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Martins R, Eyre E, Crotti M, Morris R, Pattison W, Duncan M. Child Soccer Players' Perceptions of Strength and Conditioning Training: A Multimethod Approach Using Write, Draw, Show and Tell. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38242102 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of strength and conditioning training in childhood is a hot topic surrounded by myths and misconceptions. Despite scientific evidence supporting the safety and benefits of this training for children, the lack of representation of their voices poses a challenge in designing training programs that meet their specific needs and requirements. METHODS Children's views, experiences, and perceptions of strength and conditioning training were explored by Write, Draw, Show and Tell techniques. Sixteen grassroots soccer players aged 11-12 years took part in one of 3 focus groups exploring the topic. Data were analyzed following an inductive approach enabling themes to be explored and later deductive analyses using the Youth Physical Activity Promotion model to create pen profile diagrams. RESULTS Strength and conditioning were frequently associated with muscle growth, coordination, endurance, and rest. Enabling factors included autonomy, resilience, physical development, and training opportunities. Reinforcing factors included social support, social interference, coaches' communication, role models, and the ways of implementation. CONCLUSIONS Participants favor integrating strength and conditioning into their soccer training rather than conducting it as a separate session, which is reflected in their enjoyment. Nonetheless, children remain apprehensive about the potential effects of this type of training on their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martins
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry,United Kingdom
| | - Emma Eyre
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry,United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Crotti
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry,United Kingdom
| | - Rhys Morris
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry,United Kingdom
| | - Will Pattison
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry,United Kingdom
| | - Michael Duncan
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry,United Kingdom
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del-Cuerpo I, Jerez-Mayorga D, Chirosa-Ríos LJ, Morenas-Aguilar MD, Mariscal-Arcas M, López-Moro A, Delgado-Floody P. Males Have a Higher Energy Expenditure than Females during Squat Training. Nutrients 2023; 15:3455. [PMID: 37571392 PMCID: PMC10421381 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the differences in energy expenditure (EE) according to sex during and after two different squat training protocols in a group of healthy young adults. Twenty-nine Sports Sciences students volunteered to participate in this study. They attended the laboratory on four different days and completed four sessions: two sessions with 3 sets of 12 repetitions at 75% of their one-repetition maximum (RM) and two sessions with 3 sets of 30 repetitions at 50% of their 1RM. Energy expenditure was evaluated using an indirect calorimeter. Males consistently demonstrated higher EE in all sessions and intensities. The linear regression model identified a significant association between sex, BMI, and total EE across all sessions and intensities. In conclusion, males exhibited higher EE in both protocols (50% and 75% of 1RM) throughout all sessions. Furthermore, sex and BMI were found to influence EE in healthy young adults. Therefore, coaches should consider sex when assessing EE, as the metabolic response differs between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indya del-Cuerpo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Jerez-Mayorga
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Luis Javier Chirosa-Ríos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores Morenas-Aguilar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Mariscal-Arcas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (A.L.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Moro
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.M.-A.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.d.-C.); (D.J.-M.); (L.J.C.-R.); (M.D.M.-A.)
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and blood pressure with arterial stiffness in adolescent, young adult, and middle-aged women. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21378. [PMID: 36494498 PMCID: PMC9734157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated whether higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or favourable body composition are related to lower arterial stiffness in women. We therefore investigated the associations of CRF, body fat percentage (BF%), fat free mass index (FFMI), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) with arterial stiffness in 146 women aged 16-58 years. CRF was assessed by a maximal exercise test with respiratory gas analysis either on a cycle ergometer or a treadmill. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao), augmentation index (AIx%), and MAP were assessed by a non-invasive oscillometric device and BF% and FFMI by a bioelectrical impedance or DXA device. CRF was inversely associated with PWVao (β = - 0.004, 95% CI - 0.005 to - 0.002) and AIx% (β = - 0.075, 95% CI - 0.102 to - 0.048) and these associations remained similar after adjustment for BF% or MAP, but not after the adjustment for age. FFMI was inversely associated with PWVao (β = - 0.010, 95% CI - 0.019 to - 0.002) and MAP directly associated with PWVao (β = 0.005, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.006) and AIx% (β = 0.092, 95% CI 0.069 to 0.116) and the associations with PWVao also remained after further adjustments for BF% and age. In conclusion, a higher FFMI and a lower MAP were independently associated with lower arterial stiffness.
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Barrea L, Salzano C, Pugliese G, Laudisio D, Frias-Toral E, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. The challenge of weight loss maintenance in obesity: a review of the evidence on the best strategies available. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:1030-1046. [PMID: 36245260 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2130186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-term weight loss maintenance represents a big challenge for the management of obesity. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the main endocrine mechanisms involved in weight regain in subjects with obesity and to review the current evidence on the best lifestyle approaches, including diet and physical activity. Weight regain after weight loss occurs in about 50% of subjects with obesity in the absence of lifestyle changes. The primary endocrine mechanism responsible for weight regain involves the brain-gut axis, which encourages food intake and thus weight regain through the secretion and action of several gastrointestinal hormones, such as ghrelin, leptin and cholecystokinin. Several evidence reported changes of secretion of these hormones during weight loss and weight loss maintenance programs. Endurance training is the most effective physical activity to lose and keep weight loss; the association of endurance with resistance training is recommended for remodelling body shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Napoli, Italy.,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Salzano
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pugliese
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Laudisio
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Evelyn Frias-Toral
- Clinical Research Associate Professor for Palliative Care Residency from Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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" Sharpening Your Mind, Strengthening Your Body" Parental Perceptions on the Use of Strength and Conditioning in Children and Youth. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101557. [PMID: 36291493 PMCID: PMC9600145 DOI: 10.3390/children9101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although strength and conditioning is beneficial and safe for children to engage in there remain myths and misconceptions form parents regarding its use which prevent its widespread take up. This study explored parents' attitudes and beliefs about strength and conditioning in their children. Thirty-one parents (21 dads, 10 mums) took part in one of four focus groups exploring the topic. Thematic analysis was used resulting in themes and sub themes centred on: Beliefs; Determinants; Coach Education; Coach Communication; and Relationship to the Game. There were also smaller aspects of the focus groups which touched upon autonomy as a concept related to implementation of strength and conditioning specifically. Overall, parents of children who play grassroots sport hold generally positive perceptions on use of strength and conditioning with their children, considering it beneficial for both physical and mental development. Key factors relating to successful implementation of strength and conditioning for children focus on having a qualified coach in that particular area (rather than a generic sports coach), effective communication between coach and parents, and coach and children in terms of the benefits of engaging with strength and conditioning.
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School-Based Comprehensive Strength Training Interventions to Improve Muscular Fitness and Perceived Physical Competence in Chinese Male Adolescents. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7464815. [PMID: 36105938 PMCID: PMC9467732 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7464815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. This research was to see how effective and feasible school-based comprehensive strength training programs are in improving muscular fitness and perceived physical competence in Chinese male adolescents. Methods. A total of 123 participants (
years) were randomized to comprehensive strength training intervention group (CST) (
) and the control group (CON) (
). The training sessions were performed three times a week for ten weeks in CST. Muscular fitness (i.e., muscular strength, power, and muscular endurance) and perceived physical competence were assessed at initial testing and final testing. Results.The subjects in the CST significantly improved their mean performance in standing long jump (
), vertical jump (
), 1 min push-ups (
), 1 min sit-ups (
), handgrip strength (
), and perceived physical competence (
) after the intervention. Moreover, the CST were greater in standing long jump (
), vertical jump (
), 1 min sit-ups (
), handgrip strength (
), and perceived physical competence (
) compared to the CON, but no in 1 min push-ups (
). Conclusions. The comprehensive strength training interventions designed in this study can significantly increase male adolescents’ muscular fitness, especially in the lower extremity muscle power and abdominal core endurance, and can enhance their perceived physical competence.
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Parker K, Salmon J, Ridgers ND, Sahlqvist S, Uddin R, Veitch J, Thornton L, Timperio A, Brown H, Arundell L. Socioecological correlates associated with muscle-strengthening exercise at home during COVID-19 among adolescents: The our life at home study. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:899-907. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2028964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Parker
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
| | - Shannon Sahlqvist
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
| | - Riaz Uddin
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
| | - Jenny Veitch
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
| | - Lukar Thornton
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anna Timperio
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
| | - Helen Brown
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
| | - Lauren Arundell
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
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8
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Benefits, risks and possibilities of strength training in school Physical Education: a brief review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bell JA, Wade KH, O’Keeffe LM, Carslake D, Vincent EE, Holmes MV, Timpson NJ, Davey Smith G. Body muscle gain and markers of cardiovascular disease susceptibility in young adulthood: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003751. [PMID: 34499663 PMCID: PMC8428664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential benefits of gaining body muscle for cardiovascular disease (CVD) susceptibility, and how these compare with the potential harms of gaining body fat, are unknown. We compared associations of early life changes in body lean mass and handgrip strength versus body fat mass with atherogenic traits measured in young adulthood. METHODS AND FINDINGS Data were from 3,227 offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (39% male; recruited in 1991-1992). Limb lean and total fat mass indices (kg/m2) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans performed at age 10, 13, 18, and 25 y (across clinics occurring from 2001-2003 to 2015-2017). Handgrip strength was measured at 12 and 25 y, expressed as maximum grip (kg or lb/in2) and relative grip (maximum grip/weight in kilograms). Linear regression models were used to examine associations of change in standardised measures of these exposures across different stages of body development with 228 cardiometabolic traits measured at age 25 y including blood pressure, fasting insulin, and metabolomics-derived apolipoprotein B lipids. SD-unit gain in limb lean mass index from 10 to 25 y was positively associated with atherogenic traits including very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides. This pattern was limited to lean gain in legs, whereas lean gain in arms was inversely associated with traits including VLDL triglycerides, insulin, and glycoprotein acetyls, and was also positively associated with creatinine (a muscle product and positive control). Furthermore, this pattern for arm lean mass index was specific to SD-unit gains occurring between 13 and 18 y, e.g., -0.13 SD (95% CI -0.22, -0.04) for VLDL triglycerides. Changes in maximum and relative grip from 12 to 25 y were both positively associated with creatinine, but only change in relative grip was also inversely associated with atherogenic traits, e.g., -0.12 SD (95% CI -0.18, -0.06) for VLDL triglycerides per SD-unit gain. Change in fat mass index from 10 to 25 y was more strongly associated with atherogenic traits including VLDL triglycerides, at 0.45 SD (95% CI 0.39, 0.52); these estimates were directionally consistent across sub-periods, with larger effect sizes with more recent gains. Associations of lean, grip, and fat measures with traits were more pronounced among males. Study limitations include potential residual confounding of observational estimates, including by ectopic fat within muscle, and the absence of grip measures in adolescence for estimates of grip change over sub-periods. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that muscle strengthening, as indicated by grip strength gain, was weakly associated with lower atherogenic trait levels in young adulthood, at a smaller magnitude than unfavourable associations of fat mass gain. Associations of muscle mass gain with such traits appear to be smaller and limited to gains occurring in adolescence. These results suggest that body muscle is less robustly associated with markers of CVD susceptibility than body fat and may therefore be a lower-priority intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Bell
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kaitlin H. Wade
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Linda M. O’Keeffe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David Carslake
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E. Vincent
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Michael V. Holmes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Cox A, Fairclough SJ, Noonan RJ. "It's Just Not Something We Do at School". Adolescent Boys' Understanding, Perceptions, and Experiences of Muscular Fitness Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4923. [PMID: 34063097 PMCID: PMC8125655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND English youth typically do not sufficiently engage in the types and intensities of physical activity that develop muscular fitness. The aim of this study was to use a combination of qualitative techniques to explore adolescent boys' understanding, perceptions, and experiences of physical activity and the role muscular fitness plays within boys' physically active lifestyles. METHODS Focus group interviews with a write, draw, show, and tell activity were conducted with 32 adolescent boys aged 14-16 years from 3 secondary schools. Three separate sources of data (frequency counts, verbatim transcripts, and visual data) were generated and were pooled together and triangulated. Data were analysed deductively, first using the Youth Physical Activity Promotion model as a thematic framework, and then inductively. RESULTS Physical activity was frequently associated with organised sport, and most boys were unaware of current UK physical activity guidelines. Co-participation was frequently reported as a reinforcing factor to physical activity. CONCLUSIONS There was a perceived lack of opportunity to participate in muscular fitness activities, particularly in school, and knowledge of how to conduct muscular fitness activities was limited. The contribution of physical education was highlighted as being key to facilitating exposure to muscular fitness activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cox
- Movement Behaviours, Health, and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39, UK;
| | - Stuart J. Fairclough
- Movement Behaviours, Health, and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39, UK;
| | - Robert J. Noonan
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L1, UK;
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11
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Chaput JP, Willumsen J, Bull F, Chou R, Ekelund U, Firth J, Jago R, Ortega FB, Katzmarzyk PT. 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5-17 years: summary of the evidence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:141. [PMID: 33239009 PMCID: PMC7691077 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) released in 2020 updated global guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children, adolescents, adults, older adults and sub-populations such as pregnant and postpartum women and those living with chronic conditions or disabilities. OBJECTIVE To summarize the evidence on the associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and health-related outcomes used to inform the 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5-17 years. METHODS The update of the WHO guideline recommendations for children and adolescents utilized and systematically updated the evidence syntheses on physical activity and sedentary behaviour conducted for the 2016 Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth, the 2019 Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Young People (5-17 years), and the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, Second Edition. Systematic reviews published from 2017 up to July 2019 that addressed the key questions were identified, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to rate the certainty of the evidence for the entire body of evidence. RESULTS The updated literature search yielded 21 relevant systematic reviews. The evidence base reviewed (i.e., existing and new systematic reviews) provided evidence that greater amounts and higher intensities of physical activity as well as different types of physical activity (i.e., aerobic and muscle and bone strengthening activities) are associated with improved health outcomes (primarily intermediate outcomes). There was sufficient evidence to support recommendations on limiting sedentary behaviours, which was not addressed in the 2010 WHO guidelines. However, there is still insufficient evidence available to fully describe the dose-response relationships between physical activity or sedentary behaviour and health outcomes, and whether the associations vary by type or domain of physical activity or sedentary behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Addressing the identified research gaps will better inform guideline recommendations in children and adolescents, and future work should aim to prioritize these areas of research. In the meantime, investment and leadership is needed to scale up known effective policies and programs aimed at increasing activity in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Juana Willumsen
- Physical Activity Unit, Department for Health Promotion, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Bull
- Physical Activity Unit, Department for Health Promotion, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roger Chou
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal care of the adolescent patient involves unique knowledge of their rapidly changing physical and psychological health. In this article, the importance of preventing early sports specialization is elucidated, and an encouragement of the safety and necessity of resistance training in adolescents is undertaken. It also explores two common conditions, one affecting the immature skeleton (apophysitis), and one affecting the improperly developed muscular system (patellofemoral syndrome), both of which are diagnosed clinically, and require little advanced imaging. Finally, a brief overview of relative energy deficiency in sport is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bernstein
- Musculoskeletal Faculty, Naval Hospital Jacksonville Family Medicine Residency, 2080 Child St, Jacksonville, FL 32214, USA.
| | - Paul Seales
- Fleet Surgical Team 4, 1084 Pocahontas Street, Suite 150, Norfolk, VA 23511, USA
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Cox A, Fairclough SJ, Kosteli MC, Noonan RJ. Efficacy of School-Based Interventions for Improving Muscular Fitness Outcomes in Adolescent Boys: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:543-560. [PMID: 31729638 PMCID: PMC7018678 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that boys' and girls' physical activity (PA) levels decline throughout adolescence. Boys are at risk of physical inactivity during adolescence; however, in intervention research, they are an under-represented group relative to girls. It is suggested that the school environment may be central to developing interventions that support adolescents in meeting the current PA guidelines. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of school-based physical activity interventions for improving muscular fitness (MF) in adolescent males. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the preferred reporting systems for meta-analyses guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42018091023). Eligible studies were published in English within peer-reviewed articles. Searches were conducted in three databases, with an additional grey literature search in Google Scholar. Studies investigating MF outcomes were included. RESULTS There were 43 data sets identified across 11 studies, from seven countries. Overall methodological quality of the studies was moderate-to-strong. Interventions targeting MF evidenced a small-to-medium effect (g = 0.32, CI 0.17, 0.48, p < 0.00). Subgroup analyses of MF delivery method resulted in small-to-medium effects: upper limb MF measures (g = 0.28, 95% CI - 0.02, 0.58, p = 0.07), lower limb MF measures (g = 0.28, 95% CI 0.09, 0.68, p = 0.03), combined MF activities (g = 0.24, 95% CI - 0.04 to 0.49, p = 0.05), plyometric activities (g = 0.39, 95% CI 0.09, 0.68, p = 0.01), body weight (g = 0.27, 95% CI - 0.10, 0.65, p = 0.15), and traditional MF methods (g = 0.43, 95% CI 0.09, 0.78, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS School-based interventions which aimed to increase MF outcomes in adolescent boys demonstrated small-to-moderate effects. Traditional and plyometric methods of resistance training appear to be the most effective form of PA delivery in adolescent males. More quality research is required to assess the impact of MF delivered in the school environment to inform future intervention design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cox
- Movement Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Movement Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Maria-Christina Kosteli
- Movement Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Robert J Noonan
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Soltani N, Marandi SM, Kazemi M, Esmaeil N. Combined All-Extremity High-Intensity Interval Training Regulates Immunometabolic Responses through Toll-Like Receptor 4 Adaptors and A20 Downregulation in Obese Young Females. Obes Facts 2020; 13:415-431. [PMID: 32615574 PMCID: PMC7445579 DOI: 10.1159/000509132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metainflammation and malfunctions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are related to obesity-induced immunometabolic morbidities. There are almost no studies relating exercise training to the TLR4 pathway and its adaptors and negative regulators. Thirty young women with obesity (exercise group and control group) were included in a 10-week all-extremity combined high-intensity interval training program. The immunomodulatory impacts of exercise on TLR4, its related adaptors (TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β[TRIF], myeloid differentiation factor 88 [MyD88],and tumor receptor-associated factor 6 [TRAF6]), transcriptional factors (nuclear factor [NF]-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 [IRF3]), and negative regulator (A20) mRNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR. Also, the serum concentration of TLR4 final products (tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα] and interferon γ [IFNγ]) was measured by ELISA. Cardiorespiratory and body composition parameters were tested, as well. There was a significant improvement in body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. This intervention downregulated TLR4 (from 2.25 ± 1.07 to 0.84 ± 1.01), MyD88 (from 4.53 ± 5.15 to 1.27 ± 0.88), NF-κB (from 1.61 ± 2.03 to 0.23 ± 0.39), IRF3 (from 1.22 ± 0.77 to 0.25 ± 0.36), and A20 (from 0.88 ± 0.59 to 0.22 ± 0.33) levels and reduced the TNFα concentrations (from 22.39 ± 11.43 to 6.26 ± 5.31) significantly in the exercise group, while no statistically significant change was found in TRIF and TRAF6 expression and IFNγ circulating levels. It is concluded that long-term exercise modifies the inflammatory pathways and modulates the immune function at the early stages of inflammation initiation in circulating immune cells. Accordingly, we suggest time-efficient exercise protocols as a possible therapy approach for the prevention of M1 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisa Soltani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohammad Marandi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- **Sayed Mohammad Marandi, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Azadi Sq., Isfahan 81746-73441 (Iran),
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- *Nafiseh Esmaeil, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan 81746-73461 (Iran),
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Muscle Fitness Changes During Childhood Associates With Improvements in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Prospective Study. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:108-115. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Peterson MD, Gordon PM, Smeding S, Visich P. Grip Strength Is Associated with Longitudinal Health Maintenance and Improvement in Adolescents. J Pediatr 2018; 202:226-230. [PMID: 30072137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of muscle strength, as determined by grip strength, on changes in health status in adolescents. STUDY DESIGN Risk variables included excess body fat, elevated fasting glucose, high blood pressure, elevated serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Multinomial logistic regression was used to quantify the odds of experiencing health maintenance (no risk factors identified at either time point) or health improvement (presence of ≥1 baseline risk factor and fewer or no risk factors at follow-up) over a 2-year period. The primary exposure variable was grip strength normalized by body mass (normalized grip strength [NGS]), and previous cut-offs were used to determine whether adolescents were weak or strong. RESULTS Adolescents who had low NGSs had a significantly greater prevalence of health decline or poor health persistence as compared with those who were strong (boys: 60.2% vs 15.3%; girls: 51% vs 21.9%; all P < .001). Moreover, adolescents who were strong had an increased adjusted odds for health maintenance (OR 3.54; 95% CI 1.80-6.97) and health improvement (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.05-1.60), even after we adjusted for baseline fat-free mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, and objectively measured physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Greater NGS is associated with longitudinal health maintenance and health improvements in adolescents. Low NGS could be used as a prognostic indicator of cardiometabolic risk and to identify adolescents who would benefit most from lifestyle interventions to improve muscular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Paul M Gordon
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX.
| | - Sonja Smeding
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Paul Visich
- Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, University of New England, Biddeford, ME
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Tarp J, Child A, White T, Westgate K, Bugge A, Grøntved A, Wedderkopp N, Andersen LB, Cardon G, Davey R, Janz KF, Kriemler S, Northstone K, Page AS, Puder JJ, Reilly JJ, Sardinha LB, van Sluijs EMF, Ekelund U, Wijndaele K, Brage S. Physical activity intensity, bout-duration, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1639-1650. [PMID: 30006582 PMCID: PMC6160399 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the role of physical activity intensity and bout-duration in modulating associations between physical activity and cardiometabolic risk markers. METHODS A cross-sectional study using the International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD) including 38,306 observations (in 29,734 individuals aged 4-18 years). Accelerometry data was summarized as time accumulated in 16 combinations of intensity thresholds (≥500 to ≥3000 counts/min) and bout-durations (≥1 to ≥10 min). Outcomes were body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), waist circumference, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and a composite score of these metabolic markers. A second composite score excluded the adiposity component. Linear mixed models were applied to elucidate the associations and expressed per 10 min difference in daily activity above the intensity/bout-duration combination. Estimates (and variance) from each of the 16 combinations of intensity and bout-duration examined in the linear mixed models were analyzed in meta-regression to investigate trends in the association. RESULTS Each 10 min positive difference in physical activity was significantly and inversely associated with the risk factors irrespective of the combination of intensity and bout-duration. In meta-regression, each 1000 counts/min increase in intensity threshold was associated with a -0.027 (95% CI: -0.039 to -0.014) standard deviations lower composite risk score, and a -0.064 (95% CI: -0.09 to -0.038) kg/m2 lower BMI. Conversely, meta-regression suggested bout-duration was not significantly associated with effect-sizes (per 1 min increase in bout-duration: -0.002 (95% CI: -0.005 to 0.0005) standard deviations for the composite risk score, and -0.005 (95% CI: -0.012 to 0.002) kg/m2 for BMI). CONCLUSIONS Time spent at higher intensity physical activity was the main determinant of variation in cardiometabolic risk factors, not bout-duration. Greater magnitude of associations was consistently observed with higher intensities. These results suggest that, in children and adolescents, physical activity, preferably at higher intensities, of any bout-duration should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Tarp
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Centre of Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Tom White
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate Westgate
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Bugge
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Centre of Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Centre of Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Centre of Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sports Medicine Clinic, The Orthopedic Department, Hospital of Lillebaelt Middelfart, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars B Andersen
- Department of Teacher Education and Sport, Western Norwegian University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Greet Cardon
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rachel Davey
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kathleen F Janz
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Angie S Page
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jardena J Puder
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John J Reilly
- University of Strathclyde, Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Esther M F van Sluijs
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrien Wijndaele
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Søren Brage
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Faigenbaum AD, Kang J, Ratamess NA, Farrell A, Ellis N, Vought I, Bush J. Acute Cardiometabolic Responses to Medicine Ball Interval Training in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2018; 11:886-899. [PMID: 29997735 PMCID: PMC6033503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Medicine ball interval training (MBIT) has been found to be an effective exercise modality in fitness programs, yet the acute physiological responses to this type of this exercise in youth are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute cardiometabolic responses to MBIT in children. Fourteen children (mean age 10.1 ± 1.3 yr) were tested for peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) on a treadmill and subsequently (> 48 hours later) performed a progressive 10 min MBIT protocol of 5 exercises (EX): standing marches (EX1), alternating lunges (EX2), squat swings (EX3), chest passes (EX4) and double arm slams (EX5). A 2.3 kg medicine ball was used for all trials and each exercise was performed twice for 30 sec with a 30 sec rest interval between sets and exercises. Participants exercised while connected to a metabolic system and heart rate (HR) monitor. During the MBIT protocol, mean HR significantly (p<0.05, η2 = 0.89) increased from 121.5 ± 12.3 bpm during EX1 to 178.3 ± 9.4 bpm during EX5 and mean VO2 significantly (p<0.05, η2= 0.88) increased from 15.5 ± 2.9 ml × kg-1 × min-1 during EX1 to 34.9 ± 5.1 ml × kg-1 × min-1during EX5. Mean HR and VO2 values during MBIT ranged from 61.1% to 89.6% of HRpeak and from 28.2% to 63.5% of VO2peak. These descriptive data indicate that MBIT can pose a moderate to vigorous cardiometabolic stimulus in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas A Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Anne Farrell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Ellis
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Ira Vought
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Jill Bush
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
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Joensuu L, Syväoja H, Kallio J, Kulmala J, Kujala UM, Tammelin TH. Objectively measured physical activity, body composition and physical fitness: Cross-sectional associations in 9- to 15-year-old children. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:882-892. [PMID: 29614920 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1457081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine and quantify the cross-sectional associations of body composition (BC), physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) with physical fitness (PF) in children and adolescents. A sample of 594 Finnish students (56% girls), aged 9-15 (12.4 ± 1.3 years) were selected for a study performed in 2013. The measurements of the Move! monitoring system for physical functional capacity were used to measure cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness and fundamental movement skills. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and ST were measured objectively with an accelerometer and BC by a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated to represent height-adjusted BC. Associations were explored with a linear regression model. In general, FMI had statistically significant negative associations, while FFMI and MVPA had positive associations with PF. No statistically significant associations were observed between ST and PF. In general, FMI had the strongest association with PF, although some variation occurred with sex and PF component. However, associations were practically relevant only in 20-m shuttle run, push-up, curl-up and 5-leaps test. For example, approximately 5 kg increase in fat mass in 155 cm tall children was estimated to correspond to 8 laps in 20-m shuttle run. Similar increase in fat-free mass corresponded to +4 and +6 laps, and 10 min increase in daily MVPA +3 and +2 laps in 20-m shuttle run, in boys and girls, respectively. Understanding these associations is necessary when interpreting children's PF and designing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Joensuu
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland.,b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Heidi Syväoja
- b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Jouni Kallio
- b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
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Abstract
As more children and adolescents are becoming involved in exercise and school or community based athletics, attention is turned towards proper training and conditioning to optimize performance, stimulate athletic development and ensure safety while tolerating long-term competition. Resistance training (RT) refers to the methodology of ensuring such optimal performance and safety. This is a common component of sports and physical fitness in schools and organized athletic programs around the country. RT is a physical conditioning program that involves various training techniques (e.g., machine based, free weight, plyometric, complex and functional training) and progressively increasing resistive loads to achieve desired muscle endurance, strength, power or a combination of the above. Proper RT programs have a plethora of associated benefits including increased strength, lower rates of sports-related injury, increased bone strength index (BSI), decreased risk of fracture and improved self-esteem and interest in fitness. There are risks involved with improper or poor training programs. Proper training programs involve knowledgeable trainers, effective supervision and tailored weight training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Myers
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas W Beam
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Joseph D Fakhoury
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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