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Konstantakopoulou E, Varia J, Parmar J, Nathwani N, Hau S, Low WS, Edwards LA, Laber E, Bhalla M, Gazzard G, Jayaram H. Optometrist-delivered selective laser trabeculoplasty in the HES - a training protocol and early service evaluation. Eye (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41433-024-03086-1. [PMID: 38702512 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the delivery of glaucoma care in the UK has changed dramatically, with more non-medical ophthalmic practitioners involved in the care of glaucoma patients. Optometrists and other non-medical professionals are now involved in the delivery of laser treatments in the Hospital Eye Service (HES), but there is currently no standardised national training framework for non-medical clinicians. Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL's Institute of Ophthalmology have developed and delivered an education and training programme for the delivery of lasers, including Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) by non-medical ophthalmic practitioners. The training programme is based on medical education principles, is informed by previous qualitative research into the role of ophthalmic practitioners in the delivery of laser treatments and is expected to have multidisciplinary benefits for ophthalmic healthcare. Clinical audit data indicate that optometrists can deliver safe SLT treatments, adhering to local protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Konstantakopoulou
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Optometry Education, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Division of Optics and Optometry, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece.
| | - Jay Varia
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Optometry Education, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Janisha Parmar
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Optometry Education, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil Nathwani
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Optometry Education, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Scott Hau
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Optometry Education, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Wing Shing Low
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura A Edwards
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Laber
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Minak Bhalla
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gus Gazzard
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hari Jayaram
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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2
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Neuhaus E, Lowry SJ, Santhosh M, Kresse A, Edwards LA, Keller J, Libsack EJ, Kang VY, Naples A, Jack A, Jeste S, McPartland JC, Aylward E, Bernier R, Bookheimer S, Dapretto M, Van Horn JD, Pelphrey K, Webb SJ. Resting state EEG in youth with ASD: age, sex, and relation to phenotype. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:33. [PMID: 34517813 PMCID: PMC8439051 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-021-09390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of ASD biomarkers is a key priority for understanding etiology, facilitating early diagnosis, monitoring developmental trajectories, and targeting treatment efforts. Efforts have included exploration of resting state encephalography (EEG), which has a variety of relevant neurodevelopmental correlates and can be collected with minimal burden. However, EEG biomarkers may not be equally valid across the autism spectrum, as ASD is strikingly heterogeneous and individual differences may moderate EEG-behavior associations. Biological sex is a particularly important potential moderator, as females with ASD appear to differ from males with ASD in important ways that may influence biomarker accuracy. METHODS We examined effects of biological sex, age, and ASD diagnosis on resting state EEG among a large, sex-balanced sample of youth with (N = 142, 43% female) and without (N = 138, 49% female) ASD collected across four research sites. Absolute power was extracted across five frequency bands and nine brain regions, and effects of sex, age, and diagnosis were analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression models. Exploratory partial correlations were computed to examine EEG-behavior associations in ASD, with emphasis on possible sex differences in associations. RESULTS Decreased EEG power across multiple frequencies was associated with female sex and older age. Youth with ASD displayed decreased alpha power relative to peers without ASD, suggesting increased neural activation during rest. Associations between EEG and behavior varied by sex. Whereas power across various frequencies correlated with social skills, nonverbal IQ, and repetitive behavior for males with ASD, no such associations were observed for females with ASD. CONCLUSIONS Research using EEG as a possible ASD biomarker must consider individual differences among participants, as these features influence baseline EEG measures and moderate associations between EEG and important behavioral outcomes. Failure to consider factors such as biological sex in such research risks defining biomarkers that misrepresent females with ASD, hindering understanding of the neurobiology, development, and intervention response of this important population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Neuhaus
- Center on Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Ave, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Sarah J Lowry
- Center on Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Ave, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Megha Santhosh
- Center on Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Ave, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Anna Kresse
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Laura A Edwards
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jack Keller
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Erin J Libsack
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Veronica Y Kang
- Department of Special Education, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Adam Naples
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Allison Jack
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA
| | - Shafali Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Aylward
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Raphael Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Susan Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Mirella Dapretto
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - John D Van Horn
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Kevin Pelphrey
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brain Institute and School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Sara Jane Webb
- Center on Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Ave, CURE-03, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Koirala S, Parmaksiz D, Yuan S, Shultz S, Klin A, Jones W, Edwards LA. Visual attention in the first two years of life differentially predicts language abilities in children with and without autism spectrum disorder. J Vis 2020. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.11.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ami Klin
- Marcus Autism Center
- Emory University
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4
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Asfaw DS, Jones PR, Edwards LA, Smith ND, Crabb DP. Using eye movements to detect visual field loss: a pragmatic assessment using simulated scotoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9782. [PMID: 32555198 PMCID: PMC7299979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible sight-loss and has been shown to affect natural eye-movements. These changes may provide a cheap and easy-to-obtain biomarker for improving disease detection. Here, we investigated whether these changes are large enough to be clinically useful. We used a gaze-contingent simulated visual field (VF) loss paradigm, in which participants experienced a variable magnitude of simulated VF loss based on longitudinal data from a real glaucoma patient (thereby controlling for other variables, such as age and general health). Fifty-five young participants with healthy vision were asked to view two short videos and three pictures, either with: (1) no VF loss, (2) moderate VF loss, or (3) advanced VF loss. Eye-movements were recorded using a remote eye tracker. Key eye-movement parameters were computed, including saccade amplitude, the spread of saccade endpoints (bivariate contour ellipse area), location of saccade landing positions, and similarity of fixations locations among participants (quantified using kernel density estimation). The simulated VF loss caused some statistically significant effects in the eye movement parameters. Yet, these effects were not capable of consistently identifying simulated VF loss, despite it being of a magnitude likely easily detectable by standard automated perimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Asfaw
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Pete R Jones
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Laura A Edwards
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Nicholas D Smith
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - David P Crabb
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK.
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5
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Edwards LA, Taylor DJ, Campbell P, Shah R, Edgar DF, Crabb DP. Feeling the pressure: a cross-sectional study exploring feasibility of a healthcare Pop-Up for intraocular pressure measurements in shopping centres in England. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030523. [PMID: 31748291 PMCID: PMC6887061 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that a shopping centre Pop-Up health check combining an intraocular pressure (IOP) check with a general health check (blood pressure (BP)) is more readily accepted by the general public than an IOP check only. We investigate public awareness of IOP compared with BP and the feasibility of measuring IOP in large numbers in a Pop-Up. DESIGN A cross-sectional study using a tailor-made healthcare Pop-Up. SETTING The 'Feeling the Pressure' Pop-Up was sited in eight regionally-different shopping centres in England. PARTICIPANTS Adult members of the public in shopping centres. METHODS On one day we measured IOP only and on another measured BP and IOP. IOP was measured by Icare IC100 tonometer (Helsinki, Finland). Potential participants were asked about their awareness of IOP and BP and when they last visited their optometrist. RESULTS More people attended the combined BP + IOP days (461; 60%; 95% CI 56% to 64%) than IOP-only days (307; 40%, 95% CI 37% to 43%) over 16 days of testing. We recorded IOP in 652 participants (median (IQR) age and IOP of 54 (42 to 68) years and 13 (11 to 15) mm Hg, respectively). Fewer people reported awareness about IOP (19%, 95% CI 16% to 23%) compared with BP (71%, 95% CI 66% to 75%). Of 768 participants, 60 (8%) reported no previous optometric eye examination and 185 (24%) reported >2 years since their most recent examination. CONCLUSIONS Measuring IOP in large numbers of the public via a shopping centre Pop-Up is feasible. Public engagement was greater when a BP check was offered alongside an IOP check, suggesting unfamiliar health checks can be promoted by aligning them with a more familiar check. Our findings hint at strategies for public health schemes that engage the public with their eye health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Edwards
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City University London, London, UK
| | - Deanna J Taylor
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City University London, London, UK
| | - Peter Campbell
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City University London, London, UK
| | - Rakhee Shah
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City University London, London, UK
| | - David F Edgar
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City University London, London, UK
| | - David P Crabb
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City University London, London, UK
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6
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Cacciottolo TM, Perikari A, van der Klaauw A, Henning E, Stadler LKJ, Keogh J, Farooqi IS, Tenin G, Keavney B, Ryan E, Budd R, Bewley M, Coelho P, Rumsey W, Sanchez Y, McCafferty J, Dockrell D, Walmsley S, Whyte M, Liu Y, Choy MK, Tenin G, Abraham S, Black G, Keavney B, Ford T, Stanley B, Good R, Rocchiccioli P, McEntegart M, Watkins S, Eteiba H, Shaukat A, Lindsay M, Robertson K, Hood S, McGeoch R, McDade R, Sidik N, McCartney P, Corcoran D, Collison D, Rush C, McConnachie A, Touyz R, Oldroyd K, Berry C, Gazdagh G, Diver L, Marshall J, McGowan R, Ahmed F, Tobias E, Curtis E, Parsons C, Maslin K, D'Angelo S, Moon R, Crozier S, Gossiel F, Bishop N, Kennedy S, Papageorghiou A, Fraser R, Gandhi S, Prentice A, Inskip H, Godfrey K, Schoenmakers I, Javaid MK, Eastell R, Cooper C, Harvey N, Watt ER, Howden A, Mirchandani A, Coelho P, Hukelmann JL, Sadiku P, Plant TM, Cantrell DA, Whyte MKB, Walmsley SR, Mordi I, Forteath C, Wong A, Mohan M, Palmer C, Doney A, Rena G, Lang C, Gray EH, Azarian S, Riva A, Edwards H, McPhail MJW, Williams R, Chokshi S, Patel VC, Edwards LA, Page D, Miossec M, Williams S, Monaghan R, Fotiou E, Santibanez-Koref M, Keavney B, Badat M, Mettananda S, Hua P, Schwessinger R, Hughes J, Higgs D, Davies J. Scientific Business Abstracts of the 113th Annual Meeting of the Association of Physicians of Great Britain and Ireland. QJM 2019; 112:724-729. [PMID: 31505685 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Perikari
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories
| | | | - E Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories
| | - L K J Stadler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories
| | - J Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories
| | - I S Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories
| | - G Tenin
- From University of Manchester
| | | | - E Ryan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh
| | - R Budd
- Department of Infection Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield
| | - M Bewley
- Department of Infection Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield
| | - P Coelho
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh
| | - W Rumsey
- Stress and Repair Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area
| | - Y Sanchez
- Stress and Repair Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area
| | - J McCafferty
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh
| | - D Dockrell
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh
| | - S Walmsley
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh
| | - M Whyte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh
| | - Y Liu
- From the University of Manchester
| | - M-K Choy
- From the University of Manchester
| | - G Tenin
- From the University of Manchester
| | | | - G Black
- From the University of Manchester
| | | | - T Ford
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | | | - R Good
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - P Rocchiccioli
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - M McEntegart
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | | | - H Eteiba
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | | | | | | | - S Hood
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | | | - R McDade
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - N Sidik
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - P McCartney
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - D Corcoran
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - D Collison
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - C Rush
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | | | - R Touyz
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
| | - K Oldroyd
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - Colin Berry
- BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - G Gazdagh
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow
| | - L Diver
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Laboratory Medicine Building, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital
| | - J Marshall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow
| | - R McGowan
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Laboratory Medicine Building, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital
| | - F Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow
| | - E Tobias
- Academic Unit of Medical Genetics and Clinical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Building, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, University of Glasgow
| | - E Curtis
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - C Parsons
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - K Maslin
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - S D'Angelo
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - R Moon
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - S Crozier
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - F Gossiel
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield
| | - N Bishop
- Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Sheffield
| | - S Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford
| | - A Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford
| | - R Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sheffield Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Sheffield
| | - S Gandhi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sheffield Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Sheffield
| | | | - H Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - K Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - I Schoenmakers
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia
| | - M K Javaid
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford
| | - R Eastell
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - N Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | | | - A Howden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E H Gray
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London
| | - S Azarian
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research
| | - A Riva
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London
| | - H Edwards
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London
| | - M J W McPhail
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London
- Institute of Liver Studies & Transplantation, King's College Hospital
| | - R Williams
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London
| | - S Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London
| | - V C Patel
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London
- Institute of Liver Studies & Transplantation, King's College Hospital
| | - L A Edwards
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London
| | - D Page
- University of Manchester
- Manchester Metropolitan University
| | - M Miossec
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- University of Newcastle
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M Badat
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - S Mettananda
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya
| | - P Hua
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - R Schwessinger
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - J Hughes
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - D Higgs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - J Davies
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital
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7
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Edwards LA, Campbell P, Taylor DJ, Shah R, Edgar DF, Crabb DP. Healthy shopper? Blood pressure testing in a shopping centre Pop-Up in England. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:42. [PMID: 30669996 PMCID: PMC6343246 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving detection of elevated blood pressure (BP) remains a public health need. We present results from a Pop-Up health check stationed in shopping centres in England. We hypothesise the rate of case detection is related to measurable 'unhealthiness' of the shopping centres. METHODS A Pop-Up health check was sited in four and three shopping centres sampled from the top ten unhealthiest and top 15 healthiest shopping regions respectively, following a report ranking towns/cities based on their unhealthy and healthy retail outlets. On one day in each shopping centre, people were approached and consented to BP testing. Outcome measure was people flagged with BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg (cases). RESULTS We detected 45 (22.6%) and 20 (13.1%) cases from testing 199 and 152 adults in the unhealthy and healthy locations respectively (relative risk 1.72; 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 2.78). A measure of unhealthy retail outlets (e.g. fast-food outlets) within each shopping centre was associated with detection rate (R2 = 0.61; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION An association exists between cases of suspect hypertension found in a health check Pop-Up and measured 'unhealthiness' of the shopping centre site. Results hint at strategies for public testing of BP, potentially in the context of reducing health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Edwards
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB UK
| | - Peter Campbell
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB UK
| | - Deanna J. Taylor
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB UK
| | - Rakhee Shah
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB UK
| | - David F. Edgar
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB UK
| | - David P. Crabb
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB UK
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8
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Binns AM, Taylor DJ, Edwards LA, Crabb DP. Determining Optimal Test Parameters for Assessing Dark Adaptation in People With Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:AMD114-AMD121. [PMID: 30105357 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The primary aim was to determine optimal test conditions for evaluating dark adaptation in intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) in order to minimize test time while maintaining diagnostic sensitivity. Methods People with AMD and age-similar controls were recruited (aged >55 years). Rod intercept time (RIT) was assessed after a 76%, 70%, and 65% rhodopsin bleach at 5° eccentricity and 76% and 70% bleach at 12°. Test order was randomized and a 30-minute washout period added between tests. Results were compared between control and iAMD groups and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed. Results A total of 26 participants with variable grades of macular health attended for two visits. There was a statistically significant difference in average RIT between the control and iAMD groups at 5° (median, IQR controls = 5.8 minutes, 3.8-7.5; iAMD = 20.6 minutes, 11.1-30.0; Mann-Whitney, P = 0.01) and at 12° (mean, controls: 4.54 minutes ± 2.12 SD, iAMD = 7.72 minutes ± 3.37 SD; independent samples t-test, P = 0.03) following a 76% bleach. Area under the ROC curves was 0.83 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.64-1.0) and 0.79 (CI: 0.59-0.99) for these two test conditions, respectively. Five participants (45%) in the iAMD group had RITs >20 minutes for 76% bleach at 5°, but none for any other test condition. Conclusions Nearly half of the participants with iAMD produced unacceptably long recovery times (>20 minutes) using a 76% bleach at 5° eccentricity. The 76% bleach at 12° provided almost equivalent separation between AMD and controls but recovery was achieved within 20 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Binns
- School of Optometry and Visual Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deanna J Taylor
- School of Optometry and Visual Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura A Edwards
- School of Optometry and Visual Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David P Crabb
- School of Optometry and Visual Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Kougkoulos I, Cook SJ, Jomelli V, Clarke L, Symeonakis E, Dortch JM, Edwards LA, Merad M. Use of multi-criteria decision analysis to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes. Sci Total Environ 2018; 621:1453-1466. [PMID: 29056378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) represent a significant threat in deglaciating environments, necessitating the development of GLOF hazard and risk assessment procedures. Here, we outline a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach that can be used to rapidly identify potentially dangerous lakes in regions without existing tailored GLOF risk assessments, where a range of glacial lake types exist, and where field data are sparse or non-existent. Our MCDA model (1) is desk-based and uses freely and widely available data inputs and software, and (2) allows the relative risk posed by a range of glacial lake types to be assessed simultaneously within any region. A review of the factors that influence GLOF risk, combined with the strict rules of criteria selection inherent to MCDA, has allowed us to identify 13 exhaustive, non-redundant, and consistent risk criteria. We use our MCDA model to assess the risk of 16 extant glacial lakes and 6 lakes that have already generated GLOFs, and found that our results agree well with previous studies. For the first time in GLOF risk assessment, we employed sensitivity analyses to test the strength of our model results and assumptions, and to identify lakes that are sensitive to the criteria and risk thresholds used. A key benefit of the MCDA method is that sensitivity analyses are readily undertaken. Overall, these sensitivity analyses lend support to our model, although we suggest that further work is required to determine the relative importance of assessment criteria, and the thresholds that determine the level of risk for each criterion. As a case study, the tested method was then applied to 25 potentially dangerous lakes in the Bolivian Andes, where GLOF risk is poorly understood; 3 lakes are found to pose 'medium' or 'high' risk, and require further detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kougkoulos
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Simon J Cook
- Geography, School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
| | - Vincent Jomelli
- Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, CNRS-LGP, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - Leon Clarke
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Elias Symeonakis
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Jason M Dortch
- Department of Geography, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Laura A Edwards
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Myriam Merad
- Université Paris-Dauphine, LAMSADE-CNRS, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France; Université de Nice, ESPACE-CNRS, F-06204 Nice Cedex 03, France
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10
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Perdue KL, Edwards LA, Tager-Flusberg H, Nelson CA. Differing Developmental Trajectories in Heart Rate Responses to Speech Stimuli in Infants at High and Low Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:2434-2442. [PMID: 28516424 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated heart rate (HR) in infants at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age, at high (HRA) and low (LRC) familial risk for ASD, to identify potential endophenotypes of ASD risk related to attentional responses. HR was extracted from functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings while infants listened to speech stimuli. Longitudinal analysis revealed that HRA infants and males generally had lower baseline HR than LRC infants and females. HRA infants showed decreased HR responses to early trials over development, while LRC infants showed increased responses. These findings suggest altered developmental trajectories in physiological responses to speech stimuli over the first year of life, with HRA infants showing less social orienting over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Perdue
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn St., 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Laura A Edwards
- Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Autumn St., 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Charles A Nelson
- Harvard University, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Autumn St., 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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11
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Taylor DJ, Edwards LA, Binns AM, Crabb DP. Seeing it differently: self-reported description of vision loss in dry age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 38:98-105. [PMID: 29168192 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A realistic description of visual symptoms associated with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is important for raising awareness of the condition and educating patients. This study aimed to develop a set of descriptors for dry AMD and examine the realism of images currently and frequently used to show visual symptoms of the condition. METHODS Volunteers with dry AMD with a range of disease severity were given an eye examination and were asked to describe visual symptoms of their condition in a conversational interview. Participants were also asked to comment on a photograph typically used to portray the visual symptoms of AMD. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and subjected to content analysis. RESULTS Twenty-nine participants were interviewed. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 75 (70, 79) years. Median (IQR) binocular visual acuity (VA) and Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity (CS) was 0.2 (0.18, 0.36) logMAR and 1.65 (1.50, 1.95) log CS respectively. Three, 17 and nine patients had early, intermediate and late (geographic atrophy, GA) AMD, respectively. The most frequently reported descriptor group was blur (n = 13) followed by missing (n = 10) and distortion (n = 7). We chose the most popular image used to portray the visual symptoms of dry AMD based on an internet search and showed this to 21 participants. Sixteen participants (76% [95% confidence interval 53-92%]), including three out of the seven people with geographic atrophy, unequivocally rejected the realism of the image. CONCLUSIONS People with dry AMD use a wide range of descriptors for their visual experience. Visual symptoms of dry AMD as portrayed by commonly shown images were not the experience of most people in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Taylor
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Laura A Edwards
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alison M Binns
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - David P Crabb
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
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12
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Crabb DP, Saunders LJ, Edwards LA. Cases of advanced visual field loss at referral to glaucoma clinics - more men than women? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2016; 37:82-87. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Crabb
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science; School of Health Sciences; City; University of London UK
| | - Luke J. Saunders
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science; School of Health Sciences; City; University of London UK
| | - Laura A. Edwards
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science; School of Health Sciences; City; University of London UK
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13
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Edwards EA, Lumsden J, Rivas C, Steed L, Edwards LA, Thiyagarajan A, Sohanpal R, Caton H, Griffiths CJ, Munafò MR, Taylor S, Walton RT. Gamification for health promotion: systematic review of behaviour change techniques in smartphone apps. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012447. [PMID: 27707829 PMCID: PMC5073629 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smartphone games that aim to alter health behaviours are common, but there is uncertainty about how to achieve this. We systematically reviewed health apps containing gaming elements analysing their embedded behaviour change techniques. METHODS Two trained researchers independently coded apps for behaviour change techniques using a standard taxonomy. We explored associations with user ratings and price. DATA SOURCES We screened the National Health Service (NHS) Health Apps Library and all top-rated medical, health and wellness and health and fitness apps (defined by Apple and Google Play stores based on revenue and downloads). We included free and paid English language apps using 'gamification' (rewards, prizes, avatars, badges, leaderboards, competitions, levelling-up or health-related challenges). We excluded apps targeting health professionals. RESULTS 64 of 1680 (4%) health apps included gamification and met inclusion criteria; only 3 of these were in the NHS Library. Behaviour change categories used were: feedback and monitoring (n=60, 94% of apps), reward and threat (n=52, 81%), and goals and planning (n=52, 81%). Individual techniques were: self-monitoring of behaviour (n=55, 86%), non-specific reward (n=49, 82%), social support unspecified (n=48, 75%), non-specific incentive (n=49, 82%) and focus on past success (n=47, 73%). Median number of techniques per app was 14 (range: 5-22). Common combinations were: goal setting, self-monitoring, non-specific reward and non-specific incentive (n=35, 55%); goal setting, self-monitoring and focus on past success (n=33, 52%). There was no correlation between number of techniques and user ratings (p=0.07; rs=0.23) or price (p=0.45; rs=0.10). CONCLUSIONS Few health apps currently employ gamification and there is a wide variation in the use of behaviour change techniques, which may limit potential to improve health outcomes. We found no correlation between user rating (a possible proxy for health benefits) and game content or price. Further research is required to evaluate effective behaviour change techniques and to assess clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42015029841.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Edwards
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Lumsden
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C Rivas
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L Steed
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - L A Edwards
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Thiyagarajan
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - R Sohanpal
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - H Caton
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, London, UK
| | - C J Griffiths
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M R Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S Taylor
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - R T Walton
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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14
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Edwards LA, Wagner JB, Simon CE, Hyde DC. Functional brain organization for number processing in pre-verbal infants. Dev Sci 2015; 19:757-69. [PMID: 26395560 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Humans are born with the ability to mentally represent the approximate numerosity of a set of objects, but little is known about the brain systems that sub-serve this ability early in life and their relation to the brain systems underlying symbolic number and mathematics later in development. Here we investigate processing of numerical magnitudes before the acquisition of a symbolic numerical system or even spoken language, by measuring the brain response to numerosity changes in pre-verbal infants using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). To do this, we presented infants with two types of numerical stimulus blocks: number change blocks that presented dot arrays alternating in numerosity and no change blocks that presented dot arrays all with the same number. Images were carefully constructed to rule out the possibility that responses to number changes could be due to non-numerical stimulus properties that tend to co-vary with number. Interleaved with the two types of numerical blocks were audio-visual animations designed to increase attention. We observed that number change blocks evoked an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin over a focal right parietal region that was greater than that observed during no change blocks and during audio-visual attention blocks. The location of this effect was consistent with intra-parietal activity seen in older children and adults for both symbolic and non-symbolic numerical tasks. A distinct set of bilateral occipital and middle parietal channels responded more to the attention-grabbing animations than to either of the types of numerical stimuli, further dissociating the specific right parietal response to number from a more general bilateral visual or attentional response. These results provide the strongest evidence to date that the right parietal cortex is specialized for numerical processing in infancy, as the response to number is dissociated from visual change processing and general attentional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Edwards
- Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, USA.,Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Jennifer B Wagner
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, USA
| | - Charline E Simon
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Daniel C Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
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15
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Nowocin AK, Brown K, Edwards LA, Meader L, Hill JI, Wong W. An Extraperitoneal Technique for Murine Heterotopic Cardiac Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2491-4. [PMID: 25997384 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mouse heterotopic cardiac transplantation model has been used extensively by investigators in the field of organ transplantation to study the rejection process, test new antirejection treatments, tolerance induction protocols or to understand basic immunological principles. Due to its extensive use, any small refinement of the technique would have a major impact on replacement, reduction and refinement (commonly known as the 3Rs). Here, we describe a novel approach to refine this model. The donor aorta and pulmonary artery are anastomosed peripherally to the femoral artery and vein of the recipient, respectively. The technical success rate is comparable to the conventional abdominal site, but it avoids a laparotomy and handling of the bowels making it less invasive method. As a result, recipients recover faster and require less postoperative analgesia. It is a major refinement under one of the 3Rs and would represent an advance in animal welfare in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Nowocin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Brown
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L A Edwards
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L Meader
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J I Hill
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - W Wong
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Edwards
- Harvard Graduate School of Education; Cambridge Massachusetts
- Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
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17
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Edwards LA, Lucas M, Edwards EA, Torrente F, Heuschkel RB, Klein NJ, Murch SH, Bajaj-Elliott M, Phillips AD. Aberrant response to commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in Crohn's disease: an ex vivo human organ culture study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1201-8. [PMID: 21484962 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human ex vivo evidence indicating that an inappropriate immune response(s) to nonpathogenic bacteria contributes to disease pathogenesis in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) is limited. The aim of the present study was to compare and contrast the early innate immune response of pediatric "healthy" versus CD mucosa to pathogenic, probiotic, and commensal bacteria. METHODS "Healthy control" and CD pediatric mucosal biopsies (terminal ileum and transverse colon) were cocultured for 8 hours with E. coli O42, Lactobacillus GG (LGG), Bacteroidesthetaiotaomicron (B. theta), or stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β (positive control). Matched nonstimulated biopsies served as experimental controls. IL-8 was the immune marker of choice. IL-8 mRNA and protein levels were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULTS IL-8 secretion was observed when control, ileal biopsies were exposed to pathogenic O42 and probiotic LGG, with no response noted to commensal B. theta. In comparison, Crohn's ileal biopsies showed impaired ability to induce IL-8 in response to O42 and LGG. Control colonic tissue showed a limited response to O42 or B. theta and LGG significantly reduced IL-8 secretion. Unlike control tissue, however, Crohn's ileal and colonic tissue did respond to B. theta, with more enhanced expression in the colon. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first ex vivo data to support the notion that aberrant mucosal recognition of commensal bacteria may contribute to pediatric CD. While IL-8 responses to O42 and LGG varied with disease status and anatomical location, B. theta consistently induced significant IL-8 both in ileal and colonic CD tissue, which was not seen in control, healthy tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Edwards
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Lower Ground Floor, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
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18
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Rowland RE, Edwards LA, Podd JV. Elevated sister chromatid exchange frequencies in New Zealand Vietnam War veterans. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 116:248-51. [PMID: 17431321 DOI: 10.1159/000100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From July 1965 until November 1971, New Zealand Defence Force Personnel fought in the Vietnam War. During this time more than 76,500,000 litres of phenoxylic herbicides were sprayed over parts of Southern Vietnam and Laos, the most common being known as 'Agent Orange'. The current study aimed to ascertain whether or not New Zealand Vietnam War veterans show evidence of genetic disturbance arising as a consequence of their now confirmed exposure to these defoliants. A sample group of 24 New Zealand Vietnam War veterans and 23 control volunteers were compared using an SCE (sister chromatid exchange) analysis. The results from the SCE study show a highly significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean of the experimental group (11.05) and the mean of a matched control group (8.18). The experimental group also has an exceptionally high proportion of HFCs (cells with high SCE frequencies) above the 95th percentile compared to the controls (11.0 and 0.07%, respectively). We conclude that the New Zealand Vietnam War veterans studied here were exposed to a clastogenic substance(s) which continues to exert an observable genetic effect today, and suggest that this is attributable to their service in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Rowland
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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19
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Stoll B, Edwards LA. Critical Incident Stress Management with inmates: an atypical application. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2002; 3:245-7. [PMID: 12025484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
In March 2001, Centerstone Community Mental Health Centers, Inc.'s CISM Team was asked to debrief 14 inmates after a murder in a rural county jail. We had no specific experience providing CISM in this particular setting, so we contacted ICISF and local law enforcement personnel for their input. We found that neither had a significant amount of experience with this population. In general, although our Team found significant differences related to the restrictions inherent in the environmental setting and the overall group dynamic, we also found similarities in the general manner in which the CISM model was utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stoll
- Centerstone Community Mental Health Centers, Inc., Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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Edwards LA, Read LC, Nishio SJ, Weir AJ, Hull W, Barry S, Styne D, Whitsett JA, Tarantal AF, George-Nascimento C. Comparison of the distinct effects of epidermal growth factor and betamethasone on the morphogenesis of the gas exchange region and differentiation of alveolar type II cells in lungs of fetal rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274:1025-32. [PMID: 7636717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and betamethasone on the morphogenesis of the gas exchange region and the differentiation of the alveolar type II cell during fetal lung development, fetal rhesus monkeys (78% gestation) were treated in utero with EGF (5.33 mg/kg total dose), beta-methasone (2.6 mg/kg total dose) or the carrier, saline (control), every other day for 7 days. EGF-treated monkeys had significantly increased body and adrenal weights. Betamethasone-treated monkeys had significantly decreased body and adrenal weights. Exogenous EGF reduced cytoplasmic glycogen and increased the cytoplasmic organelle and SP-A content within alveolar type II cells. In contrast, exogenous betamethasone did not alter alveolar type II cell cytodifferentiation. Neither EGF nor betamethasone treatment significantly altered the structure of the gas exchange region as shown by a lack of change from controls in alveolar airspace size or in the fraction of the gas exchange region that was potential airspace. We conclude that at clinically relevant doses, EGF greatly accelerates the maturation of alveolar type II cells, whereas betamethasone does not. Exogenous EGF may act directly on alveolar type II cells because these cells contain EGF receptor. Neither EGF nor betamethasone had dramatic effects on the morphogenesis of the gas exchange region.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Edwards
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Edwards
- Family Medicine Programme, North Adelaide, SA
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22
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Martinez-Bilbao M, Holdsworth RE, Edwards LA, Huber RE. A highly reactive beta-galactosidase (Escherichia coli) resulting from a substitution of an aspartic acid for Gly-794. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:4979-86. [PMID: 1900512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-galactosidases of several mutagenized strains of Escherichia coli K12 which grew on lactobionate were found to be heat labile. Sequence analysis of the lacZ gene (ligated into Bluescript) of one of these strains (E. coli REH4) showed that the only change in the amino acid sequence was a substitution of an Asp for Gly-794. This change caused a dramatic increase of the activity when lactose was the substrate. The kcat of the purified enzyme from E. coli REH4 (G794D-beta-galactosidase) with lactose as the substrate was five to six times as large as the kcat of the normal enzyme with lactose. Purified G794D-beta-galactosidase was, however, less stable to heat and also to chymotrypsin (which cleaves next to Trp-585) than was normal beta-galactosidase. G794D-beta-Galactosidase bound substrates and substrate analog inhibitors less well than did normal beta-galactosidase while planar transition state analog inhibitors were more strongly bound. The ability to bind 2-amino-D-galactose (a positively charged transition state analog inhibitor) was either unaltered or was decreased somewhat. The data showed that the alteration in structure caused an increase in the value of k2 (the rate constant for the step in which the glycosidic bond is cleaved) with each substrate tested (the increase was at least 25-fold when lactose was the substrate) while k3 was decreased about 4-fold (k3 is the rate constant for the common hydrolysis step with each substrate). Since k2 is rate determining when lactose is the substrate of the normal enzyme, the increase in k2 resulted in a large increase in rate despite the fact that the value of k3 decreased. Large rate increases were not found with the other two substrates because the k2 values were not increased by large factors and because the decrease in the value of k3 negated the effects of the increased k2 values. The destabilization of the substrate binding coupled with a stabilization of the binding of a planar transition state is a possible cause of the significant increase in the value of k2 and of the enhanced activity with lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez-Bilbao
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Electrical field stimulation of dog isolated basilar artery produced neurogenically mediated contractions which were unaffected by phentolamine (1 microM), atropine (1 microM), ketanserin (1 microM) or methiothepin (0.1 microM). Responses were abolished by GR32191 (1-10 nM), BM 13.177 (0.1-10 microM) or flurbiprofen (0.5 microM) and markedly attenuated by dazoxiben (1-10 microM). Removal of the endothelium by Triton X-100-perfusion did not modify the magnitude of contractions to electrical stimulation and GR32191 still abolished the responses. GR32191 (1-10 nM) did not modify neurogenically mediated contraction of rabbit ear artery or potassium chloride-induced contraction of dog basilar artery. The results suggest that electrical field stimulation of dog basilar artery causes contractions which are mediated via a cyclo-oxygenase product with characteristics similar to thromboxane. This thromboxane-like substance is not endothelial in origin, nor released by contraction of the cerebrovascular smooth muscle per se and is therefore derived from a subendothelial, possibly neuronal, source.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Connor
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Glaxo Group Research Ltd., Ware, Hertfordshire, U.K
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Ellis JS, Jennings AC, Edwards LA, Mavandad M, Lamb CJ, Dixon RA. Defense gene expression in elicitor-treated cell suspension cultures of french bean cv. Imuna. Plant Cell Rep 1989; 8:504-507. [PMID: 24233540 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/1989] [Revised: 10/03/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell suspension cultures of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cv. Imuna accumulated isoflavonoid phytoalexins on exposure to elicitor from the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (CL). This was preceeded by rapid increases in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS). However, the patterns of expression of PAL and CHS genes differed from those observed in cultures of a previously studied bean cultivar. The relative levels of transcripts from individual members of the CHS multigene family differed significantly at 1.5 h compared to 22.5 h after elicitation. More strikingly, three PAL genes were expressed in cultivar Imuna in response to fungal elicitor, whereas two are expressed in elicitor-treated cell cultures of cultivar Canadian Wonder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, Egham Hill, TW20 OEX, Egham, Surrey, UK
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26
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Huber RE, Edwards LA, Carne TJ. Studies on the mechanism of the iodination of tyrosine by lactoperoxidase. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:1381-6. [PMID: 2912960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies with lactoperoxidase showed that a highly reactive intermediate is produced (on the enzyme) from I- and H2O2 which then diffuses from the enzyme and very rapidly and indiscriminately iodinates any Tyr or peptides containing Tyr which are in the same solution. The evidence supporting these conclusions follows. 1) The rate followed the Michaelis-Menten pattern with I- and H2O2 while the concentration of Tyr peptides had no measurable effect on the rate; 2) the rates of reaction were independent of the type of peptide in which Tyr was located; 3) the amount of iodination which had occurred after the reaction had gone to completion and the amounts of monoiodination and diiodination after completion of the reaction were independent of the peptide type, the pH, the solvent polarity, or the ionic strength; 4) competition for reaction by two very different Tyr peptides depended only on their initial concentrations; and 5) iodination of a large protein occurred through a dialysis membrane. Free Tyr was iodinated at the same rate as Tyr peptides by lactoperoxidase, but monoiodotyrosine and m-fluorotyrosine were iodinated at one-half that rate. The results also showed that one can choose ratios of [peptide] to [H2O2] such that monoiodination is maximized relative to diiodination. It was also found that the iodination capacity of a mixture of I- and H2O2 with lactoperoxidase (when Tyr was absent) was only slowly dissipated. Finally, the results showed that lactoperoxidase can be used to brominate and chlorinate Tyr peptides at a slow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Huber
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Edwards LA, Tian MR, Huber RE, Fowler AV. The use of limited proteolysis to probe interdomain and active site regions of beta-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). J Biol Chem 1988; 263:1848-54. [PMID: 3123481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited proteolysis by pancreatic elastase (EC 3.4.21.36) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) was used to study the domain structure and active site of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) (Escherichia coli). Treatment with elastase resulted in a rapid cleavage between residues Ala-732 and Ala-733. No inactivation accompanied this cleavage suggesting that this bond is in a hinge region of the protein. Some slow cleavages beyond the initial one were observed to occur and were accompanied by inactivation. Treatment of beta-galactosidase with chymotrypsin resulted in cleavages first between Trp-585 and Ser-586 and then between Phe-601 and Cys-602. The first of these cleavages resulted in total inactivation of beta-galactosidase. The presence of monovalent ions or isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside protected against the cleavages but when Mg2+ or Mn2+ was present in the reaction mixture, the bond between Trp-585 and Ser-586 was more susceptible to the action of chymotrypsin. These data demonstrate that the conformation of beta-galactosidase around Trp-585 and Ser-586 is dramatically affected by the binding of ions and isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The mutant M15 beta-galactosidase, which is missing residues 11 through 41 and is an inactive dimer rather than an active tetramer, was found to be much more labile to proteases than native beta-galactosidase, but the same initial cleavages were found to occur. In addition, trypsin cleaved the M15 protein between Arg-431 and Trp-432 while native beta-galactosidase was stable to trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Edwards LA, Tian MR, Huber RE, Fowler AV. The use of limited proteolysis to probe interdomain and active site regions of beta-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Abstract
Separation of tyrosine, fluorotyrosine, monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine was achieved by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a gradient of acetonitrile with water and using trifluoroacetic acid for ion pairing. No derivatization of the amino acids, prior to separation, was needed. The spectral properties of Tyr and its fluorine and iodine derivatives and the dependence of their absorbance maxima on pH, made it possible to analyze and differentiate between these derivatives in the free amino acid form or in peptides. This analysis was accomplished by adjusting the post column HPLC eluate from two identical runs to different pH values and then comparing the spectra of the peaks from these two runs with a diode array detector. Hydrolysis in 6 M hydrochloric acid was totally destructive to mono- and diiodotyrosine. However, base hydrolysis in 13.5 M sodium hydroxide for 30 min at 121 degrees C in an autoclave caused no destruction and allowed excellent recovery of all of the Tyr derivatives. This is the first report of simple methods for the detection and analysis of these amino acids and of a hydrolytic method which protects against their loss. A method of storage was also proposed.
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Edwards LA, Huber RE. A detailed examination of the iodination of beta-galactosidase: stoichiometric inactivation by nonspecific iodination. Biochem Cell Biol 1986; 64:523-7. [PMID: 3091051 DOI: 10.1139/o86-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of 125I, using lactoperoxidase, and the subsequent inactivation of beta-galactosidase in the period when incorporation and inactivation were stoichiometric were investigated in detail. The high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) radioactive profiles of the tryptic peptides of samples taken in the stoichiometric period showed that, although two labelled peptides predominated, there were other labelled peptides. The predominating peptides were shown to be the mono- and di-iodinated forms of the peptide containing Tyr-253. This confirmed the result of an earlier study, but quantitation showed that this iodination accounted for only 15-18% of the total. To show that the other labelled peptides in the HPLC profiles were not merely oxidized or partially digested forms of the peptide containing Tyr-253, two experiments were carried out. In one of the experiments, two of the other labelled peptides were isolated and identified as iodinated forms of the peptide containing Tyr-285 (5-7% of the incorporation). In the other experiment, four additional labelled fractions from the HPLC eluate were treated further with trypsin. No further digestion was observed and thus these peptides did not result from incomplete digestion of the sequence containing Tyr-253. Overall, these results show that, although the incorporation of 125I was stoichiometric with inactivation, no single Tyr was responsible for the inactivation as was tentatively suggested previously. The competitive inhibitor isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was effective in reducing the rates of inactivation of the enzyme and incorporation of 125I, but the same peptides were labelled in the presence of IPTG as in its absence.
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31
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Muhitch MJ, Edwards LA, Fletcher JS. Influence of diamines and polyamines on the senescence of plant suspension cultures. Plant Cell Rep 1983; 2:82-84. [PMID: 24257954 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The diamines putrescine and cadaverine and the polyamines spermine and spermidine inhibited the senescence of nonphotosynthetic cultures of Paul's Scarlet rose. Response was observed when the media of stationary phase cultures was adjusted to either 1 mM of cadaverine or putrescine; or 0.1 μM of either spermine or spermidine along with 2% sucrose in all cases. Senescence of the cultures was followed by microscopic examination of cell aliquots removed at 10 day intervals and treated with the vital stain, fluorescein diacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Muhitch
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, 73019, Norman, OK, USA
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Edwards LA. Symposium on diarrhea. 6. Infectious diarrhea. Can Med Assoc J 1977; 116:753-5. [PMID: 849557 PMCID: PMC1879424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea may be primarily infectious in origin. Causes can be conveniently classified according to the etiologic agent, which may be viral, chlamydial, bacterial, protozoal, helminthic or fungal. The most common type of infectious diarrhea in Canada is viral. Bacterial infection, particularly staphylococcal and salmonellal, also is relatively common.
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Abstract
Two cases of meglumine iodipamide (Cholografin) hepatotoxicity were confirmed by liver biopsy. The hepatic lesion was centrilobular in location and resolved within a short period of time. Nausea and vomiting commonly reported after intravenous cholangiography may be clinical manifestations of this entity.
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Edwards LA, Hilliard JR, Wood DE. Axillary vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism possibly due to oral contraception. Can Med Assoc J 1969; 100:78-80. [PMID: 5762476 PMCID: PMC1945510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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35
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Hawley CA, Detmer JE, Edwards LA. An electronic data processing method for rapid assessment of potential off-site radiological effects. Health Phys 1966; 12:1356-1362. [PMID: 5970988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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