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Yamaguchi Y, Otsuka M, Wada N, Nishiyama T. Power production strategy during steady-state cycling is cadence dependent. J Biomech 2023; 158:111772. [PMID: 37643551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Crank power is produced by extension and flexion of the hip and knee joints during steady-state pedaling below 120 rpm. Despite the pedaling cadence exceeding 120 rpm during track cycling, the power production strategy for lower-limb coordination above 120 rpm is unknown. This study aimed to assess the effects of various pedaling cadences on the power production strategy of lower-limb coordination during steady-state pedaling. Twenty trained collegiate cyclists performed a 30-s steady-state pedaling exercise at 50% of maximal anaerobic power under four different conditions with 90-, 120-, 150- and 180-rpm pedaling cadences. Pedal kinetics and limb kinematics were recorded using a pedal force measurement system and motion capture system, respectively. Positive mechanical work of hip extension significantly decreased with increasing pedaling cadence (P < 0.05). In contrast, the positive mechanical work of the knee joint flexion significantly increased with increasing pedaling cadence (P < 0.05). For contribution to the total mechanical work at 150 or above rpm, the knee joint showed > 70% of the total contribution, whereas the hip joint showed < 40%. Additionally, the positive mechanical work of the hip shifted to negative mechanical work under 180-rpm condition. These results indicate that power production strategy during steady-state pedaling at 180 rpm is different from the general pedaling cadence. Therefore, specific training needs to be conducted at an excessive-high pedaling cadence such as 180 rpm to achieve high performance in track cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya, Japan.
| | - Naoki Wada
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya, Japan
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2
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Sachet I, Brochner Nygaard NP, Guilhem G, Hug F, Dorel S. Strength capacity of lower-limb muscles in world-class cyclists: new insights into the limits of sprint cycling performance. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:536-553. [PMID: 35029136 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2024243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the torque-generating capacity in sprint cycling and the strength capacity of the six lower-limb muscle groups in male and female world-class sprint cyclists. Eleven female and fifteen male top-elite cyclists performed 5-s sprints at maximal power in seated and standing positions. They also performed a set of maximal voluntary ankle, knee and hip flexions and extensions to assess single-joint isometric and isokinetic torques. Isokinetic torques presented stronger correlations with cycling torque than isometric torques for both body positions, regardless of the group. In the female group, knee extension and hip flexion torques accounted for 81.2% of the variance in cycling torque, while the ability to predict cycling torque was less evident in males (i.e., 59% of variance explained by the plantarflexion torque only). The standing condition showed higher correlations than seated and a better predictive model in males (R2 = 0.88). In addition to the knee extensors and flexors and hip extensors, main power producers, the strength capacity of lower-limb distal plantarflexor (and to a lesser extent dorsiflexor) muscles, as well as other non-measured qualities (e.g., the upper body), might be determinants to produce such extremely high cycling torque in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sachet
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (Ea 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,French Cycling Federation, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
| | - Niels Peter Brochner Nygaard
- Research Unit of Health Science, Hospital of South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (Ea 7370), French Institute of Sport (Insep), Paris, France
| | - François Hug
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (Ea 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LAMHESS, Université Côte d'azur, Nice, France.,Nhmrc Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institut Universitaire de France (Iuf), Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Dorel
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (Ea 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Kistemaker DA, Terwiel RM, Reuvers EDHM, Bobbert MF. Limiting radial pedal forces greatly reduces maximal power output and efficiency in sprint cycling: an optimal control study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:980-991. [PMID: 36825648 PMCID: PMC10292967 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00733.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A cyclist's performance depends critically on the generated average mechanical power output (AMPO). The instantaneous mechanical power output equals the product of crank angular velocity, crank length, and the tangential pedal force. Radial pedal forces do not contribute to mechanical power. It has been suggested that radial pedal forces arise from suboptimal pedaling technique and that limiting these would increase AMPO and efficiency. Here, we presented an optimal control musculoskeletal model of a cyclist (consisting of five segments driven by nine Hill-type muscle-tendon units) to predict maximal AMPO during sprint cycling at different levels of allowed radial pedal forces. Our findings showed that limiting radial pedal forces has a detrimental effect on maximal AMPO; it dropped from 1,115 W without a limit on radial forces to 528 W when no radial forces were allowed (both at 110 rpm). We explained that avoiding radial pedal forces causes ineffective use of muscles: muscles deliver less positive power and have a higher muscle power dissipation ratio (average mechanical power dissipated per unit of average positive power delivered). We concluded that radial pedal forces are an unavoidable by-product when optimizing for maximal AMPO and that limiting these leads to a performance decrease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the literature, but also in the "cycling field" [e.g., trainers, coaches, and (professional) cyclists], it is often suggested that trying to limit/avoid radial pedal forces enhances cycling technique and with that maximal average power output and efficiency. In this paper, we introduce an optimal control model of a human cyclists (consisting of five segments and driven by nine Hill-type muscle-tendon complex models). With that we not only show, but also explain why limiting radial forces is a bad idea: it will decrease maximal attainable AMPO and will decrease efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinant A Kistemaker
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Terwiel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin D H M Reuvers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Bobbert
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dwyer DB, Molaro C, Rouffet DM. Force-velocity profiles of track cyclists differ between seated and non-seated positions. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:621-632. [PMID: 35758132 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2092029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the Force-Velocity profiles of track sprint cyclists obtained in seated and non-seated positions. Athletes were tested on a stationary cycle ergometer for the seated position and on a racing bike at the velodrome for the non-seated position. We modelled torque and power vs. cadence relationships and extracted maximal force (F0), optimal cadence (Copt), maximal power (Pmax), maximal cadence (C0) and Copt/C0 ratio. Torque/power production was larger in the non-seated position for cadences ranging from 20 to 120 rpm, while more torque and power were produced in the seated position at cadences above 160 rpm. The effective pedal force increased by 0.2 times bodyweight at 50 rpm, and the power production increased by 2.5 W. kg-1 at 90 rpm in the non-seated position. Copt (-14 ± 8 rpm, P < 0.05) and C0 (-55 ± 32 rpm, P < 0.05) were lowered, while Pmax (+1.7 ± 1.1 W. kg-1, P < 0.05) and Copt/C0 ratios (+0.07 ± 0.04, P < 0.05) were increased in the non-seated position when compared with the seated position. Our results show that adopting a non-seated position allows sprint cyclists to maximise torque/power production at lower cadences, while torque/power production was maximised at higher cadences when athletes adopted a seated position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan B Dwyer
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Carson Molaro
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David M Rouffet
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Connolly S, Peeling P, Binnie MJ, Goods PSR, Latella C, Taylor JL, Blazevich AJ, Timmerman WP, Abbiss CR. Sprint cycling rate of torque development associates with strength measurement in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1215-1227. [PMID: 36763121 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A cyclist's rate of force/torque development (RFD/RTD) and peak force/torque can be measured during single-joint or whole-body isometric tests, or during cycling. However, there is limited understanding of the relationship between these measures, and of the mechanisms that contribute to each measure. Therefore, we examined the: (i) relationship between quadriceps central and peripheral neuromuscular function with RFD/RTD in isometric knee extension, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and sprint cycling; and (ii) relationship among RFD/RTD and peak force/torque between protocols. METHODS Eighteen trained cyclists completed two familiarisation and two experimental sessions. Each session involved an isometric knee extension, IMTP, and sprint cycling protocol, where peak force/torque, average and peak RFD/RTD, and early (0-100 ms) and late (0-200 ms) RFD/RTD were measured. Additionally, measures of quadriceps central and peripheral neuromuscular function were assessed during the knee extension. RESULTS Strong relationships were observed between quadriceps early EMG activity (EMG50/M) and knee extension RTD (r or ρ = 0.51-0.65) and IMTP late RFD (r = 0.51), and between cycling early or late RTD and peak twitch torque (r or ρ = 0.70-0.75). Strong-to-very strong relationships were observed between knee extension, IMTP, and sprint cycling for peak force/torque, early and late RFD/RTD, and peak RFD/RTD (r or ρ = 0.59-0.80). CONCLUSION In trained cyclists, knee extension RTD or IMTP late RFD are related to measures of quadriceps central neuromuscular function, while cycling RTD is related to measures of quadriceps peripheral neuromuscular function. Further, the strong associations among force/torque measures between tasks indicate a level of transferability across tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Connolly
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mount Claremont, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Peter Peeling
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mount Claremont, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martyn J Binnie
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mount Claremont, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paul S R Goods
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mount Claremont, Perth, WA, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher Latella
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Janet L Taylor
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wouter P Timmerman
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Fatigue-Free Force-Velocity and Power-Velocity Profiles for Elite Track Sprint Cyclists: The Influence of Duration, Gear Ratio and Pedalling Rates. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10090130. [PMID: 36136385 PMCID: PMC9505270 DOI: 10.3390/sports10090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maximal force-velocity (F/v) profiles for track cyclists are commonly derived from ergometer sprints using an isovelocity or isoinertial approach. Previously, an attempt was made to derive maximal F/v profiles from a single maximal 65-m sprint on the cycling track. Hypothesising that this approach may not accurately reflect the fatigue-free F/v profile, we propose an alternative procedure and compare it to the previous method. Moreover, we test for the impact of gear ratio on diagnostic results. Methods: Twelve elite track cyclists completed a high-cadence low-resistance pedalling test on a freestanding roller (motoric test) and two series of three maximal 65-m sprints on a cycling track with different gear ratios. F/v profiles were calculated based on the measured crank force and cadence either during the first 6−7 revolutions (≤6 s) on the track (model I) or were derived from the first 3−4 revolutions (≤3 s) on the track combined with 1 or 2 fatigue-free cycles at cadences above 160 rpm from the motoric test (model II). Results: Although both models exhibit high-to-excellent linearity between force and velocity, the extrapolated isometric force was higher (1507.51 ± 257.60 N and 1384.35 ± 276.84 N; p < 0.002; d = 2.555) and the slope steeper (−6.78 ± 1.17 and −5.24 ± 1.11; p < 0.003, d = −2.401) with model I. An ICC of 1.00 indicates excellent model consistency when comparing the F/v profiles (model II) derived from the different geared sprints. Conclusions: Assuring fatigue-free measurements and including high-cadence data points in the calculations provide valid maximal F/v and P/v profiles from a single acceleration-sprint independent of gear ratio.
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7
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Burnie L, Barratt P, Davids K, Worsfold P, Wheat J. Quantifying the hip-ankle synergy in short-term maximal cycling. J Biomech 2022; 142:111268. [PMID: 36030635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simulation studies have demonstrated that the hip and ankle joints form a task-specific synergy during the downstroke in maximal cycling to enable the power produced by the hip extensor muscles to be transferred to the crank. The existence of the hip-ankle synergy has not been investigated experimentally. Therefore, we sought to apply a modified vector coding technique to quantify the strength of the hip-ankle moment synergy in the downstroke during short-term maximal cycling at a pedalling rate of 135 rpm. Twelve track sprint cyclists performed 3 × 4 s seated sprints at 135 rpm, interspersed with 2 × 4 s seated sprints at 60 rpm on an isokinetic ergometer. Data from the 60 rpm sprints were not analysed in this study. Joint moments were calculated via inverse dynamics, using pedal forces and limb kinematics. The hip-ankle moment synergy was quantified using a modified vector coding method. Results showed, for 28.8% of the downstroke the hip and ankle moments were in-phase, demonstrating the hip and ankle joints tend to work in synergy in the downstroke, providing some support findings from simulation studies of cycling. At a pedalling rate of 135 rpm the hip-phase was most frequent (42.5%) significantly differing from the in- (P = 0.044), anti- (P < 0.001), and ankle-phases (P = 0.004), demonstrating hip-dominant action. We believe this method shows promise to answer research questions on the relative strength of the hip-ankle synergy between different cycling conditions (e.g., power output and pedalling rates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Burnie
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK; Biomechanics, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.
| | | | - Keith Davids
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Worsfold
- Biomechanics, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK; Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Jon Wheat
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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García-López J, Ferrer-Roca V, Floría P. The effect of changes in saddle height on coordination and its variability during pedalling cycle. Sports Biomech 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35943332 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Modifications in saddle height affect the range of movement of the lower limb's joints during pedalling. Although its effect on movement patterns is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to analyse the acute effects of small changes in bicycle saddle height on pedalling coordination and its variability. Lower extremity kinematic data were collected in random order for ten well-trained cyclists while pedalling at three different saddle heights: preferred, 2% higher and 2% lower than preferred position. A dynamical systems approach was used to quantify the coordination and its variability for selected joint couplings. Modifications in saddle height produced large changes in the frequency of movement patterns, although they were not enough to alter the coordination classification. Lowering the saddle height increased the frequency of the proximal coordinative hip-ankle pattern (F = 11.77, p < .01) and knee-ankle couplings (F = 14.39, p < .01), while decreasing inphase coordination (F > 11.03, p < .01) during the propulsive phase. Pedalling coordination variability was not affected, being greatest during the movement transitions and when the ankle joint was included in the coupling. This study demonstrated that pedalling pattern coordination and coordination variability were generally stable to acute small changes in saddle height in well-trained cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-López
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Floría
- Physical Performance & Sports Research, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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O'Bryan SJ, Taylor JL, D'Amico JM, Rouffet DM. Quadriceps Muscle Fatigue Reduces Extension and Flexion Power During Maximal Cycling. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:797288. [PMID: 35072064 PMCID: PMC8777021 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.797288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate how quadriceps muscle fatigue affects power production over the extension and flexion phases and muscle activation during maximal cycling.Methods: Ten participants performed 10-s maximal cycling efforts without fatigue and after 120 bilateral maximal concentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles. Extension power, flexion power and electromyographic (EMG) activity were compared between maximal cycling trials. We also investigated the associations between changes in quadriceps force during isometric maximal voluntary contractions (IMVC) and power output (flexion and extension) during maximal cycling, in addition to inter-individual variability in muscle activation and pedal force profiles.Results: Quadriceps IMVC (−52 ± 21%, P = 0.002), voluntary activation (−24 ± 14%, P < 0.001) and resting twitch amplitude (−45 ± 19%, P = 0.002) were reduced following the fatiguing task, whereas vastus lateralis (P = 0.58) and vastus medialis (P = 0.15) M-wave amplitudes were unchanged. The reductions in extension power (−15 ± 8%, P < 0.001) and flexion power (−24 ± 18%, P < 0.001) recorded during maximal cycling with fatigue of the quadriceps were dissociated from the decreases in quadriceps IMVC. Peak EMG decreased across all muscles while inter-individual variability in pedal force and EMG profiles increased during maximal cycling with quadriceps fatigue.Conclusion: Quadriceps fatigue induced by voluntary contractions led to reduced activation of all lower limb muscles, increased inter-individual variability and decreased power production during maximal cycling. Interestingly, power production was further reduced over the flexion phase (24%) than the extension phase (15%), likely due to larger levels of peripheral fatigue developed in RF muscle and/or a higher contribution of the quadriceps muscle to flexion power production compared to extension power during maximal cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. O'Bryan
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Janet L. Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jessica M. D'Amico
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David M. Rouffet
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: David M. Rouffet
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Robin M, Nordez A, Dorel S. Analysis of elite road-cycling sprints in relation to maximal power-velocity-endurance profile: a longitudinal one-case study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:598-611. [PMID: 34800055 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to characterize the mechanical output of final road sprints of an elite sprinter during international competitions in relation to his power-velocity-endurance characteristics and to investigate the relationship between this sprint performance and the power produced during preceding phases of the race. The sprinter performed a set of short and long sprints (5 to 15-s) on a cycle ergometer to determine his maximal power-velocity-endurance profile. Based on eleven races, the distribution of power throughout each race, peak and mean power (Ppeak and Pmean ) and associated pedaling rates (vPpeak and vPmean ) during the final sprint were analyzed. The power-velocity-endurance profile of the sprinter indicated that his theoeretical mean maximal power and corresponding optimal pedaling rate ranged from 20.0 W.kg-1 (124 rpm) for a 1-s sprint to 15.0 W.kg-1 (109 rpm) for 20 s. Race data showed that final road sprints were mainly performed on the ascending limb of the power-velocity relationship (vPpeak , 104 ± 8 and vPmean , 101 ± 8 rpm). Additionally, Ppeak and Pmean were lower than the theoretical maximal power determined from the power-velocity-endurance profile (9.9 ± 7.0% and 10.6 ± 9.8%, respectively), which highlighted a significant state of fatigue induced by the race. Finally, sprint power exhibited a high variability between races and was strongly related to the level of power produced during the last minute before the sprint. These findings show the importance of considering both the power-velocity-endurance qualities and the power demand of the last lead-up phase before the sprint in order to optimize final sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Robin
- Université de Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, EA, 4334, F-44000, France.,TotalEnergies Pro Cycling Team, Essarts-en-Bocage, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Université de Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, EA, 4334, F-44000, France.,Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)
| | - Sylvain Dorel
- Université de Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, EA, 4334, F-44000, France
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Acute and Delayed Effects of Time-Matched Very Short "All Out" Efforts in Concentric vs. Eccentric Cycling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157968. [PMID: 34360257 PMCID: PMC8345736 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, there have been no studies comparing the acute responses to "all out" efforts in concentric (isoinertial) vs. eccentric (isovelocity) cycling. METHODS After two familiarization sessions, 12 physically active men underwent the experimental protocols consisting of a 2-min warm-up and 8 maximal efforts of 5 s, separated by 55 s of active recovery at 80 rpm, in concentric vs. eccentric cycling. Comparisons between protocols were conducted during, immediately after, and 24-h post-sessions. RESULTS Mechanical (Work: 82,824 ± 6350 vs. 60,602 ± 8904 J) and cardiometabolic responses (mean HR: 68.8 ± 6.6 vs. 51.3 ± 5.7% HRmax, lactate: 4.9 ± 2.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.6 mmol/L) were larger in concentric cycling (p < 0.001). The perceptual responses to both protocols were similarly low. Immediately after concentric cycling, vertical jump was potentiated (p = 0.028). Muscle soreness (VAS; p = 0.016) and thigh circumference (p = 0.045) were slightly increased only 24-h after eccentric cycling. Serum concentrations of CK, BAG3, and MMP-13 did not change significantly post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the appropriateness of the eccentric cycling protocol used as a time-efficient (i.e., ~60 kJ in 10 min) and safe (i.e., without exercise-induced muscle damage) alternative to be used with different populations in future longitudinal interventions.
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12
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Maximal muscular power: lessons from sprint cycling. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34268627 PMCID: PMC8282832 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maximal muscular power production is of fundamental importance to human functional capacity and feats of performance. Here, we present a synthesis of literature pertaining to physiological systems that limit maximal muscular power during cyclic actions characteristic of locomotor behaviours, and how they adapt to training. Maximal, cyclic muscular power is known to be the main determinant of sprint cycling performance, and therefore we present this synthesis in the context of sprint cycling. Cyclical power is interactively constrained by force-velocity properties (i.e. maximum force and maximum shortening velocity), activation-relaxation kinetics and muscle coordination across the continuum of cycle frequencies, with the relative influence of each factor being frequency dependent. Muscle cross-sectional area and fibre composition appear to be the most prominent properties influencing maximal muscular power and the power-frequency relationship. Due to the role of muscle fibre composition in determining maximum shortening velocity and activation-relaxation kinetics, it remains unclear how improvable these properties are with training. Increases in maximal muscular power may therefore arise primarily from improvements in maximum force production and neuromuscular coordination via appropriate training. Because maximal efforts may need to be sustained for ~15-60 s within sprint cycling competition, the ability to attenuate fatigue-related power loss is also critical to performance. Within this context, the fatigued state is characterised by impairments in force-velocity properties and activation-relaxation kinetics. A suppression and leftward shift of the power-frequency relationship is subsequently observed. It is not clear if rates of power loss can be improved with training, even in the presence adaptations associated with fatigue-resistance. Increasing maximum power may be most efficacious for improving sustained power during brief maximal efforts, although the inclusion of sprint interval training likely remains beneficial. Therefore, evidence from sprint cycling indicates that brief maximal muscular power production under cyclical conditions can be readily improved via appropriate training, with direct implications for sprint cycling as well as other athletic and health-related pursuits.
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Skovereng K, Aasvold LO, Ettema G. On the effect of changing handgrip position on joint specific power and cycling kinematics in recreational and professional cyclists. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237768. [PMID: 32813742 PMCID: PMC7444484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In cycling, the utilization of the drops position (i.e. the lowest handlebar position relative to the ground) allows for reduced frontal area, likely improved aerodynamics and thus performance compared to the tops (i.e. the position producing the most upright trunk). The reduced trunk angle during seated submaximal cycling has been shown to influence cardiorespiratory factors but the effects on pedalling forces and joint specific power are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changing handgrip position on joint specific power and cycling kinematics at different external work rates in recreational and professional cyclists. Method Nine professional and nine recreational cyclists performed cycling bouts using three different handgrip positions and three external work rates (i.e. 100W, 200W and external work rate corresponding to the lactate threshold (WRlt)). Joint specific power was calculated from kinematic measurements and pedal forces using 2D inverse dynamics. Results We found increased hip joint power, decreased knee joint power and increased peak crank torque for the professional cyclist compared to the recreational cyclists, but only at WRlt where the professional cyclists were working at a higher external work rate. There was no main effect of changing handgrip position on any joint, but there was a small interaction effect of external work rate and handgrip position on hip joint power contribution (Generalized eta squared (ηg2) = 0.012). At 100W, changing handgrip position from the tops to the drops decreased the hip joint contribution (-2.0 ± 3.9 percentage points (pct)) and at the WRlt, changing handgrip position increased the hip joint power (1.6 ± 3.1 pct). There was a small effect of handgrip position with the drops leading to increased peak crank torque (ηg2 = 0.02), increased mean dorsiflexion (ηg2 = 0.05) and increased hip flexion (ηg2 = 0.31) compared to the tops. Discussion The present study demonstrates that there is no main effect of changing handgrip position on joint power. Although there seems to be a small effect on hip joint power when comparing across large ranges in external work rate, any potential negative performance effect would be outweighed by the aerodynamic benefit of the drops position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Skovereng
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorents Ola Aasvold
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Burnie L, Barratt P, Davids K, Worsfold P, Wheat J. Biomechanical measures of short-term maximal cycling on an ergometer: a test-retest study. Sports Biomech 2020:1-19. [PMID: 32781910 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1773916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of test-retest reliability is important for biomechanists, such as when assessing the longitudinal effect of training or equipment interventions. Our aim was to quantify the test-retest reliability of biomechanical variables measured during short-term maximal cycling. Fourteen track sprint cyclists performed 3 × 4 s seated sprints at 135 rpm on an isokinetic ergometer, repeating the session 7.6 ± 2.5 days later. Joint moments were calculated via inverse dynamics, using pedal forces and limb kinematics. EMG activity was measured for 9 lower limb muscles. Reliability was explored by quantifying systematic and random differences within- and between-session. Within-session reliability was better than between-sessions reliability. The test-retest reliability level was typically moderate to excellent for the biomechanical variables that describe maximal cycling. However, some variables, such as peak knee flexion moment and maximum hip joint power, demonstrated lower reliability, indicating that care needs to be taken when using these variables to evaluate biomechanical changes. Although measurement error (instrumentation error, anatomical marker misplacement, soft tissue artefacts) can explain some of our reliability observations, we speculate that biological variability may also be a contributor to the lower repeatability observed in several variables including ineffective crank force, ankle kinematics and hamstring muscles' activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Burnie
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.,Biomechanics, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Keith Davids
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Worsfold
- Biomechanics, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.,Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Jon Wheat
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
State-of-the-art biomechanical laboratories provide a range of tools that allow precise measurements of kinematic, kinetic, motor and physiologic characteristics. Force sensors, motion capture devices and electromyographic recording measure the forces exerted at the pedal, saddle, and handlebar and the joint torques created by muscle activity. These techniques make it possible to obtain a detailed biomechanical analysis of cycling movements. However, despite the reasonable accuracy of such measures, cycling performance remains difficult to fully explain. There is an increasing demand by professionals and amateurs for various biomechanical assessment services. Most of the difficulties in understanding the link between biomechanics and performance arise because of the constraints imposed by the bicycle, human physiology and musculo-skeletal system. Recent studies have also pointed out the importance of evaluating not only output parameters, such as power output, but also intrinsic factors, such as the cyclist coordination. In this narrative review, we present various techniques allowing the assessment of a cyclist at a biomechanical level, together with elements of interpretation, and we show that it is not easy to determine whether a certain technique is optimal or not.
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WILKINSON ROSSD, LICHTWARK GLENA, CRESSWELL ANDREWG. The Mechanics of Seated and Nonseated Cycling at Very-High-Power Output: A Joint-Level Analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1585-1594. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Viscoelastic properties of lower extremity muscles after elite track cycling sprint events: a case report. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2020.1-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Park JH, Kim JE, Yoo JI, Kim YP, Kim EH, Seo TB. Comparison of maximum muscle strength and isokinetic knee and core muscle functions according to pedaling power difference of racing cyclist candidates. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:401-406. [PMID: 31316932 PMCID: PMC6614766 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938180.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of maximum muscle strength and isokinetic knee and core muscle functions according to pedaling power of racing cyclist candidate. Subjects for this study were 200 racing cyclist candidates and divided into four groups: top 10% peak power group (TPP, n=20), low 10% peak power group (LPP, n=20), top 10% average power group (TAP, n=20), and low 10% average power group (LAP, n=20). The maximum muscle strength was consisted of grip strength, bench press and squat measured by Ariel device, and isokinetic knee and core muscle functions were analyzed by Humac Norm device. Significant differences between groups were determined with one-way repeated analysis of variance. As the result of this study, TPP and TAP groups showed significantly decreased body-fat mass and increased free fat mass when compared to LPP and LAP groups. The maximum strength of grip and squat was significantly higher in TPP and TAP than in other groups. Isokinetic knee extension and flexion strength was higher in TPP and TAP groups as well as isokinetic trunk extension and flexion functions were highest in TPP group. Thus, our findings suggest new evidence that muscle mass, maximal muscle strength, and isokinetic muscle functions might be important predictors of racing cyclist performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Park
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Joo-In Yoo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Young-Pyo Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Eon-Ho Kim
- Department of Sports Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Beom Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Puchaud P, Dumont G, Bideau N, Pontonnier C. Knee torque generation capacities modelled with physiological torque-angle-velocity relationships. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1714915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Puchaud
- Centre de Recherche des Ecoles de St-Cyr Coëtquidan, Guer, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA - UMR 6074, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Georges Dumont
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA - UMR 6074, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Bideau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA - UMR 6074, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Charles Pontonnier
- Centre de Recherche des Ecoles de St-Cyr Coëtquidan, Guer, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA - UMR 6074, Rennes, France
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Aasvold LO, Ettema G, Skovereng K. Joint specific power production in cycling: The effect of cadence and intensity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212781. [PMID: 30794700 PMCID: PMC6386487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of cadence and work rate on the joint specific power production in cycling has previously been studied, but research has primarily focused on cadences above 60 rpm, without examining the effect of low cadence on joint contribution to power. Purpose Our purpose was to investigate joint specific power production in recreational and elite cyclists during low- and moderate cycling at a range of different cadences. Methods 18 male cyclists (30.9 ± 2.7 years with a work rate in watt at lactate threshold of 282.3 ± 9.3 W) performed cycling bouts at seven different pedalling rates and three intensities. Joint specific power was calculated from kinematic measurements and pedal forces using inverse dynamics at a total of 21 different stages. Results A main effect of cadence on the relative to the total joint power for hip-, knee- and ankle joint power was found (all p < 0.05). Increasing cadence led to increasing knee joint power and decreasing hip joint power (all p < 0.05), with the exception at low cadence (<60 rpm), where there was no effect of cadence. The elite cyclists had higher relative hip joint power compared to the recreational group (p < 0.05). The hip joint power at moderate intensity with a freely chosen cadence (FCC) was lower than the hip joint power at low intensity with a low cadence (<60 rpm) (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates that there is an effect of cadence on the hip- and knee joint contribution in cycling, however, the effect only occurs from 60 rpm and upward. It also demonstrates that there is a difference in joint contribution between elite- and recreational cyclists, and provide evidence for the possibility of achieving higher relative hip joint power at low intensity than moderate intensity by altering the cadence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorents Ola Aasvold
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Knut Skovereng
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Martin JC, Nichols JA. Simulated work loops predict maximal human cycling power. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.180109. [PMID: 29773685 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.180109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish, birds and lizards sometimes perform locomotor activities with maximized muscle power. Whether humans maximize muscle power is unknown because current experimental techniques cannot be applied non-invasively. This study leveraged simulated muscle work loops to examine whether voluntary maximal cycling is characterized by maximized muscle power. The simulated work loops used experimentally measured joint angles, anatomically realistic muscle parameters (muscle-tendon lengths, velocities and moment arms) and a published muscle model to calculate power and force for 38 muscles. For each muscle, stimulation onset and offset were optimized to maximize muscle work and power for the complete shortening/lengthening cycle. Simulated joint power and total leg power (i.e. summed muscle power) were compared with previously reported experimental joint and leg power. Experimental power values were closely approximated by simulated maximal power for the leg [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)=0.91], the hip (ICC=0.92) and the knee (ICC=0.95), but less closely for the ankle (ICC=0.74). Thus, during maximal cycling, humans maximize muscle power at the hip and knee, but the ankle acts to transfer (instead of maximize) power. Given that only the timing of muscle stimulation onset and offset were altered, these results suggest that human motor control strategies may optimize muscle activation to maximize power. The simulations also provide insight into biarticular muscle function by demonstrating that the power values at each joint spanned by a biarticular muscle can be substantially greater than the net power produced by the muscle. Our work-loop simulation technique may be useful for examining clinical deficits in muscle power production.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Martin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S. 1850 E. Room 214, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0920, USA
| | - Jennifer A Nichols
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Green DJ, Thomas K, Ross EZ, Green SC, Pringle JSM, Howatson G. Torque, power and muscle activation of eccentric and concentric isokinetic cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 40:56-63. [PMID: 29631117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish the effect of cycling mode and cadence on torque, external power output, and lower limb muscle activation during maximal, recumbent, isokinetic cycling. After familiarisation, twelve healthy males completed 6 × 10 s of maximal eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) cycling at 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 rpm with five minutes recovery. Vastus lateralis, medial gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris surface electromyography was recorded throughout. As cadence increased, peak torque linearly decreased during ECC (350-248 N·m) and CON (239-117 N·m) and peak power increased in a parabolic manner. Crank angle at peak torque increased with cadence in CON (+13°) and decreased in ECC (-9.0°). At all cadences, peak torque (mean +129 N·m, range 111-143 N·m), and power (mean +871 W, range 181-1406 W), were greater during ECC compared to CON. For all recorded muscles the crank angle at peak muscle activation was greater during ECC compared to CON. This difference increased with cadence in all muscles except the vastus lateralis. Additionally, peak vastus laterallis and biceps femoris activation was greater during CON compared to ECC. Eccentric cycling offers a greater mechanical stimulus compared to concentric cycling but the effect of cadence is similar between modalities. Markers of technique (muscle activation, crank angle at peak activation and torque) were different between eccentric and concentric cycling and respond differently to changes in cadence. Such data should be considered when comparing between, and selecting cadences for, recumbent, isokinetic, eccentric and concentric cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Green
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Z Ross
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science Medicine, University of Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Abstract
Noncircular chainrings could increase cycling power by prolonging the powerful leg extension/flexion phases, and curtailing the low-power transition phases. We compared maximal cycling power-pedaling rate relationships, and joint-specific kinematics and powers across 3 chainring eccentricities (CON = 1.0; LOWecc = 1.13; HIGHecc = 1.24). Part I: Thirteen cyclists performed maximal inertial-load cycling under 3 chainring conditions. Maximum cycling power and optimal pedaling rate were determined. Part II: Ten cyclists performed maximal isokinetic cycling (120 rpm) under the same 3 chainring conditions. Pedal and joint-specific powers were determined using pedal forces and limb kinematics. Neither maximal cycling power nor optimal pedaling rate differed across chainring conditions (all p > .05). Peak ankle angular velocity for HIGHecc was less than CON (p < .05), while knee and hip angular velocities were unaffected. Self-selected ankle joint-center trajectory was more eccentric than HIGHecc with an opposite orientation that increased velocity during extension/flexion and reduced velocity during transitions. Joint-specific powers did not differ across chainring conditions, with a small increase in power absorbed during ankle dorsiflexion with HIGHecc. Multiple degrees of freedom in the leg, crank, and pedal system allowed cyclists to manipulate ankle angular velocity to maintain their preferred knee and hip actions, suggesting maximizing extension/flexion and minimizing transition phases may be counterproductive for maximal power.
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Watier B, Costes A, Turpin NA. Modification of the spontaneous seat-to-stand transition in cycling with bodyweight and cadence variations. J Biomech 2017; 63:61-66. [PMID: 28823464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
When a high power output is required in cycling, a spontaneous transition by the cyclist from a seated to a standing position generally occurs. In this study, by varying the cadence and cyclist bodyweight, we tested whether the transition is better explained by the greater power economy of a standing position or by the emergence of mechanical constraints that force cyclists to stand. Ten males participated in five experimental sessions corresponding to different bodyweights (80%, 100%, or 120%) and cadences (50RPM, 70RPM, or 90RPM). In each session, we first determined the seat-to-stand transition power (SSTP) in an incremental test. The participants then cycled at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, or 120% of the SSTP in the seated and standing positions, for which we recorded the saddle forces and electromyogram (EMG) signals of eight lower limb muscles. We estimated the cycling cost using an EMG cost function (ECF) and the minimal saddle forces in the seated position as an indicator of the mechanical constraints. Our results show the SSTP to vary with respect to both cadence and bodyweight. The ECF was lower in the standing position above the SSTP value (i.e., at 120%) in all experimental sessions. The minimal saddle forces varied significantly with respect to both cadence and bodyweight. These results suggest that optimization of the muscular cost function, rather than mechanical constraints, explain the seat-to-stand transition in cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas A Turpin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Costes A, Turpin NA, Villeger D, Moretto P, Watier B. Spontaneous change from seated to standing cycling position with increasing power is associated with a minimization of cost functions. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:907-913. [PMID: 28671851 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1346272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous changes of movement patterns may allow to elucidate which criteria influence movement pattern preferences. However, the factors explaining the sit-stand transition in cycling are unclear. This study investigated if biomechanical and/or muscle activation cost functions could predict the power at which the spontaneous sit-stand transition occurs. Twenty-five participants performed an incremental test leading to the sit-to-stand transition, and subsequent randomized pedaling trials at 20 to 120% of the transition power in seated and standing position. A Moment Cost Function based on lower limbs net joint moments and two Electromyographic Cost Functions based on EMG data were defined. All cost functions increased with increasing crank power (p < 0.001) but at different rates in the seated and standing positions. They had lower values in the seated position below the transition power and lower values in the standing position above the transition power (p < 0.05). These results suggest that spontaneous change of position observed in cycling with increasing crank power represents an optimal choice to minimize muscular efforts. These results support the use of simple cost functions to define optimal settings in cycling and to assess the cost of cycling during short-term efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Costes
- a University of Toulouse , Toulouse Cedex 9 , France
| | - Nicolas A Turpin
- a University of Toulouse , Toulouse Cedex 9 , France.,b Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR) , Institut de Réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay de Montréal and Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital , Laval , Canada
| | | | - Pierre Moretto
- c UPS; Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale , University of Toulouse , Toulouse Cedex 9 , France.,d Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI) , Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Bruno Watier
- e CNRS , LAAS , Toulouse , France.,f University of Toulouse, UPS, LAAS , Toulouse , France
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The Effect of Cadence on Shank Muscle Oxygen Consumption and Deoxygenation in Relation to Joint Specific Power and Cycling Kinematics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169573. [PMID: 28060894 PMCID: PMC5217861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cadence on joint specific power and cycling kinematics in the ankle joint in addition to muscle oxygenation and muscle VO2 in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. Thirteen cyclists cycled at a cadence of 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 rpm at a constant external work rate of 160.1 ± 21.3 W. Increasing cadence led to a decrease in ankle power in the dorsal flexion phase and to an increase in ankle joint angular velocity above 80 rpm. In addition, increasing cadence increased deoxygenation and desaturation for both the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. Muscle VO2 increased following increased cadence but only in the tibialis anterior and only at cadences above 80 rpm, thus coinciding with the increase in ankle joint angular velocity. There was no effect of cadence in the gastrocnemius. This study demonstrates that high cadences lead to increased mVO2 in the TA muscles that cannot be explained by power in the dorsal flexion phase.
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Costes A, Villeger D, Moretto P, Watier B. Transferability between Isolated Joint Torques and a Maximum Polyarticular Task: A Preliminary Study. J Hum Kinet 2016; 50:5-14. [PMID: 28149336 PMCID: PMC5260634 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine if isolated maximum joint torques and joint torques during a maximum polyarticular task (i.e. cycling at maximum power) are correlated despite joint angle and velocity discrepancies, and to assess if an isolated joint-specific torque production capability at slow angular velocity is related to cycling power. Nine cyclists completed two different evaluations of their lower limb maximum joint torques. Maximum Isolated Torques were assessed on isolated joint movements using an isokinetic ergometer and Maximum Pedalling Torques were calculated at the ankle, knee and hip for flexion and extension by inverse dynamics during cycling at maximum power. A correlation analysis was made between Maximum Isolated Torques and respective Maximum Pedalling Torques [3 joints x (flexion + extension)], showing no significant relationship. Only one significant relationship was found between cycling maximum power and knee extension Maximum Isolated Torque (r=0.68, p<0.05). Lack of correlations between isolated joint torques measured at slow angular velocity and the same joint torques involved in a polyarticular task shows that transfers between both are not direct due to differences in joint angular velocities and in mono-articular versus poly articular joint torque production capabilities. However, this study confirms that maximum power in cycling is correlated with slow angular velocity mono-articular maximum knee extension torque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Costes
- PRISSMH, University of Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Pierre Moretto
- PRISSMH, University of Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse; UPS; Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale; Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- CNRS; Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale; Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Bruno Watier
- PRISSMH, University of Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, LAAS, Toulouse, France
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Costes A, Turpin NA, Villeger D, Moretto P, Watier B. A reduction of the saddle vertical force triggers the sit-stand transition in cycling. J Biomech 2015; 48:2998-3003. [PMID: 26298490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to establish the link between the saddle vertical force and its determinants in order to establish the strategies that could trigger the sit-stand transition. We hypothesized that the minimum saddle vertical force would be a critical parameter influencing the sit-stand transition during cycling. Twenty-five non-cyclists were asked to pedal at six different power outputs from 20% (1.6 ± 0.3 W kg(-1)) to 120% (9.6 ± 1.6 W kg(-1)) of their spontaneous sit-stand transition power obtained at 90 rpm. Five 6-component sensors (saddle tube, pedals and handlebars) and a full-body kinematic reconstruction were used to provide the saddle vertical force and other force components (trunk inertial force, hips and shoulders reaction forces, and trunk weight) linked to the saddle vertical force. Minimum saddle vertical force linearly decreased with power output by 87% from a static position on the bicycle (5.30 ± 0.50 N kg(-1)) to power output=120% of the sit-stand transition power (0.68 ± 0.49 N kg(-1)). This decrease was mainly explained by the increase in instantaneous pedal forces from 2.84 ± 0.58 N kg(-1) to 6.57 ± 1.02 N kg(-1) from 20% to 120% of the power output corresponding to the sit-stand transition, causing an increase in hip vertical forces from -0.17 N kg(-1) to 3.29 N kg(-1). The emergence of strategies aiming at counteracting the elevation of the trunk (handlebars and pedals pulling) coincided with the spontaneous sit-stand transition power. The present data suggest that the large decrease in minimum saddle vertical force observed at high pedal reaction forces might trigger the sit-stand transition in cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Costes
- University of Toulouse, UPS, PRISSMH, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| | - Nicolas A Turpin
- University of Toulouse, UPS, PRISSMH, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Institut de Réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay de Montréal and Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Villeger
- University of Toulouse, UPS, PRISSMH, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Pierre Moretto
- University of Toulouse, UPS, CRCA, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; CNRS, CRCA, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Bruno Watier
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, UPS, LAAS, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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