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Supervised machine learning for automatic classification of in vivo scald and contact burn injuries using the terahertz Portable Handheld Spectral Reflection (PHASR) Scanner. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5096. [PMID: 35332207 PMCID: PMC8948290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an automatic classification strategy for early and accurate assessment of burn injuries using terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopic imaging. Burn injuries of different severity grades, representing superficial partial-thickness (SPT), deep partial-thickness (DPT), and full-thickness (FT) wounds, were created by a standardized porcine scald model. THz spectroscopic imaging was performed using our new fiber-coupled Portable HAndheld Spectral Reflection Scanner, incorporating a telecentric beam steering configuration and an f-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\theta$$\end{document}θ scanning lens. ASynchronous Optical Sampling in a dual-fiber-laser THz spectrometer with 100 MHz repetition rate enabled high-speed spectroscopic measurements. Given twenty-four different samples composed of ten scald and ten contact burns and four healthy samples, supervised machine learning algorithms using THz-TDS spectra achieved areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.88, 0.93, and 0.93 when differentiating between SPT, DPT, and FT burns, respectively, as determined by independent histological assessments. These results show the potential utility of our new broadband THz PHASR Scanner for early and accurate triage of burn injuries.
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Zeng Z, Gao H, Chen C, Xiao L, Zhang K. Bioresponsive Nanomaterials: Recent Advances in Cancer Multimodal Imaging and Imaging-Guided Therapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:881812. [PMID: 35372260 PMCID: PMC8971282 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.881812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a serious health problem which increasingly causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. It causes abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. Traditional cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and so on. These traditional therapies suffer from high toxicity and arouse safety concern in normal area and have difficulty in accurately targeting tumour. Recently, a variety of nanomaterials could be used for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanomaterials have several advantages, e.g., high concentration in tumour via targeting design, reduced toxicity in normal area and controlled drug release after various rational designs. They can combine with many types of biomaterials in order to improve biocompatibility. In this review, we outlined the latest research on the use of bioresponsive nanomaterials for various cancer imaging modalities (magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and phototacoustic imaging) and imaging-guided therapy means (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy), followed by discussing the challenges and future perspectives of this bioresponsive nanomaterials in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Zeng
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huali Gao
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - CongXian Chen
- Cancer Center, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lianbo Xiao
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lianbo Xiao, ; Kun Zhang,
| | - Kun Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lianbo Xiao, ; Kun Zhang,
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Messas T, Messas A, Kroumpouzos G. Optoacoustic Imaging And Potential Applications Of Raster-Scan Optoacoustic Mesoscopy In Dermatology. Clin Dermatol 2021; 40:85-92. [PMID: 34923064 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Optoacoustic imaging (OAI) is a hybrid imaging modality that integrates the benefits of optical contrast and ultrasound detection. Raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM) is an emerging OAI method that provides information about several dermatological conditions' structural, functional, and molecular features. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases through September 2021 for articles relevant to OAI in the English language. This review contains 32 studies and other relevant literature. Several studies indicate that RSOM is helpful in inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema, especially as it allows more accurate quantification of inflammation-related alterations such as changes to the dermal vasculature. In psoriasis, RSOM can provide objective early diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity and treatment efficacy. Multispectral RSOM, a method in which skin is lightened at more than a single wavelength, is beneficial in diagnosing and monitoring hypoxia-associated conditions, such as systemic sclerosis and chronic wounds. OAI techniques can visualize the pathological vascularization of skin cancers and quantify their oxygenation status which helps differentiate them from normal skin. Also, they can measure the depth of malignant melanoma and detect the metastatic spread of melanoma cells to sentinel lymph nodes. As demonstrated in this article, there is a large spectrum of potential applications of OAI imaging, especially RSOM, in diagnosing, treating, and managing skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassahil Messas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Constantine III, University Hospital Centre, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Achraf Messas
- Faculty of Medicine, CHU Annaba, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - George Kroumpouzos
- Department of Dermatology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; GK Dermatology, PC, S Weymouth, MA, USA.
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Li D, Humayun L, Vienneau E, Vu T, Yao J. Seeing through the Skin: Photoacoustic Tomography of Skin Vasculature and Beyond. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100039. [PMID: 34909735 PMCID: PMC8659408 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin diseases are the most common human diseases and manifest in distinct structural and functional changes to skin tissue components such as basal cells, vasculature, and pigmentation. Although biopsy is the standard practice for skin disease diagnosis, it is not sufficient to provide in vivo status of the skin and highly depends on the timing of diagnosis. Noninvasive imaging technologies that can provide structural and functional tissue information in real time would be invaluable for skin disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation. Among the modern medical imaging technologies, photoacoustic (PA) tomography (PAT) shows great promise as an emerging optical imaging modality with high spatial resolution, high imaging speed, deep penetration depth, rich contrast, and inherent sensitivity to functional and molecular information. Over the last decade, PAT has undergone an explosion in technical development and biomedical applications. Particularly, PAT has attracted increasing attention in skin disease diagnosis, providing structural, functional, metabolic, molecular, and histological information. In this concise review, we introduce the principles and imaging capability of various PA skin imaging technologies. We highlight the representative applications in the past decade with a focus on imaging skin vasculature and melanoma. We also envision the critical technical developments necessary to further accelerate the translation of PAT technologies to fundamental skin research and clinical impacts.
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Key Words
- ACD, allergy contact dermatitis
- AR-PAM, acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy
- CSC, cryogen spray cooling
- CSVV, cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis
- CTC, circulating tumor cell
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- NIR, near-infrared
- OR-PAM, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy
- PA, photoacoustic
- PACT, photoacoustic computed tomography
- PAM, photoacoustic microscopy
- PAT, photoacoustic tomography
- PWS, port-wine stain
- RSOM, raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy
- THb, total hemoglobin concentration
- sO2, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiwei Li
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lucas Humayun
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emelina Vienneau
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Deán-Ben XL, Razansky D. Optoacoustic imaging of the skin. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1598-1609. [PMID: 33987867 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (OA, photoacoustic) imaging capitalizes on the synergistic combination of light excitation and ultrasound detection to empower biological and clinical investigations with rich optical contrast while effectively bridging the gap between micro and macroscopic imaging realms. State-of-the-art OA embodiments consistently provide images at micron-scale resolution through superficial tissue layers by means of focused illumination that can be smoothly exchanged for acoustic-resolution images at diffuse light depths of several millimetres to centimetres via ultrasound beamforming or tomographic reconstruction. Taken together, this unique multi-scale imaging capacity opens unprecedented capabilities for high-resolution in vivo interrogations of the skin at scalable depths. Moreover, diverse anatomical and functional information is retrieved via dynamic mapping of endogenous chromophores such as haemoglobin, melanin, lipids, collagen, water and others. This, along with the use of non-ionizing radiation, facilitates a clinical translation of the OA modalities. We review recent progress in OA imaging of the skin in preclinical and clinical studies exploiting the rich contrast provided by endogenous substances in tissues. The imaging capabilities of existing approaches are discussed in the context of initial translational studies on skin cancer, inflammatory skin diseases, wounds and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Regensburger AP, Brown E, Krönke G, Waldner MJ, Knieling F. Optoacoustic Imaging in Inflammation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:483. [PMID: 33924983 PMCID: PMC8145174 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoacoustic or photoacoustic imaging (OAI/PAI) is a technology which enables non-invasive visualization of laser-illuminated tissue by the detection of acoustic signals. The combination of "light in" and "sound out" offers unprecedented scalability with a high penetration depth and resolution. The wide range of biomedical applications makes this technology a versatile tool for preclinical and clinical research. Particularly when imaging inflammation, the technology offers advantages over current clinical methods to diagnose, stage, and monitor physiological and pathophysiological processes. This review discusses the clinical perspective of using OAI in the context of imaging inflammation as well as in current and emerging translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P. Regensburger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Emma Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Maximilian J. Waldner
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Ferdinand Knieling
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;
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Yang JM, Ghim CM. Photoacoustic Tomography Opening New Paradigms in Biomedical Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1310:239-341. [PMID: 33834440 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6064-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
After the emergence of the ultrasound, X-ray CT, PET, and MRI, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is now in the phase of its exponential growth, with its expected full maturation being another form of mainstream clinical imaging modality. By combining the high contrast benefit of optical imaging and the high-resolution deep imaging capability of ultrasound, PAT can provide unprecedented anatomical image contrasts at clinically relevant depths as well as enable the use of a variety of functional and molecular imaging information, which is not possible with conventional imaging modalities. With these strengths, PAT has achieved numerous breakthroughs in various biomedical applications and also provided new technical platforms that may be able to resolve unmet issues in clinics. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the development of PAT technology for several major biomedical applications and provide an approximate projection of the future of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Mo Yang
- Center for Photoacoustic Medical Instruments, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol-Min Ghim
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Hosseinaee Z, Le M, Bell K, Reza PH. Towards non-contact photoacoustic imaging [review]. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100207. [PMID: 33024694 PMCID: PMC7530308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound imaging properties to visualize optical absorption with high resolution and contrast. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is usually categorized with all-optical microscopy techniques such as optical coherence tomography or confocal microscopes. Despite offering high sensitivity, novel imaging contrast, and high resolution, PAM is not generally an all-optical imaging method unlike the other microscopy techniques. One of the significant limitations of photoacoustic microscopes arises from their need to be in physical contact with the sample through a coupling media. This physical contact, coupling, or immersion of the sample is undesirable or impractical for many clinical and pre-clinical applications. This also limits the flexibility of photoacoustic techniques to be integrated with other all-optical imaging microscopes for providing complementary imaging contrast. To overcome these limitations, several non-contact photoacoustic signal detection approaches have been proposed. This paper presents a brief overview of current non-contact photoacoustic detection techniques with an emphasis on all-optical detection methods and their associated physical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hosseinaee
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Martin Le
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- IllumiSonics Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Lai D, Mao L, Xu Q, Li J. A Novel Reconstruction Method with Time Reversal Algorithm and Evaluations for Photoacoustic Tomography. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:1923-1926. [PMID: 33018378 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a new modality with a high-resolution and a high contrast, the reconstruction process of which can result in improvements of the imaging quality. The aim of this study is to present an attempt to develop a novel reconstruction method with a time reversal algorithm (TR) for the PAT in an inhomogeneous media. By incorporating the finite difference time domain method (FDTD), the imaging reconstruction with the TR algorithm was formulated firstly. Then, two numerical simulations and an ex vivo experiment were both carried out to evaluate the capability of the proposed method in this work. The obtained results showed qualitatively the PAT images could be reconstructed well both in an inhomogeneous numerical model from different scanning ways and in a phantom model embedded with an ex vivo tumor of patients. Although the TR based algorithms may cost a bit more time than another in reconstruction process, it would be more practical approach for photoacoustic tomography with arbitrary scanning ways and better capability of imaging in inhomogeneous media, could also encourage us to further discuss its applicability of tumor detection in patients.
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10
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Liu K, Chen Z, Zhou W, Xing D. Towards quantitative assessment of burn based on photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000126. [PMID: 32609427 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and timely assessment of the severity of burn is essential for the treatment of burns. Currently, although most first-degree and third-degree burns are easily diagnosed through visual inspection or auxiliary diagnostic methods, the second-degree burn is still difficult to distinguish due to the ambiguity boundaries of second-degree with first-degree and third-degree burns. In this study, we proposed a non-invasive technique by combing photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to multi-parameter quantitatively assess the burns. The feasibility and capacity of the dual-mode PAT/OCT for assessing the burns was first testified by tissue-mimicking phantom and burn wounds in mouse pinna in vivo. The further experiments conducted on the back of rats showed that the changes in skin scattering structure, vascular morphology and blood flow provided by the dual-mode PAI/OCT system can determine distinct boundaries and depth of the burns. The experimental results prove that combined PAI/OCT as a novel method can be used to assess the severity of burn, which has the potential to diagnose the burns in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhongjiang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wangting Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Jeon S, Kim J, Lee D, Baik JW, Kim C. Review on practical photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2019; 15:100141. [PMID: 31463194 PMCID: PMC6710377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has many interesting advantages, such as deep imaging depth, high image resolution, and high contrast to intrinsic and extrinsic chromophores, enabling morphological, functional, and molecular imaging of living subjects. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is one form of the PAI inheriting its characteristics and is useful in both preclinical and clinical research. Over the years, PAM systems have been evolved in several forms and each form has its relative advantages and disadvantages. Thus, to maximize the benefits of PAM for a specific application, it is important to configure the PAM system optimally by targeting a specific application. In this review, we provide practical methods for implementing a PAM system to improve the resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and imaging speed. In addition, we review the preclinical and the clinical applications of PAM and discuss the current challenges and the scope for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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12
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Wu Z, Duan F, Zhang J, Li S, Ma H, Nie L. In vivo dual-scale photoacoustic surveillance and assessment of burn healing. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3425-3433. [PMID: 31467787 PMCID: PMC6706033 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate diagnoses of superficial and deep dermal burns are difficult to make even by experienced investigators due to slight differences in dermis damage. Many imaging technologies have been developed to improve the burn depth assessment. But these imaging tools have limitations in deep imaging or resolving ability. Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid modality combining optical and ultrasound imaging that remains high resolution in deep imaging depth. In this work, we used dual-scale photoacoustic imaging to noninvasively diagnose burn injury and monitor the burn healing. Real-time PACT provided cross-sectional and volumetric images of the burn region. High-resolution PAM allowed for imaging of angiogenesis on the hyperemic ring. A long-term surveillance was also performed to assess the difference between the two damage degrees of burn injuries. Our proposed method suggests an effective tool to diagnose and monitor burn injury.
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13
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Smirni S, MacDonald MP, Robertson CP, McNamara PM, O'Gorman S, Leahy MJ, Khan F. Application of cmOCT and continuous wavelet transform analysis to the assessment of skin microcirculation dynamics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-13. [PMID: 29992798 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.7.076006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Correlation mapping optical coherence tomography (cmOCT) is a powerful technique for the imaging of skin microvessels structure, based on the discrimination of the static and dynamic regions of the tissue. Although the suitability of cmOCT to visualize the microcirculation has been proved in humans and animal models, less evidence has been provided about its application to examine functional dynamics. Therefore, the goal of this research was validating the cmOCT method for the investigation into microvascular function and vasomotion. A spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device was employed to image 90 sequential three-dimensional (3-D) OCT volumes from the forearm of 12 volunteers during a 25-min postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) test. The volumes were processed using cmOCT to generate blood flow maps at selected cutaneous depths. The maps clearly trace flow variations during the PORH response for both capillaries and arterioles/venules microvascular layers. Continuous blood flow signals were reconstructed from cmOCT maps to study vasomotion by applying wavelet transform spectral analysis, which revealed fluctuations of flow during PORH, reflecting the regulation of microvascular tone mediated by endothelial cells and sympathetic nerves. The results clearly demonstrate that cmOCT allows the generation of functional information that may be used for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Smirni
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P MacDonald
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Nethergate, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine P Robertson
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M McNamara
- National University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sean O'Gorman
- National University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin J Leahy
- National University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Galway, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Faisel Khan
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
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15
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Ye H, De S. Thermal injury of skin and subcutaneous tissues: A review of experimental approaches and numerical models. Burns 2017; 43:909-932. [PMID: 27931765 PMCID: PMC5459687 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermal injury to skin and subcutaneous tissue is common in both civilian and combat scenarios. Understanding the change in tissue morphologies and properties and the underlying mechanisms of thermal injury are of vital importance to clinical determination of the degree of burn and treatment approach. This review aims at summarizing the research involving experimental and numerical studies of skin and subcutaneous tissue subjected to thermal injury. The review consists of two parts. The first part deals with experimental studies including burn protocols and prevailing imaging approaches. The second part deals with existing numerical models for burns of tissue and related computational simulations. Based on this review, we conclude that though there is literature contributing to the knowledge of the pathology and pathogenesis of tissue burn, there is scant quantitative information regarding changes in tissue properties including mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties as a result of burns that are linked to altered tissue morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglin Ye
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Suvranu De
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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16
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Kumar S, Rani R, Dilbaghi N, Tankeshwar K, Kim KH. Carbon nanotubes: a novel material for multifaceted applications in human healthcare. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:158-196. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable advances achieved in modern material technology, especially in device fabrication, have facilitated diverse materials to expand the list of their application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology
- Hisar
- India
| | - Ruma Rani
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology
- Hisar
- India
| | - Neeraj Dilbaghi
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology
- Hisar
- India
| | - K. Tankeshwar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology
- Hisar
- India
- Department of Physics
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Republic of Korea
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17
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Tian C, Feng T, Wang C, Liu S, Cheng Q, Oliver DE, Wang X, Xu G. Non-Contact Photoacoustic Imaging Using a Commercial Heterodyne Interferometer. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2016; 16:8381-8388. [PMID: 28210188 PMCID: PMC5305171 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2016.2611569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most current photoacoustic imaging (PAI) systems employ piezoelectric transducers to receive photoacoustic signals, which requires coupling medium to facilitate photoacoustic wave propagation and are not favored in many applications. Here, we report an all-optical non-contact PAI system based on a commercial heterodyne interferometer working at 1550 nm. The interferometer remotely detects ultrasound-induced surface vibration and does not involve any physical contact with the sample. The theoretically predicated and experimentally measured noise equivalent detection limits of the optical sensor are about 4.5 and 810 Pa over 1.2 MHz bandwidth. Using a raster-scan PAI system equipped with the non-contact design, stereotactic boundaries of an artificial tumor in a pig brain were accurately delineated. The non-contact design also enables the tomographic PAI of biological tissue samples in a non-invasive manner. The preliminary results and analyses reveal that the heterodyne interferometer-based non-contact PAI system holds good potential in biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21000, China, and also with the Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shengchun Liu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | | | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA, and also with the Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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18
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Maswadi SM, Ibey BL, Roth CC, Tsyboulski DA, Beier HT, Glickman RD, Oraevsky AA. All-optical optoacoustic microscopy based on probe beam deflection technique. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2016; 4:91-101. [PMID: 27761408 PMCID: PMC5063357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (OA) microscopy using an all-optical system based on the probe beam deflection technique (PBDT) for detection of laser-induced acoustic signals was investigated as an alternative to conventional piezoelectric transducers. PBDT provides a number of advantages for OA microscopy including (i) efficient coupling of laser excitation energy to the samples being imaged through the probing laser beam, (ii) undistorted coupling of acoustic waves to the detector without the need for separation of the optical and acoustic paths, (iii) high sensitivity and (iv) ultrawide bandwidth. Because of the unimpeded optical path in PBDT, diffraction-limited lateral resolution can be readily achieved. The sensitivity of the current PBDT sensor of 22 μV/Pa and its noise equivalent pressure (NEP) of 11.4 Pa are comparable with these parameters of the optical micro-ring resonator and commercial piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. Benefits of the present prototype OA microscope were demonstrated by successfully resolving micron-size details in histological sections of cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saher M. Maswadi
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- EchoLase, Inc., 5234 Tomas Circle, San Antonio, TX 78240, USA
| | - Bennett L. Ibey
- Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Caleb C. Roth
- School of Medicine, Dept. of Radiological Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Hope T. Beier
- Optical Radiation Branch, Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Randolph D. Glickman
- School of Medicine, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- EchoLase, Inc., 5234 Tomas Circle, San Antonio, TX 78240, USA
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19
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Thatcher JE, Squiers JJ, Kanick SC, King DR, Lu Y, Wang Y, Mohan R, Sellke EW, DiMaio JM. Imaging Techniques for Clinical Burn Assessment with a Focus on Multispectral Imaging. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2016; 5:360-378. [PMID: 27602255 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2015.0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Burn assessments, including extent and severity, are some of the most critical diagnoses in burn care, and many recently developed imaging techniques may have the potential to improve the accuracy of these evaluations. Recent Advances: Optical devices, telemedicine, and high-frequency ultrasound are among the highlights in recent burn imaging advancements. We present another promising technology, multispectral imaging (MSI), which also has the potential to impact current medical practice in burn care, among a variety of other specialties. Critical Issues: At this time, it is still a matter of debate as to why there is no consensus on the use of technology to assist burn assessments in the United States. Fortunately, the availability of techniques does not appear to be a limitation. However, the selection of appropriate imaging technology to augment the provision of burn care can be difficult for clinicians to navigate. There are many technologies available, but a comprehensive review summarizing the tissue characteristics measured by each technology in light of aiding clinicians in selecting the proper device is missing. This would be especially valuable for the nonburn specialists who encounter burn injuries. Future Directions: The questions of when burn assessment devices are useful to the burn team, how the various imaging devices work, and where the various burn imaging technologies fit into the spectrum of burn care will continue to be addressed. Technologies that can image a large surface area quickly, such as thermography or laser speckle imaging, may be suitable for initial burn assessment and triage. In the setting of presurgical planning, ultrasound or optical microscopy techniques, including optical coherence tomography, may prove useful. MSI, which actually has origins in burn care, may ultimately meet a high number of requirements for burn assessment in routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. Squiers
- Spectral MD, Inc., Dallas, Texas
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | - Yang Lu
- Spectral MD, Inc., Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | | | - J. Michael DiMaio
- Spectral MD, Inc., Dallas, Texas
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Dallas, Texas
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20
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Zhou Y, Yao J, Wang LV. Tutorial on photoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:61007. [PMID: 27086868 PMCID: PMC4834026 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.6.061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has become one of the fastest growing fields in biomedical optics. Unlike pure optical imaging, such as confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy, PAT employs acoustic detection to image optical absorption contrast with high-resolution deep into scattering tissue. So far, PAT has been widely used for multiscale anatomical, functional, and molecular imaging of biological tissues. We focus on PAT’s basic principles, major implementations, imaging contrasts, and recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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21
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Gao C, Deng ZJ, Peng D, Jin YS, Ma Y, Li YY, Zhu YK, Xi JZ, Tian J, Dai ZF, Li CH, Liang XL. Near-infrared dye-loaded magnetic nanoparticles as photoacoustic contrast agent for enhanced tumor imaging. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:349-359. [PMID: 27807502 PMCID: PMC5069831 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Photoacoustic (PA) tomography (PAT) has attracted extensive interest because of its optical absorption contrast and ultrasonic detection. This study aims to develop a biocompatible and biodegradable PA contrast agent particularly promising for clinical applications in human body.
Methods: In this study, we presented a PA contrast agent: 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-
N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)] (DSPE-PEG)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with indocyanine green (ICG). We used ICG and SPIO NPs because both drugs are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Given the strong absorption of near-infrared laser pulses, SPIO@DSPE-PEG/ICG NPs with a uniform diameter of ~28 nm could significantly enhance PA signals.
Results: We demonstrated the contrast enhancement of these NPs in phantom and animal experiments, in which the
in vivo circulation time of SPIO@DSPE-PEG/ICG NPs was considerably longer than that of free ICG. These novel NPs also displayed a high efficiency of tumor targeting.
Conclusions: SPIO@DSPE-PEG/ICG NPs are promising PAT contrast agents for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-Jian Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Peng
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu-Shen Jin
- Nanomedicine and Biosensor Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Nanomedicine and Biosensor Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- Nanomedicine and Biosensor Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yu-Kun Zhu
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chang-Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Long Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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22
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Gateau J, Gesnik M, Chassot JM, Bossy E. Single-side access, isotropic resolution, and multispectral three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging with rotate-translate scanning of ultrasonic detector array. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:56004. [PMID: 25970085 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.056004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging can achieve high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of optical absorbers at penetration depths of ∼1 cm in biological tissues by detecting optically induced high ultrasound frequencies. Tomographic acquisition with ultrasound linear arrays offers an easy implementation of single-side access, parallelized, and high-frequency detection, but usually comes with an image quality impaired by the directionality of the detectors. Indeed, a simple translation of the array perpendicular to its median imaging plane is often used, but results both in a poor resolution in the translation direction and strong limited-view artifacts.To improve the spatial resolution and the visibility of complex structures while retaining a planar detection geometry, we introduce, in this paper, a rotate-translate scanning scheme and investigate the performance ofa scanner implemented at 15 MHz center frequency. The developed system achieved a quasi-isotropic uniform 3-D resolution of ∼170 μm over a cubic volume of side length 8.5 mm, i.e., an improvement in the resolution in the translation direction by almost one order of magnitude. Dual-wavelength imaging was also demonstrated with ultrafast wavelength shifting. The validity of our approach was shown in vitro. We discuss the ability to enable in vivo imaging for preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Gateau
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM U979, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, FrancebLaboratoire Kastler Brossel, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 8552, 4 Pla
| | - Marc Gesnik
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM U979, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Chassot
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM U979, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bossy
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM U979, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
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23
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Paul DW, Ghassemi P, Ramella-Roman JC, Prindeze NJ, Moffatt LT, Alkhalil A, Shupp JW. Noninvasive imaging technologies for cutaneous wound assessment: A review. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:149-62. [PMID: 25832563 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to phenotype wounds for the purposes of assessing severity, healing potential and treatment is an important function of evidence-based medicine. A variety of optical technologies are currently in development for noninvasive wound assessment. To varying extents, these optical technologies have the potential to supplement traditional clinical wound evaluation and research, by providing detailed information regarding skin components imperceptible to visual inspection. These assessments are achieved through quantitative optical analysis of tissue characteristics including blood flow, collagen remodeling, hemoglobin content, inflammation, temperature, vascular structure, and water content. Technologies that have, to this date, been applied to wound assessment include: near infrared imaging, thermal imaging, optical coherence tomography, orthogonal polarization spectral imaging, fluorescence imaging, laser Doppler imaging, microscopy, spatial frequency domain imaging, photoacoustic detection, and spectral/hyperspectral imaging. We present a review of the technologies in use or development for these purposes with three aims: (1) providing basic explanations of imaging technology concepts, (2) reviewing the wound imaging literature, and (3) providing insight into areas for further application and exploration. Noninvasive imaging is a promising advancement in wound assessment and all technologies require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereck W Paul
- The Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Pejhman Ghassemi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC
| | - Jessica C Ramella-Roman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Nicholas J Prindeze
- The Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Lauren T Moffatt
- The Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Abdulnaser Alkhalil
- The Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Jeffrey W Shupp
- The Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC
- Department of Surgery, The Burn Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC
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24
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Schwarz M, Omar M, Buehler A, Aguirre J, Ntziachristos V. Implications of ultrasound frequency in optoacoustic mesoscopy of the skin. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2015; 34:672-7. [PMID: 25361501 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2365239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM) comes with high potential for in vivo diagnostic imaging in dermatology, since it allows for high resolution imaging of the natural chromophores melanin, and hemoglobin at depths of several millimeters. We have applied ultra-wideband RSOM, in the 10-160 MHz frequency band, to image healthy human skin at distinct locations. We analyzed the anatomical information contained at different frequency ranges of the optoacoustic (photoacoustic) signals in relation to resolving features of different skin layers in vivo. We further compared results obtained from glabrous and hairy skin and identify that frequencies above 60 MHz are necessary for revealing the epidermal thickness, a prerequisite for determining the invasion depth of melanoma in future studies. By imaging a benign nevus we show that the applied RSOM system provides strong contrast of melanin-rich structures. We further identify the spectral bands responsible for imaging the fine structures in the stratum corneum, assessing dermal papillae, and resolving microvascular structures in the horizontal plexus.
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25
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Vogler N, Heuke S, Bocklitz TW, Schmitt M, Popp J. Multimodal Imaging Spectroscopy of Tissue. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:359-87. [PMID: 26070717 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced optical imaging technologies have experienced increased visibility in medical research, as they allow for a label-free and nondestructive investigation of tissue in either an excised state or living organisms. In addition to a multitude of ex vivo studies proving the applicability of these optical imaging approaches, a transfer of various modalities toward in vivo diagnosis is currently in progress as well. Furthermore, combining optical imaging techniques, referred to as multimodal imaging, allows for an improved diagnostic reliability due to the complementary nature of retrieved information. In this review, we provide a summary of ongoing multifold efforts in multimodal tissue imaging and focus in particular on in vivo applications for medical diagnosis. We also discuss the advantages and potential limitations of the imaging methods and outline opportunities for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Vogler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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26
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Ponticorvo A, Burmeister DM, Yang B, Choi B, Christy RJ, Durkin AJ. Quantitative assessment of graded burn wounds in a porcine model using spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI). BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3467-81. [PMID: 25360365 PMCID: PMC4206317 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and timely assessment of burn wound severity is a critical component of wound management and has implications related to course of treatment. While most superficial burns and full thickness burns are easily diagnosed through visual inspection, burns that fall between these extremes are challenging to classify based on clinical appearance. Because of this, appropriate burn management may be delayed, increasing the risk of scarring and infection. Here we present an investigation that employs spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI) as non-invasive technologies to characterize in-vivo burn severity. We used SFDI and LSI to investigate controlled burn wounds of graded severity in a Yorkshire pig model. Burn wounds were imaged starting at one hour after the initial injury and daily at approximately 24, 48 and 72 hours post burn. Biopsies were taken on each day in order to correlate the imaging data to the extent of burn damage as indicated via histological analysis. Changes in reduced scattering coefficient and blood flow could be used to categorize burn severity as soon as one hour after the burn injury. The results of this study suggest that SFDI and LSI information have the potential to provide useful metrics for quantifying the extent and severity of burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Ponticorvo
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- co-first authors
| | - David M. Burmeister
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
- co-first authors
| | - Bruce Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert J. Christy
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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27
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Ida T, Kawaguchi Y, Kawauchi S, Iwaya K, Tsuda H, Saitoh D, Sato S, Iwai T. Real-time photoacoustic imaging system for burn diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:086013. [PMID: 25127338 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.086013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a real-time (8 to 30 fps) photoacoustic (PA) imaging system with a linear-array transducer for burn depth assessment. In this system, PA signals originating from blood in the noninjured tissue layer located under the injured tissue layer are detected and imaged. A compact home-made high-repetition-rate (500 Hz) 532-nm fiber laser was incorporated as a light source. We used an alternating arrangement for the fibers and sensor elements in the probe, which improved the signal-to-noise ratio, reducing the required laser energy power for PA excitation. This arrangement also enabled a hand-held light-weight probe design. A phantom study showed that thin light absorbers embedded in the tissue-mimicking scattering medium at depths >3 mm can be imaged with high contrast. The maximum error for depth measurement was 140 μm. Diagnostic experiments were performed for rat burn models, including superficial dermal burn, deep dermal burn, and deep burn models. Injury depths (zones of stasis) indicated by PA imaging were compared with those estimated by histological analysis, showing discrepancies 200 μm. The system was also used to monitor the healing process of a deep dermal burn. The results demonstrate the potential usefulness of the present system for clinical burn diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiichiro Ida
- New Concept Product Initiative, Advantest Corporation, 1-5, Shin-tone, Kazo-shi, Saitama 349-1158, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- New Concept Product Initiative, Advantest Corporation, 1-5, Shin-tone, Kazo-shi, Saitama 349-1158, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawauchi
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Biomedical Information Sciences, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Keiichi Iwaya
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Department of Basic Pathology, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Department of Basic Pathology, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Daizoh Saitoh
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Basic Traumatology, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Biomedical Information Sciences, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Iwai
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, 2-24-6, Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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28
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Zackrisson S, van de Ven SMWY, Gambhir SS. Light in and sound out: emerging translational strategies for photoacoustic imaging. Cancer Res 2014; 74:979-1004. [PMID: 24514041 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has the potential for real-time molecular imaging at high resolution and deep inside the tissue, using nonionizing radiation and not necessarily depending on exogenous imaging agents, making this technique very promising for a range of clinical applications. The fact that PAI systems can be made portable and compatible with existing imaging technologies favors clinical translation even more. The breadth of clinical applications in which photoacoustics could play a valuable role include: noninvasive imaging of the breast, sentinel lymph nodes, skin, thyroid, eye, prostate (transrectal), and ovaries (transvaginal); minimally invasive endoscopic imaging of gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and circulating tumor cells (in vivo flow cytometry); and intraoperative imaging for assessment of tumor margins and (lymph node) metastases. In this review, we describe the basics of PAI and its recent advances in biomedical research, followed by a discussion of strategies for clinical translation of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zackrisson
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science & Engineering. Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - S M W Y van de Ven
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science & Engineering. Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S S Gambhir
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science & Engineering. Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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29
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Zheng F, Zhang X, Chiu CT, Zhou BL, Shung KK, Zhang HF, Jiao S. Laser-scanning photoacoustic microscopy with ultrasonic phased array transducer. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2694-9. [PMID: 23162708 PMCID: PMC3493241 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report our latest progress on proving the concept that ultrasonic phased array can improve the detection sensitivity and field of view (FOV) in laser-scanning photoacoustic microscopy (LS-PAM). A LS-PAM system with a one-dimensional (1D) ultrasonic phased array was built for the experiments. The 1D phased array transducer consists of 64 active elements with an overall active dimension of 3.2 mm × 2 mm. The system was tested on imaging phantom and mouse ear in vivo. Experiments showed a 15 dB increase of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when beamforming was employed compared to the images acquired with each single element. The experimental results demonstrated that ultrasonic phased array can be a better candidate for LS-PAM in high sensitivity applications like ophthalmic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chi Tat Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bill L. Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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30
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Tewari P, Kealey CP, Bennett DB, Bajwa N, Barnett KS, Singh RS, Culjat MO, Stojadinovic A, Grundfest WS, Taylor ZD. In vivo terahertz imaging of rat skin burns. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:040503. [PMID: 22559669 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A reflective, pulsed terahertz (THz) imaging system was used to acquire high-resolution (d(10-90)/λ~1.925) images of deep, partial thickness burns in a live rat. The rat's abdomen was burned with a brass brand heated to ~220°C and pressed against the skin with contact pressure for ~10 sec. The burn injury was imaged beneath a Mylar window every 15 to 30 min for up to 7 h. Initial images display an increase in local water concentration of the burned skin as evidenced by a marked increase in THz reflectivity, and this likely correlates to the post-injury inflammatory response. After ~1 h the area of increased reflectivity consolidated to the region of skin that had direct contact with the brand. Additionally, a low reflecting ring of tissue could be observed surrounding the highly reflective burned tissue. We hypothesize that these regions of increased and decreased reflectivity correlate to the zones of coagulation and stasis that are the classic foundation of burn wound histopathology. While further investigations are necessary to confirm this hypothesis, if true, it likely represents the first in vivo THz images of these pathologic zones and may represent a significant step forward in clinical application of THz technology.
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31
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Zhang X, Zhang HF, Jiao S. Optical coherence photoacoustic microscopy: accomplishing optical coherence tomography and photoacoustic microscopy with a single light source. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:030502. [PMID: 22502553 PMCID: PMC3380948 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.3.030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We developed optical coherence photoacoustic microscopy (OC-PAM) to demonstrate that the functions of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) can be achieved simultaneously by using a single illuminating light source. We used a pulsed broadband laser centered at 580 nm and detected the absorbed photons through photoacoustic detection and the back-scattered photons with an interferometer. In OC-PAM, each laser pulse generates both one OCT A-line and one PAM A-line simultaneously; as a result, the two imaging modalities are intrinsically co-registered in the lateral directions. In vivo images of the mouse ear were acquired to demonstrate the capabilities of OC-PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Zhang
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California 90033
- Address all correspondence to: Shuliang Jiao, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 1450 San Pablo St., Room DVRC 307E, Los Angeles, California 90033; E-mail:
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32
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Qin J, Reif R, Zhi Z, Dziennis S, Wang R. Hemodynamic and morphological vasculature response to a burn monitored using a combined dual-wavelength laser speckle and optical microangiography imaging system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:455-66. [PMID: 22435094 PMCID: PMC3296534 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A multi-functional imaging system capable of determining relative changes in blood flow, hemoglobin concentration, and morphological features of the blood vasculature is demonstrated. The system combines two non-invasive imaging techniques, a dual-wavelength laser speckle contrast imaging (2-LSI) and an optical microangiography (OMAG) system. 2-LSI is used to monitor the changes in the dynamic blood flow and the changes in the concentration of oxygenated (HbO), deoxygenated (Hb) and total hemoglobin (HbT). The OMAG system is used to acquire high resolution images of the functional blood vessel network. The vessel area density (VAD) is used to quantify the blood vessel network morphology, specifically the capillary recruitment. The proposed multi-functional system is employed to assess the blood perfusion status from a mouse pinna before and immediately after a burn injury. To our knowledge, this is the first non-invasive, non-contact and multifunctional imaging modality that can simultaneously measure variations of several blood perfusion parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Roberto Reif
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhongwei Zhi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Suzan Dziennis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ruikang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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33
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Taylor ZD, Singh RS, Bennett DB, Tewari P, Kealey CP, Bajwa N, Culjat MO, Stojadinovic A, Lee H, Hubschman JP, Brown ER, Grundfest WS. THz Medical Imaging: in vivo Hydration Sensing. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2011; 1:201-219. [PMID: 26085958 PMCID: PMC4467694 DOI: 10.1109/tthz.2011.2159551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of THz to medical imaging is experiencing a surge in both interest and federal funding. A brief overview of the field is provided along with promising and emerging applications and ongoing research. THz imaging phenomenology is discussed and tradeoffs are identified. A THz medical imaging system, operating at ~525 GHz center frequency with ~125 GHz of response normalized bandwidth is introduced and details regarding principles of operation are provided. Two promising medical applications of THz imaging are presented: skin burns and cornea. For burns, images of second degree, partial thickness burns were obtained in rat models in vivo over an 8 hour period. These images clearly show the formation and progression of edema in and around the burn wound area. For cornea, experimental data measuring the hydration of ex vivo porcine cornea under drying is presented demonstrating utility in ophthalmologic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering and the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ( )
| | - Rahul S Singh
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, and the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - David B Bennett
- Department of Electrical Engineering and the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Priyamvada Tewari
- Department of Bioengineering and the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Colin P Kealey
- Department of Surgery and the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Neha Bajwa
- Department of Bioengineering and the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Martin O Culjat
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, and the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Alexander Stojadinovic
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the Combat Wound Initiative Program, Washington, DC 20307 USA
| | - Hua Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Hubschman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Elliott R Brown
- Department of Physics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 USA
| | - Warren S Grundfest
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, and the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, also called optoacoustic imaging, is a new biomedical imaging modality based on the use of laser-generated ultrasound that has emerged over the last decade. It is a hybrid modality, combining the high-contrast and spectroscopic-based specificity of optical imaging with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. In essence, a PA image can be regarded as an ultrasound image in which the contrast depends not on the mechanical and elastic properties of the tissue, but its optical properties, specifically optical absorption. As a consequence, it offers greater specificity than conventional ultrasound imaging with the ability to detect haemoglobin, lipids, water and other light-absorbing chomophores, but with greater penetration depth than purely optical imaging modalities that rely on ballistic photons. As well as visualizing anatomical structures such as the microvasculature, it can also provide functional information in the form of blood oxygenation, blood flow and temperature. All of this can be achieved over a wide range of length scales from micrometres to centimetres with scalable spatial resolution. These attributes lend PA imaging to a wide variety of applications in clinical medicine, preclinical research and basic biology for studying cancer, cardiovascular disease, abnormalities of the microcirculation and other conditions. With the emergence of a variety of truly compelling in vivo images obtained by a number of groups around the world in the last 2-3 years, the technique has come of age and the promise of PA imaging is now beginning to be realized. Recent highlights include the demonstration of whole-body small-animal imaging, the first demonstrations of molecular imaging, the introduction of new microscopy modes and the first steps towards clinical breast imaging being taken as well as a myriad of in vivo preclinical imaging studies. In this article, the underlying physical principles of the technique, its practical implementation, and a range of clinical and preclinical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Beard
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering , University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT , UK
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35
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Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, also called optoacoustic imaging, is a new biomedical imaging modality based on the use of laser-generated ultrasound that has emerged over the last decade. It is a hybrid modality, combining the high-contrast and spectroscopic-based specificity of optical imaging with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. In essence, a PA image can be regarded as an ultrasound image in which the contrast depends not on the mechanical and elastic properties of the tissue, but its optical properties, specifically optical absorption. As a consequence, it offers greater specificity than conventional ultrasound imaging with the ability to detect haemoglobin, lipids, water and other light-absorbing chomophores, but with greater penetration depth than purely optical imaging modalities that rely on ballistic photons. As well as visualizing anatomical structures such as the microvasculature, it can also provide functional information in the form of blood oxygenation, blood flow and temperature. All of this can be achieved over a wide range of length scales from micrometres to centimetres with scalable spatial resolution. These attributes lend PA imaging to a wide variety of applications in clinical medicine, preclinical research and basic biology for studying cancer, cardiovascular disease, abnormalities of the microcirculation and other conditions. With the emergence of a variety of truly compelling in vivo images obtained by a number of groups around the world in the last 2-3 years, the technique has come of age and the promise of PA imaging is now beginning to be realized. Recent highlights include the demonstration of whole-body small-animal imaging, the first demonstrations of molecular imaging, the introduction of new microscopy modes and the first steps towards clinical breast imaging being taken as well as a myriad of in vivo preclinical imaging studies. In this article, the underlying physical principles of the technique, its practical implementation, and a range of clinical and preclinical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Beard
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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36
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Kaiser M, Yafi A, Cinat M, Choi B, Durkin AJ. Noninvasive assessment of burn wound severity using optical technology: a review of current and future modalities. Burns 2010; 37:377-86. [PMID: 21185123 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical examination alone is not always sufficient to determine which burn wounds will heal spontaneously and which will require surgical intervention for optimal outcome. We present a review of optical modalities currently in clinical use and under development to assist burn surgeons in assessing burn wound severity, including conventional histology/light microscopy, laser Doppler imaging, indocyanine green videoangiography, near-infrared spectroscopy and spectral imaging, in vivo capillary microscopy, orthogonal polarization spectral imaging, reflectance-mode confocal microscopy, laser speckle imaging, spatial frequency domain imaging, photoacoustic microscopy, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann Kaiser
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92806, USA.
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37
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Jiang M, Zhang X, Puliafito CA, Zhang HF, Jiao S. Adaptive optics photoacoustic microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:21770-6. [PMID: 20941077 PMCID: PMC3289054 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.021770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an adaptive optics photoacoustic microscope (AO-PAM) for high-resolution imaging of biological tissues, especially the retina. To demonstrate the feasibility of AO-PAM we first designed the AO system to correct the wavefront errors of the illuminating light of PAM. The aberrations of the optical system delivering the illuminating light to the sample in PAM was corrected with a close-loop AO system consisting of a 141-element MEMS-based deformable mirror (DM) and a Shack-Hartmann (SH) wavefront sensor operating at 15 Hz. The photoacoustic signal induced by the illuminating laser beam was detected by a custom-built needle ultrasonic transducer. When the wavefront errors were corrected by the AO system, the lateral resolution of PAM was measured to be better than 2.5 µm using a low NA objective lens. We tested the system on imaging ex vivo ocular samples, e.g., the ciliary body and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of a pig eye. The AO-PAM images showed significant quality improvement. For the first time we were able to resolve single RPE cells with PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshan Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Carmen A. Puliafito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee,WI 53201,
USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
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38
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Pan CP, Shi Y, Amin K, Greenberg CS, Haroon Z, Faris GW. Wound healing monitoring using near infrared fluorescent fibrinogen. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:285-294. [PMID: 21258466 PMCID: PMC3005166 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for imaging the wound healing process with near infrared fluorescent fibrinogen. Wound healing studies were performed on a rat punch biopsy model. Fibrinogen was conjugated with a near infrared fluorescent dye and injected into the tail vein. Fibrinogen is a useful protein for tracking wound healing because it is involved in fibrin clot formation and formation of new provisional matrix through transglutaminase's crosslinking activity. Strong fluorescence specific to the wound was observed and persisted for several days, indicating that the fibrinogen is converted to crosslinked fibrin. Administration of contrast agent simultaneously with wound creation led to primary labeling of the fibrin clot, indicating that the wound was in its early phase of healing. Administration on the following day showed labeling on the wound periphery, indicating location of formation of a new provisional matrix. This method may prove to be useful as a diagnostic for basic studies of the wound healing process, in drug development, or in clinical assessment of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Pin Pan
- Physical Sciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue,
Menlo Park, CA. 94025, USA
| | - Yihui Shi
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue,
Menlo Park, CA. 94025, USA
| | - Khalid Amin
- Dept of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Blvd,
Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Charles S. Greenberg
- Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street,
Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Zishan Haroon
- Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina,
1079 GMB, CB#7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gregory W. Faris
- Physical Sciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue,
Menlo Park, CA. 94025, USA
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39
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de la Zerda A, Liu Z, Bodapati S, Teed R, Vaithilingam S, Khuri-Yakub BT, Chen X, Dai H, Gambhir SS. Ultrahigh sensitivity carbon nanotube agents for photoacoustic molecular imaging in living mice. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:2168-72. [PMID: 20499887 PMCID: PMC2893026 DOI: 10.1021/nl100890d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is an emerging modality that overcomes to a great extent the resolution and depth limitations of optical imaging while maintaining relatively high-contrast. However, since many diseases will not manifest an endogenous photoacoustic contrast, it is essential to develop exogenous photoacoustic contrast agents that can target diseased tissue(s). Here we present a novel photoacoustic contrast agent, Indocyanine Green dye-enhanced single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT-ICG). We conjugated this contrast agent with cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides to molecularly target the alpha(v)beta(3) integrins, which are associated with tumor angiogenesis. Intravenous administration of this tumor-targeted contrast agent to tumor-bearing mice showed significantly higher photoacoustic signal in the tumor than in mice injected with the untargeted contrast agent. The new contrast agent gave a markedly 300 times higher photoacoustic contrast in living tissues than previously reported SWNTs, leading to subnanomolar sensitivities. Finally, we show that the new contrast agent can detect approximately 20 times fewer cancer cells than previously reported SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam de la Zerda
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Sunil Bodapati
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Teed
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Srikant Vaithilingam
- Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Laboratory for Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- ;
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- ;
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40
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Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a high-contrast, high-resolution imaging modality, used primarily for imaging hemoglobin and melanin. Important applications include mapping of the microvasculature and melanoma tumor margins. We demonstrate a novel PAM design that markedly simplifies the implementation by separating the optical illumination from the acoustic detection path. This modification enables the use of high-quality commercial optics and transducers, and may be readily adapted to commercial light microscopes. The designed PAM system is only sensitive to signals generated in the overlap of the illumination and detection solid angles, providing the additional benefit of quasi-dark-field detection. An off-axis PAM system with a lateral resolution of 26 microm and a modest axial resolution of 410 microm has been assembled and characterized using tissue samples. The axial resolution is readily scaled down to tens of micrometers within the same design, by utilizing commercially available high-frequency acoustic transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Shelton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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41
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Jose J, Manohar S, Kolkman RGM, Steenbergen W, van Leeuwen TG. Imaging of tumor vasculature using Twente photoacoustic systems. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2009; 2:701-17. [PMID: 19718681 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200910025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid imaging modality based on the detection of acoustic waves generated by the absorption of short laser pulses in biological tissue. It combines the advantages of excellent contrast achieved in optical techniques with the high resolution of ultrasound imaging. In this article we present a review of the work done at the University of Twente to image tumor angiogenesis in vivo using this technique. We start with a description and the technical details of the different photoacoustic systems developed in our laboratory, with their validation on phantoms. We then discuss small-animal studies with results of serial imaging of angiogenesis over a 10-day period at the site of tumor induction in a rat. Further, we present clinical results using a photoacoustic mammoscope of breast cancer imaging based on angiogenesis-driven optical absorption contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Jose
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Biophysical Engineering Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Chen SL, Huang SW, Ling T, Ashkenazi S, Guo LJ. Polymer microring resonators for high-sensitivity and wideband photoacoustic imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2009; 56:2482-91. [PMID: 19942534 PMCID: PMC2848162 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2009.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polymer microring resonators have been exploited for high-sensitivity and wideband photoacoustic imaging. To demonstrate high-sensitivity ultrasound detection, highfrequency photoacoustic imaging of a 49-microm-diameter black bead at an imaging depth of 5 mm was imaged photoacoustically using a synthetic 2-D array with 249 elements and a low laser fluence of 0.35 mJ/cm(2). A bandpass filter with a center frequency of 28 MHz and a bandwidth of 16 MHz was applied to all element data but without signal averaging, and a signal-to-noise ratio of 16.4 dB was obtained. A wideband detector response is essential for imaging reconstruction of multiscale objects, e.g., various sizes of tissues, by using a range of characteristic acoustic wavelengths. A simulation of photoacoustic tomography of beads shows that objects with their boundaries characteristic of high spatial frequencies and the inner structure primarily of low spatial frequency components can be faithfully reconstructed using such a detector. Photoacoustic tomography experiments of 49- and 301-microm-diameter beads were presented. A high resolution of 12.5 microm was obtained. The boundary of a 301-microm bead was imaged clearly. The results demonstrated that the high sensitivity and broadband response of polymer microring resonators have potential for high resolution and high-fidelity photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Liang Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sheng-Wen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Bioengineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Tao Ling
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - L. Jay Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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43
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Abstract
Photoacoustics has been broadly studied in biomedicine, for both human and small animal tissues. Photoacoustics uniquely combines the absorption contrast of light or radio frequency waves with ultrasound resolution. Moreover, it is non-ionizing and non-invasive, and is the fastest growing new biomedical method, with clinical applications on the way. This review provides a brief recap of recent developments in photoacoustics in biomedicine, from basic principles to applications. The emphasized areas include the new imaging modalities, hybrid detection methods, photoacoustic contrast agents and the photoacoustic Doppler effect, as well as translational research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Li
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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44
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Zhang HF, Maslov K, Wang LV. Automatic algorithm for skin profile detection in photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:024050. [PMID: 19405778 PMCID: PMC5538579 DOI: 10.1117/1.3122362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an automatic algorithm to detect the skin profiles in the volumetric data acquired by photoacoustic microscopy for subcutaneous vasculature imaging. This algorithm analyzes the relationship between amplitudes of photoacoustic signals generated from the skin surface and underlying blood vessels to achieve a rough estimation of the skin profile. A better approximation of the skin profile is then acquired after nonparametric smoothing and Gaussian low-pass spatial filtering. An auto-fit scan mechanism is further developed based on the detected skin profile to achieve good ultrasonic focusing on the subcutaneous vessel layer when the skin contour variation is much larger than the ultrasonic focal zone. The importance of skin profile detection in calculating the maximum-amplitude-projection images and significantly improving the image quality by employing the auto-fit scan are demonstrated by in vivo experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao F Zhang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Hillman EMC, Burgess SA. Sub-millimeter resolution 3D optical imaging of living tissue using laminar optical tomography. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2009; 3:159-179. [PMID: 19844595 PMCID: PMC2763333 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.200810031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In-vivo imaging of optical contrast in living tissues can allow measurement of functional parameters such as blood oxygenation and detection of targeted and active fluorescent contrast agents. However, optical imaging must overcome the effects of light scattering, which limit the penetration depth and can affect quantitation and sensitivity. This article focuses on a technique for high-resolution, high-speed depth-resolved optical imaging of superficial living tissues called laminar optical tomography (LOT), which is capable of imaging absorbing and fluorescent contrast in living tissues to depths of 2-3 mm with 100-200 micron resolution. An overview of the advantages and challenges of in-vivo optical imaging is followed by a review of currently available techniques for high-resolution optical imaging of tissues. LOT is then described, including a description of the imaging system design and discussion of data analysis and image reconstruction approaches. Examples of recent applications of LOT are then provided and compared to other existing technologies.By measuring multiply-scattered light, Laminar Optical Tomography can probe beneath the surface of living tissues such as the skin and brain.
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Zhang EZ, Laufer JG, Pedley RB, Beard PC. In vivohigh-resolution 3D photoacoustic imaging of superficial vascular anatomy. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:1035-46. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/4/014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Aizawa K, Sato S, Saitoh D, Ashida H, Obara M. Photoacoustic monitoring of burn healing process in rats. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:064020. [PMID: 19123666 DOI: 10.1117/1.3028005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We performed multiwavelength photoacoustic (PA) measurement for extensive deep dermal burns in rats to monitor the healing process of the wounds. The PA signal peak at 532 nm, an isosbestic point for oxyhemoglobin (HbO(2)) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), was found to shift to a shallower region of the injured skin tissue with the elapse of time. The results of histological analysis showed that the shift of the PA signal reflected angiogenesis in the wounds. Until 24 h postburn, PA signal amplitude generally increased at all wavelengths. We speculate that this increase in amplitude is associated with dilation of blood vessels within healthy tissue under the injured tissue layer and increased hematocrit value due to development of edema. From 24 to 48 h postburn, the PA signal showed wavelength-dependent behaviors; signal amplitudes at 532, 556, and 576 nm continued to increase, while amplitude at 600 nm, an HHb absorption-dominant wavelength, decreased. This seems to reflect change from shock phase to hyperdynamic state in the rat; in the hyperdynamic state, cardiac output and oxygen consumption increased considerably. These findings show that multiwavelength PA measurement would be useful for monitoring recovery of perfusion and change in local hemodynamics in the healing process of burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Aizawa
- Keio University, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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DE LA ZERDA ADAM, ZAVALETA CRISTINA, KEREN SHAY, VAITHILINGAM SRIKANT, BODAPATI SUNIL, LIU ZHUANG, LEVI JELENA, SMITH BRYANR, MA TEJEN, ORALKAN OMER, CHENG ZHEN, CHEN XIAOYUAN, DAI HONGJIE, KHURI-YAKUB BUTRUST, GAMBHIR SANJIVS. Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 3:557-62. [PMID: 18772918 PMCID: PMC2562547 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging of living subjects offers higher spatial resolution and allows deeper tissues to be imaged compared with most optical imaging techniques. As many diseases do not exhibit a natural photoacoustic contrast, especially in their early stages, it is necessary to administer a photoacoustic contrast agent. A number of contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging have been suggested previously, but most were not shown to target a diseased site in living subjects. Here we show that single-walled carbon nanotubes conjugated with cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides can be used as a contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging of tumours. Intravenous administration of these targeted nanotubes to mice bearing tumours showed eight times greater photoacoustic signal in the tumour than mice injected with non-targeted nanotubes. These results were verified ex vivo using Raman microscopy. Photoacoustic imaging of targeted single-walled carbon nanotubes may contribute to non-invasive cancer imaging and monitoring of nanotherapeutics in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- ADAM DE LA ZERDA
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - CRISTINA ZAVALETA
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - SHAY KEREN
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - SRIKANT VAITHILINGAM
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - SUNIL BODAPATI
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - ZHUANG LIU
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - JELENA LEVI
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - BRYAN R. SMITH
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - TE-JEN MA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - OMER ORALKAN
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - ZHEN CHENG
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - XIAOYUAN CHEN
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - HONGJIE DAI
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - BUTRUS T. KHURI-YAKUB
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - SANJIV S. GAMBHIR
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
- e-mail:
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Zhang HF, Maslov K, Wang LV. In vivo imaging of subcutaneous structures using functional photoacoustic microscopy. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:797-804. [PMID: 17446879 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional photoacoustic microscopy (fPAM) is a hybrid technology that permits noninvasive imaging of the optical absorption contrast in subcutaneous biological tissues. fPAM uses a focused ultrasonic transducer to detect high-frequency photoacoustic (PA) signals. Volumetric images of biological tissues can be formed by two-dimensional raster scanning, and functional parameters can be further extracted from spectral measurements. fPAM is safe and applicable to animals as well as humans. This protocol provides guidelines for parameter selection, system alignment, imaging operation, laser safety and data processing for in vivo fPAM. It currently takes approximately 100 min to carry out this protocol, including approximately 50 min for data acquisition using a 10-Hz pulse-repetition-rate laser system. The data acquisition time, however, can be significantly reduced by using a laser system with a higher pulse repetition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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