1
|
Raboni S, Fumagalli F, Ceccone G, La Spina R, Ponti J, Mehn D, Guerrini G, Bettati S, Mozzarelli A, D'Acunto M, Presciuttini G, Cristallini C, Gabellieri E, Cioni P. Conjugation to gold nanoparticles of methionine gamma-lyase, a cancer-starving enzyme. Physicochemical characterization of the nanocomplex for prospective nanomedicine applications. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123882. [PMID: 38342324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The pyridoxal 5'-dependent enzyme methionine γ-lyase (MGL) catalyzes the degradation of methionine. This activity has been profitable to develop an antitumor agent exploiting the strict dependence of most malignant cells on the availability of methionine. Indeed, methionine depletion blocks tumor proliferation and leads to an increased susceptibility to anticancer drugs. Here, we explore the conjugation of MGL to gold nanoparticles capped with citrate (AuNPs) as a novel strategy to deliver MGL to cancer cells. Measurements of Transmission Electron Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Circular Dichroism allowed to achieve an extensive biophysical and biochemical characterization of the MGL-AuNP complex including particle size, size distribution, MGL loading yield, enzymatic activity, and impact of gold surface on protein structure. Noticeably, we found that activity retention was improved over time for the enzyme adsorbed to AuNPs with respect to the enzyme free in solution. The acquired body of knowledge on the nanocomplex properties and this encouraging stabilizing effect upon conjugation are the necessary basis for further studies aimed at the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of MGL-AuNP complex in a biological milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Raboni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, IBF Pisa - CNR, via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fumagalli
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Rita La Spina
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Jessica Ponti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Giuditta Guerrini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Institute of Biophysics, IBF Pisa - CNR, via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Institute of Biophysics, IBF Pisa - CNR, via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mario D'Acunto
- Institute of Biophysics, IBF Pisa - CNR, via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Caterina Cristallini
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, IPCF Pisa - CNR, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Edi Gabellieri
- Institute of Biophysics, IBF Pisa - CNR, via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Cioni
- Institute of Biophysics, IBF Pisa - CNR, via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jackman MJ, Li W, Smith A, Workman D, Treacher KE, Corrigan A, Abdulrazzaq F, Sonzini S, Nazir Z, Lawrence MJ, Mahmoudi N, Cant D, Counsell J, Cairns J, Ferguson D, Lenz E, Baquain S, Madla CM, van Pelt S, Moss J, Peter A, Puri S, Ashford M, Mazza M. Impact of the physical-chemical properties of poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) polymeric nanoparticles on biodistribution. J Control Release 2024; 365:491-506. [PMID: 38030083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) formulations are inherently polydisperse making their structural characterization and justification of specifications complex. It is essential, however, to gain an understanding of the physico-chemical properties that drive performance in vivo. To elucidate these properties, drug-containing poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block polymeric NP formulations (or PNPs) were sub-divided into discrete size fractions and analyzed using a combination of advanced techniques, namely cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, and hard-energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Together, these techniques revealed a uniquely detailed picture of PNP size, surface structure, internal molecular architecture and the preferred site(s) of incorporation of the hydrophobic drug, AZD5991, properties which cannot be accessed via conventional characterization methodologies. Within the PNP size distribution, it was shown that the smallest PNPs contained significantly less drug than their larger sized counterparts, reducing overall drug loading, while PNP molecular architecture was critical in understanding the nature of in vitro drug release. The effect of PNP size and structure on drug biodistribution was determined by administrating selected PNP size fractions to mice, with the smaller sized NP fractions increasing the total drug-plasma concentration area under the curve and reducing drug concentrations in liver and spleen, due to greater avoidance of the reticuloendothelial system. In contrast, administration of unfractionated PNPs, containing a large population of NPs with extremely low drug load, did not significantly impact the drug's pharmacokinetic behavior - a significant result for nanomedicine development where a uniform formulation is usually an important driver. We also demonstrate how, in this study, it is not practicable to validate the bioanalytical methodology for drug released in vivo due to the NP formulation properties, a process which is applicable for most small molecule-releasing nanomedicines. In conclusion, this work details a strategy for determining the effect of formulation variability on in vivo performance, thereby informing the translation of PNPs, and other NPs, from the laboratory to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Jackman
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Weimin Li
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aaron Smith
- DMPK, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Workman
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin E Treacher
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Adam Corrigan
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fadi Abdulrazzaq
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Sonzini
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zahid Nazir
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - M Jayne Lawrence
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry and the North West Centre for Advanced Drug Delivery (NoWCADD), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Najet Mahmoudi
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - David Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Cairns
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Doug Ferguson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Early Oncology Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Eva Lenz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saif Baquain
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine M Madla
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sally van Pelt
- Business, Planning & Operations, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Moss
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison Peter
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanyogitta Puri
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marianne Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Mariarosa Mazza
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cant DJH, Pei Y, Shchukarev A, Ramstedt M, Marques SS, Segundo MA, Parot J, Molska A, Borgos SE, Shard AG, Minelli C. Cryo-XPS for Surface Characterization of Nanomedicines. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8220-8227. [PMID: 37733882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles used for medical applications commonly possess coatings or surface functionalities intended to provide specific behavior in vivo, for example, the use of PEG to provide stealth properties. Direct, quantitative measurement of the surface chemistry and composition of such systems in a hydrated environment has thus far not been demonstrated, yet such measurements are of great importance for the development of nanomedicine systems. Here we demonstrate the first use of cryo-XPS for the measurement of two PEG-functionalized nanomedicines: a polymeric drug delivery system and a lipid nanoparticle mRNA carrier. The observed differences between cryo-XPS and standard XPS measurements indicate the potential of cryo-XPS for providing quantitative measurements of such nanoparticle systems in hydrated conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J H Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Yiwen Pei
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | | | - Sara S Marques
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jeremie Parot
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alicja Molska
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sven E Borgos
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Caterina Minelli
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Handali PR, Webb LJ. Gold Nanoparticles Are an Immobilization Platform for Active and Stable Acetylcholinesterase: Demonstration of a General Surface Protein Functionalization Strategy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:209-217. [PMID: 36508683 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immobilizing enzymes onto abiological surfaces is a key step for developing protein-based technologies that can be useful for applications such as biosensors and biofuel cells. A central impediment for the advancement of this effort is a lack of generalizable strategies for functionalizing surfaces with proteins in ways that prevent unfolding, aggregation, and uncontrolled binding, requiring surface chemistries to be developed for each surface-enzyme pair of interest. In this work, we demonstrate a significant advancement toward addressing this problem using a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) as an initial scaffold for the chemical bonding of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), forming the conjugate AuNP-AChE. This can then be placed onto chemically and structurally distinct surfaces (e.g., metals, semiconductors, plastics, etc.), thereby bypassing the need to develop surface functionalization strategies for every substrate or condition of interest. Carbodiimide crosslinker chemistry was used to bind surface lysine residues in AChE to AuNPs functionalized with ligands containing carboxylic acid tails. Using amino acid analysis, we found that on average, 3.3 ± 0.1 AChE proteins were bound per 5.22 ± 1.25 nm AuNP. We used circular dichroism spectroscopy to measure the structure of the bound protein and determined that it remained essentially unchanged after binding. Finally, we performed Michaelis-Menten kinetics to determine that the enzyme retained 18.2 ± 2.0% of its activity and maintained that activity over a period of at least three weeks after conjugation to AuNPs. We hypothesize that structural changes to the peripheral active site of AChE are responsible for the differences in activity of bound AChE and unbound AChE. This work is a proof-of-concept demonstration of a generalizable method for placing proteins onto chemically and structurally diverse substrates and materials without the need for surface functionalization strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Handali
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Lauren J Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, and Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Program, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. STOP A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Correira JM, Handali PR, Webb LJ. Characterizing Protein-Surface and Protein-Nanoparticle Conjugates: Activity, Binding, and Structure. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:090902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many sensors and catalysts composed of proteins immobilized on inorganic materials have been reported over the past few decades. Despite some examples of functional protein-surface and protein-nanoparticle conjugates, thorough characterization of the biological-abiological interface at the heart of these materials and devices is often overlooked in lieu of demonstrating acceptable system performance. This has resulted in a focus on generating functioning protein-based devices without a concerted effort to develop reliable tools necessary to measure the fundamental properties of the bio-abio interface such as surface concentration, biomolecular structure, and activity. In this Perspective we discuss current methods used to characterize these critical properties of devices that operate by integrating a protein into both flat surfaces and nanoparticle materials. We highlight the advantages and drawbacks of each method as they relate to understanding the function of the protein-surface interface, and explore the manner in which an informed understanding of this complex interaction leads directly to the advancement of protein-based materials and technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul R Handali
- The University of Texas at Austin, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Webb
- Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mulkerns NMC, Hoffmann WH, Ramos-Soriano J, de la Cruz N, Garcia-Millan T, Harniman RL, Lindsay ID, Seddon AM, Galan MC, Gersen H. Measuring the refractive index and sub-nanometre surface functionalisation of nanoparticles in suspension. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:8145-8152. [PMID: 35616244 PMCID: PMC9178438 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurements to determine the degree of surface coverage of nanoparticles by functional moieties are rare, with current strategies requiring a high level of expertise and expensive equipment. Here, a practical method to determine the ratio of the volume of the functionalisation layer to the particle volume based on measuring the refractive index of nanoparticles in suspension is proposed. As a proof of concept, this technique is applied to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles and semicrystalline carbon dots functionalised with different surface moieties, yielding refractive indices that are commensurate to those from previous literature and Mie theory. In doing so, it is demonstrated that this technique is able to optically detect differences in surface functionalisation or composition of nanometre-sized particles. This non-destructive and rapid method is well-suited for in situ industrial particle characterisation and biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niall M C Mulkerns
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - William H Hoffmann
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | | | - Teodoro Garcia-Millan
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Ian D Lindsay
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Annela M Seddon
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Henkjan Gersen
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Radnik J, Knigge X, Andresen E, Resch-Genger U, Cant DJH, Shard AG, Clifford CA. Composition, thickness, and homogeneity of the coating of core-shell nanoparticles-possibilities, limits, and challenges of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4331-4345. [PMID: 35471249 PMCID: PMC9142455 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Core–shell nanoparticles have attracted much attention in recent years due to their unique properties and their increasing importance in many technological and consumer products. However, the chemistry of nanoparticles is still rarely investigated in comparison to their size and morphology. In this review, the possibilities, limits, and challenges of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for obtaining more insights into the composition, thickness, and homogeneity of nanoparticle coatings are discussed with four examples: CdSe/CdS quantum dots with a thick coating and a small core; NaYF4-based upconverting nanoparticles with a large Yb-doped core and a thin Er-doped coating; and two types of polymer nanoparticles with a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) core with either a poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene coating. Different approaches for calculating the thickness of the coating are presented, like a simple numerical modelling or a more complex simulation of the photoelectron peaks. Additionally, modelling of the XPS background for the investigation of coating is discussed. Furthermore, the new possibilities to measure with varying excitation energies or with hard-energy X-ray sources (hard-energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) are described. A discussion about the sources of uncertainty for the determination of the thickness of the coating completes this review. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Radnik
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung (BAM), Division 6.1 "Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry", Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xenia Knigge
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung (BAM), Division 6.1 "Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry", Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elina Andresen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Division 1.2 "Biophotonics", Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Division 1.2 "Biophotonics", Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - David J H Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Surface Technology Group, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Alex G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Surface Technology Group, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Charles A Clifford
- National Physical Laboratory, Surface Technology Group, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Response of Biological Gold Nanoparticles to Different pH Values: Is It Possible to Prepare Both Negatively and Positively Charged Nanoparticles? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mycelium-free supernatant (MFS) of a five-day-old culture medium of Fusarium oxysporum was used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The experimental design of the study was to answer the question: can this production process of AuNPs be controllable like classical chemical or physical approaches? The process of producing AuNPs from 1 mM tetrachloroauric (III) acid trihydrate in MFS was monitored visually by color change at different pH values and quantified spectroscopically. The produced AuNPs were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The presence of capping agents was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Two AuNP samples with acidic and alkaline pH were selected and adjusted with the pH gradient and analyzed. Finally, the size and zeta potential of all samples were determined. The results confirmed the presence of the proteins as capping agents on the surface of the AuNPs and confirmed the production of AuNPs at all pH values. All AuNP samples exhibited negative zeta potential, and this potential was higher at natural to alkaline pH values. The size distribution analysis showed that the size of AuNPs produced at alkaline pH was smaller than that at acidic pH. Since all samples had negative charge, we suspect that there were other molecules besides proteins that acted as capping agents on the surface of the AuNPs. We conclude that although the biological method of nanoparticle production is safe, green, and inexpensive, the ability to manipulate the nanoparticles to obtain both positive and negative charges is limited, curtailing their application in the medical field.
Collapse
|
9
|
Weidner T, Castner DG. Developments and Ongoing Challenges for Analysis of Surface-Bound Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:389-412. [PMID: 33979545 PMCID: PMC8522203 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Proteins at surfaces and interfaces play important roles in the function and performance of materials in applications ranging from diagnostic assays to biomedical devices. To improve the performance of these materials, detailed molecular structure (conformation and orientation) along with the identity and concentrations of the surface-bound proteins on those materials must be determined. This article describes radiolabeling, surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, sum frequency generation spectroscopy, and computational techniques along with the information each technique provides for characterizing protein films. A multitechnique approach using both experimental and computation methods is required for these investigations. Although it is now possible to gain much insight into the structure of surface-bound proteins, it is still not possible to obtain the same level of structural detail about proteins on surfaces as can be obtained about proteins in crystals and solutions, especially for large, complex proteins. However, recent results have shown it is possible to obtain detailed structural information (e.g., backbone and side chain orientation) about small peptides (5-20 amino sequences) on surfaces. Current studies are extending these investigations to small proteins such as protein G B1 (∼6 kDa). Approaches for furthering the capabilities for characterizing the molecular structure of surface-bound proteins are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - David G Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cant DJH, Müller A, Clifford CA, Unger WES, Shard AG. Summary of ISO/TC 201 Technical Report 23173—Surface chemical analysis—Electron spectroscopies—Measurement of the thickness and composition of nanoparticle coatings. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. H. Cant
- Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington UK
| | - Anja Müller
- Division 6.1 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Charles A. Clifford
- Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington UK
| | - Wolfgang E. S. Unger
- Division 6.1 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Alexander G. Shard
- Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adura C, Aliaga C, Silva F, Vera C, Pino E, Celis F, Aracena A, Tirapegui C. A simple method to estimate the mean number of lipophilic molecules on nanoparticle surfaces by fluorescence measurements. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:315711. [PMID: 33906171 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfc0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of fluorescence intensity of the hydrophobic pyridinium salt (DTPSH) remaining in the organic phase after partition experiments in the DCM/H2O system allowed an approximate method to be developed to estimate the mean number of molecules (N = 942) on the surface of 22.8 nm gold nanoparticles and the separation (1.89 nm) between these organic molecules. This protocol is based on the ability that the organic molecules possess to coat the surface of the nanoparticle, which can migrate from the organic to the aqueous phase as a result of the driving force of the strong binding of sulfur to gold. To validate our estimation, we used a projection of the results obtained by Wales and Ulker to solve the Thomson problem, a mathematicians' challenge, used as a model to calculate the mean distance (1.82 nm) separating particles on the surface, in excellent agreement with the results obtained by our method. The quality of results, the simplicity of calculations, the low fluorescence detection limit, and the inexpensive materials, recommend this procedure for rapid estimates of the mean number of molecules on the surface of nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Adura
- High-Throughput and Spectroscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Carolina Aliaga
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Chile
| | - Francisco Silva
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Vera
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Pino
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Freddy Celis
- Laboratorio de Procesos Fotónicos y Electroquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Subida Leopoldo Carvallo 270, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés Aracena
- Universidad de las Américas, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Manuel Montt 948, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Tirapegui
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Basu A, Vaskevich A, Chuntonov L. Glutathione Self-Assembles into a Shell of Hydrogen-Bonded Intermolecular Aggregates on "Naked" Silver Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:895-906. [PMID: 33440116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the molecular structure in nanoparticle ligand capping layers is crucial for their efficient incorporation into modern scientific and technological applications. Peptide ligands render the nanoparticles as biocompatible materials. Glutathione, a γ-ECG tripeptide, self-assembles into aggregates on the surface of ligand-free silver nanoparticles through intermolecular hydrogen bonding and forms a few nanometer-thick shells. Two-dimensional nonlinear infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy suggests that aggregates adopt a conformation resembling the β-sheet secondary structure. The shell thickness was evaluated with localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The amount of glutathione on the surface was obtained with spectrophotometry of a thiol-reactive probe. Our results suggest that the shell consists of ∼15 stacked molecular layers. These values correspond to the inter-sheet distances, which are significantly shorter than those in amyloid fibrils with relatively bulky side chains, but are comparable to glycine-rich silk fibrils, where the side chains are compact. The tight packing of the glutathione layers can be facilitated by hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acid dimers of glycine and the intermolecular salt bridges between the zwitterionic γ-glutamyl groups. The structure of the glutathione aggregates was studied by 2DIR spectroscopy of the amide-I vibrational modes using 13C isotope labeling of the cysteine carbonyl. Isotope dilution experiments revealed the coupling of modes forming vibrational excitons along the cysteine chain. The coupling along the γ-glutamyl exciton chain was estimated from these values. The obtained coupling strengths are slightly lower than those of native β-sheets, yet they appear large enough to point onto an ordered conformation of the peptides within the aggregate. Analysis of the excitons' anharmonicities and the strength of the transition dipole moments generally is in agreement with these observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Basu
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alexander Vaskevich
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a highly surface-sensitive analytical technique, capable of providing quantitative information on the chemical composition of materials within the top ∼10 nm of their surface. For samples consisting of distinct underlayer and overlayer materials, the thickness of the coating can also be determined if it falls within this ∼10 nm information depth, which is often the case for peptide layers. Such measurements are simple to perform for flat samples and can also be performed on nanoparticulate samples provided that either the core radius or total particle radius are known. Here, we describe a straightforward protocol for obtaining such measurements from peptide coatings on both flat surfaces and nanoparticles, including preparation of nanoparticle samples from suspension, data acquisition, and analysis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kopac T. Protein corona, understanding the nanoparticle-protein interactions and future perspectives: A critical review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:290-301. [PMID: 33340622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are biopolymers of highly varied structures taking part in almost all processes occurring in living cells. When nanoparticles (NPs) interact with proteins in biological environments, they are surrounded by a layer of biomolecules, mainly proteins adsorbing to the surfaces. This protein rich layer formed around NPs is called the "protein corona". Consequential interactions between NPs and proteins are governed due to the characteristics of the corona. The features of NPs such as the size, surface chemistry, charge are the critical factors influencing the behavior of protein corona. Molecular properties and protein corona composition affect the cellular uptake of NPs. Understanding and analyzing protein corona formation in relation to protein-NP properties, and elucidating its biological implications play an important role in bio-related nano-research studies. Protein-NP interactions have been studied extensively for the purpose of investigating the potential use of NPs as carriers in drug delivery systems. Further study should focus on exploring the effects of various characteristic parameters, such as the particle size, modifier type, temperature, pH on protein-NP interactions, providing toxicity information of novel NPs. In this contribution, important aspects related to protein corona forming, influential factors, novel findings and future perspectives on protein-NP interactions are overviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Turkan Kopac
- Department of Chemistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan(1).
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Numerical evaluation of polyethylene glycol ligand conjugation to gold nanoparticle surface using ToF-SIMS and statistical analysis. Biointerphases 2020; 15:031008. [PMID: 32460504 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are substances between 1 and 100 nm in size. They have been the subject of numerous studies because of their potential applications in a wide range of fields such as cosmetics, electronics, medicine, and food. For biological applications of nanoparticles, they are usually coated with a substance capable of preventing agglomeration of the nanoparticles and nonspecific binding and exhibiting water-solubility characteristics with specific immobilized (bio)molecules. In order to evaluate the chemical properties of the surface-modified nanoparticles for bioapplications, including drug delivery, a simple and reliable method for the analysis of the presence of the surface chemicals and the ligand states of the nanoparticles is necessary. In this study, the authors numerically evaluated the extent of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ligand conjugation on AuNPs by concurrently adopting a microliquid inkjet printing system for sampling of the PEGylated AuNPs solution and ToF-SIMS imaging together with statistical analysis. The statistical correlation values calculated from the signals of PEG and Au measured by ToF-SIMS imaging on the sample spots made by a microliquid inkjet printing system showed better reproducibility and improved correlation values compared to the pipet spotting. Their improved method will be useful to evaluate ligand-conjugated nanoparticles for quality control of each conjugation process.
Collapse
|
16
|
Immunoglobulins on the surface of differently charged polymer nanoparticles. Biointerphases 2020; 15:031009. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
17
|
Horáček M, Engels DJ, Zijlstra P. Dynamic single-molecule counting for the quantification and optimization of nanoparticle functionalization protocols. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:4128-4136. [PMID: 32022064 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Applications of colloidal particles in the fields of i.e. biosensors, molecular targeting, or drug-delivery require their functionalization with biologically active and specific molecular ligands. Functionalization protocols often result in a heterogeneous population of particles with a varying density, spatial distribution and orientation of the functional groups on the particle surface. A lack of methods to directly resolve these molecular properties of the particle's surface hampers optimization of functionalization protocols and applications. Here quantitative single-molecule interaction kinetics is used to count the number of ligands on the surface of hundreds of individual nanoparticles simultaneously. By analyzing the waiting-time between single-molecule binding events we quantify the particle functionalization both accurately and precisely for a large range of ligand densities. We observe significant particle-to-particle differences in functionalization which are dominated by the particle-size distribution for high molecular densities, but are substantially broadened for sparsely functionalized particles. From time-dependent studies we find that ligand reorganization on long timescales drastically reduces this heterogeneity, a process that has remained hidden up to now in ensemble-averaged studies. The quantitative single-molecule counting therefore provides a direct route to quantification and optimization of coupling protocols towards molecularly controlled colloidal interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matěj Horáček
- Faculty of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Dion J Engels
- Faculty of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Zijlstra
- Faculty of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Characterization methods for studying protein adsorption on nano-polystyrene beads. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:460383. [PMID: 31345621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work is dealing with the use of polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles as substrates for bioanalytical specific interactions. Different techniques were used for the accurate characterization of the PS nanoparticles of 100 nm and 196 nm before coating them with a layer of antibodies against immunoglobulins of type E (aIgE), giving to the particle a specific functionality. The formation of the aIgE adsorbed layer was monitored using centrifugal particle separation (CPS) and centrifugal field flow fractionation (CF3) experiments, which allowed to determine the size changes and the adsorbed mass. Particle sizes were also measured with DLS, used both as stand-alone instrument and coupled to CF3 (CF3-DLS). The complementary information obtained from the CPS and CF3-DLS measurements allowed the estimation of the density of the aIgE shell. The proteins immobilized at the surface fully retained their activity, as proven by the reactions between the functionalized PS-aIgE particles and immunoglobulins of type E (IgE) dispersed in suspensions prepared on purpose.
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu S, Lämmerhofer M. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for sample preparation: A review. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2438-2461. [PMID: 31056767 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a crucial step for the reliable and accurate analysis of both small molecule and biopolymers which often involves processes such as isolation, pre-concentration, removal of interferences (purification), and pre-processing (e.g., enzymatic digestion) of targets from a complex matrix. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)-assisted sample preparation and pre-concentration has been extensively applied in many analytical procedures in recent years due to the favorable and unique properties of GNPs such as size-controlled synthesis, large surface-to-volume ratio, surface inertness, straightforward surface modification, easy separation requiring minimal manipulation of samples. This review article primarily focuses on applications of GNPs in sample preparation, in particular for bioaffinity capture and biocatalysis. In addition, their most common synthesis, surface modification and characterization methods are briefly summarized. Proper surface modification for GNPs designed in accordance to their target application directly influence their functionalities, e.g., extraction efficiencies, and catalytic efficiencies. Characterization of GNPs after synthesis and modification is worthwhile for monitoring and controlling the fabrication process to ensure proper quality and functionality. Parameters such as morphology, colloidal stability, and physical/chemical properties can be assessed by methods such as surface plasmon resonance, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential determinations, transmission electron microscopy, Taylor dispersion analysis, and resonant mass measurement, among others. The accurate determination of the surface coverage appears to be also mandatory for the quality control of functionality of the nanoparticles. Some promising applications of (functionalized) GNPs for bioanalysis and sample preparation are described herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eller MJ, Chandra K, Coughlin EE, Odom TW, Schweikert EA. Label Free Particle-by-Particle Quantification of DNA Loading on Sorted Gold Nanostars. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5566-5572. [PMID: 30932475 PMCID: PMC6896788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a label free technique for determining ligand loading on metal nanoparticles using a variant of secondary ion mass spectrometry. Au4004+ clusters bombard DNA-functionalized anisotropic gold nanostars and isotropic nanospheres with similar surface areas to determine ligand density. For each projectile impact, co-localized molecules within the emission area of a single impact (diameter of 10-15 nm) were examined for each particle. Individual nanoparticle analysis allows for determination of the relationship between particle geometry and DNA loading. We found that branched particles exhibited increased ligand density versus nanospheres and determined that positive and neutral curvature could facilitate additional loading. This methodology can be applied to optimize loading for any ligand-core interaction independent of nanoparticle core, ligand, or attachment chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Eller
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kavita Chandra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emma E. Coughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Teri W. Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emile A. Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ruiz G, Tripathi K, Okyem S, Driskell JD. pH Impacts the Orientation of Antibody Adsorbed onto Gold Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1182-1191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Kiran Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Samuel Okyem
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Jeremy D. Driskell
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Characterization of Recombinant His-Tag Protein Immobilized onto Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18124262. [PMID: 30518079 PMCID: PMC6308469 DOI: 10.3390/s18124262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant polyhistidine-tagged hemoglobin I ((His)₆-rHbI) from the bivalve Lucina pectinata is an ideal biocomponent for a hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) biosensor due to its high affinity for H₂S. In this work, we immobilized (His)₆-rHbI over a surface modified with gold nanoparticles functionalized with 3-mercaptopropionic acid complexed with nickel ion. The attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis of the modified-gold electrode displays amide I and amide II bands characteristic of a primarily α-helix structure verifying the presence of (His)₆-rHbI on the electrode surface. Also, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show a new peak after protein interaction corresponding to nitrogen and a calculated overlayer thickness of 5.3 nm. The functionality of the immobilized hemoprotein was established by direct current potential amperometry, using H₂S as the analyte, validating its activity after immobilization. The current response to H₂S concentrations was monitored over time giving a linear relationship from 30 to 700 nM with a corresponding sensitivity of 3.22 × 10-3 nA/nM. These results confirm that the analyzed gold nanostructured platform provides an efficient and strong link for polyhistidine-tag protein immobilization over gold and glassy carbon surfaces for a future biosensors development.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gold-carbon nanoparticles mediated delivery of BSA: Remarkable robustness and hemocompatibility. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Dashtestani F, Ghourchian H, Najafi A. Silver-gold-apoferritin nanozyme for suppressing oxidative stress during cryopreservation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 94:831-840. [PMID: 30423769 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress, which involves in the pathogenesis of many serious diseases. Apoferittin containing gold-silver nanoparticles (Au-Ag-AFT) was designed and evaluated as a nanozyme for scavenging the ROS. The nanozyme consisting of silver-gold nanohybrid in apoferittin cage represents superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase mimetic activities. The Au-Ag-AFT nanozyme was characterized by spectroscopy, FESEM, TEM and dynamic light scattering. The inhibition process for pyrogallol autoxidation was used for assaying the superoxide dismutase mimetic activity and measuring the kinetic parameters of Au-Ag-AFT nanozyme. Additionally, Aebi method and standard protocol was used for evaluating the catalase and peroxidase mimetic activity. The kcat values for superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase mimetics activity were 1.4 × 106, 0.1 and 9 × 103 s-1 respectively. These values indicated that Au-Ag-AFT nanozyme could act as a suitable ROS scavenger. Additionally, Au-Ag-AFT nanozyme was examined as a protective agent for human sperm against oxidative stress induced during the cryopreservation process. Presence of the nanozyme in the sperm media significantly increased the motility and viability of the cells and also decreased the ROS, apoptosis and necrosis (P < 0.05) compare to the control group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Dashtestani
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Ghourchian
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Atefeh Najafi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6447, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mourdikoudis S, Pallares RM, Thanh NTK. Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12871-12934. [PMID: 29926865 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures have attracted huge interest as a rapidly growing class of materials for many applications. Several techniques have been used to characterize the size, crystal structure, elemental composition and a variety of other physical properties of nanoparticles. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed. In addition, given that the significance of nanoparticles in basic research and applications is constantly increasing, it is necessary that researchers from separate fields overcome the challenges in the reproducible and reliable characterization of nanomaterials, after their synthesis and further process (e.g. annealing) stages. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the use, advances, advantages and weaknesses of a large number of experimental techniques that are available for the characterization of nanoparticles. Different characterization techniques are classified according to the concept/group of the technique used, the information they can provide, or the materials that they are destined for. We describe the main characteristics of the techniques and their operation principles and we give various examples of their use, presenting them in a comparative mode, when possible, in relation to the property studied in each case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baer DR. The Chameleon Effect: Characterization Challenges Due to the Variability of Nanoparticles and Their Surfaces. Front Chem 2018; 6:145. [PMID: 29868553 PMCID: PMC5949347 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles in a variety of forms are increasing important in fundamental research, technological and medical applications, and environmental or toxicology studies. Physical and chemical drivers that lead to multiple types of particle instabilities complicate both the ability to produce, appropriately characterize, and consistently deliver well-defined particles, frequently leading to inconsistencies, and conflicts in the published literature. This perspective suggests that provenance information, beyond that often recorded or reported, and application of a set of core characterization methods, including a surface sensitive technique, consistently applied at critical times can serve as tools in the effort minimize reproducibility issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Baer
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Powell CJ, Werner WSM, Kalbe H, Shard AG, Castner DG. Comparisons of Analytical Approaches for Determining Shell Thicknesses of Core-Shell Nanoparticles by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:4073-4082. [PMID: 29887938 PMCID: PMC5990282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We assessed two approaches for determining shell thicknesses of core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These assessments were based on simulations of photoelectron peak intensities for Au-core/C-shell, C-core/Au-shell, Cu-core/Al-shell, and Al-core/Cu-shell NPs with a wide range of core diameters and shell thicknesses. First, we demonstrated the validity of an empirical equation developed by Shard for determinations of shell thicknesses. Values of shell thicknesses from the Shard equation typically agreed with actual shell thicknesses to better than 10 %. Second, we investigated the magnitudes of elastic-scattering effects on photoelectron peak intensities by performing a similar series of simulations with elastic scattering switched off in our simulation software. Our ratios of the C-shell 1s intensity to the Au-core 4f7/2 intensity with elastic scattering switched off were qualitatively similar to those obtained by Torelli et al. from a model that neglected elastic scattering. With elastic scattering switched on, the C 1s/Au 4f7/2 intensity ratios generally changed by less than 10 %, thereby justifying the neglect of elastic scattering in XPS models that are applied to organic ligands on Au-core NPs. Nevertheless, elastic-scattering effects on peak-intensity ratios were generally much stronger for C-core/Au-shell, Al-core/Cu-shell, and Cu-core/Al-shell NPs, and there were second-order dependences on core diameter and shell thickness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Powell
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8370, United States
| | - W. S. M. Werner
- Technical University of Vienna, Institute of Applied Physics, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - H. Kalbe
- Technical University of Vienna, Institute of Applied Physics, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - D. G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bitounis D, Barnier V, Guibert C, Pourchez J, Forest V, Boudard D, Hochepied JF, Chelle P, Vergnon JM, Cottier M. A method for the quantitative extraction of gold nanoparticles from human bronchoalveolar lavage fluids through a glycerol gradient. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:2955-2969. [PMID: 29372197 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a diagnostic procedure which samples the cellular and non-cellular components of the pulmonary epithelial surface. The inherent biological noise of BAL fluids inhibits their direct mineralogical analysis while currently available particle retrieval protocols are suspected to impose quantitative and qualitative bias on the studied particle load. This study presents a simple method for the near-lossless extraction of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles from human BAL fluids at sub-ppm levels which enables their quantitation and surface characterization. This procedure was modeled according to fundamental principles of particle sedimentation and liquid-liquid interdiffusion and was evaluated by a battery of analytical techniques. The extraction yield of gold nanoparticles ranged from 61 to 86%, with a quantitation limit at 0.5 μg ml-1, as measured by inductively-coupled optical emission spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering could resolve the hydrodynamic size distribution of extracted particles which returned significantly different photon count rates at various concentrations. Their shape and primary size were easily observable by electron microscopy while atomic force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy could respectively probe the particles' biomolecular corona, detect surface-adsorbed S- and N- species, and identify carbon-based covalent bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U1059 SAINBIOSE, F-42270 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Charbgoo F, Nejabat M, Abnous K, Soltani F, Taghdisi SM, Alibolandi M, Thomas Shier W, Steele TW, Ramezani M. Gold nanoparticle should understand protein corona for being a clinical nanomaterial. J Control Release 2018; 272:39-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
30
|
Viegas D, Fernandes E, Queirós R, Petrovykh DY, De Beule P. Adapting Bobbert-Vlieger model to spectroscopic ellipsometry of gold nanoparticles with bio-organic shells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3538-3550. [PMID: 28856033 PMCID: PMC5560823 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry for monitoring biomolecules at surfaces of nanoparticles. For the modeling of polarimetric light scattering off surface-adsorbed core-shell nanoparticles, we employ an extension of the exact solution for the scattering by particles near a substrate presented by Bobbert and Vlieger, which offers insight beyond that of the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium approximation. Varying thickness and refractive index of a model bio-organic shell results in systematic and characteristic changes in spectroscopic parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The salient features and trends in modeled spectra are in qualitative agreement with experimental data for antibody immobilization and fibronectin biorecognition at surfaces of gold nanoparticles on a silicon substrate, but achieving a full quantitative agreement will require including additional effects, such as nanoparticle-substrate interactions, into the model.
Collapse
|
31
|
Davidson AM, Brust M, Cooper DL, Volk M. Sensitive Analysis of Protein Adsorption to Colloidal Gold by Differential Centrifugal Sedimentation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6807-6814. [PMID: 28513153 PMCID: PMC5480231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
It
is demonstrated that the adsorption of bovine serum albumin
(BSA) to aqueous gold colloids can be quantified with molecular resolution
by differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS). This method separates
colloidal particles of comparable density by mass. When proteins adsorb
to the nanoparticles, both their mass and their effective density
change, which strongly affects the sedimentation time. A straightforward
analysis allows quantification of the adsorbed layer. Most importantly,
unlike many other methods, DCS can be used to detect chemisorbed proteins
(“hard corona”) as well as physisorbed proteins (“soft
corona”). The results for BSA on gold colloid nanoparticles
can be modeled in terms of Langmuir-type adsorption isotherms (Hill
model). The effects of surface modification with small thiol-PEG ligands
on protein adsorption are also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Mathias Brust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - David L Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Martin Volk
- Surface Science Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Castner DG. Biomedical surface analysis: Evolution and future directions (Review). Biointerphases 2017; 12:02C301. [PMID: 28438024 PMCID: PMC5403738 DOI: 10.1116/1.4982169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes some of the major advances made in biomedical surface analysis over the past 30-40 years. Starting from a single technique analysis of homogeneous surfaces, it has been developed into a complementary, multitechnique approach for obtaining detailed, comprehensive information about a wide range of surfaces and interfaces of interest to the biomedical community. Significant advances have been made in each surface analysis technique, as well as how the techniques are combined to provide detailed information about biological surfaces and interfaces. The driving force for these advances has been that the surface of a biomaterial is the interface between the biological environment and the biomaterial, and so, the state-of-the-art in instrumentation, experimental protocols, and data analysis methods need to be developed so that the detailed surface structure and composition of biomedical devices can be determined and related to their biological performance. Examples of these advances, as well as areas for future developments, are described for immobilized proteins, complex biomedical surfaces, nanoparticles, and 2D/3D imaging of biological materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Colangelo E, Comenge J, Paramelle D, Volk M, Chen Q, Lévy R. Characterizing Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 28:11-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colangelo
- Institute
of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Comenge
- Institute
of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Paramelle
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Martin Volk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Surface
Science Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Abercromby Square, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Qiubo Chen
- Institute
of High Performance Computing, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis North, Singapore 138632
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Institute
of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chemical measurements of polyethylene glycol shells on gold nanoparticles in the presence of aggregation. Biointerphases 2016; 11:04B306. [PMID: 27903070 DOI: 10.1116/1.4968882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the performance of engineered nanoparticle (NP) systems is greatly assisted by quantitative characterization of their coatings. Useful measurements methods have been described for NPs in liquid environment, but NP aggregation often represents a limiting factor which impairs the accuracy of techniques such as dynamic light scattering for quantification purposes. Here, the authors show how differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide quantitative information on the NP coating thickness, molecular conformation, and grafting density of aggregated NP samples. The authors find that thiol-terminated methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) coating thickness on gold NPs increases with increasing particle size and mPEG molecular weight. The hydration of the mPEG shell was estimated by comparing the shell thickness measured in liquid by DCS and vacuum by XPS and was found to increase with the mPEG molecular weight. Finally, the authors used XPS to measure the grafting density of the mPEG molecules. This was found to depend on the mPEG molecular volume and decreased for larger mPEG molecules, suggesting that the grafting density is determined by the conformation of the mPEG molecules in liquid. This analysis provides practical measurement methods for optimizing the design of engineered NP systems and ultimately enhance and control their performance.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rafati A, Shard AG, Castner DG. Multitechnique characterization of oligo(ethylene glycol) functionalized gold nanoparticles. Biointerphases 2016; 11:04B304. [PMID: 27829273 PMCID: PMC5106433 DOI: 10.1116/1.4967216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with average diameters of ∼14 and ∼40 nm, as well as flat gold coated silicon wafers, were functionalized with oligo ethylene glycol (OEG) terminated 1-undecanethiol (HS-CH2)11 self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Both hydroxyl [(OEG)4OH] and methoxy [(OEG)4OMe] terminated SAMs were prepared. The AuNPs were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and low-energy ion scattering (LEIS). These studies provided quantitative information about the OEG functionalized AuNPs. TEM showed the 14 nm AuNPs were more spherical and had a narrower size distribution than the 40 nm AuNPs. ToF-SIMS clearly differentiated between the two OEG SAMs based on the C3H7O+ peak attributed to the methoxy group in the OMe terminated SAMs as well as the different masses of the [Au + M]- ion (M = mass of the thiol molecule) from each type of SAM. Overlayer/substrate ratios quantitatively determined with XPS show a greater proportion of OEG units at the surface of 40 nm AuNPs compared to the 14 nm AuNPs. ATR-FTIR suggested the C11 backbone of the two SAMs on both AuNPs are similar and crystalline, but the OEG head groups are more crystalline on the 40 nm AuNPs compared to the 14 nm AuNPs. This indicated a better ordered SAM present at the surface of the larger, more irregular particles due to greater ordering of the OEG groups. This was consistent with the XPS and LEIS results, which showed a 30% thicker SAM was formed on the 40 nm AuNPs compared to the 14 nm AuNPs. The OH or OMe functionality did not have a significant effect on the ordering and thickness of the OEG SAMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rafati
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - David G Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Belsey NA, Cant DJH, Minelli C, Araujo JR, Bock B, Brüner P, Castner DG, Ceccone G, Counsell JDP, Dietrich PM, Engelhard MH, Fearn S, Galhardo CE, Kalbe H, Won Kim J, Lartundo-Rojas L, Luftman HS, Nunney TS, Pseiner J, Smith EF, Spampinato V, Sturm JM, Thomas AG, Treacy JP, Veith L, Wagstaffe M, Wang H, Wang M, Wang YC, Werner W, Yang L, Shard AG. Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards Interlaboratory Study on Measuring the Thickness and Chemistry of Nanoparticle Coatings Using XPS and LEIS. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:24070-24079. [PMID: 27818719 PMCID: PMC5093768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards) inter-laboratory study on the measurement of the shell thickness and chemistry of nanoparticle coatings. Peptide-coated gold particles were supplied to laboratories in two forms: a colloidal suspension in pure water and; particles dried onto a silicon wafer. Participants prepared and analyzed these samples using either X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or low energy ion scattering (LEIS). Careful data analysis revealed some significant sources of discrepancy, particularly for XPS. Degradation during transportation, storage or sample preparation resulted in a variability in thickness of 53 %. The calculation method chosen by XPS participants contributed a variability of 67 %. However, variability of 12 % was achieved for the samples deposited using a single method and by choosing photoelectron peaks that were not adversely affected by instrumental transmission effects. The study identified a need for more consistency in instrumental transmission functions and relative sensitivity factors, since this contributed a variability of 33 %. The results from the LEIS participants were more consistent, with variability of less than 10 % in thickness and this is mostly due to a common method of data analysis. The calculation was performed using a model developed for uniform, flat films and some participants employed a correction factor to account for the sample geometry, which appears warranted based upon a simulation of LEIS data from one of the participants and comparison to the XPS results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. H. Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW,
UK
| | - Caterina Minelli
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW,
UK
| | - Joyce R. Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia
(INMETRO), Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais (Dimat) Avenida Nossa Senhora das
Graças, 50 Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Bernd Bock
- Tascon GmbH, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical
Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195-1653, USA
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health
and Consumer Protection, Nanobiosciences Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Paul M. Dietrich
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM
6.1), Unter den Eichen 44-46, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark H. Engelhard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, EMSL, Richland, WA 99352,
USA
| | - Sarah Fearn
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South
Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carlos E. Galhardo
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia
(INMETRO), Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais (Dimat) Avenida Nossa Senhora das
Graças, 50 Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Henryk Kalbe
- Kratos Analytical Ltd., Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road,
Manchester M17 1GP, UK
| | - Jeong Won Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267
Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Luis Lartundo-Rojas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Nanociencias y
Micro y Nanotecnologías, UPALM, Zacatenco, México D.F. CP. 07738,
México
| | - Henry S. Luftman
- Surface Analysis Facility, Lehigh University, 7 Asa Drive,
Bethlehem, PA 18015. USA
| | - Tim S. Nunney
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Unit 24, The Birches Industrial
Estate, Imberhorne Lane, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 1UB, UK
| | - Johannes Pseiner
- Institut fuer Angewandte Physik, TU Vienna, Wiedner Hauptstr
8-10, A 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emily F. Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, School of Chemistry,
University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Valentina Spampinato
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical
Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195-1653, USA
| | - Jacobus M. Sturm
- Industrial Focus Group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew G. Thomas
- School of Materials and Photon Science Institute, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jon P.W. Treacy
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Unit 24, The Birches Industrial
Estate, Imberhorne Lane, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 1UB, UK
| | - Lothar Veith
- Tascon GmbH, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Wagstaffe
- School of Materials and Photon Science Institute, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hai Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, P. R.
China
| | - Meiling Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, P. R.
China
| | | | - Wolfgang Werner
- Institut fuer Angewandte Physik, TU Vienna, Wiedner Hauptstr
8-10, A 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an-Jiaotong Liverpool University,
Suzhou, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Baer DR, Munusamy P, Thrall BD. Provenance information as a tool for addressing engineered nanoparticle reproducibility challenges. Biointerphases 2016; 11:04B401. [PMID: 27936809 PMCID: PMC5074995 DOI: 10.1116/1.4964867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles of various types are of increasing research and technological importance in biological and other applications. Difficulties in the production and delivery of nanoparticles with consistent and well defined properties appear in many forms and have a variety of causes. Among several issues are those associated with incomplete information about the history of particles involved in research studies, including the synthesis method, sample history after synthesis, including time and nature of storage, and the detailed nature of any sample processing or modification. In addition, the tendency of particles to change with time or environmental condition suggests that the time between analysis and application is important and some type of consistency or verification process can be important. The essential history of a set of particles can be identified as provenance information and tells the origin or source of a batch of nano-objects along with information related to handling and any changes that may have taken place since it was originated. A record of sample provenance information for a set of particles can play a useful role in identifying some of the sources and decreasing the extent of particle variability and the lack of reproducibility observed by many researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Baer
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Prabhakaran Munusamy
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Brian D Thrall
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Powell CJ, Werner WSM, Shard AG, Castner DG. Evaluation of Two Methods for Determining Shell Thicknesses of Core-Shell Nanoparticles by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:22730-22738. [PMID: 28138350 PMCID: PMC5270650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b07588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated two methods for determining shell thicknesses of core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). One of these methods had been developed for determining thicknesses of films on a planar substrate while the other was developed specifically for NPs. Our evaluations were based on simulated Cu 2p3/2 spectra from Cu-core/Cu-shell NPs with a wide range of core diameters and shell thicknesses. Copper was chosen for our tests because elastic-scattering effects for Cu 2p3/2 photoelectrons excited by Al Kα X-rays are known to be strong. Elastic scattering could also be switched off in our simulations so that the two methods could be evaluated in the limit of no elastic scattering. We found that the first method, based on both core and shell photoelectron intensities, was unsatisfactory for all conditions. The second method, based on an empirical equation for NPs developed by Shard, also utilized both core and shell photoelectron intensities and was found to be satisfactory for all conditions. The average deviation between shell thicknesses derived from the Shard equation and the true values was -4.1 % when elastic scattering was switched on and -2.2 % when elastic scattering was switched off. If elastic scattering was switched on, the effective attenuation length for a Cu film on a planar substrate was the appropriate length parameter while the inelastic mean free path was the appropriate parameter when elastic scattering was switched off.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Powell
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8370, United States
- Author Information: ., Telephone: (+1) 301-975-2534
| | - W. S. M. Werner
- Technical University of Vienna, Institute of Applied Physics, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - D. G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
XPS and other surface sensitive methods are being increasingly used to extract quantitative information about organic and inorganic coatings and contamination on nanoparticles. The extraction of coating thickness requires information about particle diameter from other measurements, such as electron microscopy, combined with a model that includes the physical processes associated with XPS. Advantages of using XPS include the sensitivity to very thin coatings (or surface contamination) and the ability to extract important information about organic layers. Single particle information from electron microsocpy combined with XPS sensitivity in determining composition make a powerful combination for nanoparticle anlaysis.
Collapse
|
40
|
Yu S, Perálvarez-Marín A, Minelli C, Faraudo J, Roig A, Laromaine A. Albumin-coated SPIONs: an experimental and theoretical evaluation of protein conformation, binding affinity and competition with serum proteins. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14393-405. [PMID: 27241081 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01732k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The variety of nanoparticles (NPs) used in biological applications is increasing and the study of their interaction with biological media is becoming more important. Proteins are commonly the first biomolecules that NPs encounter when they interact with biological systems either in vitro or in vivo. Among NPs, super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) show great promise for medicine. In this work, we study in detail the formation, composition, and structure of a monolayer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on SPIONs. We determine, both by molecular simulations and experimentally, that ten molecules of BSA form a monolayer around the outside of the SPIONs and their binding strength to the SPIONs is about 3.5 × 10(-4) M, ten times higher than the adsorption of fetal bovine serum (FBS) on the same SPIONs. We elucidate a strong electrostatic interaction between BSA and the SPIONs, although the secondary structure of the protein is not affected. We present data that supports the strong binding of the BSA monolayer on SPIONs and the properties of the BSA layer as a protein-resistant coating. We believe that a complete understanding of the behavior and morphology of BSA-SPIONs and how the protein interacts with SPIONs is crucial for improving NP surface design and expanding the potential applications of SPIONs in nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siming Yu
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang YC, Engelhard MH, Baer DR, Castner DG. Quantifying the Impact of Nanoparticle Coatings and Nonuniformities on XPS Analysis: Gold/Silver Core-Shell Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3917-25. [PMID: 26950247 PMCID: PMC4821750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spectral modeling of photoelectrons can serve as a valuable tool when combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Herein, a new version of the NIST Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis (SESSA 2.0) software, capable of directly simulating spherical multilayer NPs, was applied to model citrate stabilized Au/Ag-core/shell nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were characterized using XPS and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to determine the composition and morphology of the NPs. The Au/Ag-core/shell NPs were observed to be polydispersed in size, nonspherical, and contain off-centered Au-cores. Using the average NP dimensions determined from STEM analysis, SESSA spectral modeling indicated that washed Au/Ag-core-shell NPs were stabilized with a 0.8 nm layer of sodium citrate and a 0.05 nm (one wash) or 0.025 nm (two wash) layer of adventitious hydrocarbon, but did not fully account for the observed XPS signal from the Au-core. This was addressed by a series of simulations and normalizations to account for contributions of NP nonsphericity and off-centered Au-cores. Both of these nonuniformities reduce the effective Ag-shell thickness, which effect the Au-core photoelectron intensity. The off-centered cores had the greatest impact for the particles in this study. When the contributions from the geometrical nonuniformities are included in the simulations, the SESSA generated elemental compositions that matched the XPS elemental compositions. This work demonstrates how spectral modeling software such as SESSA, when combined with experimental XPS and STEM measurements, advances the ability to quantitatively assess overlayer thicknesses for multilayer core-shell NPs and deal with complex, nonideal geometrical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Box 999, Richland Washington 99352, United States
| | - Donald R Baer
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Box 999, Richland Washington 99352, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Quevedo PD, Behnke T, Resch-Genger U. Streptavidin conjugation and quantification-a method evaluation for nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4133-49. [PMID: 27038055 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the development of validated protocols for protein conjugation of nanomaterials and the determination of protein labeling densities, we systematically assessed the conjugation of the model protein streptavidin (SAv) to 100-, 500-, and 1000-nm-sized polystyrene and silica nanoparticles and dye-encoded polymer particles with two established conjugation chemistries, based upon achievable coupling efficiencies and labeling densities. Bioconjugation reactions compared included EDC/sulfo NHS ester chemistry for direct binding of the SAv to carboxyl groups at the particle surface and maleimide-thiol chemistry in conjunction with heterobifunctional PEG linkers and aminated nanoparticles (NPs). Quantification of the total and functional amounts of SAv on these nanomaterials and unreacted SAv in solution was performed with the BCA assay and the biotin-FITC (BF) titration, relying on different signal generation principles, which are thus prone to different interferences. Our results revealed a clear influence of the conjugation chemistry on the amount of NP crosslinking, yet under optimized reaction conditions, EDC/sulfo NHS ester chemistry and the attachment via heterobifunctional PEG linkers led to comparably efficient SAv coupling and good labeling densities. Particle size can obviously affect protein labeling densities and particularly protein functionality, especially for larger particles. For unstained nanoparticles, direct bioconjugation seems to be the most efficient strategy, whereas for dye-encoded nanoparticles, PEG linkers are to be favored for the prevention of dye-protein interactions which can affect protein functionality specifically in the case of direct SAv binding. Moreover, an influence of particle size on achievable protein labeling densities and protein functionality could be demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Darío Quevedo
- Department 1, Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard Willstaetter Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Behnke
- Department 1, Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard Willstaetter Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Department 1, Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard Willstaetter Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sikora A, Shard AG, Minelli C. Size and ζ-Potential Measurement of Silica Nanoparticles in Serum Using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2216-2224. [PMID: 26869024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The contact of nanoparticles with biological fluids such as serum results in rapid adsorption of proteins at the nanoparticle surface in a layer known as the "protein corona". Protein coatings modify and control the behavior of the nanoparticles potentially altering the aggregation state and cellular response, which may influence their fate and hazard to human health. Cells are likely to interact with the protein interface rather than with bare surface; therefore it is important to study the protein layer and develop appropriate measurement tools. In this study we investigate how adsorbed proteins from serum affect the size and the surface charge of plain and aminated silica nanoparticles. Particle size and size distributions in buffer and serum-based biological media were studied using tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), as well as differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Average and single particle ζ-potentials (related to surface charge) were also measured by electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and TRPS, respectively. Size measurements showed an increase in size of the nanoparticles upon acquisition of a protein layer, thus allowing an estimation of its thickness. DLS proved incapable of providing an accurate measurement of the nanoparticles' size in serum due to the presence of agglomerates. The ability of TRPS to measure sample agglomeration was investigated by comparison with the high resolution technique of DCS. Particle-by-particle ζ-potential measurements by TRPS were consistent with those performed with ELS and allowed a description of the ζ-potential distribution within the samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Sikora
- Analytical Science, National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, TW11 0LW Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G Shard
- Analytical Science, National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, TW11 0LW Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Minelli
- Analytical Science, National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, TW11 0LW Teddington, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cant DJH, Wang YC, Castner DG, Shard AG. A Technique for Calculation of Shell Thicknesses for Core-Shell-Shell Nanoparticles from XPS Data. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016; 48:274-282. [PMID: 27087712 DOI: 10.1002/sia.5923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper extends a straightforward technique for the calculation of shell thicknesses in core-shell nanoparticles to the case of core-shell-shell nanoparticles using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data. This method can be applied by XPS analysts and does not require any numerical simulation or advanced knowledge, although iteration is required in the case where both shell thicknesses are unknown. The standard deviation in the calculated thicknesses vs simulated values is typically less than 10%, which is the uncertainty of the electron attenuation lengths used in XPS analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J H Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Yung-Chen Wang
- Departments of Bioengineering & Chemical Engineering, National ESCA & Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - David G Castner
- Departments of Bioengineering & Chemical Engineering, National ESCA & Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|