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Williamson S, Ardern CL, Berry C, Heron N, van Rensburg DCJ, Jansen MGT, McCormick S, Reid M, Sánchez-Pay A, Saueressig T, Schoonmade LJ, Shaw RB, van der Slikke RMA, Webborn N, Pluim BM. The Physical Demands of Wheelchair Tennis Match Play: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:1931-1953. [PMID: 38722535 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheelchair tennis, a globally popular sport, features a professional tour spanning 40 countries and over 160 tournaments. Despite its widespread appeal, information about the physical demands of wheelchair tennis is scattered across various studies, necessitating a comprehensive systematic review to synthesise available data. OBJECTIVE The aim was to provide a detailed synthesis of the physical demands associated with wheelchair tennis, encompassing diverse factors such as court surfaces, performance levels, sport classes, and sexes. METHODS We conducted comprehensive searches in the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases, covering articles from inception to March 1, 2023. Forward and backward citation tracking from the included articles was carried out using Scopus, and we established eligibility criteria following the Population, Exposure, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design (PECOS) framework. Our study focused on wheelchair tennis players participating at regional, national, or international levels, including both juniors and adults, and open and quad players. We analysed singles and doubles matches and considered sex (male, female), sport class (open, quad), and court surface type (hard, clay, grass) as key comparative points. The outcomes of interest encompassed play duration, on-court movement, stroke performance, and physiological match variables. The selected study designs included observational cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies (baseline data only). We calculated pooled means or mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and employed a random-effects meta-analysis with robust variance estimation. We assessed heterogeneity using Cochrane Q and 95% prediction intervals. RESULTS Our literature search retrieved 643 records, with 24 articles meeting our inclusion criteria. Most available information focused on international male wheelchair tennis players in the open division, primarily competing in singles on hard courts. Key findings (mean [95% CI]) for these players on hard courts were match duration 65.9 min [55.0-78.8], set duration 35.0 min [28.2-43.5], game duration 4.6 min [0.92-23.3], rally duration 6.1 s [3.7-10.2], effective playing time 19.8% [18.9-20.7], and work-to-rest ratio 1:4.1 [1:3.7-1:4.4]. Insufficient data were available to analyse play duration for female players. However, for the available data on hard court matches, the average set duration was 34.8 min [32.5-37.2]. International male players on hard court covered an average distance per match of 3859 m [1917-7768], with mean and peak average forward speeds of 1.06 m/s [0.85-1.32] and 3.55 m/s [2.92-4.31], respectively. These players executed an average of 365.9 [317.2-422.1] strokes per match, 200.6 [134.7-299.0] per set, 25.4 [16.7-38.7] per game, and 3.4 [2.6-4.6] per rally. Insufficient data were available for a meta-analysis of female players' on-court movement and stroke performance. The average and peak heart rates of international male players on hard court were 134.3 [124.2-145.1] and 166.0 [132.7-207.6] beats per minute, and the average match heart rate expressed as a percentage of peak heart rate was 74.7% [46.4-100]. We found no studies concerning regional players or juniors, and only one study on doubles match play. CONCLUSIONS While we present a comprehensive overview of the physical demands of wheelchair tennis, our understanding predominantly centres around international male players competing on hard courts in the open division. To attain a more comprehensive insight into the sport's physical requirements, future research should prioritise the inclusion of data on female and quad players, juniors, doubles, and matches played on clay and grass court surfaces. Such endeavours will facilitate the development of more tailored and effective training programmes for wheelchair tennis players and coaches. The protocol for this systematic review was registered a priori at the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (Registration https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0060 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Williamson
- International Tennis Federation, London, UK
- UK Sports Institute, Bath, UK
| | - Clare L Ardern
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cain Berry
- International Tennis Federation, London, UK
| | - Neil Heron
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, England
| | - Dina C Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Medical Advisory Panel, World Netball, Manchester, UK
| | - Marleen G T Jansen
- Sport Science Department, Royal Dutch Lawn Tennis Association (KNLTB), Amstelveen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha McCormick
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Machar Reid
- Tennis Australia, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Western Australia, School of Human Sciences, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Linda J Schoonmade
- University Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert B Shaw
- Spinal Cord Injury British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Nick Webborn
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Babette M Pluim
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Medical Department, Royal Dutch Lawn Tennis Association (KNLTB), Amstelveen, The Netherlands.
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Suárez-Iglesias D, Ayán C, García-Fresneda A, Villa-Vicente JG, Rodríguez-Medina J, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA. Case study: Evaluating deep-water start techniques and training demands in seated slalom waterskiing for an athlete with paraplegia. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1363544. [PMID: 38962225 PMCID: PMC11221382 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1363544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recreational and competitive slalom waterskiing is increasingly popular among individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI), particularly for those with paraplegia using sit-skis. A key component of slalom skiing is the deep-water start (DWS), yet little is known about the physiological and physical demands of this activity when the athlete is seated. This study aims to fill this gap by focusing on the training requirements for a seated slalom athlete. Materials and methods Focusing on a young male athlete with paraplegia, this case study evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of traditional (TDWS) and alternative (ADWS) DWS techniques during seated slalom waterskiing sessions. It assesses internal training load (TL) through heart rate (HR) zones and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), alongside pre- and post-session handgrip strength measurements to gauge peripheral muscle fatigue. Results and conclusions Performing the ADWS, achieving a full success rate, proved more effective but slightly more time-consuming than TDWS, which had limited success. HR during DWS maneuvers ranged from 63.2 to 81.3% of maximal HR, with most sessions occurring below the ventilatory threshold, thus perceived as hard effort. A moderate yet non-significant correlation was found between HR and sRPE-based TL. A significant reduction in handgrip strength post-session underscores the activity's demands. These insights illuminate the technical, physiological, and physical challenges in mastering DWS for seated slalom athletes with SCI, providing valuable guidance for the development of tailored training programs and techniques in this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Suárez-Iglesias
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Carlos Ayán
- Well-Move Research Group, Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Science, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Adrián García-Fresneda
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Group in Technology Applied to High Performance and Health, TecnoCampus, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Gerardo Villa-Vicente
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Medina
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Ju YY, Chu WT, Shieh WY, Cheng HYK. Elbow, wrist kinematics and shock transmission of backhand stroke in wheelchair tennis players. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:402-416. [PMID: 33594959 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1862903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to compare the differences in kinematics of elbow and wrist and shock transmission of the upper extremity in wheelchair tennis players and able-bodied players (in standing and sitting position) during backhand strokes. Fifteen wheelchair tennis and 15 able-bodied tennis players enrolled. Electromagnetic system and trial-axial accelerometers were used to measure the difference in the kinematic parameters of the upper extremity and the impact vibration transferred across the wrist joint. The results indicated that wheelchair players demonstrated unique elbow and wrist kinematics, especially shorter total swing time, greater elbow flexion at preparation, lower wrist extension acceleration before impact, and smaller racket vibration at impact. Comparing to able-bodied players in standing, wheelchair players and players in sitting demonstrated significantly greater elbow joint flexion/extension angle, angular velocity, angular acceleration during extension, and wrist joint flexion angle. Wheelchair players also differ significantly with the players in sitting regarding elbow joint angular velocity and acceleration, and wrist joint flexion velocity. These adaptations and adjustments can be attributed to the missing lower extremity function and deficient trunk kinetic chain. The differences between wheelchair tennis players and able-bodied players in sitting could represent the progress as the wheelchair players moving from novices to experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ying Ju
- Department of Adapted Physical Education, National Taiwan Sport University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Yun Shieh
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Kathy Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Early Intervention, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Sánchez-Pay A, Pino-Ortega J, Sanz-Rivas D. Influence of Successive Wheelchair Tennis Matches on Handgrip Strength in High-Level Male Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4842. [PMID: 36981750 PMCID: PMC10048815 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on upper strength in high-level male players playing four successive wheelchair tennis (WT) matches. Eight international WT players took part in a competition, playing one match per day over four consecutive tournament days. Before and after the match, the maximal isometric handgrip strength was measured on the dominant and non-dominant hand. Additionally, each player was equipped with one radiofrequency and IMU device on their wheelchair to control his activity profile (distance). The results showed significant differences between successive matches, with decreasing dominant handgrip strength (p = 0.02, η2 = 0.043), and there was a significant interaction between successive matches and the accumulated distance (p = 0.013, η2 = 0.049). The pre- and post-match strength values of the dominant hand decreased throughout the matches over a number of days, and post hoc analysis showed differences between the first and fourth matches only in pre-match strength (49.06 ± 6.96 vs. 45.94 ± 7.1; p = 0.045; ES: 1.04) but not in the non-dominant hand. Successive matches caused a decrease in the strength values of the WT players, mainly in the dominant hand. These results should be taken into account in the recovery and prevention of injuries in competitions with successive matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Pay
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
| | - David Sanz-Rivas
- Tennis Research Group, Department of Methodology and Professional Specialization in MEDAC, 28037 Madrid, Spain;
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Van der Slikke RMA, Sindall P, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Mason BS. Load and performance monitoring in wheelchair court sports: A narrative review of the use of technology and practical recommendations. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:189-200. [PMID: 34974822 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2025267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying measures of physical loading has been an essential part of performance monitoring within elite able-bodied sport, facilitated through advancing innovative technology. In wheelchair court sports (WCS) the inter-individual variability of physical impairments in the athletes increases the necessity for accurate load and performance measurements, while at the same time standard load monitoring methods (e.g. heart-rate) often fail in this group and dedicated WCS performance measurement methods are scarce. The objective of this review was to provide practitioners and researchers with an overview and recommendations to underpin the selection of suitable technologies for a variety of load and performance monitoring purposes specific to WCS. This review explored the different technologies that have been used for load and performance monitoring in WCS. During structured field testing, magnetic switch-based devices, optical encoders and laser systems have all been used to monitor linear aspects of performance. However, movement in WCS is multidirectional, hence accelerations, decelerations and rotational performance and their impact on physiological responses and determination of skill level, is also of interest. Subsequently both for structured field testing as well as match-play and training, inertial measurement units mounted on wheels and frame have emerged as an accurate and practical option for quantifying linear and non-linear movements. In conclusion, each method has its place in load and performance measurement, yet inertial sensors seem most versatile and accurate. However, to add context to load and performance metrics, position-based acquisition devices such as automated image-based processing or local positioning systems are required.Highlights Objective measures of wheelchair mobility performance are paramount in wheelchair court sport support, since they enable quantification of workload across athletes of all classifications and in structured field testing, training and match play settings.Given the variety of methods for load and performance monitoring in wheelchair court sports, this review: identified and examined the technology available; provides meaningful insights and decision guidelines; describes applicability for different goals; and proposes practical recommendations for researchers and sports professionals.Wheelchair mounted inertial sensors are most reliable and versatile for measuring wheelchair mobility performance and estimates of workload, yet a combination with local position measurement via indoor tracking or image-based processing could be useful to add context.For wheelchair athletes bound to a wheelchair for daily use, workload monitoring on a regular basis, both on- and off-court, is crucial to avoid overuse injuries. Alternatively, in athletes with lower severity impairments often lack frequent exposure to optimal and progressive loading, reducing the likelihood of positive physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienk M A Van der Slikke
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Sindall
- School of Health and SocietyUniversity of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Alberca I, Chénier F, Astier M, Combet M, Bakatchina S, Brassart F, Vallier JM, Pradon D, Watier B, Faupin A. Impact of Holding a Badminton Racket on Spatio-Temporal and Kinetic Parameters During Manual Wheelchair Propulsion. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:862760. [PMID: 35847453 PMCID: PMC9281504 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.862760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Para badminton entered the Paralympic world for the first time with the 2021 Paralympic Games in Tokyo. The particularity of this sport lies in the handling of the wheelchair and the racket simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, and considering the youthfulness of this sport, it appears that no study has looked at the impact of the badminton racket on the kinetic and spatiotemporal parameters. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the impact of the badminton racket on the amplitude of kinetic and spatiotemporal parameters of wheelchair propulsion, considered as propulsion effectiveness and risk of injury criteria. We hypothesized that holding a badminton racket while propelling the wheelchair modifies the kinetics and temporal parameters of the athlete's propulsion due to the difficulty to hold the handrim, therefore decreasing propulsion effectiveness and increasing risk of injury. Materials and Methods For six 90-min sessions, 16 able-bodied individuals were introduced to badminton. No injuries hindered their propulsion. They had to propel with and without a racket held on the dominant side along a 20 m straight line at a constant velocity of 5 km/h. They all used the same sports wheelchair equipped with two instrumented wheels (SmartWheel). Results Participants increased their maximal total force and force rate of rise but decreased their fraction of effective force with their dominant hand compared to the non-dominant hand when using a racket. In addition, they decreased their fraction of effective force, push time, cycle time, and push angle, and increased their maximal propulsive moment, maximal total force, and force rate of rise when comparing the same dominant hand with and without the racket. Discussion Using a badminton racket modifies the athlete's force application in a way that is generally related to lower propulsion effectiveness and a higher risk for injury. Indeed, it seems that propulsion with a racket prevents from correctly grabbing the handrim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Alberca
- IAPS, Université de Toulon, La Garde, France
- *Correspondence: Ilona Alberca
| | - Félix Chénier
- Mobility and Adaptive Sports Research Lab, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Institut Universitaire sur la Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marjolaine Astier
- IAPS, Université de Toulon, La Garde, France
- Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, EA 6312, La Garde, France
| | - Marion Combet
- Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, EA 6312, La Garde, France
| | | | | | | | - Didier Pradon
- Pole Parasport - ISPC Synergies, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Bruno Watier
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Roldán-Márquez R, Onetti-Onetti W, Alvero-Cruz JR, Castillo-Rodríguez A. Win or lose. Physical and physiological responses in paddle tennis competition according to the game result. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2082173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Ramón Alvero-Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Duvall J, Satpute S, Cooper R, Cooper RA. A review of adaptive sport opportunities for power wheelchair users. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2021; 16:407-413. [PMID: 32427531 PMCID: PMC10091906 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2020.1767220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify adaptive sports opportunities for individuals who use powered wheelchairs for their primary means of mobility, and to determine barriers and facilitators for new sporting opportunities. MATERIALS AND METHODS A structured literature review of the peer-reviewed scientific literature and analysis of major adaptive sport competitions information. Pubmed and Scopus were searched for the phrases "Power wheelchair sports" and "complex disability sport" to identify articles discussing competitive sport opportunities for power wheelchair users. Also, the websites and instructional materials were searched to identify what sports exist for power wheelchair users in the Paralympics, the National Veteran Wheelchair Games, the Invictus Games and the Warrior Games. RESULTS Eleven articles were found from Pubmed and Scopus which met the criteria, most of which were focused on power soccer. The search for sport opportunities from the four major competitions found few events where someone using a power wheelchair could participate, most of which involve a stationary chair during competition (e.g., archery, billiards). CONCLUSIONS This literature review identified few programs for sports for people who use power wheelchairs. Many challenges such as lack of appropriate technology, lack of programs, and challenging classification categories all interact to contribute to this problem. Opportunities exist for better and more appropriate technology to be developed and for new and innovative sports and rules to be adopted for these athletes to benefit more from sport and recreation.Implications for rehabilitationAthletes with complex disabilities and high support needs are not provided with the same opportunities as other athletes.Challenges such as insufficient technology, lack of programs, and challenging classification categories all interact to contribute to the lack of opportunities.Opportunities exist for better and more appropriate technology to be developed and for new and innovative sports and rules to be adopted for athletes with complex disabilities and high support needs to benefit more from sport and recreation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Duvall
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, US Department of Veterans Affairs and School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science & Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shantanu Satpute
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, US Department of Veterans Affairs and School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rosemarie Cooper
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, US Department of Veterans Affairs and School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science & Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Assistive Technology, UPMC Health System and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rory A Cooper
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, US Department of Veterans Affairs and School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science & Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Duvall J, Gebrosky B, Ruffing J, Anderson A, Ong SS, McDonough R, Cooper RA. Design of an adjustable wheelchair for table tennis participation. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2021; 16:425-431. [PMID: 32951495 PMCID: PMC10088366 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2020.1821105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity and recreation are very important for people with disabilities and provide benefits for self-esteem, social relationships, employment, rehabilitation, and education. Para Table Tennis is an adaptive sport where participants compete in table tennis while sitting in a wheelchair. However, athletes generally use their everyday wheelchair instead of a device specifically designed for the sport. The specific support, movements, and posture needed to participate in table tennis at the highest level are different than general day-to-day mobility and a device could be optimized for the sport. This research describes the development of a wheelchair specifically designed for para table tennis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The design followed a participatory action design approach which identified the specific needs for a wheelchair to be used during para table tennis. RESULTS Three design needs were identified which included 1) locking the casters in the forward direction, 2) ability to raise the seat height as high as possible while allowing the user's knees to fit under the table, and 3) adjustable seat angle which will allow some users to have anterior tilt to get their trunk even higher while other users could have posterior tilt for stability. A new chair meeting these needs was designed and prototyped. CONCLUSIONS Para table tennis has some specific requirements related to movements and posture which were improved by a new wheelchair design specific for the sport.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMany adaptive sports are improved with sport specific technology.A model client was used to develop a wheelchair specifically for adaptive table tennis.The height and angle of the seat of the new wheelchair can be adjusted for optimal stability and reach.The casters of the new wheelchair can be locked to allow only forward and backward motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Duvall
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Human Engineering Research Laboratories, US Department of Veterans Affairs and School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Gebrosky
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, US Department of Veterans Affairs and School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ruffing
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron Anderson
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Siew Seang Ong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert McDonough
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rory A Cooper
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Human Engineering Research Laboratories, US Department of Veterans Affairs and School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Sánchez-Pay A, Sanz-Rivas D. Physical and technical demand in professional wheelchair tennis on hard, clay and grass surfaces: implication for training. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1912957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Pay
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David Sanz-Rivas
- Department of Methodology and Professional Specialization in MEDAC, Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez-Pay A, Sanz-Rivas D. Competitive Evolution of Professional Wheelchair Tennis from the Paralympic Games in Athens 2004 to Rio 2016: An Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063157. [PMID: 33803833 PMCID: PMC8003319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the activity pattern and technical-tactical parameters of men's wheelchair tennis matches from the Paralympic Games (PG) in Athens 2004 (A), Beijing 2008 (B), London 2012 (L) and Rio 2016 (R). A total of 5702 shots from twelve final round matches were analysed. Activity patterns (e.g., rally duration, shots per rally…) and technical effectivity (e.g., errors, winners…) were recorded. An ANOVA test with post hoc pairwise comparisons was conducted to compare the mean differences among matches of different PG. Game duration, points and shots per game differed according to the PG (R and L > B and A). Rally duration (p < 0.001) and shots per rally (p < 0.001) were longer at R and L than B and A. The effectivity of the last shots was different, the errors have been increasing and the winners have been decreasing. The main finding indicates that activity patterns and technical parameters have evolved mainly between A and B to L and R. This study gives an overview of the development of the sport over time, and coaches can use this information to adapt their training sessions to the current needs of the competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Pay
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, C/Argentina, s/n, 30720 San Javier, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-889-297
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Navas D, Veiga S, Navarro E, Ramón-Llín J. Differences in kinematic and match-play demands between elite winning and losing wheelchair padel players. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233475. [PMID: 32946458 PMCID: PMC7500611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to compare the match-play and kinematic demands of the translation and rotation movements of elite wheelchair padel players as a function of match results. Twenty-two elite male players were video-analysed with a two-dimensional direct linear transformation (DLT) -corrected video system across seven matches of a professional tournament. Distance, turns, changes of direction, linear and angular speed, acceleration and the players’ heart rate (HR) were recorded. Losing couples in wheelchair padel covered greater distances than winners (P <0.001; r = 0.024) and did so at a higher speed (P <0.001; r = 0.06), while making greater efforts by accelerating (P <0.001; ∅ = -0.021), braking (P <0.001; ∅ = -0.014), and remaining less time stationary (P <0.001; ∅ = 0.059). In addition, losers performed more turns per rally (P <0.001; r = 0.04) at a faster speed, greater angular accelerations (P <0.001; V = 0.06) and greater average (P = 0.007; d = 0.91) and maximum (P = 0.20; d = 0.69) HR values. These data suggest that winner couples performed a better court positioning and employed a strategy to move the opponent during rallies in order to avoid them optimally reaching the ball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Navas
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Veiga
- Health and Human Performance Department, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Enrique Navarro
- Health and Human Performance Department, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ramón-Llín
- Didactics of Musical, Visual and Body Expression Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Sindall P, Lenton JP, Mason BS, Tolfrey K, Cooper RA, Martin Ginis KA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Practice improves court mobility and self-efficacy in tennis-specific wheelchair propulsion. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2020; 16:398-406. [PMID: 32412809 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2020.1761892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wheelchair tennis (WT) propulsion is uniquely characterized by the requirement for racket holding coupled with effective hand-rim contact. Thus, investigations involving strategies to enhance chair mobility skills are merited. The aim was to examine the effects of organized practice on WT match play responses and the impact of racket holding during practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following physiological profiling involving graded and peak exercise testing, 16 able-bodied (AB) participants performed bouts of WT match play interspersed with practice involving wheelchair mobility drills completed with (R) or without (NR) a tennis racket. A data logger recorded distance and speed. Self-efficacy was reported. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant main effects for match revealed higher post-practice overall and forwards distances (p < 0.05), peak (p < 0.005) and average (p < 0.05) speeds and self-efficacy (SE) (p = 0.001) were attained. During practice, lower distances and speeds were achieved with R, with a lower physiological cost than NR. Practice increases court movement and SE with no associated increases in physiological cost. Changes represent enhanced court mobility. Differences between practice characteristics provide options for skill development and optimization of health outcomes.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONWheelchair tennis participation is likely to confer positive health effects in those with a disability or physical impairment.As chair propulsion combined with racket holding represents a complex skill challenge, novices may find the sport challenging to play.Tennis-specific mobility drills improve confidence and chair propulsion skill with likely crossover into tennis match play competence and ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sindall
- School of Health and Society, The University of Salford, Salford, UK.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - John P Lenton
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Rory A Cooper
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Martin Ginis
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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14
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Mason BS, van der Slikke RM, Hutchinson MJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Division, result and score margin alter the physical and technical performance of elite wheelchair tennis players. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:937-944. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1737361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry S. Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Rienk M.A. van der Slikke
- Faculty of Health, Nutrition & Sports, Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Hutchinson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Vicky L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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15
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Wheelchair mobility performance of elite wheelchair tennis players during four field tests: Inter-trial reliability and construct validity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217514. [PMID: 31170186 PMCID: PMC6553740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to assess the inter-trial reliability and construct validity (talented juniors vs. international adult players) of four wheelchair tennis field tests using inertial measurement units (IMUs). Twenty-one elite wheelchair tennis players completed four tests, which evaluate the sprinting and manoeuvrability abilities in wheelchair tennis. During all tests 3 IMUs were attached to both wheels and the frame of the athlete's wheelchair. The IMUs enabled analysis of individual test dynamic characteristics, i.e. the linear/rotational velocity and acceleration data, as well as detected pushes. All tests showed high ICCs (0.95-0.99) for the inter-trial reliability for the IMU-based end times and also the construct validity was good, i.e. talented juniors could be discriminated from international adults. Also, velocities and accelerations during the tests could be consistently visualized, meaning that differences in test performance among participants could be designated. Within the experimental context, the field tests could be regarded as reliable and valid. With the use of IMUs it is possible to verify more detailed performance characteristics, visualize the test execution, as well as differentiate between a talented junior and international adult group and within individuals over time.
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16
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Iturricastillo A, Granados C, Cámara J, Reina R, Castillo D, Barrenetxea I, Lozano L, Yanci J. Differences in Physiological Responses During Wheelchair Basketball Matches According to Playing Time and Competition. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2018; 89:474-481. [PMID: 30260747 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1511044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main purpose of the present study was to determine physiological responses in wheelchair basketball (WB) matches in relation to heart rate (HR), match load (ML), differentiated perceived exertion (dRPE), lactate concentrations (LA), and tympanic temperature (TEMP), while specifying the individual player's playing time during different types of matches. METHOD Nine Spanish First Division WB players participated in the study. Three groups were determined for each observation (i.e., HR, ML, dRPE, LA, and TEMP) according to the minutes played by the WB players: players who had played 30 min to 40 min (WB30-40), those who played 20 min to 30 min, and those who played 0 min to 20 min. RESULTS The WB30-40 group attained statistically significantly higher results in mean HR than the other groups in league and playoff matches (p < .05; Δ% > -25.73%; ES > -1.31, large). With regard to the difference in each variable between league and playoff matches, the differences were highlighted in the WB30-40 group according to ML (Edwards, p < .05, Δ% = -11.14%, ES = -0.87, large; Stagno's modified TRIMP, p < .05, Δ% = -16.95%, ES = -0.77, large). Tympanic temperature also reached higher values in playoff matches compared with league matches in WB30-40 (p < .05; Δ% = 1.1%; ES = 0.67, moderate) but not in LA values. CONCLUSIONS Coaches should take into account that playoff matches were more demanding than league matches, thus forcing coaches to try to peak WB players' physical performance for the former.
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17
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Antonelli MG, Alleva S, Beomonte Zobel P, Durante F, Raparelli T. Powered off-road wheelchair for the transportation of tetraplegics along mountain trails. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2017; 14:172-181. [PMID: 29219008 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2017.1413431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For off-road mobility, some manual or power assisted devices were conceived to be self-driven by paraplegics while for tetraplegics non power-assisted devices were conceived. These devices require one or more conductors who are subjected to a high physical demand thus potentially creating: precarious safety condition for the user an elevated physical demand of conductors could reduce the care and the attention to give to the user; the time of the outdoor adventure experience of the user could be limited. METHODS To address these issues, an innovative user-centered power assisted off-road wheelchair for the transportation of tetraplegics along mountain trails was developed. The device, structured like a trike, is driven by two healthy conductors; the user is placed in the middle of the frame. A movable seat provides for the transfer from the standard to the off-road wheelchair. An electrical motor, powered by a battery pack, provides for the actuation. All the design and prototype aspects, the control system and experimental tests are detailed. RESULTS The prototype satisfies mechanical, safety and duration requirements. No physical demand while using the device and for the transfer of the user to the device was identified. Fun and engaging tests were carried out and all the participants were involved. Implications for Rehabilitation The device has the potential to enhance the quality of life of tetraplegics in terms of new life experiences. The device revealed the real possibility of a full recreational experience, an enhanced participation and a better social integration of tetraplegics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gabrio Antonelli
- a Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics , University of L'Aquila Via G. Gronchi , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Stefano Alleva
- a Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics , University of L'Aquila Via G. Gronchi , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Beomonte Zobel
- a Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics , University of L'Aquila Via G. Gronchi , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Francesco Durante
- a Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics , University of L'Aquila Via G. Gronchi , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Terenziano Raparelli
- b Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi , Torino , Italy
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18
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Routhier F, Lettre J, Miller WC, Borisoff JF, Keetch K, Mitchell IM. Data logger technologies for manual wheelchairs: A scoping review. Assist Technol 2017; 30:51-58. [PMID: 27846371 PMCID: PMC5489335 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2016.1242516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, studies have increasingly employed data logger technologies to record objective driving and physiological characteristics of manual wheelchair users. However, the technologies used offer significant differences in characteristics, such as measured outcomes, ease of use, and level of burden. In order to identify and describe the extent of published research activity that relies on data logger technologies for manual wheelchair users, we performed a scoping review of the scientific and gray literature. Five databases were searched: Medline, Compendex, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. The 119 retained papers document a wide variety of logging devices and sensing technologies measuring a range of outcomes. The most commonly used technologies were accelerometers installed on the user (18.8%), odometers installed on the wheelchair (12.4%), accelerometers installed on the wheelchair (9.7%), and heart monitors (9.7%). Not surprisingly, the most reported outcomes were distance, mobility events, heart rate, speed/velocity, acceleration, and driving time. With decreasing costs and technological improvements, data loggers are likely to have future widespread clinical (and even personal) use. Future research may be needed to assess the usefulness of different outcomes and to develop methods more appropriate to wheelchair users in order to optimize the practicality of wheelchair data loggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Routhier
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Quebec City, Qc, Canada
- Centre for interdisciplinary research in rehabilitation and social integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, Quebec City, Qc, Canada
| | - Josiane Lettre
- Centre for interdisciplinary research in rehabilitation and social integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, Quebec City, Qc, Canada
| | - William C. Miller
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Research Program and GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jaimie F. Borisoff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Rehabilitation Engineering Design Laboratory, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Keetch
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Research Program and GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian M. Mitchell
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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de Groot S, Bos F, Koopman J, Hoekstra AE, Vegter RJK. Effect of holding a racket on propulsion technique of wheelchair tennis players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:918-924. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. de Groot
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center
- Reade; Amsterdam the Netherlands
- University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Center for Human Movement Sciences; the Netherlands
| | - F. Bos
- Human Kinetic Technology; The Hague University of Applied Sciences; the Hague the Netherlands
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences; VU University; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - J. Koopman
- Human Kinetic Technology; The Hague University of Applied Sciences; the Hague the Netherlands
| | - A. E. Hoekstra
- Royal Dutch Lawn Tennis Association; Amersfoort the Netherlands
| | - R. J. K. Vegter
- University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Center for Human Movement Sciences; the Netherlands
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20
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Sánchez-Pay A, Torres-Luque G, Sanz-Rivas D. Match activity and physiological load in wheelchair tennis players: a pilot study. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:229-33. [PMID: 26123210 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN There is a lack of information about the physiological and psychological parameters in competition that shows a comprehensive profile of the demands of the game situation. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to examine the activity patterns and physiological-perceptual responses (heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations (LA) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), respectively, during singles wheelchair tennis (WT) matches. METHODS A total of four WT players played three matches each. HR, LA and RPE were measured during each match. An activity pattern analysis was performed during all matches. Furthermore, LA and RPE were compared between service and return games. RESULTS The results show a mean (s.d.) total match time of 69.04 (2.3) minutes, an effective playing time of 17.65% (0.03%), a work:rest (W:R) time ratio of 1:4.6 (0.48) and a rally length of 7.04 (4.44) seconds. Most of the points end in three or fewer shots. The mean (s.d.) physiological load during the matches were as follows: HR 124.25 (24.7) beats per minute, %HRmax 66.31% (4.5%), LA 1.41 (0.43) mmol l(-)(1) and RPE 12.45 (1.91). No significant differences were found in LA and RPE between service and return games (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this descriptive study, match activity and physiological load in WT are described. Match activities are similar to conventional tennis, although the physiological load is lower. Service and return situations show similar physiological and perceptual responses. These results might be used to develop specific interval training protocols for a male WT player.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez-Pay
- Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Science and Sport Research Group SEJ470, Granada, Spain
| | - G Torres-Luque
- Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Science and Sport Research Group SEJ470, Granada, Spain
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21
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Mason BS, Lenton JP, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. The physiological and biomechanical effects of forwards and reverse sports wheelchair propulsion. J Spinal Cord Med 2015; 38:476-84. [PMID: 24593797 PMCID: PMC4612203 DOI: 10.1179/2045772314y.0000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the physiological and biomechanical differences between forwards (FOR) and reverse (REV) sports wheelchair propulsion. DESIGN Fourteen able-bodied males with previous wheelchair propulsion experience pushed a sports wheelchair on a single-roller ergometer in a FOR and REV direction at three sub-maximal speeds (4, 6, and 8 km/hour). Each trial lasted 3 minutes, and during the final minute physiological and biomechanical measures was collected. RESULTS The physiological results revealed that oxygen uptake (1.51 ± 0.29 vs. 1.38 ± 0.26 L/minute, P = 0.005) and heart rate (121 ± 19 vs. 109 ± 14 beats/minute, P < 0.0005) were significantly greater during REV than FOR only during the 8 km/hour trials. From a biomechanical perspective, push frequencies were similar between FOR and REV across all speeds (P > 0.05). However, greater mean resultant forces were applied during FOR (P < 0.0005) at 4 km/hour (66.7 ± 19.5 vs. 49.2 ± 10.3 N), 6 km/hour (90.7 ± 21.9 vs. 65.3 ± 18.6 N), and 8 km/hour (102.5 ± 17.6 vs. 68.7 ± 13.5 N) compared to REV. Alternatively, push times and push angles were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.001) during FOR at each speed. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated that at higher speeds physiological demand becomes elevated during REV. This was likely to be associated with an inability to apply sufficient force to the wheels, thus requiring kinematic adaptations in order to maintain constant speeds in REV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S. Mason
- Correspondence to: Barry Mason, Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
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22
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Rhodes JM, Mason BS, Malone LA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Effect of team rank and player classification on activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby players. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:2070-8. [PMID: 25812720 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1028087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to establish which indicators of mobility are associated with successful wheelchair rugby performance and determine whether these indicators differed across classification. Data were collected from 11 international teams during 30 matches (353 match observations) using a radio-frequency-based, indoor tracking system across two tournaments. Players (n = 111) were first grouped by team rank as determined by their International Wheelchair Rugby Federation (IWRF) world ranking (LOW, MID, HIGH) and then into one of four groups based on their IWRF classification: Group I (0.5), Group II (1.0-1.5), Group III (2.0-2.5) and Group IV (3.0-3.5). The volume of activity (relative distance and mean speed), peak speed and time spent within classification-specific arbitrary speed zones were calculated for each individual. Although no differences were identified in the volume of activity, playing time was significantly reduced in LOW (34:51 ± 8:35) compared to MID (48:54 ± 0:51) and HIGH (45:38 ± 9:53), which was further supported by the greater number of substitutions performed by LOW. HIGH achieved greater peak speeds (3.55 ± 0.40 m · s-(1)) than LOW (3.27 ± 0.42 m · s(-1)) and MID (3.45 ± 0.41 m · s(-1)). Peak speed was further shown to be classification-dependent (P ≤ 0.005), whereby HIGH Groups III and IV players achieved greater peak speeds than LOW and MID. The time spent performing high-intensity activities was also greater in HIGH compared to LOW and MID, whilst further influenced by classification (P ≤ 0.0005). To conclude, peak speed and the ability to perform a greater number of high-intensity activities were associated with successful performance in wheelchair rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Rhodes
- a Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- a Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Laurie A Malone
- b Research Department, Lakeshore Foundation , UAB/Lakeshore Foundation Research Collaborative , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- a Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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23
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Sindall P, Lenton J, Cooper R, Tolfrey K, Goosey-Tolfrey V. Data logger device applicability for wheelchair tennis court movement. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:527-33. [PMID: 25278114 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.949829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of movement logging devices is required to ensure suitability for the determination of court-movement variables during competitive sports performance and allow for practical recommendations to be made. Hence, the purpose was to examine wheelchair tennis speed profiles to assess data logger device applicability for court-movement quantification, with match play stratified by rank (HIGH, LOW), sex (male, female) and format (singles, doubles). Thirty-one wheelchair tennis players were monitored during competitive match play. Mixed sampling was employed (male = 23, female = 8). Friedman's test with Wilcoxon signed-rank post hoc testing revealed a higher percentage of time below 2.5 m · s(-1) [<2.5 vs. ≥2.5 m · s(-1): 89.4 (5.0) vs. 1.2 (3.5)%, Z = -4.860, P < 0.0005, r = 0.87] with the remaining time [9.0 (4.9%)] spent stationary. LOW-ranked players were stationary for longer than HIGH-ranked counterparts [12.6 (8.7) vs. 8.2 (5.1)%, U = 30.000, P = 0.011, r = 0.46] with more time at low propulsion speeds (<1.0 m · s(-1)). HIGH-ranked and doubles players spent more time in higher speed zones than respective counterparts. Females spent more time in the 1.0-1.49 m · s(-1) zone (U = 48.000, P = 0.047, r = 0.36). Regardless of rank, sex or format, propulsion speeds during wheelchair tennis match play are consistent with data logger accuracy. Hence, data logging is appropriate for court-movement quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sindall
- a School of Health Sciences , University of Salford , Salford , United Kingdom
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24
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Adaptive Sports Technology and Biomechanics: Wheelchairs. PM R 2014; 6:S31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Rhodes J, Mason B, Perrat B, Smith M, Goosey-Tolfrey V. The validity and reliability of a novel indoor player tracking system for use within wheelchair court sports. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1639-47. [PMID: 24758599 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.910608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the validity and reliability of a radio frequency-based system for accurately tracking athlete movement within wheelchair court sports. Four wheelchair-specific tests were devised to assess the system during (i) static measurements; (ii) incremental fixed speeds; (iii) peak speeds; and (iv) multidirectional movements. During each test, three sampling frequencies (4, 8 and 16 Hz) were compared to a criterion method for distance, mean and peak speeds. Absolute static error remained between 0.19 and 0.32 m across the session. Distance values (test (ii)) showed greatest relative error in 4 Hz tags (1.3%), with significantly lower errors seen in higher frequency tags (<1.0%). Relative peak speed errors of <2.0% (test (iii)) were revealed across all sampling frequencies in relation to the criterion (4.00 ± 0.09 m · s-(1)). Results showed 8 and 16 Hz sampling frequencies displayed the closest-to-criterion values, whilst intra-tag reliability never exceeded 2.0% coefficient of variation (% CV) during peak speed detection. Minimal relative distance errors (<0.2%) were also seen across sampling frequencies (test (iv)). To conclude, the indoor tracking system is deemed an acceptable tool for tracking wheelchair court match play using a tag frequency of 8 or 16 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rhodes
- a Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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26
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Comparing the activity profiles of wheelchair rugby using a miniaturised data logger and radio-frequency tracking system. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:348048. [PMID: 24987678 PMCID: PMC4009327 DOI: 10.1155/2014/348048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study assessed the validity and reliability of a miniaturised data logger (MDL) against a radio-frequency-based indoor tracking system (ITS) for quantifying key aspects of mobility performance during wheelchair rugby. Eleven international wheelchair rugby players were monitored by both devices during four wheelchair rugby matches. MDL data were averaged over both 1-second (MDL-1) and 5-second (MDL-5) intervals to calculate distance, mean, and peak speeds. The results revealed no significant differences between devices for the distance covered or mean speeds, although random errors of 10% and 12%, respectively, were identified in relation to the mean values. No significant differences in peak speed were revealed between ITS (3.91 ± 0.32 m·s−1) and MDL-1 (3.85 ± 0.45 m·s−1). Whereas peak speeds in MDL-5 (2.75 ± 0.29 m·s−1) were significantly lower than ITS. Errors in peak speed led to large random errors in time and distance spent in speed zones relative to peak speed, especially in MDL-5. The current study revealed that MDL provide a reasonable representation of the distance and mean speed reported during wheelchair rugby. However, inaccuracy in the detection of peak speeds limits its use for monitoring performance and prescribing wheelchair rugby training programmes.
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Validity and Reliability of an Inertial Sensor for Wheelchair Court Sports Performance. J Appl Biomech 2014; 30:326-31. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2013-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine the validity and reliability of an inertial sensor for assessing speed specific to athletes competing in the wheelchair court sports (basketball, rugby, and tennis). A wireless inertial sensor was attached to the axle of a sports wheelchair. Over two separate sessions, the sensor was tested across a range of treadmill speeds reflective of the court sports (1.0 to 6.0 m/s). At each test speed, ten 10-second trials were recorded and were compared with the treadmill (criterion). A further session explored the dynamic validity and reliability of the sensor during a sprinting task on a wheelchair ergometer compared with high-speed video (criterion). During session one, the sensor marginally overestimated speed, whereas during session two these speeds were underestimated slightly. However, systematic bias and absolute random errors never exceeded 0.058 m/s and 0.086 m/s, respectively, across both sessions. The sensor was also shown to be a reliable device with coefficients of variation (% CV) never exceeding 0.9 at any speed. During maximal sprinting, the sensor also provided a valid representation of the peak speeds reached (1.6% CV). Slight random errors in timing led to larger random errors in the detection of deceleration values. The results of this investigation have demonstrated that an inertial sensor developed for sports wheelchair applications provided a valid and reliable assessment of the speeds typically experienced by wheelchair athletes. As such, this device will be a valuable monitoring tool for assessing aspects of linear wheelchair performance.
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Abstract
The volume of literature on field-based physiological testing of wheelchair sports, such as basketball, rugby and tennis, is considerably smaller when compared with that available for individuals and team athletes in able-bodied (AB) sports. In analogy to the AB literature, it is recognized that performance in wheelchair sports not only relies on fitness, but also sport-specific skills, experience and technical proficiency. However, in contrast to AB sports, two major components contribute towards 'wheeled sports' performance, which are the athlete and the wheelchair. It is the interaction of these two that enable wheelchair propulsion and the sporting movements required within a given sport. Like any other athlete, participants of wheelchair sports are looking for efficient ways to train and/or analyse their technique and fitness to improve their performance. Consequently, laboratory and/or field-based physiological monitoring tools used at regular intervals at key time points throughout the year must be considered to help with training evaluation. The present review examines methods available in the literature to assess wheelchair sports fitness in a field-based environment, with special attention on outcome variables, validity and reliability issues, and non-physiological influences on performance. It also lays out the context of field-based testing by providing details about the Paralympic court sports and the impacts of a disability on sporting performance. Due to the limited availability of specialized equipment for testing wheelchair-dependent participants in the laboratory, the adoption of field-based testing has become the preferred option by team coaches of wheelchair athletes. An obvious advantage of field-based testing is that large groups of athletes can be tested in less time. Furthermore, athletes are tested in their natural environment (using their normal sports wheelchair set-up and floor surface), potentially making the results of such testing more relevant than laboratory testing. However, given that many tests, such as the multistage fitness test and the Yo-Yo intermittent test, have originally been developed for AB games players, the assumption that these can also be used for wheelchair athletes may be erroneous. With the array of AB aerobic and anaerobic field tests available, it is difficult to ascertain which ones may be best suited for wheelchair athletes. Therefore, new, wheelchair sport-specific tests have been proposed and validated. Careful selection of tests to enable coaches to distinguish between disability classifications, wheelchair proficiency and actual performance improvements is paramount as this will not only enhance the value of field-based testing, but also help with the development of meaningful normative data.
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Sindall P, Lenton JP, Whytock K, Tolfrey K, Oyster ML, Cooper RA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Criterion validity and accuracy of global positioning satellite and data logging devices for wheelchair tennis court movement. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36:383-93. [PMID: 23820154 PMCID: PMC3758535 DOI: 10.1179/2045772312y.0000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the criterion validity and accuracy of a 1 Hz non-differential global positioning system (GPS) and data logger device (DL) for the measurement of wheelchair tennis court movement variables. METHODS Initial validation of the DL device was performed. GPS and DL were fitted to the wheelchair and used to record distance (m) and speed (m/second) during (a) tennis field (b) linear track, and (c) match-play test scenarios. Fifteen participants were monitored at the Wheelchair British Tennis Open. RESULTS Data logging validation showed underestimations for distance in right (DLR) and left (DLL) logging devices at speeds >2.5 m/second. In tennis-field tests, GPS underestimated distance in five drills. DLL was lower than both (a) criterion and (b) DLR in drills moving forward. Reversing drill direction showed that DLR was lower than (a) criterion and (b) DLL. GPS values for distance and average speed for match play were significantly lower than equivalent values obtained by DL (distance: 2816 (844) vs. 3952 (1109) m, P = 0.0001; average speed: 0.7 (0.2) vs. 1.0 (0.2) m/second, P = 0.0001). Higher peak speeds were observed in DL (3.4 (0.4) vs. 3.1 (0.5) m/second, P = 0.004) during tennis match play. CONCLUSIONS Sampling frequencies of 1 Hz are too low to accurately measure distance and speed during wheelchair tennis. GPS units with a higher sampling rate should be advocated in further studies. Modifications to existing DL devices may be required to increase measurement precision. Further research into the validity of movement devices during match play will further inform the demands and movement patterns associated with wheelchair tennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sindall
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Salford, Salford, UK; and The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - John P. Lenton
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Katie Whytock
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Michelle L. Oyster
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rory A. Cooper
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Departments of Rehabilitation Science and Technology and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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