEP 29500-000, Brazil.
| | - André Luiz Mencalha
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer (LABICAN), Departamento de Biofisica e Biometria (DBB), Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes (IBRAG), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro CEP 20511-010, Brazil.
| | - Sheila Coelho Soares Lima
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20231-050, Brazil.
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Törpel A, Peter B, Hamacher D, Schega L. Dose-response relationship of intermittent normobaric hypoxia to stimulate erythropoietin in the context of health promotion in young and old people. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1065-1074. [PMID: 30756167 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Erythropoietin (EPO) has multifactorial positive effects on health and can be increased by intermittent normobaric hypoxia (IH). Recommendations about the intensity and duration of IH to increase EPO exist, but only for young people. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the dose-response relationship regarding the duration of hypoxia until an EPO expression and the amount of EPO expression in old vs. young cohorts. METHODS 56 young and 67 old people were assigned to two separate investigations with identical study designs (3-h hypoxic exposure) but with different approaches to adjust the intensity of hypoxia: (i) the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) was 13.5%; (ii) the FiO2 was individually adjusted to an oxygen saturation of the blood of 80%. Age groups were randomly assigned to a hypoxia or control group (normoxic exposure). EPO was assessed before, during (90 and 180 min), and 30 min after the hypoxia. RESULTS EPO increased significantly after 180 min in both cohorts and in both investigations [old: (i) + 16%, p = 0.007 and (ii) + 14%, p < 0.001; young: (i) + 27%, p < 0.001 and (ii) + 45%, p = 0.007]. In investigation (i), EPO expression was significantly higher in young than in old people after 180 min of hypoxic exposure (p = 0.024) and 30 min afterwards (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The results indicate that after a normobaric hypoxia of 180 min, EPO increases significantly in both age cohorts. The amount of EPO expression is significantly higher in young people during the same internal intensity of hypoxia than in old people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Törpel
- Institute III: Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Beate Peter
- Institute III: Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Institute III: Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Institute III: Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
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Fields DP, Roberts BM, Simon AK, Judge AR, Fuller DD, Mitchell GS. Cancer cachexia impairs neural respiratory drive in hypoxia but not hypercapnia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:63-72. [PMID: 30362273 PMCID: PMC6438337 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is an insidious process characterized by muscle atrophy with associated motor deficits, including diaphragm weakness and respiratory insufficiency. Although neuropathology contributes to muscle wasting and motor deficits in many clinical disorders, neural involvement in cachexia-linked respiratory insufficiency has not been explored. METHODS We first used whole-body plethysmography to assess ventilatory responses to hypoxic and hypercapnic chemoreflex activation in mice inoculated with the C26 colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Mice were exposed to a sequence of inspired gas mixtures consisting of (i) air, (ii) hypoxia (11% O2 ) with normocapnia, (iii) hypercapnia (7% CO2 ) with normoxia, and (iv) combined hypercapnia with hypoxia (i.e. maximal chemoreflex response). We also tested the respiratory neural network directly by recording inspiratory burst output from ligated phrenic nerves, thereby bypassing influences from changes in diaphragm muscle strength, respiratory mechanics, or compensation through recruitment of accessory motor pools. RESULTS Cachectic mice demonstrated a significant attenuation of the hypoxic tidal volume (0.26mL±0.01mL vs 0.30mL±0.01mL; p<0.05), breathing frequency (317±10bpm vs 344±6bpm; p<0.05) and phrenic nerve (29.5±2.6% vs 78.8±11.8%; p<0.05) responses. On the other hand, the much larger hypercapnic tidal volume (0.46±0.01mL vs 0.46±0.01mL; p>0.05), breathing frequency (392±5bpm vs 408±5bpm; p>0.05) and phrenic nerve (93.1±8.8% vs 111.1±13.2%; p>0.05) responses were not affected. Further, the concurrent hypercapnia/hypoxia tidal volume (0.45±0.01mL vs 0.45±0.01mL; p>0.05), breathing frequency (395±7bpm vs 400±3bpm; p>0.05), and phrenic nerve (106.8±7.1% vs 147.5±38.8%; p>0.05) responses were not different between C26 cachectic and control mice. CONCLUSIONS Breathing deficits associated with cancer cachexia are specific to the hypoxic ventilatory response and, thus, reflect disruptions in the hypoxic chemoafferent neural network. Diagnostic techniques that detect decompensation and therapeutic approaches that support the failing hypoxic respiratory response may benefit patients at risk for cancer cachectic-associated respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl P Fields
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brandon M Roberts
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alec K Simon
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew R Judge
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David D Fuller
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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35
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Schultz HD. Epigenetic influences on carotid body function: a new snag in the road to treating sleep apnoea. J Physiol 2018; 595:629-630. [PMID: 28145012 DOI: 10.1113/jp273289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harold D Schultz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Prabhakar NR, Peng YJ, Nanduri J. Recent advances in understanding the physiology of hypoxic sensing by the carotid body. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30631432 PMCID: PMC6284772 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16247.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia resulting from reduced oxygen (O
2) levels in the arterial blood is sensed by the carotid body (CB) and triggers reflex stimulation of breathing and blood pressure to maintain homeostasis. Studies in the past five years provided novel insights into the roles of heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), a carbon monoxide (CO)-producing enzyme, and NADH dehydrogenase Fe-S protein 2, a subunit of the mitochondrial complex I, in hypoxic sensing by the CB. HO-2 is expressed in type I cells, the primary O2-sensing cells of the CB, and binds to O
2 with low affinity. O
2-dependent CO production from HO-2 mediates hypoxic response of the CB by regulating H
2S generation. Mice lacking NDUFS2 show that complex I-generated reactive oxygen species acting on K
+ channels confer type I cell response to hypoxia. Whether these signaling pathways operate synergistically or independently remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Caballero-Eraso C, Shin MK, Pho H, Kim LJ, Pichard LE, Wu ZJ, Gu C, Berger S, Pham L, Yeung HYB, Shirahata M, Schwartz AR, Tang WYW, Sham JSK, Polotsky VY. Leptin acts in the carotid bodies to increase minute ventilation during wakefulness and sleep and augment the hypoxic ventilatory response. J Physiol 2018; 597:151-172. [PMID: 30285278 DOI: 10.1113/jp276900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Leptin is a potent respiratory stimulant. A long functional isoform of leptin receptor, LepRb , was detected in the carotid body (CB), a key peripheral hypoxia sensor. However, the effect of leptin on minute ventilation (VE ) and the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) has not been sufficiently studied. We report that LepRb is present in approximately 74% of the CB glomus cells. Leptin increased carotid sinus nerve activity at baseline and in response to hypoxia in vivo. Subcutaneous infusion of leptin increased VE and HVR in C57BL/6J mice and this effect was abolished by CB denervation. Expression of LepRb in the carotid bodies of LepRb deficient obese db/db mice increased VE during wakefulness and sleep and augmented the HVR. We conclude that leptin acts on LepRb in the CBs to stimulate breathing and HVR, which may protect against sleep disordered breathing in obesity. ABSTRACT Leptin is a potent respiratory stimulant. The carotid bodies (CB) express the long functional isoform of leptin receptor, LepRb , but the role of leptin in CB has not been fully elucidated. The objectives of the current study were (1) to examine the effect of subcutaneous leptin infusion on minute ventilation (VE ) and the hypoxic ventilatory response to 10% O2 (HVR) in C57BL/6J mice before and after CB denervation; (2) to express LepRb in CB of LepRb -deficient obese db/db mice and examine its effects on breathing during sleep and wakefulness and on HVR. We found that leptin enhanced carotid sinus nerve activity at baseline and in response to 10% O2 in vivo. In C57BL/6J mice, leptin increased VE from 1.1 to 1.5 mL/min/g during normoxia (P < 0.01) and from 3.6 to 4.7 mL/min/g during hypoxia (P < 0.001), augmenting HVR from 0.23 to 0.31 mL/min/g/Δ F I O 2 (P < 0.001). The effects of leptin on VE and HVR were abolished by CB denervation. In db/db mice, LepRb expression in CB increased VE from 1.1 to 1.3 mL/min/g during normoxia (P < 0.05) and from 2.8 to 3.2 mL/min/g during hypoxia (P < 0.02), increasing HVR. Compared to control db/db mice, LepRb transfected mice showed significantly higher VE throughout non-rapid eye movement (20.1 vs. -27.7 mL/min respectively, P < 0.05) and rapid eye movement sleep (16.5 vs 23.4 mL/min, P < 0.05). We conclude that leptin acts in CB to augment VE and HVR, which may protect against sleep disordered breathing in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Caballero-Eraso
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mi-Kyung Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huy Pho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lenise J Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis E Pichard
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhi-Juan Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chenjuan Gu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Slava Berger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luu Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ho-Yee Bonnie Yeung
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Machiko Shirahata
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan R Schwartz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wan-Yee Winnie Tang
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James S K Sham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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38
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Nogueira V, Brito-Alves J, Fontes D, Oliveira L, Lucca W, Tourneur Y, Wanderley A, da Silva GSF, Leandro C, Costa-Silva JH. Carotid body removal normalizes arterial blood pressure and respiratory frequency in offspring of protein-restricted mothers. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:1000-1012. [PMID: 30242293 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects elicited by carotid body removal (CBR) on ventilatory function and the development of hypertension in the offspring of malnourished rats. Wistar rats were fed a normo-protein (NP, 17% casein) or low-protein (LP, 8% casein) diet during pregnancy and lactation. At 29 days of age, the animals were submitted to CBR or a sham surgery, according to the following groups: NP-cbr, LP-cbr, NP-sham, or LP-sham. In the short-term, at 30 days of age, the respiratory frequency (RF) and immunoreactivity for Fos on the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN; brainstem site containing CO2 sensitive neurons) after exposure to CO2 were evaluated. In the long term, at 90 days of age, arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR), and cardiovascular variability were evaluated. In the short term, an increase in the baseline RF (~6%), response to CO2 (~8%), and Fos in the RTN (~27%) occurred in the LP-sham group compared with the NP-sham group. Interestingly, the CBR in the LP group normalized the RF in response to CO2 as well as RTN cell activation. In the long term, CBR reduced the mean AP by ~20 mmHg in malnourished rats. The normalization of the arterial pressure was associated with a decrease in the low-frequency (LF) oscillatory component of AP (~58%) and in the sympathetic tonus to the cardiovascular system (~29%). In conclusion, carotid body inputs in malnourished offspring may be responsible for the following: (i) enhanced respiratory frequency and CO2 chemosensitivity in early life and (ii) the production of autonomic imbalance and the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Nogueira
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Jose Brito-Alves
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Danilo Fontes
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Larissa Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, SE, Brazil
| | - Waldecy Lucca
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, SE, Brazil
| | - Yves Tourneur
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Almir Wanderley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Glauber S F da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carol Leandro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Costa-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.
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39
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Rashidova AM. Effect of Pre-/ Postnatal Hypoxia on Pyruvate Kinase in Rat Brain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2018. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.450963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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40
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Ramirez JM, Severs LJ, Ramirez SC, Agosto‐Marlin IM. Advances in cellular and integrative control of oxygen homeostasis within the central nervous system. J Physiol 2018; 596:3043-3065. [PMID: 29742297 PMCID: PMC6068258 DOI: 10.1113/jp275890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals must continuously regulate the levels of O2 and CO2 , which is particularly important for the brain. Failure to maintain adequate O2 /CO2 homeostasis has been associated with numerous disorders including sleep apnoea, Rett syndrome and sudden infant death syndrome. But, O2 /CO2 homeostasis poses major regulatory challenges, even in the healthy brain. Neuronal activities change in a differentiated, spatially and temporally complex manner, which is reflected in equally complex changes in O2 demand. This raises important questions: is oxygen sensing an emergent property, locally generated within all active neuronal networks, and/or the property of specialized O2 -sensitive CNS regions? Increasing evidence suggests that the regulation of the brain's redox state involves properties that are intrinsic to many networks, but that specialized regions in the brainstem orchestrate the integrated control of respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Although the levels of O2 in arterial blood and the CNS are very different, neuro-glial interactions and purinergic signalling are critical for both peripheral and CNS chemosensation. Indeed, the specificity of neuroglial interactions seems to determine the differential responses to O2 , CO2 and the changes in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain ResearchSeattle Children's Research InstituteDepartment of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Liza J. Severs
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Sanja C. Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain ResearchSeattle Children's Research InstituteDepartment of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Ibis M. Agosto‐Marlin
- Center for Integrative Brain ResearchSeattle Children's Research InstituteDepartment of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
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41
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Cabrera-Aguilera I, Rizo-Roca D, Marques EA, Santocildes G, Pagès T, Viscor G, Ascensão AA, Magalhães J, Torrella JR. Additive Effects of Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia and Endurance Training on Bodyweight, Food Intake, and Oxygen Consumption in Rats. High Alt Med Biol 2018; 19:278-285. [PMID: 29957064 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabrera-Aguilera, Ignacio, David Rizo-Roca, Elisa A. Marques, Garoa Santocildes, Teresa Pagès, Gines Viscor, António A. Ascensão, José Magalhães, and Joan Ramon Torrella. Additive effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and endurance training on bodyweight, food intake, and oxygen consumption in rats. High Alt Med Biol. 19:278-285, 2018.-We used an animal model to elucidate the effects of an intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) and endurance exercise training (EET) protocol on bodyweight (BW), food and water intake, and oxygen consumption. Twenty-eight young adult male rats were divided into four groups: normoxic sedentary (NS), normoxic exercised (NE), hypoxic sedentary (HS), and hypoxic exercised (HE). Normoxic groups were maintained at an atmospheric pressure equivalent to sea level, whereas the IHH protocol consisted of 5 hours per day for 33 days at a simulated altitude of 6000 m. Exercised groups ran in normobaric conditions on a treadmill for 1 hour/day for 5 weeks at a speed of 25 m/min. At the end of the protocol, both hypoxic groups showed significant decreases in BW from the ninth day of exposure, reaching final 10% (HS) to 14.5% (HE) differences when compared with NS. NE rats also showed a significant weight reduction after the 19th day, with a decrease of 7.4%. The BW of hypoxic animals was related to significant hypophagia elicited by IHH exposure (from 8% to 12%). In contrast, EET had no effect on food ingestion. Total water intake was not affected by hypoxia but was significantly increased by exercise. An analysis of oxygen consumption at rest (mL O2/[kg·min]) revealed two findings: a significant decrease in both hypoxic groups after the protocol (HS, 21.7 ± 0.70 vs. 19.1 ± 0.78 and HE, 22.8 ± 0.80 vs. 17.1 ± 0.90) and a significant difference at the end of the protocol between NE (21.3 ± 0.77) and HE (17.1 ± 0.90). These results demonstrate that IHH and EET had an additive effect on BW loss, providing evidence that rats underwent a metabolic adaptation through a reduction in oxygen consumption measured under normoxic conditions. These data suggest that the combination of IHH and EET could serve as an alternative treatment for the management of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cabrera-Aguilera
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Rizo-Roca
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain .,2 LaMetEx-Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação em Atividade Física e Lazer (CIAFEL), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisa A Marques
- 3 Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano (CIDESD), Instituto Universitário da Maia (ISMAI) , Maia, Portugal
| | - Garoa Santocildes
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pagès
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gines Viscor
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - António A Ascensão
- 2 LaMetEx-Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação em Atividade Física e Lazer (CIAFEL), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- 2 LaMetEx-Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação em Atividade Física e Lazer (CIAFEL), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Ebersole JL, Novak MJ, Orraca L, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Kirakodu S, Chen KC, Stromberg A, Gonzalez OA. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, HIF1A and HIF2A, increase in aging mucosal tissues. Immunology 2018; 154:452-464. [PMID: 29338076 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia (i.e. oxygen deprivation) activates the hypoxia-signalling pathway, primarily via hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF) for numerous target genes, which mediate angiogenesis, metabolism and coagulation, among other processes to try to replenish tissues with blood and oxygen. Hypoxia signalling dysregulation also commonly occurs during chronic inflammation. We sampled gingival tissues from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta; 3-25 years old) and total RNA was isolated for microarray analysis. HIF1A, HIF1B and HIF2A were significantly different in healthy aged tissues, and both HIF1A and HIF3A were positively correlated with aging. Beyond these transcription factor alterations, analysis of patterns of gene expression involved in hypoxic changes in tissues showed specific increases in metabolic pathway hypoxia-inducible genes, whereas angiogenesis pathway gene changes were more variable in healthy aging tissues across the animals. With periodontitis, aging tissues showed decreases in metabolic gene expression related to carbohydrate/lipid utilization (GBE1, PGAP1, TPI1), energy metabolism and cell cycle regulation (IER3, CCNG2, PER1), with up-regulation of transcription genes and cellular proliferation genes (FOS, EGR1, MET, JMJD6) that are hypoxia-inducible. The potential clinical implications of these results are related to the epidemiological findings of increased susceptibility and expression of periodontitis with aging. More specifically the findings describe that hypoxic stress may exist in aging gingival tissues before documentation of clinical changes of periodontitis and, so, may provide an explanatory molecular risk factor for an elevated capacity of the tissues to express destructive processes in response to changes in the microbial biofilms characteristic of a more pathogenic microbial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael John Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dentistry, University of Puerto Rico, Sabana Seca, PR, USA
| | | | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kuey C Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Arnold Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Zajączkowski S, Ziółkowski W, Badtke P, Zajączkowski MA, Flis DJ, Figarski A, Smolińska-Bylańska M, Wierzba TH. Promising effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition by allopurinol on autonomic heart regulation estimated by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in rats exposed to hypoxia and hyperoxia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192781. [PMID: 29432445 PMCID: PMC5809044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has long been suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in oxygen sensing via peripheral chemoreceptors, which would imply their involvement in chemoreflex activation and autonomic regulation of heart rate. We hypothesize that antioxidant affect neurogenic cardiovascular regulation through activation of chemoreflex which results in increased control of sympathetic mechanism regulating heart rhythm. Activity of xanthine oxidase (XO), which is among the major endogenous sources of ROS in the rat has been shown to increase during hypoxia promote oxidative stress. However, the mechanism of how XO inhibition affects neurogenic regulation of heart rhythm is still unclear. Aim The study aimed to evaluate effects of allopurinol-driven inhibition of XO on autonomic heart regulation in rats exposed to hypoxia followed by hyperoxia, using heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Material and methods 16 conscious male Wistar rats (350 g): control-untreated (N = 8) and pretreated with Allopurinol-XO inhibitor (5 mg/kg, followed by 50 mg/kg), administered intraperitoneally (N = 8), were exposed to controlled hypobaric hypoxia (1h) in order to activate chemoreflex. The treatment was followed by 1h hyperoxia (chemoreflex suppression). Time-series of 1024 RR-intervals were extracted from 4kHz ECG recording for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in order to calculate the following time-domain parameters: mean RR interval (RRi), SDNN (standard deviation of all normal NN intervals), rMSSD (square root of the mean of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals), frequency-domain parameters (FFT method): TSP (total spectral power) as well as low and high frequency band powers (LF and HF). At the end of experiment we used rat plasma to evaluate enzymatic activity of XO and markers of oxidative stress: protein carbonyl group and 8-isoprostane concentrations. Enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measures in erythrocyte lysates. Results Allopurinol reduced oxidative stress which was the result of hypoxia/hyperoxia, as shown by decreased 8-isoprostane plasma concentration. XO inhibition did not markedly influence HRV parameters in standard normoxia. However, during hypoxia, as well as hyperoxia, allopurinol administration resulted in a significant increase of autonomic control upon the heart as shown by increased SDNN and TSP, with an increased vagal contribution (increased rMSSD and HF), whereas sympathovagal indexes (LF/HF, SDNN/rMSSD) remained unchanged. Conclusions Observed regulatory effects of XO inhibition did not confirm preliminary hypothesis which suggested that an antioxidant such as allopurinol might activate chemoreflex resulting in augmented sympathetic discharge to the heart. The HRV regulatory profile of XO inhibition observed during hypoxia as well as post-hypoxic hyperoxia corresponds to reported reduced risk of sudden cardiovascular events. Therefore our data provide a new argument for therapeutical use of allopurinol in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wiesław Ziółkowski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Badtke
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Damian J. Flis
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adam Figarski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz H. Wierzba
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail:
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44
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Prabhakar NR. Carotid body chemoreflex: a driver of autonomic abnormalities in sleep apnoea. Exp Physiol 2018; 101:975-85. [PMID: 27474260 DOI: 10.1113/ep085624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
What is the topic of this review? This article presents emerging evidence for heightened carotid body chemoreflex activity as a major driver of sympathetic activation and hypertension in sleep apnoea patients. What advances does it heighlight? This article discusses the recent advances on cellular, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the exaggerated chemoreflex in experimental models of sleep apnoea. The carotid bodies are the principal peripheral chemoreceptors for detecting changes in arterial blood oxygen concentration, and the resulting chemoreflex is a potent regulator of the sympathetic tone, blood pressure and breathing. Sleep apnoea is a disease of the respiratory system that affects several million adult humans. Apnoeas occur during sleep, often as a result of obstruction of the upper airway (obstructive sleep apnoea) or because of defective respiratory rhythm generation by the CNS (central sleep apnoea). Patients with sleep apnoea exhibit several co-morbidities, with the most notable among them being heightened sympathetic nerve activity and hypertension. Emerging evidence suggests that intermittent hypoxia resulting from periodic apnoea stimulates the carotid body, and the ensuing chemoreflex mediates the increased sympathetic tone and hypertension in sleep apnoea patients. Rodent models of intermittent hypoxia that simulate the O2 saturation profiles encountered during sleep apnoea have provided important insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the heightened carotid body chemoreflex. This article describes how intermittent hypoxia affects the carotid body function and discusses the cellular, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the exaggerated chemoreflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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45
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Yao Y, Delgado-Rivera L, Samareh Afsari H, Yin L, Thatcher GRJ, Moore TW, Miller LW. Time-Gated Luminescence Detection of Enzymatically Produced Hydrogen Sulfide: Design, Synthesis, and Application of a Lanthanide-Based Probe. Inorg Chem 2017; 57:681-688. [PMID: 29281273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now recognized as an important gaseous transmitter that is involved in a variety of biological processes. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a luminescent lanthanide biosensor for H2S, LP2-Cu(II)-Ln(III), a heterobinuclear metal complex that uses Cu(II) decomplexation to control millisecond-scale-lifetime-Tb(III)- or Eu(III)-emission intensity. LP2-Cu(II)-Ln(III) responded rapidly, selectively, and with high sensitivity to aqueous H2S. The probe's potential for biological applications was verified by measuring the H2S generated by the slow-releasing chemical-sulfide-donor GYY4147, by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and by Na2S-stimulated HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 W. Taylor Street, MC 111, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Loruhama Delgado-Rivera
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Hamid Samareh Afsari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 W. Taylor Street, MC 111, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Liang Yin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Lawrence W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 W. Taylor Street, MC 111, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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de Brito Alves JL, Costa-Silva JH. Maternal protein malnutrition induced-hypertension: New evidence about the autonomic and respiratory dysfunctions and epigenetic mechanisms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:422-429. [PMID: 29164748 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal protein malnutrition during the critical stages of development (pregnancy, lactation and first infancy) can lead to adult hypertension. Studies have shown that renal and cardiovascular dysfunctions can be associated to the development of hypertension in humans and rats exposed to maternal protein malnutrition. The etiology of hypertension, however, includes a complex network involved in central and peripheral blood pressure control. Recently, the hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system in protein-restricted rats has been reported. Studies have shown that protein malnutrition during pregnancy and/or lactation alters blood pressure control through mechanisms that include central sympathetic-respiratory dysfunctions and epigenetic modifications, which may contribute to adult hypertension. Thus, this review will discuss the historical context, new evidences of neurogenic disruption in respiratory-sympathetic activities and possible epigenetic mechanisms involved in maternal protein malnutrition induced- hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Costa-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil
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Effect of maternal dyslipidaemia on the cardiorespiratory physiology and biochemical parameters in male rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:930-941. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study evaluated the effects of maternal dyslipidaemia on blood pressure (BP), cardiorespiratory physiology and biochemical parameters in male offspring. Wistar rat dams were fed either a control (CTL) or a dyslipidaemic (DLP) diet during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, both CTL and DLP offspring received standard diet. On the 30th and 90th day of life, blood samples were collected for metabolic analyses. Direct measurements of BP, respiratory frequency (RF), tidal volume (VT) and ventilation (VE) under baseline condition, as well as during hypercapnia (7 % CO2) and hypoxia (KCN, 0·04 %), were recorded from awake 90-d-old male offspring. DLP dams exhibited raised serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (4·0-fold), TAG (2·0-fold), VLDL+LDL (7·7-fold) and reduced HDL-cholesterol (2·4-fold), insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis at the end of lactation. At 30 d of age, the DLP offspring showed an increase in the serum levels of TC (P<0·05) and VLDL+LDL (P<0·05) in comparison with CTL offspring. At 90 d of age, DLP offspring exhibited higher mean arterial pressure (MAP, approximately 34 %). In the spectral analysis, the DLP group showed augmented low-frequency (LF) power and LF:high-frequency (HF) ratio when compared with CTL offspring. In addition, the DLP animals showed a larger delta variation in arterial pressure after administration of the ganglionic blocker (P=0·0003). We also found that cardiorespiratory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia was augmented in DLP offspring. In conclusion, the present data show that maternal dyslipidaemia alters cardiorespiratory physiology and may be a predisposing factor for hypertension at adulthood.
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Avellanas Chavala ML. A journey between high altitude hypoxia and critical patient hypoxia: What can it teach us about compression and the management of critical disease? Med Intensiva 2017; 42:380-390. [PMID: 28919307 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
High altitude sickness (hypobaric hypoxia) is a form of cellular hypoxia similar to that suffered by critically ill patients. The study of mountaineers exposed to extreme hypoxia offers the advantage of involving a relatively homogeneous and healthy population compared to those typically found in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), which are heterogeneous and generally less healthy. Knowledge of altitude physiology and pathology allows us to understanding how hypoxia affects critical patients. Comparable changes in mitochondrial biogenesis between both groups may reflect similar adaptive responses and suggest therapeutic interventions based on the protection or stimulation of such mitochondrial biogenesis. Predominance of the homozygous insertion (II) allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is present in both individuals who perform successful ascensions without oxygen above 8000 m and in critical patients who overcome certain disease conditions.
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Zhou T, Matsunami H. Lessons from single-cell transcriptome analysis of oxygen-sensing cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 372:403-415. [PMID: 28887696 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The advent of single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology has enabled transcriptome profiling of individual cells. Comprehensive gene expression analysis at the single-cell level has proven to be effective in characterizing the most fundamental aspects of cellular function and identity. This unbiased approach is revolutionary for small and/or heterogeneous tissues like oxygen-sensing cells in identifying key molecules. Here, we review the major methods of current single-cell RNA-Seq technology. We discuss how this technology has advanced the understanding of oxygen-sensing glomus cells in the carotid body and helped uncover novel oxygen-sensing cells and mechanisms in the mice olfactory system. We conclude by providing our perspective on future single-cell RNA-Seq research directed at oxygen-sensing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 261 CARL Building, Box 3509, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 261 CARL Building, Box 3509, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Intra-individual variability in cerebrovascular and respiratory chemosensitivity: Can we characterize a chemoreflex “reactivity profile”? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 242:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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