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Moussalli P, Li S, Geweid GGN, Zhu H, Chen JDZ. An efficient online peak detection algorithm for synchronized intestinal electrical stimulation and its application for treating diabetes. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:2317-2327. [PMID: 37060485 PMCID: PMC10461231 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of leading risk factors for type 2 diabetes and other types of chronic diseases. Synchronized intestinal electrical stimulation (SIES) has been explored for treating obesity and diabetes. In SIES, electrical stimulation is delivered to the small intestine in synchronization with the intrinsic intestinal myoelectrical activity (its basic rhythm is called slow wave) and therefore, the accurate detection of intestinal slow waves is critically important for SIES. The aim of this study is to detect the peaks in intestinal slow waves in real-time based on the automatic multiscale peak detection (AMPD) method. In this paper, we introduce an efficient technique for real-time detection of peaks in intestinal slow waves. The presented method is based on peak estimation of a given quasi-periodic signal using the AMPD method. This method uses a multi-scale approach to identify the peaks of the intestinal slow waves with high detection accuracy and a minimal delay. Throughout the experiments, the multi-scale technique is used to estimate the quasi-periodic signals using different signal-to-noise ratio, λ (optimal scale), and the "lag" β (number of datapoints for right hand estimation) as important performance factors. The performance of the presented method is also calculated and utilized in the comparison process for 10 datasets of the intestinal slow waves from rats at λ = 150 ms and two values of β = 100 ms and 150 ms. The experimental results show that the presented method has good overall accuracy for online peak detection while maintaining low memory and computational complexity. Numerically, the overall accuracy is above 90%, and 98% for the rodent intestinal slow waves at a time-lag of 150 ms. The developed SIES system has been applied to successfully reduce postprandial blood glucose in a rodent model of hyperglycemia. In conclusion, the developed algorithm is adequate for on-line peak detection of the intestinal slow waves; the SIES method used the developed peak detection algorithm which is effective in reducing postprandial blood glucose in a rodent model of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Moussalli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Shiying Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gamal G N Geweid
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Hongbing Zhu
- Transtimulation Research Inc, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jiande D Z Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Castillo A, Dubois J, Field RM, Fishburn F, Gundran A, Ho WC, Jawhar S, Kates-Harbeck J, M Aghajan Z, Miller N, Perdue KL, Phillips J, Ryan WC, Shafiei M, Scholkmann F, Taylor M. Measuring acute effects of subanesthetic ketamine on cerebrovascular hemodynamics in humans using TD-fNIRS. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11665. [PMID: 37468572 PMCID: PMC10356754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying neural activity in natural conditions (i.e. conditions comparable to the standard clinical patient experience) during the administration of psychedelics may further our scientific understanding of the effects and mechanisms of action. This data may facilitate the discovery of novel biomarkers enabling more personalized treatments and improved patient outcomes. In this single-blind, placebo-controlled study with a non-randomized design, we use time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) to measure acute brain dynamics after intramuscular subanesthetic ketamine (0.75 mg/kg) and placebo (saline) administration in healthy participants (n = 15, 8 females, 7 males, age 32.4 ± 7.5 years) in a clinical setting. We found that the ketamine administration caused an altered state of consciousness and changes in systemic physiology (e.g. increase in pulse rate and electrodermal activity). Furthermore, ketamine led to a brain-wide reduction in the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, and a decrease in the global brain connectivity of the prefrontal region. Lastly, we provide preliminary evidence that a combination of neural and physiological metrics may serve as predictors of subjective mystical experiences and reductions in depressive symptomatology. Overall, our study demonstrated the successful application of fNIRS neuroimaging to study the physiological effects of the psychoactive substance ketamine in humans, and can be regarded as an important step toward larger scale clinical fNIRS studies that can quantify the impact of psychedelics on the brain in standard clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Dubois
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Ryan M Field
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Frank Fishburn
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Andrew Gundran
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Wilson C Ho
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Sami Jawhar
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | | | - Zahra M Aghajan
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Naomi Miller
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | | | - Jake Phillips
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Wesley C Ryan
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Mahdi Shafiei
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Scholkmann Data Analysis Services, Scientific Consulting and Physical Engineering, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neurophotonics and Biosignal Processing Research Group, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moriah Taylor
- Kernel, 5042 Wilshire Blvd, #26878, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
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Mejía-Mejía E, Kyriacou PA. Spectral analysis for pulse rate variability assessment from simulated photoplethysmographic signals. Front Physiol 2022; 13:966130. [PMID: 36569750 PMCID: PMC9780434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.966130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pulse rate variability (PRV) refers to the changes in pulse rate through time and is extracted from pulsatile signals such as the photoplethysmogram (PPG). Although PRV has been used as a surrogate of heart rate variability (HRV), which is measured from the electrocardiogram (ECG), these variables have been shown to have differences, and it has been hypothesised that these differences may arise from technical aspects that may affect the reliable extraction of PRV from PPG signals. Moreover, there are no guidelines for the extraction of PRV information from pulsatile signals. Aim: In this study, the extraction of frequency-domain information from PRV was studied, in order to establish the best performing combination of parameters and algorithms to obtain the spectral representation of PRV. Methods: PPG signals with varying and known PRV content were simulated, and PRV information was extracted from these signals. Several spectral analysis techniques with different parameters were applied, and absolute, relative and centroid-related frequency-domain indices extracted from each combination. Indices from extracted and known PRV were compared using factorial analyses and Kruskal-Wallis tests to determine which spectral analysis technique gave the best performing results. Results: It was found that using fast Fourier transform and the multiple signal classification (PMUSIC) algorithms gave the best results, combined with cubic spline interpolation and a frequency resolution of 0.0078 Hz for the former; and a linear interpolation with a frequency resolution as low as 1.22 × 10-4, as well as applying a fifth order model, for the latter. Discussion: Considering the lower complexity of FFT over PMUSIC, FFT should be considered as the appropriate technique to extract frequency-domain information from PRV signals.
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Mejía-Mejía E, May JM, Kyriacou PA. Effects of using different algorithms and fiducial points for the detection of interbeat intervals, and different sampling rates on the assessment of pulse rate variability from photoplethysmography. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 218:106724. [PMID: 35255373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulse Rate Variability (PRV) has been widely used as a surrogate of Heart Rate Variability (HRV). However, there are several technical aspects that may affect the extraction of PRV information from pulse wave signals such as the photoplethysmogram (PPG). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of changing the algorithm and fiducial points used for determining inter-beat intervals (IBIs), as well as the PPG sampling rate, from simulated PPG signals with known PRV content. METHODS PPG signals were simulated using a proposed model, in which PRV information can be modelled. Two independent experiments were performed. First, 5 IBIs detection algorithms and 8 fiducial points were used for assessing PRV information from the simulated PPG signals, and time-domain and Poincaré plot indices were extracted and compared to the expected values according to the simulated PRV. The best combination of algorithms and fiducial points were determined for each index, using factorial designs. Then, using one of the best combinations, PPG signals were simulated with varying sampling rates. PRV indices were extracted and compared to the expected values using Student t-tests or Mann-Whitney U-tests. RESULTS From the first experiment, it was observed that AVNN and SD2 indices behaved similarly, and there was no significant influence of the fiducial points used. For other indices, there were several combinations that behaved similarly well, mostly based on the detection of the valleys of the PPG signal. There were differences according to the quality of the PPG signal. From the second experiment, it was observed that, for all indices but SDNN, the higher the sampling rate the better. AVNN and SD2 showed no statistical differences even at the lowest evaluated sampling rate (32 Hz), while RMSSD, pNN50, S, SD1 and SD1/SD2 showed good performance at sampling rates as low as 128 Hz. CONCLUSION The best combination of IBIs detection algorithms and fiducial points differs according to the application, but those based on the detection of the valleys of the PPG signal tend to show a better performance. The sampling rate of PPG signals for PRV analysis could be lowered to around 128 Hz, although it could be further lowered according to the application. SIGNIFICANCE The standardisation of PRV analysis could increase the reliability of this signal and allow for the comparison of results obtained from different studies. The obtained results allow for a first approach to establish guidelines for two important aspects in PRV analysis from PPG signals, i.e. the way the IBIs are segmented from PPG signals, and the sampling rate that should be used for these analyses. Moreover, a model for simulating PPG signals with PRV information has been proposed, which allows for the establishing of these guidelines while controlling for other variables, such as the quality of the PPG signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mejía-Mejía
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - James M May
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Panayiotis A Kyriacou
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Burma JS, Lapointe AP, Soroush A, Oni IK, Smirl JD, Dunn JF. Insufficient sampling frequencies skew heart rate variability estimates: Implications for extracting heart rate metrics from neuroimaging and physiological data. J Biomed Inform 2021; 123:103934. [PMID: 34666185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cardiac pulsations are widely present within physiological and neuroimaging data, it is unknown the extent this information can provide valid and reliable heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) estimates. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how a slight temporal shift due to an insufficient sampling frequency can impact the validity/accuracy of deriving cardiac metrics. METHODS Twenty-two participants were instrumented with valid/reliable industry-standard or open-source electrocardiograms. Five-minute lead II recordings were collected at 1000 Hz in an upright orthostatic position. Following artifact removal, the 1000 Hz recording for each participant was downsampled to frequencies ranging 2-500 Hz. The validity of each participant's downsampled recording was compared against their 1000 Hz recording ("reference-standard") using Bland-Altman plots with 95 % limits of agreement (LOA), coefficient of variation (CoV), intraclass correlation coefficients, and adjusted r-squared values. RESULTS Downsampled frequencies of ≥ 50 and ≥ 90 Hz produced highly robust measures with narrow log-transformed 95 % LOA (<±0.01) and low CoV values (≤3.5 %) for heart rate and HRV metrics, respectively. Below these thresholds, the log-transformed 95 % LOA became wider (LOA range: ±0.1-1.9) and more variable (CoV range: 1.5-111.6 %). CONCLUSION These results provide an important consideration for obtaining cardiac information from physiological data. Compared to the "reference-standard" ECG, a seemingly negligible temporal shift of the systolic contraction (R wave) greater than 11-milliseconds (90 Hz) away from its true value, lessened the validity of the HRV. Further research is warranted to determine the minimum sampling frequency required to obtain valid heart rate/HRV metrics from pulsatile waveforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Burma
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew P Lapointe
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ateyeh Soroush
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ibukunoluwa K Oni
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Smirl
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Mejía-Mejía E, May JM, Elgendi M, Kyriacou PA. Differential effects of the blood pressure state on pulse rate variability and heart rate variability in critically ill patients. NPJ Digit Med 2021; 4:82. [PMID: 33990692 PMCID: PMC8121822 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-021-00447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) utilizes the electrocardiogram (ECG) and has been widely studied as a non-invasive indicator of cardiac autonomic activity. Pulse rate variability (PRV) utilizes photoplethysmography (PPG) and recently has been used as a surrogate for HRV. Several studies have found that PRV is not entirely valid as an estimation of HRV and that several physiological factors, including the pulse transit time (PTT) and blood pressure (BP) changes, may affect PRV differently than HRV. This study aimed to assess the relationship between PRV and HRV under different BP states: hypotension, normotension, and hypertension. Using the MIMIC III database, 5 min segments of PPG and ECG signals were used to extract PRV and HRV, respectively. Several time-domain, frequency-domain, and nonlinear indices were obtained from these signals. Bland–Altman analysis, correlation analysis, and Friedman rank sum tests were used to compare HRV and PRV in each state, and PRV and HRV indices were compared among BP states using Kruskal–Wallis tests. The findings indicated that there were differences between PRV and HRV, especially in short-term and nonlinear indices, and although PRV and HRV were altered in a similar manner when there was a change in BP, PRV seemed to be more sensitive to these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mejía-Mejía
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - James M May
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Elgendi
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Panayiotis A Kyriacou
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Mejía-Mejía E, May JM, Torres R, Kyriacou PA. Pulse rate variability in cardiovascular health: a review on its applications and relationship with heart rate variability. Physiol Meas 2020; 41:07TR01. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab998c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hakimi N, Jodeiri A, Mirbagheri M, Setarehdan SK. Proposing a convolutional neural network for stress assessment by means of derived heart rate from functional near infrared spectroscopy. Comput Biol Med 2020; 121:103810. [PMID: 32568682 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is known as one of the major factors threatening human health. A large number of studies have been performed in order to either assess or relieve stress by analyzing the brain and heart-related signals. METHOD In this study, a method based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach is proposed to assess stress induced by the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. The proposed model is trained on the heart rate signal derived from functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), which is referred to as HRF. In this regard, fNIRS signals of 20 healthy volunteers were recorded using a configuration of 23 channels located on the prefrontal cortex. The proposed deep learning system consists of two main parts where in the first part, the one-dimensional convolutional neural network is employed to build informative activation maps, and then in the second part, a stack of deep fully connected layers is used to predict the stress existence probability. Thereafter, the employed CNN method is compared with the Dense Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest regarding various classification metrics. RESULTS Results clearly showed the superiority of CNN over all other methods. Additionally, the trained HRF model significantly outperforms the model trained on the filtered fNIRS signals, where the HRF model could achieve 98.69 ± 0.45% accuracy, which is 10.09% greater than the accuracy obtained by the fNIRS model. CONCLUSIONS Employment of the proposed deep learning system trained on the HRF measurements leads to higher stress classification accuracy than the accuracy reported in the existing studies where the same experimental procedure has been done. Besides, the proposed method suggests better stability with lower variation in prediction. Furthermore, its low computational cost opens up the possibility to be applied in real-time monitoring of stress assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Hakimi
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Artinis Medical Systems B.V., Elst, the Netherlands.
| | - Ata Jodeiri
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahya Mirbagheri
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Kamaledin Setarehdan
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Mirbagheri M, Hakimi N, Ebrahimzadeh E, Setarehdan SK. Quality analysis of heart rate derived from functional near-infrared spectroscopy in stress assessment. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2019.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Shoushtarian M, Weder S, Innes-Brown H, McKay CM. Assessing hearing by measuring heartbeat: The effect of sound level. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212940. [PMID: 30817808 PMCID: PMC6394942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging technique that measures changes in oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin concentration and can provide a measure of brain activity. In addition to neural activity, fNIRS signals contain components that can be used to extract physiological information such as cardiac measures. Previous studies have shown changes in cardiac activity in response to different sounds. This study investigated whether cardiac responses collected using fNIRS differ for different loudness of sounds. fNIRS data were collected from 28 normal hearing participants. Cardiac response measures evoked by broadband, amplitude-modulated sounds were extracted for four sound intensities ranging from near-threshold to comfortably loud levels (15, 40, 65 and 90 dB Sound Pressure Level (SPL)). Following onset of the noise stimulus, heart rate initially decreased for sounds of 15 and 40 dB SPL, reaching a significantly lower rate at 15 dB SPL. For sounds at 65 and 90 dB SPL, increases in heart rate were seen. To quantify the timing of significant changes, inter-beat intervals were assessed. For sounds at 40 dB SPL, an immediate significant change in the first two inter-beat intervals following sound onset was found. At other levels, the most significant change appeared later (beats 3 to 5 following sound onset). In conclusion, changes in heart rate were associated with the level of sound with a clear difference in response to near-threshold sounds compared to comfortably loud sounds. These findings may be used alone or in conjunction with other measures such as fNIRS brain activity for evaluation of hearing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Weder
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hamish Innes-Brown
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Bionics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colette M. McKay
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Bionics, Melbourne, Australia
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Hakimi N, Setarehdan SK. Stress assessment by means of heart rate derived from functional near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-12. [PMID: 30392197 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.11.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have been carried out in order to detect and quantify the level of mental stress by means of different physiological signals. From the physiological point of view, stress promptly affects brain and cardiac function; therefore, stress can be assessed by analyzing the brain- and heart-related signals more efficiently. Signals produced by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) of the brain together with the heart rate (HR) are employed to assess the stress induced by the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. Two different versions of the HR are used in this study. The first one is the commonly used HR derived from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and is considered as the reference HR (RHR). The other is the HR computed from the fNIRS signal (EHR) by means of an effective combinational algorithm. fNIRS and ECG signals were simultaneously recorded from 10 volunteers, and EHR and RHR are derived from them, respectively. Our results showed a high degree of agreement [r > 0.9, BAR (Bland Altman ratio) <5 % ] between the two HR. A principal component analysis/support vector machine-based algorithm for stress classification is developed and applied to the three measurements of fNIRS, EHR, and RHR and a classification accuracy of 78.8%, 94.6%, and 62.2% were obtained for the three measurements, respectively. From these observations, it can be concluded that the EHR carries more useful information with regards to the mental stress than the RHR and fNIRS signals. Therefore, EHR can be used alone or in combination with the fNIRS signal for a more accurate and real-time stress detection and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Hakimi
- University of Tehran, College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Control, Iran
| | - Seyed Kamaledin Setarehdan
- University of Tehran, College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Control, Iran
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12
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Perdue KL, Edwards LA, Tager-Flusberg H, Nelson CA. Differing Developmental Trajectories in Heart Rate Responses to Speech Stimuli in Infants at High and Low Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:2434-2442. [PMID: 28516424 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated heart rate (HR) in infants at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age, at high (HRA) and low (LRC) familial risk for ASD, to identify potential endophenotypes of ASD risk related to attentional responses. HR was extracted from functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings while infants listened to speech stimuli. Longitudinal analysis revealed that HRA infants and males generally had lower baseline HR than LRC infants and females. HRA infants showed decreased HR responses to early trials over development, while LRC infants showed increased responses. These findings suggest altered developmental trajectories in physiological responses to speech stimuli over the first year of life, with HRA infants showing less social orienting over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Perdue
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn St., 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Laura A Edwards
- Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Autumn St., 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Charles A Nelson
- Harvard University, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Autumn St., 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Prefrontal hemodynamic after-effects caused by rebreathing may predict affective states - A multimodal functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:461-472. [PMID: 26935552 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain activity has been shown to be influenced by respiratory behavior. Here, we evaluated whether respiration-induced hypo- or hypercapnia may support differentiation between physiological versus pathological respiratory behavior. In particular, we investigated whether systemic physiological measures could predict the brain's time-frequency hemodynamics after three respiratory challenges (i.e., breath-holding, rebreathing, and hyperventilation) compared to resting-state. Prefrontal hemodynamics were assessed in healthy subjects (N = 27) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Systemic physiological measures were assessed in form of heart rate, partial end-tidal carbon dioxide, respiration rate, and saturation of peripheral oxygen. Time-frequency dynamics were quantified using the wavelet transform coherence (i.e., defined here as cortical-systemic coherence). We found that the three respiratory challenges modulated cortical-systemic coherence differently: (1) After rebreathing, cortical-systemic coherence could be predicted from the amplitude of the heart rate (strong negative correlation). (2) After breath-holding, the same observation was made (moderate negative correlation). (3) After hyperventilation, no significant effect was observed. (4) These effects were found only in the frequency range of very low-frequency oscillations. The presented findings highlight a distinct role of rebreathing in predicting cortical-systemic coupling based on heart rate changes, which may represents a measure of affective states in the brain. The applied multimodal assessment of hemodynamic and systemic physiological measures during respiratory challenges may therefore have potential applications in the differentiation between physiological and pathological respiratory behavior.
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Zimeo Morais GA, Scholkmann F, Balardin JB, Furucho RA, de Paula RCV, Biazoli CE, Sato JR. Non-neuronal evoked and spontaneous hemodynamic changes in the anterior temporal region of the human head may lead to misinterpretations of functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:011002. [PMID: 28840166 PMCID: PMC5566266 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies report their findings based on changes of a single chromophore, usually concentration changes of oxygenated hemoglobin ([[Formula: see text]]) or deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb). However, influence of physiological actions may differ depending on which element is considered and the assumption that the chosen measure correlates with the neural response of interest might not hold. By assessing the correlation between [[Formula: see text]] and [HHb] in task-evoked activity as well as resting-state data, we identified a spatial dependency of non-neuronal hemodynamic changes in the anterior temporal region of the human head. Our findings support the importance of reporting and discussing fNIRS outcomes obtained with both chromophores ([[Formula: see text]] and [HHb]), in particular, for studies concerning the anterior temporal region of the human head. This practice should help to achieve a physiologically correct interpretation of the results when no measurements with short-distance channels are available while employing continuous-wave fNIRS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joana Bisol Balardin
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Center for Mathematics Computing and Cognition, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- Instituto do Cérebro, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Akira Furucho
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Center for Mathematics Computing and Cognition, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | | | - Claudinei Eduardo Biazoli
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Center for Mathematics Computing and Cognition, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Sato
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Center for Mathematics Computing and Cognition, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
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A Motion Heart-Rate Monitor Watch with Improved Grey Differential Equation Model Based on Reflective Photoplethysmography. J Med Biol Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-017-0241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Holper L, Seifritz E, Scholkmann F. Short-term pulse rate variability is better characterized by functional near-infrared spectroscopy than by photoplethysmography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:091308. [PMID: 27185106 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.9.091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pulse rate variability (PRV) can be extracted from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) (PRV(NIRS)) and photoplethysmography (PPG) (PRV(PPG)) signals. The present study compared the accuracy of simultaneously acquired PRV(NIRS) and PRV(PPG), and evaluated their different characterizations of the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PSNS) autonomous nervous system activity. Ten healthy subjects were recorded during resting-state (RS) and respiratory challenges in two temperature conditions, i.e., room temperature (23°C) and cold temperature (4°C). PRV(NIRS) was recorded based on fNIRS measurement on the head, whereas PRV(PPG) was determined based on PPG measured at the finger. Accuracy between PRV(NIRS) and PRV(PPG), as assessed by cross-covariance and cross-sample entropy, demonstrated a high degree of correlation (r > 0.9), which was significantly reduced by respiration and cold temperature. Characterization of SNS and PSNS using frequency-domain, time-domain, and nonlinear methods showed that PRV(NIRS) provided significantly better information on increasing PSNS activity in response to respiration and cold temperature than PRV(PPG). The findings show that PRV(NIRS) may outperform PRV(PPG) under conditions in which respiration and temperature changes are present, and may, therefore, be advantageous in research and clinical settings, especially if characterization of the autonomous nervous system is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Holper
- University of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- University of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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The occurrence of individual slow waves in sleep is predicted by heart rate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29671. [PMID: 27445083 PMCID: PMC4957222 DOI: 10.1038/srep29671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography measures presents an ideal method to study the haemodynamics of sleep. While the cortical dynamics and neuro-modulating influences affecting the transition from wakefulness to sleep is well researched, the assumption has been that individual slow waves, the hallmark of deep sleep, are spontaneously occurring cortical events. By creating event-related potentials from the NIRS recording, time-locked to the onset of thousands of individual slow waves, we show the onset of slow waves is phase-locked to an ongoing oscillation in the NIRS recording. This oscillation stems from the moment to moment fluctuations of light absorption caused by arterial pulsations driven by the heart beat. The same oscillating signal can be detected if the electrocardiogram is time-locked to the onset of the slow wave. The ongoing NIRS oscillation suggests that individual slow wave initiation is dependent on that signal, and not the other way round. However, the precise causal links remain speculative. We propose several potential mechanisms: that the heart-beat or arterial pulsation acts as a stimulus which evokes a down-state; local fluctuations in energy supply may lead to a network effect of hyperpolarization; that the arterial pulsations lead to corresponding changes in the cerebral-spinal-fluid which evokes the slow wave; or that a third neural generator, regulating heart rate and slow waves may be involved.
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Holper L, Scholkmann F, Seifritz E. Time-frequency dynamics of the sum of intra- and extracerebral hemodynamic functional connectivity during resting-state and respiratory challenges assessed by multimodal functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2015; 120:481-92. [PMID: 26169319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring respiratory processes is important for evaluating neuroimaging data, given their influence on time-frequency dynamics of intra- and extracerebral hemodynamics. Here we investigated the time-frequency dynamics of the sum of intra- and extracerebral hemodynamic functional connectivity states during hypo- and hypercapnia by using three different respiratory challenge tasks (i.e., hyperventilation, breath-holding, and rebreathing) compared to resting-state. The sum of intra- and extracerebral hemodynamic responses were assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) within two regions of interest (i.e., the dorsolateral and the medial prefrontal cortex). Time-frequency fNIRS analysis was performed based on wavelet transform coherence to quantify functional connectivity in terms of positive and negative phase-coupling within each region of interest. Physiological measures were assessed in the form of partial end-tidal carbon dioxide, heart rate, arterial tissue oxygen saturation, and respiration rate. We found that the three respiration challenges modulated time-frequency dynamics differently with respect to resting-state: 1) Hyperventilation and breath-holding exhibited inverse patterns of positive and negative phase-coupling. 2) In contrast, rebreathing had no significant effect. 3) Low-frequency oscillations contributed to a greater extent to time-frequency dynamics compared to high-frequency oscillations. The results highlight that there exist distinct differences in time-frequency dynamics of the sum of intra- and extracerebral functional connectivity not only between hypo- (hyperventilation) and hypercapnia but also between different states of hypercapnia (breath-holding versus rebreathing). This suggests that a multimodal assessment of intra-/extracerebral and systemic physiological changes during respiratory challenges compared to resting-state may have potential use in the differentiation between physiological and pathological respiratory behavior accompanied by the psycho-physiological state of a human.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Holper
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - F Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Division of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Perdue KL, Westerlund A, McCormick SA, Nelson CA. Extraction of heart rate from functional near-infrared spectroscopy in infants. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:067010. [PMID: 24972361 PMCID: PMC4073682 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.6.067010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in heart rate are a useful physiological measure in infant studies. We present an algorithm for calculating the heart rate (HR) from oxyhemoglobin pulsation in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals. The algorithm is applied to data collected from 10 infants, and the HR derived from the fNIRS signals is compared against the HR as calculated by electrocardiography. We show high agreement between the two HR signals for all infants (r > 0.90), and also compare stimulus-related HR responses as measured by the two methods and find good agreement despite high levels of movement in the infants. This algorithm can be used to measure changes in HR in infants participating in fNIRS studies without the need for additional HR sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Perdue
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Address all correspondence to: Katherine Perdue, E-mail:
| | - Alissa Westerlund
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Sarah A. McCormick
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Charles A. Nelson
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Scholkmann F, Kleiser S, Metz AJ, Zimmermann R, Mata Pavia J, Wolf U, Wolf M. A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology. Neuroimage 2014; 85 Pt 1:6-27. [PMID: 23684868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1009] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Zimmermann R, Marchal-Crespo L, Edelmann J, Lambercy O, Fluet MC, Riener R, Wolf M, Gassert R. Detection of motor execution using a hybrid fNIRS-biosignal BCI: a feasibility study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2013; 10:4. [PMID: 23336819 PMCID: PMC3637588 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) were recently recognized as a method to promote neuroplastic effects in motor rehabilitation. The core of a BCI is a decoding stage by which signals from the brain are classified into different brain-states. The goal of this paper was to test the feasibility of a single trial classifier to detect motor execution based on signals from cortical motor regions, measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and the response of the autonomic nervous system. An approach that allowed for individually tuned classifier topologies was opted for. This promises to be a first step towards a novel form of active movement therapy that could be operated and controlled by paretic patients. METHODS Seven healthy subjects performed repetitions of an isometric finger pinching task, while changes in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations were measured in the contralateral primary motor cortex and ventral premotor cortex using fNIRS. Simultaneously, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure and skin conductance response were measured. Hidden Markov models (HMM) were used to classify between active isometric pinching phases and rest. The classification performance (accuracy, sensitivity and specificity) was assessed for two types of input data: (i) fNIRS-signals only and (ii) fNIRS- and biosignals combined. RESULTS fNIRS data were classified with an average accuracy of 79.4%, which increased significantly to 88.5% when biosignals were also included (p=0.02). Comparable increases were observed for the sensitivity (from 78.3% to 87.2%, p=0.008) and specificity (from 80.5% to 89.9%, p=0.062). CONCLUSIONS This study showed, for the first time, promising classification results with hemodynamic fNIRS data obtained from motor regions and simultaneously acquired biosignals. Combining fNIRS data with biosignals has a beneficial effect, opening new avenues for the development of brain-body-computer interfaces for rehabilitation applications. Further research is required to identify the contribution of each modality to the decoding capability of the subject's hemodynamic and physiological state.
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An Efficient Algorithm for Automatic Peak Detection in Noisy Periodic and Quasi-Periodic Signals. ALGORITHMS 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/a5040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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