1
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Lombard J, Biben T, Merabia S. Electron–phonon effects on the photoacoustic response of gold core–silica shell nanoparticles: From the linear regime to nanocavitation. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:084701. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coating gold nanostructures with a silica shell has been long considered for biomedical applications, including photoacoustic imaging. Recent experimental and modeling investigations reported contradicting results concerning the effect of coating on the photoacoustic response of gold nanostructures. Enhanced photoacoustic response is generally attributed to facilitated heat transfer at the gold/silica/water system. Here, we examine the photoacoustic response of gold core–silica shell nanoparticles immersed in water using a combination of the two temperature model and hydrodynamic phase field simulations. Here, of particular interest is the role of the interfacial coupling between the gold electrons and silica shell phonons. We demonstrate that as compared to uncoated nanoparticles, photoacoustic response is enhanced for very thin silica shells (5 nm) and short laser pulses, but for thicker coatings, the photoacoustic performance are generally deteriorated. We extend the study to the regime of nanocavitation and show that the generation of nanobubbles may also play a role in the enhanced acoustic response of core–shell nanoparticles. Our modeling effort may serve as guides for the optimization of the photoacoustic response of heterogeneous metal–dielectric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lombard
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica and Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Thierry Biben
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samy Merabia
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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2
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Yim W, Zhou J, Mantri Y, Creyer MN, Moore CA, Jokerst JV. Gold Nanorod-Melanin Hybrids for Enhanced and Prolonged Photoacoustic Imaging in the Near-Infrared-II Window. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14974-14984. [PMID: 33761255 PMCID: PMC8061782 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging holds great promise as a noninvasive imaging modality. Gold nanorods (GNRs) with absorption in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window have emerged as excellent PA probes because of their tunable optical absorption, surface modifiability, and low toxicity. However, pristine GNRs often undergo shape transition upon laser illumination due to thermodynamic instability, leading to a reduced PA signal after a few seconds of imaging. Here, we report monodisperse GNR-melanin nanohybrids where a tunable polydopamine (PDA) coating was conformally coated on GNRs. GNR@PDAs showed a threefold higher PA signal than pristine GNRs due to the increased optical absorption, cross-sectional area, and thermal confinement. More importantly, the PA signal of GNR@PDAs only decreased by 29% during the 5 min of laser illumination in the NIR-II window, while significant attenuation (77%) was observed for GNRs. The GNR@PDAs maintained 87% of its original PA signal in vivo even after 10 min of laser illumination. This PDA-enabled strategy affords a rational design for robust PA imaging probes and provides more opportunities for other types of photomediated biomedicines, such as photothermal and photodynamic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yash Mantri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew N Creyer
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Colman A Moore
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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3
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Roach L, Booth ME, Ingram N, Paterson DA, Batchelor DVB, Moorcroft SCT, Bushby RJ, Critchley K, Coletta PL, Evans SD. Evaluating Phospholipid-Functionalized Gold Nanorods for In Vivo Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006797. [PMID: 33682366 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (AuNRs) have attracted a great deal of attention due to their potential for use in a wide range of biomedical applications. However, their production typically requires the use of the relatively toxic cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) leading to continued demand for protocols to detoxify them for in vivo applications. In this study, a robust and facile protocol for the displacement of CTAB from the surface of AuNRs using phospholipids is presented. After the displacement, CTAB is not detectable by NMR spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, or using pH-dependent ζ-potential measurements. The phospholipid functionalized AuNRs demonstrated superior stability and biocompatibility (IC50 > 200 µg mL-1 ) compared to both CTAB and polyelectrolyte functionalized AuNRs and are well tolerated in vivo. Furthermore, they have high near-infrared (NIR) absorbance and produce large amounts of heat under NIR illumination, hence such particles are well suited for plasmonic medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Roach
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mary E Booth
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nicola Ingram
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Daniel A Paterson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Critchley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - P Louise Coletta
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Stephen D Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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4
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Cavigli L, Khlebtsov BN, Centi S, Khlebtsov NG, Pini R, Ratto F. Photostability of Contrast Agents for Photoacoustics: The Case of Gold Nanorods. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:E116. [PMID: 33419130 PMCID: PMC7825532 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic particles as gold nanorods have emerged as powerful contrast agents for critical applications as the photoacoustic imaging and photothermal ablation of cancer. However, their unique efficiency of photothermal conversion may turn into a practical disadvantage, and expose them to the risk of overheating and irreversible photodamage. Here, we outline the main ideas behind the technology of photoacoustic imaging and the use of relevant contrast agents, with a main focus on gold nanorods. We delve into the processes of premelting and reshaping of gold nanorods under illumination with optical pulses of a typical duration in the order of few ns, and we present different approaches to mitigate this issue. We undertake a retrospective classification of such approaches according to their underlying, often implicit, principles as: constraining the initial shape; or speeding up their thermal coupling to the environment by lowering their interfacial thermal resistance; or redistributing the input energy among more particles. We discuss advantages, disadvantages and contexts of practical interest where one solution may be more appropriate than the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cavigli
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara, IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.C.); (R.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Boris N. Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, 410049 Saratov, Russia; (B.N.K.); (N.G.K.)
| | - Sonia Centi
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara, IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.C.); (R.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Nikolai G. Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, 410049 Saratov, Russia; (B.N.K.); (N.G.K.)
- Saratov State University, 83 Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya, 410026 Saratov, Russia
| | - Roberto Pini
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara, IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.C.); (R.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Fulvio Ratto
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara, IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.C.); (R.P.); (F.R.)
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5
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Shrestha B, Stojkova K, Yi R, Anastasio MA, Ye JY, Brey EM. Gold nanorods enable noninvasive longitudinal monitoring of hydrogels in vivo with photoacoustic tomography. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:374-383. [PMID: 33010515 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal in vivo monitoring is essential for the design and evaluation of biomaterials. An ideal method would provide three-dimensional quantitative information, high spatial resolution, deep tissue penetration, and contrast between tissue and material structures. Photoacoustic (PA) or optoacoustic imaging is a hybrid technique that allows three-dimensional imaging with high spatial resolution. In addition, photoacoustic imaging allows for imaging of vascularization based on the intrinsic contrast of hemoglobin. In this study, we investigated photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) as a tool for longitudinal monitoring of an implanted hydrogel in a small animal model. Hydrogels were loaded with gold nanorods to enhance contrast and imaged weekly for 8 weeks. PACT allowed non-invasive three-dimensional, quantitative imaging of the hydrogels over the entire 8 weeks. Quantitative volume analysis was used to evaluate the in vivo degradation kinetics of the implants which deviated slightly from in vitro predictions. Multispectral imaging allowed for the simultaneous analysis of hydrogel degradation and local vascularization. These results provide support for the substantial potential of PACT as a tool for insight into biomaterial performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binita Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Katerina Stojkova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Rich Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Jing Yong Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
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6
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Yao C, Rudnitzki F, He Y, Zhang Z, Hüttmann G, Rahmanzadeh R. Cancer cell-specific protein delivery by optoporation with laser-irradiated gold nanorods. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000017. [PMID: 32306554 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of macromolecules into living cells is challenging since in most cases molecules are endocytosed and remain in the endo-lysosomal pathway where they are degraded before reaching their target. Here, a method is presented to selectively improve cell membrane permeability by nanosecond laser irradiation of gold nanorods (GNRs) with visible or near-infrared irradiation in order to deliver proteins across the plasma membrane, avoiding the endo lysosomal pathway. GNRs were labeled with the anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) antibody Erbitux to target human ovarian carcinoma cells OVCAR-3. Irradiation with nanosecond laser pulses at wavelengths of 532 nm or 730 nm is used for transient permeabilization of the cell membranes. As a result of the irradiation, the uptake of an anti-Ki-67 antibody was observed in about 50 % of the cells. The results of fluorescence lifetime imaging show that the GNR detached from the membrane after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Rudnitzki
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yida He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for lung Research (dZl), Kiel, Germany
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7
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Sivasubramanian M, Chuang YC, Chen NT, Lo LW. Seeing Better and Going Deeper in Cancer Nanotheranostics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3490. [PMID: 31315232 PMCID: PMC6678689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical imaging modalities in clinical practice have revolutionized oncology for several decades. State-of-the-art biomedical techniques allow visualizing both normal physiological and pathological architectures of the human body. The use of nanoparticles (NP) as contrast agents enabled visualization of refined contrast images with superior resolution, which assists clinicians in more accurate diagnoses and in planning appropriate therapy. These desirable features are due to the ability of NPs to carry high payloads (contrast agents or drugs), increased in vivo half-life, and disease-specific accumulation. We review the various NP-based interventions for treatments of deep-seated tumors, involving "seeing better" to precisely visualize early diagnosis and "going deeper" to activate selective therapeutics in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharajan Sivasubramanian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan
| | - Yao Chen Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Leu-Wei Lo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
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8
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Fales AM, Vogt WC, Wear KA, Ilev IK, Pfefer TJ. Pulsed laser damage of gold nanorods in turbid media and its impact on multi-spectral photoacoustic imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:1919-1934. [PMID: 31061767 PMCID: PMC6485005 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.001919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Innovative biophotonic modalities such as photoacoustic imaging (PAI) have the potential to provide enhanced sensitivity and molecule-specific detection when used with nanoparticles. However, high peak irradiance levels generated by pulsed lasers can lead to modification of plasmonic nanoparticles. Thus, there is an outstanding need to develop practical methods to effectively predict the onset nanoparticle photomodification as well as a need to better understand the process during PAI. To address this need, we studied pulsed laser damage of gold nanorods (GNRs) using turbid phantoms and a multi-spectral near-infrared PAI system, comparing results with spectrophotometric measurements of non-scattering samples. Transmission electron microscopy and Monte Carlo modeling were also performed to elucidate damage processes. In the phantoms, shifts in PAI-detected spectra indicative of GNR damage were initiated at exposure levels one-third of that seen in non-scattering samples, due to turbidity-induced enhancement of subsurface fluence. For exposures approaching established safety limits, damage was detected at depths of up to 12.5 mm. Typically, GNR damage occurred rapidly, over the course of a few laser pulses. This work advances the development of test methods and numerical models as tools for assessment of nanoparticle damage and its implications, and highlights the importance of considering GNR damage in development of PAI products, even for exposures well below laser safety limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Fales
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - William C. Vogt
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Keith A. Wear
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ilko K. Ilev
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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9
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Nunes A, Pansare VJ, Beziere N, Ntoukas AK, Reber J, Bruzek M, Anthony J, Prud’homme RK, Ntziachristos V. Quenched hexacene optoacoustic nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:44-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flash NanoPrecipitation allows for the creation of optoacoustic imaging agents with tunable size and strong signal for biomedical imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Nunes
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging
- Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Vikram J. Pansare
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Princeton University
- Princeton
- USA
| | - Nicolas Beziere
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging
- Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Argiris Kolokithas Ntoukas
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging
- Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Josefine Reber
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging
- Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Matthew Bruzek
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - John Anthony
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Robert K. Prud’homme
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Princeton University
- Princeton
- USA
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging
- Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München
- D-85764 Neuherberg
- Germany
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10
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Lai S, Centi S, Borri C, Ratto F, Cavigli L, Micheletti F, Kemper B, Ketelhut S, Kozyreva T, Gonnelli L, Rossi F, Colagrande S, Pini R. A multifunctional organosilica cross-linker for the bio-conjugation of gold nanorods. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 157:174-181. [PMID: 28586730 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the use of organosilica shells to couple gold nanorods to functional peptides and modulate their physiochemical and biological profiles. In particular, we focus on the case of cell penetrating peptides, which are used to load tumor-tropic macrophages and implement an innovative drug delivery system for photothermal and photoacoustic applications. The presence of organosilica exerts subtle effects on multiple parameters of the particles, including their size, shape, electrokinetic potential, photostability, kinetics of endocytic uptake and cytotoxicity, which are investigated by the interplay of colorimetric methods and digital holographic microscopy. As a rule of thumb, as the thickness of organosilica increases from none to ∼30nm, we find an improvement of the photophysical performances at the expense of a deterioration of the biological parameters. Therefore, detailed engineering of the particles for a certain application will require a careful trade-off between photophysical and biological specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lai
- Institute of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sonia Centi
- Institute of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudia Borri
- Institute of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ratto
- Institute of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Lucia Cavigli
- Institute of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Filippo Micheletti
- Institute of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Bjӧrn Kemper
- Biomedical Technology Center, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Steffi Ketelhut
- Biomedical Technology Center, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | - Francesca Rossi
- Institute of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Colagrande
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Pini
- Institute of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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11
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Guo T, Lin Y, Li Z, Chen S, Huang G, Lin H, Wang J, Liu G, Yang HH. Gadolinium oxysulfide-coated gold nanorods with improved stability and dual-modal magnetic resonance/photoacoustic imaging contrast enhancement for cancer theranostics. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:56-61. [PMID: 27906396 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08281e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) are emerging as a promising nanoplatform for cancer theranostics because of their unique optical properties. However, they still suffer from many limitations, such as high cytotoxicity, low thermodynamic and biological stability, and a tedious process for integrating other imaging modalities, for further practical biomedical applications. In this work, a strategy by one-step coating of Gd2O2S around GNRs is reported to address these limitations of GNRs. After the coating of the Gd2O2S shell, the as-fabricated Gd2O2S coated GNRs (GNRs@Gd2O2S) show enhanced biocompatibility and photostability, and tunable localized surface plasmon resonance. The strong absorption in the near-infrared region renders GNRs@Gd2O2S outstanding photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy capabilities. Moreover, owing to the T1 shortening ability of Gd2O2S, the GNRs@Gd2O2S also show an excellent T1 MRI contrast performance. The GNRs@Gd2O2S thus can serve as a versatile nanoplatform for cancer theranostics combining dual-modal imaging and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China.
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12
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Cavigli L, Tatini F, Borri C, Ratto F, Centi S, Cini A, Lelli B, Matteini P, Pini R. Preparation and Photoacoustic Analysis of Cellular Vehicles Containing Gold Nanorods. J Vis Exp 2016:53328. [PMID: 27167995 PMCID: PMC4942024 DOI: 10.3791/53328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanorods are attractive for a range of biomedical applications, such as the photothermal ablation and the photoacoustic imaging of cancer, thanks to their intense optical absorbance in the near-infrared window, low cytotoxicity and potential to home into tumors. However, their delivery to tumors still remains an issue. An innovative approach consists of the exploitation of the tropism of tumor-associated macrophages that may be loaded with gold nanorods in vitro. Here, we describe the preparation and the photoacoustic inspection of cellular vehicles containing gold nanorods. PEGylated gold nanorods are modified with quaternary ammonium compounds, in order to achieve a cationic profile. On contact with murine macrophages in ordinary Petri dishes, these particles are found to undergo massive uptake into endocytic vesicles. Then these cells are embedded in biopolymeric hydrogels, which are used to verify that the stability of photoacoustic conversion of the particles is retained in their inclusion into cellular vehicles. We are confident that these results may provide new inspiration for the development of novel strategies to deliver plasmonic particles to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cavigli
- Institute of Applied Physics, Italian National Research Council
| | | | - Claudia Borri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze
| | - Fulvio Ratto
- Institute of Applied Physics, Italian National Research Council;
| | - Sonia Centi
- Institute of Applied Physics, Italian National Research Council
| | - Alberto Cini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino
| | - Beatrice Lelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna
| | - Paolo Matteini
- Institute of Applied Physics, Italian National Research Council
| | - Roberto Pini
- Institute of Applied Physics, Italian National Research Council
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13
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Albrecht W, Deng TS, Goris B, van Huis M, Bals S, van Blaaderen A. Single Particle Deformation and Analysis of Silica-Coated Gold Nanorods before and after Femtosecond Laser Pulse Excitation. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1818-25. [PMID: 26871607 PMCID: PMC4973961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We performed single particle deformation experiments on silica-coated gold nanorods under femtosecond (fs) illumination. Changes in the particle shape were analyzed by electron microscopy and associated changes in the plasmon resonance by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Silica-coated rods were found to be more stable compared to uncoated rods but could still be deformed via an intermediate bullet-like shape for silica shell thicknesses of 14 nm. Changes in the size ratio of the rods after fs-illumination resulted in blue-shifting of the longitudinal plasmon resonances. Two-dimensional spatial mapping of the plasmon resonances revealed that the flat side of the bullet-like particles showed a less pronounced longitudinal plasmonic electric field enhancement. These findings were confirmed by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Furthermore, at higher laser fluences size reduction of the particles was found as well as for particles that were not completely deformed yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Albrecht
- Soft Condensed
Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Tian-Song Deng
- Soft Condensed
Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Goris
- Electron
Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marijn
A. van Huis
- Soft Condensed
Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron
Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft Condensed
Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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14
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Rai M, Ingle AP, Birla S, Yadav A, Santos CAD. Strategic role of selected noble metal nanoparticles in medicine. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:696-719. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1018131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Wu WC, Tracy JB. Large-Scale Silica Overcoating of Gold Nanorods with Tunable Shell Thicknesses. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015; 27:2888-2894. [PMID: 26146454 PMCID: PMC4486371 DOI: 10.1021/cm504764v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) overcoated with SiO2 are of interest for enhancing the shape stability of GNRs during photo-thermal heating, for further functionalization with silanes, and for biomedical applications. While methods have recently been developed for synthesizing GNRs on a large scale, SiO2 overcoating of GNRs is still conducted on a small reaction scale. Here, we report a method for large-scale synthesis of SiO2-overcoated GNRs (SiO2-GNRs), which gives ~190 mg of SiO2-GNRs. SiO2 is deposited onto and encapsulates the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coatings that stabilize GNRs by adding tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) via syringe pump. Control over the CTAB concentration is critically important for obtaining uniform overcoatings. Optical absorbance spectra of SiO2-GNRs closely resemble uncoated GNRs, which indicates overcoating of single rather than multiple GNRs and confirms that they remain well dispersed. By adjusting the reaction conditions, shells as thick as ~20 nm can be obtained. For thin shells (< 10 nm), addition of poly(ethylene glycol) silane (PEG-silane) at different times during the overcoating reaction allows facile control over the shell thickness, giving shells as thin as ~2 nm. The bulky PEG chain terminates further crosslinking and deposition of SiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Wu
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Joseph B. Tracy
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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16
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Sreejith S, Huong TTM, Borah P, Zhao Y. Organic–inorganic nanohybrids for fluorescence, photoacoustic and Raman bioimaging. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a biomedical imaging modality that provides functional information regarding the cellular and molecular signatures of tissue by using endogenous and exogenous contrast agents. There has been tremendous effort devoted to the development of PA imaging agents, and gold nanoparticles as exogenous contrast agents have great potential for PA imaging due to their inherent and geometrically induced optical properties. The gold-based nanoparticles that are most commonly employed for PA imaging include spheres, rods, shells, prisms, cages, stars and vesicles. This article provides an overview of the current state of research in utilizing these gold nanomaterials for PA imaging of cancer, atherosclerotic plaques, brain function and image-guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Li
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging & Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging & Bioengineering (NIBIB), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Chen NT, Tang KC, Chung MF, Cheng SH, Huang CM, Chu CH, Chou PT, Souris JS, Chen CT, Mou CY, Lo LW. Enhanced plasmonic resonance energy transfer in mesoporous silica-encased gold nanorod for two-photon-activated photodynamic therapy. Theranostics 2014; 4:798-807. [PMID: 24955141 PMCID: PMC4063978 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique optical properties of gold nanorods (GNRs) have recently drawn considerable interest from those working in in vivo biomolecular sensing and bioimaging. Especially appealing in these applications is the plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence of GNRs induced by two-photon excitation at infrared wavelengths, owing to the significant penetration depth of infrared light in tissue. Unfortunately, many studies have also shown that often the intensity of pulsed coherent irradiation of GNRs needed results in irreversible deformation of GNRs, greatly reducing their two-photon luminescence (TPL) emission intensity. In this work we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of mesoporous silica-encased gold nanorods (MS-GNRs) that incorporate photosensitizers (PSs) for two-photon-activated photodynamic therapy (TPA-PDT). The PSs, doped into the nano-channels of the mesoporous silica shell, can be efficiently excited via intra-particle plasmonic resonance energy transfer from the encased two-photon excited gold nanorod and further generates cytotoxic singlet oxygen for cancer eradication. In addition, due to the mechanical support provided by encapsulating mesoporous silica matrix against thermal deformation, the two-photon luminescence stability of GNRs was significantly improved; after 100 seconds of 800 nm repetitive laser pulse with the 30 times higher than average power for imaging acquisition, MS-GNR luminescence intensity exhibited ~260% better resistance to deformation than that of the uncoated gold nanorods. These results strongly suggest that MS-GNRs with embedded PSs might provide a promising photodynamic therapy for the treatment of deeply situated cancers via plasmonic resonance energy transfer.
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O'Donnell M, Wei CW, Xia J, Pelivanov I, Jia C, Huang SW, Hu X, Gao X. Can molecular imaging enable personalized diagnostics? An example using magnetomotive photoacoustic imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:2237-47. [PMID: 23982280 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The advantages of photoacoustic (PA) imaging, including low cost, non-ionizing operation, and sub-mm spatial resolution at centimeters depth, make it a promising modality to probe nanoparticle-targeted abnormalities in real time at cellular and molecular levels. However, detecting rare cell types in a heterogeneous background with strong optical scattering and absorption remains a big challenge. For example, differentiating circulating tumor cells in vivo (typically fewer than 10 cells/mL for an active tumor) among billions of erythrocytes in the blood is nearly impossible. In this paper, a newly developed technique, magnetomotive photoacoustic (mmPA) imaging, which can greatly increase the sensitivity and specificity of sensing targeted cells or molecular interactions, is reviewed. Its primary advantage is suppression of background signals through magnetic enrichment/manipulation with simultaneous PA detection of magnetic contrast agent targeted objects. Results from phantom and in vitro studies demonstrate the capability of mmPA imaging to differentiate regions targeted with magnetic nanoparticles from the background, and to trap and sensitively detect targeted cells at a concentration of a single cell per milliliter in a flow system mimicking a human peripheral artery. This technique provides an example of the ways in which molecular imaging can potentially enable robust molecular diagnosis and treatment, and accelerate the translation of molecular medicine into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Donnell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720, 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,
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20
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Wei CW, Xia J, Pelivanov I, Jia C, Huang SW, Hu X, Gao X, O’Donnell M. Magnetomotive photoacoustic imaging: in vitro studies of magnetic trapping with simultaneous photoacoustic detection of rare circulating tumor cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:513-22. [PMID: 23420803 PMCID: PMC3705769 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has been demonstrated to be a promising modality in molecular imaging for detection of nanoparticle-targeted diseased cells or tissues. However, intrinsic absorbers, such as blood, produce strong PA background signals that severely degrade the detection sensitivity and specificity of targeted objects. Magnetomotive photoacoustic (mmPA) imaging, a newly developed molecular imaging modality, introduced dynamic manipulation into traditional PA imaging. Unlike conventional PA imaging, magnetomotive manipulation with simultaneous ultrasound/PA imaging of agents incorporating magnetic nanoparticles enables direct visualization of the signal generating object and can dramatically reduce background signals from strong optical absorbers. This paper briefly reviews recent developments in mmPA imaging, including uses of composite contrast agent, design of magnet system, and data processing for motion filtering. The use of mmPA imaging in detecting rare circulating tumor cells in blood vessels, which remains a big challenge for real-time in vivo examination using current methodologies, was also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-wei Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720, 15th AVE NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jinjun Xia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720, 15th AVE NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ivan Pelivanov
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720, 15th AVE NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Physics Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, bld.2, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Congxian Jia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720, 15th AVE NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sheng-Wen Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720, 15th AVE NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoge Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720, 15th AVE NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaohu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720, 15th AVE NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew O’Donnell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720, 15th AVE NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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21
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Mieszawska AJ, Mulder WJM, Fayad ZA, Cormode DP. Multifunctional gold nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of disease. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:831-47. [PMID: 23360440 DOI: 10.1021/mp3005885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have a number of physical properties that make them appealing for medical applications. For example, the attenuation of X-rays by gold nanoparticles has led to their use in computed tomography imaging and as adjuvants for radiotherapy. AuNPs have numerous other applications in imaging, therapy and diagnostic systems. The advanced state of synthetic chemistry of gold nanoparticles offers precise control over physicochemical and optical properties. Furthermore gold cores are inert and are considered to be biocompatible and nontoxic. The surface of gold nanoparticles can easily be modified for a specific application, and ligands for targeting, drugs or biocompatible coatings can be introduced. AuNPs can be incorporated into larger structures such as polymeric nanoparticles or liposomes that deliver large payloads for enhanced diagnostic applications, efficiently encapsulate drugs for concurrent therapy or add additional imaging labels. This array of features has led to the aforementioned applications in biomedical fields, but more recently in approaches where multifunctional gold nanoparticles are used for multiple methods, such as concurrent diagnosis and therapy, so-called theranostics. This review covers basic principles and recent findings in gold nanoparticle applications for imaging, therapy and diagnostics, with a focus on reports of multifunctional AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta J Mieszawska
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Imaging Science Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
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22
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Chen NT, Cheng SH, Souris JS, Chen CT, Mou CY, Lo LW. Theranostic applications of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their organic/inorganic hybrids. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3128-3135. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Size- and Ligand-Specific Bioresponse of Gold Clusters and Nanoparticles: Challenges and Perspectives. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2013_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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24
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Yoon SJ, Murthy A, Johnston KP, Sokolov KV, Emelianov SY. Thermal stability of biodegradable plasmonic nanoclusters in photoacoustic imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:29479-87. [PMID: 23388774 PMCID: PMC3635696 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The photothermal stability of plasmonic nanoparticles is critically important to perform reliable photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Recently, biodegradable nanoclusters composed of sub-5 nm primary gold particles and a biodegradable polymer have been reported as clinically-translatable contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. After cellular internalization, the nanoclusters degrade into 5 nm primary particles for efficient excretion from the body. In this paper, three different sizes of biodegradable nanoclusters were synthesized and the optical properties and photothermal stability of the nanoclusters were investigated and compared to that of gold nanorods. The results of our study indicate that 40 nm and 80 nm biodegradable nanoclusters demonstrate higher photothermal stability compared to gold nanorods. Furthermore, 40 nm nanoclusters produce higher photoacoustic signal than gold nanorods at a given concentration of gold. Therefore, the biodegradable plasmonic nanoclusters can be effectively used for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Joon Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
USA
| | - Avinash Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
USA
| | - Keith P. Johnston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
USA
| | - Konstantin V. Sokolov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030,
USA
| | - Stanislav Y. Emelianov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030,
USA
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25
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Jokerst JV, Thangaraj M, Kempen PJ, Sinclair R, Gambhir SS. Photoacoustic imaging of mesenchymal stem cells in living mice via silica-coated gold nanorods. ACS NANO 2012; 6:5920-30. [PMID: 22681633 PMCID: PMC3582222 DOI: 10.1021/nn302042y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Improved imaging modalities are critically needed for optimizing stem cell therapy. Techniques with real-time content to guide and quantitate cell implantation are especially important in applications such as musculoskeletal regenerative medicine. Here, we report the use of silica-coated gold nanorods as a contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging and quantitation of mesenchymal stem cells in rodent muscle tissue. The silica coating increased the uptake of gold into the cell more than 5-fold, yet no toxicity or proliferation changes were observed in cells loaded with this contrast agent. Pluripotency of the cells was retained, and secretome analysis indicated that only IL-6 was disregulated more than 2-fold from a pool of 26 cytokines. The low background of the technique allowed imaging of down to 100,000 cells in vivo. The spatial resolution is 340 μm, and the temporal resolution is 0.2 s, which is at least an order of magnitude below existing cell imaging approaches. This approach has significant advantages over traditional cell imaging techniques like positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging including real time monitoring of stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse V. Jokerst
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5427, United States
| | - Mridhula Thangaraj
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5427, United States
| | | | | | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5427, United States
- Bioengineering, Materials Science & Engineering, Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Address correspondence to:
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26
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Nepal D, Park K, Vaia RA. High-yield assembly of soluble and stable gold nanorod pairs for high-temperature plasmonics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1013-1020. [PMID: 22307829 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal synthetic approaches to discrete, soluble plasmonic architectures, such as nanorod pairs, offer numerous advantages relative to lithographic techniques, including compositionally asymmetric structures, atomically smooth surfaces, and continuous fabrication. Density-driven colloidal assembly, such as by solvent evaporation, produces some intriguing structures, e.g., particle chains; however, controllability and post-processibility of the final architecture is inadequate. Also the limited quantity of product nominally comprises a broad distribution of assembly size and type. Herein, the high-yield formation of soluble, stable, and compositionally discrete gold nanorod (Au NR) architectures by inducing-then arresting-flocculation is demonstrated using bifunctional nanorods and reversible modulation of solvent quality to deplete and reassemble an electrostatic stabilization layer, thereby eliminating the need for an additional encapsulant. Analogous to dimer formation during step-growth polymerization, the initial yield of Au nanorod side-by-side pairs can be greater than 50%. The high solubility and stability of the assembly enable purification, scale-up of nanomolarity solutions, and subsequent chemical modification of the assembled product. As an example, in situ silica deposition via Stöber synthesis onto the assembled pair produces highly processable nanostructures with a single pair of embedded Au NRs at their center, which exhibit thermal stability at temperatures in excess of 700 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhriti Nepal
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7702, USA
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27
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Matteini P, Ratto F, Rossi F, Pini R. Emerging concepts of laser-activated nanoparticles for tissue bonding. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:010701. [PMID: 22352632 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.010701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report recent achievements and future perspectives of minimally invasive bonding of biological tissues triggered by laser light. In particular, we review new advancements in the biomedical exploitation of near-infrared absorbing gold nanoparticles as an original solution for the photothermal closure of surgical incisions. Advanced concepts of laser tissue bonding involving the application of hybrid nanocomposites obtained by inclusion of nanochromophores into biopolymer scaffolds are also introduced. The perspectives of tissue bonding are discussed in the following aspects: (1) tissue bonding with highly-stabilized nanochromophores, (2) enhanced tissue bonding with patterned nanocomposites, (3) real-time monitoring of temperature distributions, (4) tracking of tissue regeneration based on the optical resonances of gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Matteini
- Institute of Applied Physics Nello Carrara, Italian National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano, 10-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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28
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Doane TL, Burda C. The unique role of nanoparticles in nanomedicine: imaging, drug delivery and therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2885-911. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15260f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 857] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Manohar S, Ungureanu C, Van Leeuwen TG. Gold nanorods as molecular contrast agents in photoacoustic imaging: the promises and the caveats. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2011; 6:389-400. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srirang Manohar
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Twente; PO Box 217; 7500 AE; Enschede; The Netherlands
| | - Constantin Ungureanu
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Twente; PO Box 217; 7500 AE; Enschede; The Netherlands
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30
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Bayer CL, Chen YS, Kim S, Mallidi S, Sokolov K, Emelianov S. Multiplex photoacoustic molecular imaging using targeted silica-coated gold nanorods. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:1828-35. [PMID: 21750761 PMCID: PMC3130570 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of multiplex photoacoustic molecular imaging to characterize heterogeneous tissues requires the use of a tunable, thermally stable contrast agent targeted to specific cell types. We have developed a multiplex photoacoustic imaging technique which uses targeted silica-coated gold nanorods to distinguish cell inclusions in vitro. This paper describes the use of tunable targeted silica-coated gold nanorods (SiO(2)-AuNRs) as contrast agents for photoacoustic molecular imaging. SiO(2)-AuNRs with peak absorption wavelengths of 780 nm and 830 nm were targeted to cells expressing different cell receptors. Cells were incubated with the targeted SiO(2)-AuNRs, incorporated in a tissue phantom, and imaged using multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging. We used photoacoustic imaging and statistical correlation analysis to distinguish between the unique cell inclusions within the tissue phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L. Bayer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Seungsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Currently with the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Konstantin Sokolov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Stanislav Emelianov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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31
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Ungureanu C, Kroes R, Petersen W, Groothuis TAM, Ungureanu F, Janssen H, van Leeuwen FWB, Kooyman RPH, Manohar S, van Leeuwen TG. Light interactions with gold nanorods and cells: implications for photothermal nanotherapeutics. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:1887-1894. [PMID: 21491868 DOI: 10.1021/nl103884b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (AuNR) can be tailored to possess an intense and narrow longitudinal plasmon (LP) absorption peak in the far-red to near-infrared wavelength region, where tissue is relatively transparent to light. This makes AuNRs excellent candidates as contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging, and as photothermal therapeutic agents. The favorable optical properties of AuNR which depend on the physical parameters of shape, size and plasmonic coupling effects, are required to be stable during use. We investigate the changes that are likely to occur in these physical parameters in the setting of photothermal therapeutics, and the influence that these changes have on the optical properties and the capacity to achieve target cell death. To this end we study 3 sets of interactions: pulsed light with AuNR, AuNR with cells, and pulsed light with cells incubated with AuNR. In the first situation we ascertain the threshold value of fluence required for photothermal melting or reshaping of AuNR to shorter AuNR or nanospheres, which results in drastic changes in optical properties. In the second situation when cells are exposed to antibody-conjugated AuNR, we observe using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that the particles are closely packed and clustered inside vesicles in the cells. Using dark-field microscopy we show that plasmonic interactions between AuNRs in this situation causes blue-shifting of the LP absorption peak. As a consequence, no direct lethal damage to cells can be inflicted by laser irradiation at the LP peak. On the other hand, using irradiation at the transverse peak (TP) wavelength in the green, at comparative fluences, extensive cell death can be achieved. We attribute this behavior on the one hand to the photoreshaping of AuNR into spheres and on the other hand to clustering of AuNR inside cells. Both effects create sufficiently high optical absorption at 532 nm, which otherwise would have been present at the LP peak. We discuss implications of these finding on the application of these particles in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Ungureanu
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Hu X, Gao X. Multilayer coating of gold nanorods for combined stability and biocompatibility. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10028-35. [PMID: 21387063 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02434a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineering plasmonic nanostructures that simultaneously achieve high colloidal stability, high photothermal stability, low non-specific binding to biological specimens, and low toxicity is of significant interest to research in bionanotechnology. Using gold nanorods, we solved this problem by encapsulating them with a multilayer structure, silica, hydrophobic ligands, and amphiphilic-polymers. In comparison with nanorods covered with the conventional surface chemistries, such as surfactants, polyelectrolytes, thiolated polymers, and silica shells alone, the new nanorods remain single in various solutions and show remarkable stability against laser irradiation. We further demonstrated specific targeting and effective treatment of prostate tumor cells using nanorod-aptamer bioconjugates. This exquisitely formulated nanoencapsulation technology could potentially help stabilize other plasmonic nanostructures that are not in the most thermodynamically or chemically stable states, and should open exciting opportunities in nanotechnology-based imaging and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Hu
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, William H. Foege Building N530M, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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