1
|
Goodarzi V, Nouri S, Nassaj ZS, Bighash M, Abbasian S, Hagh RA. Long non coding RNAs reveal important pathways in childhood asthma: a future perspective. J Mol Histol 2023; 54:257-269. [PMID: 37537509 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs refers changes that occur in conjunction with, or as a result of, chronic airway inflammation. Airway remodeling the subsequent of inflammation constitutes cellular and extracellular matrix changes in the wall airways, epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition and airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. Diseases often begin in childhood and despite extensive research, causative pathogenic mechanisms still remain unclear. Transcriptome analysis of childhood asthma reveals distinct gene expression profiles of Long noncoding RNAs which have been reported to play a central regulatory role in various aspects of pathogenesis, clinical course and treatment of asthma. We briefly review current understanding of lnc-RNA dysregulation in children with asthma, focusing on their complex role in the inflammation, cell proliferation and remodeling of airway to guide future researches. We found that the lnc-RNAs increases activity of several oncogenes such c-Myc, Akt, and ERK and various signaling pathways such as MAPK (PI3K, Ras, JNK and p38), NF-κB and Wnt and crosstalk between these pathways by TGFβ, β-catenin, ERK and SKP2. Moreover, two different signal transduction pathways, Wnt and Notch1, can be activated by two lnc-RNAs through sponging the same miRNA for exacerbation cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Goodarzi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rasoul-Akram Medical Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Nouri
- Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zohre Saleh Nassaj
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Bighash
- Bachelor of Nursing, School of Paramedical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvn, Iran
| | - Sadegh Abbasian
- Department of Laboratory Science, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ptacek J, Snajdr I, Schimer J, Kutil Z, Mikesova J, Baranova P, Havlinova B, Tueckmantel W, Majer P, Kozikowski A, Barinka C. Selectivity of Hydroxamate- and Difluoromethyloxadiazole-Based Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylase 6 In Vitro and in Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4720. [PMID: 36902164 PMCID: PMC10003107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique member of the HDAC family of enzymes due to its complex domain organization and cytosolic localization. Experimental data point toward the therapeutic use of HDAC6-selective inhibitors (HDAC6is) for use in both neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this article, we provide side-by-side comparisons of hydroxamate-based HDAC6is frequently used in the field and a novel HDAC6 inhibitor containing the difluoromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole function as an alternative zinc-binding group (compound 7). In vitro isotype selectivity screening uncovered HDAC10 as a primary off-target for the hydroxamate-based HDAC6is, while compound 7 features exquisite 10,000-fold selectivity over all other HDAC isoforms. Complementary cell-based assays using tubulin acetylation as a surrogate readout revealed approximately 100-fold lower apparent potency for all compounds. Finally, the limited selectivity of a number of these HDAC6is is shown to be linked to cytotoxicity in RPMI-8226 cells. Our results clearly show that off-target effects of HDAC6is must be considered before attributing observed physiological readouts solely to HDAC6 inhibition. Moreover, given their unparalleled specificity, the oxadiazole-based inhibitors would best be employed either as research tools in further probing HDAC6 biology or as leads in the development of truly HDAC6-specific compounds in the treatment of human disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ptacek
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Snajdr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Schimer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zsofia Kutil
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Mikesova
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Baranova
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Havlinova
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Werner Tueckmantel
- StarWise Therapeutics LLC, University Research Park, Inc., Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alan Kozikowski
- StarWise Therapeutics LLC, University Research Park, Inc., Madison, WI 53719, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prasad NK, Seiple IB, Cirz RT, Rosenberg OS. Leaks in the Pipeline: a Failure Analysis of Gram-Negative Antibiotic Development from 2010 to 2020. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0005422. [PMID: 35471042 PMCID: PMC9112940 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00054-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that our current arsenal of antibiotics is not innovative enough to face impending infectious diseases, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Although the current preclinical pipeline is well stocked with novel candidates, the last U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antibiotic with a novel mechanism of action against Gram-negative bacteria was discovered nearly 60 years ago. Of all the antibiotic candidates that initiated investigational new drug (IND) applications in the 2000s, 17% earned FDA approval within 12 years, while an overwhelming 62% were discontinued in that time frame. These "leaks" in the clinical pipeline, where compounds with clinical potential are abandoned during clinical development, indicate that scientific innovations are not reaching the clinic and providing benefits to patients. This is true for not only novel candidates but also candidates from existing antibiotic classes with clinically validated targets. By identifying the sources of the leaks in the clinical pipeline, future developmental efforts can be directed toward strategies that are more likely to flow into clinical use. In this review, we conduct a detailed failure analysis of clinical candidates with Gram-negative activity that have fallen out of the clinical pipeline over the past decade. Although limited by incomplete data disclosure from companies engaging in antibiotic development, we attempt to distill the developmental challenges faced by each discontinued candidate. It is our hope that this insight can help de-risk antibiotic development and bring new, effective antibiotics to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha K. Prasad
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ian B. Seiple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Oren S. Rosenberg
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang QC, Hu SQ, Hu AN, Zhang TW, Jiang LB, Li XL. Autophagy-activated nucleus pulposus cells deliver exosomal miR-27a to prevent extracellular matrix degradation by targeting MMP-13. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1921-1932. [PMID: 33038032 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although autophagy may be beneficial for maintaining the metabolic balance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and its vitality under inflammation, the underlying mechanism still remains unclear. A previous study found that autophagy activation stimulated the release of exosomes in normal chondrocytes, which are located in a similar avascular environment and share many common features with those of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). This study explored the protective effect on matrix degradation in the NP by exosomes derived from autophagy-activated NPCs and exosomal microRNAs. NPCs-derived exosomes (NPCs-Exos) were isolated from culture medium of either normal NPCs or rapamycin-treated NPCs and quantified by nanoparticle tracking analysis. The effect of rapamycin-treated NPC-derived exosomes on NPCs were assessed by coculture with interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-stimulated NPCs. After examination of six major proteinases of the ECM, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) was chosen for further study. miR-27a, which targets MMP-13, was investigated through previous studies and bioinformatics tool. The levels of miR-27a were upregulated in both rapamycin-treated NPCs and their exosomes, compared to the control. When exosomal miR-27a was transferred into NPCs, it alleviated IL-1β-induced degradation of the NPC ECM by targeting MMP-13. Autophagy activation may promote the release of NPCs-derived exosomes and thereby prevent the NPC matrix from degradation. Autophagy activation also alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), at least partly via exosomal miR-27a, which restrains MMP-13 expression under IL-1β stimulation. Our work elucidates a new mechanism for how autophagy may participate in preventing IDD, which may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Chen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun-Qi Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - An-Nan Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tai-Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Bo Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Lei Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Buchler A, Munch M, Farber G, Zhao X, Al-Haddad R, Farber E, Rotstein BH. Selective Imaging of Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 to Detect Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Atherosclerotic Lesions. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:93-103. [PMID: 34231104 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Overexpression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) within atheroma increases susceptibility to plaque rupture, a major cause of severe cardiovascular complications. In comparison to pan-MMP targeting [18F]BR-351, we evaluated the potential for [18F]FMBP, a selective PET radiotracer for MMP-13, to detect extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in vascular plaques possessing markers of inflammation. PROCEDURES [18F]FMBP and [18F]BR-351 were initially assessed in vitro by incubation with en face aortae from 8 month-old atherogenic ApoE-/- mice. Ex vivo biodistributions, plasma metabolite analyses, and ex vivo autoradiography were analogously performed 30 min after intravenous radiotracer administration in age-matched C57Bl/6 and ApoE-/- mice under baseline or homologous blocking conditions. En face aortae were subsequently stained with Oil Red O (ORO), sectioned, and subject to immunofluorescence staining for Mac-2 and MMP-13. RESULTS High-resolution autoradiographic image analysis demonstrated target specificity and regional concordance to lipid-rich lesions. Biodistribution studies revealed hepatobiliary excretion, low accumulation of radioactivity in non-excretory organs, and few differences between strains and conditions in non-target organs. Plasma metabolite analyses uncovered that [18F]FMBP exhibited excellent in vivo stability (≥74% intact) while [18F]BR-351 was extensively metabolized (≤37% intact). Ex vivo autoradiography and histology of en face aortae revealed that [18F]FMBP, relative to [18F]BR-351, exhibited 2.9-fold greater lesion uptake, substantial specific binding (68%), and improved sensitivity to atherosclerotic tissue (2.9-fold vs 2.1-fold). Immunofluorescent staining of aortic en face cross sections demonstrated elevated Mac-2 and MMP-13-positive areas within atherosclerotic lesions identified by [18F]FMBP ex vivo autoradiography. CONCLUSIONS While both radiotracers successfully identified atherosclerotic plaques, [18F]FMBP showed superior specificity and sensitivity for lesions possessing features of destructive plaque remodeling. The detection of ECM remodeling by selective targeting of MMP-13 may enable characterization of high-risk atherosclerosis featuring elevated collagenase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Buchler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Maxime Munch
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Gedaliah Farber
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Rami Al-Haddad
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Eadan Farber
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada. .,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Furuya T, Shapiro AB, Comita-Prevoir J, Kuenstner EJ, Zhang J, Ribe SD, Chen A, Hines D, Moussa SH, Carter NM, Sylvester MA, Romero JAC, Vega CV, Sacco MD, Chen Y, O'Donnell JP, Durand-Reville TF, Miller AA, Tommasi RA. N-Hydroxyformamide LpxC inhibitors, their in vivo efficacy in a mouse Escherichia coli infection model, and their safety in a rat hemodynamic assay. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115826. [PMID: 33160146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxyacyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), the zinc metalloenzyme catalyzing the first committed step of lipid A biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria, has been a target for antibacterial drug discovery for many years. All inhibitor chemotypes reaching an advanced preclinical stage and clinical phase 1 have contained terminal hydroxamic acid, and none have been successfully advanced due, in part, to safety concerns, including hemodynamic effects. We hypothesized that the safety of LpxC inhibitors could be improved by replacing the terminal hydroxamic acid with a different zinc-binding group. After choosing an N-hydroxyformamide zinc-binding group, we investigated the structure-activity relationship of each part of the inhibitor scaffold with respect to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli LpxC binding affinity, in vitro antibacterial potency and pharmacological properties. We identified a novel, potency-enhancing hydrophobic binding interaction for an LpxC inhibitor. We demonstrated in vivo efficacy of one compound in a neutropenic mouse E. coli infection model. Another compound was tested in a rat hemodynamic assay and was found to have a hypotensive effect. This result demonstrated that replacing the terminal hydroxamic acid with a different zinc-binding group was insufficient to avoid this previously recognized safety issue with LpxC inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Furuya
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
| | - Adam B Shapiro
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Seth D Ribe
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - April Chen
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Daniel Hines
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Samir H Moussa
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Nicole M Carter
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | - Jan A C Romero
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Camilo V Vega
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Michael D Sacco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | | | - Alita A Miller
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Ruben A Tommasi
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kamerlin N, Delcey MG, Manzetti S, van der Spoel D. Toward a Computational Ecotoxicity Assay. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3792-3803. [PMID: 32648756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of anthropogenic chemicals are released into the environment each year, posing potential hazards to human and environmental health. Toxic chemicals may cause a variety of adverse health effects, triggering immediate symptoms or delayed effects over longer periods of time. It is thus crucial to develop methods that can rapidly screen and predict the toxicity of chemicals to limit the potential harmful impacts of chemical pollutants. Computational methods are being increasingly used in toxicity predictions. Here, the method of molecular docking is assessed for screening potential toxicity of a variety of xenobiotic compounds, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, pollutants, and toxins derived from the chemical industry. The method predicts the binding energy of pollutants to a set of carefully selected receptors under the assumption that toxicity in many cases is related to interference with biochemical pathways. The strength of the applied method lies in its rapid generation of interaction maps between potential toxins and the targeted enzymes, which could quickly yield molecular-level information and insight into potential perturbation pathways, aiding in the prioritization of chemicals for further tests. Two scoring functions are compared: Autodock Vina and the machine-learning scoring function RF-Score-VS. The results are promising, although hampered by the accuracy of the scoring functions. The strengths and weaknesses of the docking protocol are discussed, as well as future directions for improving the accuracy for the purpose of toxicity predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kamerlin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mickaël G Delcey
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergio Manzetti
- Institute for Science and Technology, Fjordforsk A.S., Midtun, 6894 Vangsnes, Norway
| | - David van der Spoel
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
An interim internal Threshold of Toxicologic Concern (iTTC) for chemicals in consumer products, with support from an automated assessment of ToxCast™ dose response data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 114:104656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Dalvie D, Di L. Aldehyde oxidase and its role as a drug metabolizing enzyme. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:137-180. [PMID: 31128989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the family of structurally related molybdoflavoproteins like xanthine oxidase (XO). The enzyme is characterized by broad substrate specificity and marked species differences. It catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and various heteroaromatic rings as well as reduction of several functional groups. The references to AO and its role in metabolism date back to the 1950s, but the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of drugs has emerged in the past fifteen years. Several reviews on the role of AO in drug metabolism have been published in the past decade indicative of the growing interest in the enzyme and its influence in drug metabolism. Here, we present a comprehensive monograph of AO as a drug metabolizing enzyme with emphasis on marketed drugs as well as other xenobiotics, as substrates and inhibitors. Although the number of drugs that are primarily metabolized by AO are few, the impact of AO on drug development has been extensive. We also discuss the effect of AO on the systemic exposure and clearance these clinical candidates. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of drug discovery compounds involving AO with the focus on developmental candidates that were reported in the past five years with regards to pharmacokinetics and toxicity. While there is only one known report of AO-mediated clinically relevant drug-drug interaction (DDI), a detailed description of inhibitors and inducers of AO known to date has been presented here and the potential risks associated with DDI. The increasing recognition of the importance of AO has led to significant progress in predicting the site of AO-mediated metabolism using computational methods. Additionally, marked species difference in expression of AO makes it is difficult to predict human clearance with high confidence. The progress made towards developing in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches for predicting AO metabolism and estimating human clearance of compounds that are metabolized by AO have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dalvie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corporation, 10300, Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Galster M, Löppenberg M, Galla F, Börgel F, Agoglitta O, Kirchmair J, Holl R. Phenylethylene glycol-derived LpxC inhibitors with diverse Zn2+-binding groups. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
12
|
Abstract
At the simplest level, obesity is the manifestation of an imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms that govern the development of obesity and associated complications are enormously complex. Fibrosis within the adipose tissue compartment is one such factor that may influence the development of obesity and/or obesity-related comorbidities. Furthermore, the functional consequences of adipose tissue fibrosis are a matter of considerable debate, with evidence that fibrosis serves both adaptive and maladaptive roles. Tissue fibrosis itself is incompletely understood, and multiple cellular and molecular pathways are involved in the development, maintenance, and resolution of the fibrotic state. Within the context of obesity, fibrosis influences molecular and cellular events that relate to adipocytes, inflammatory cells, inflammatory mediators, and supporting adipose stromal tissue. In this Review, we explore what is known about the interplay between the development of adipose tissue fibrosis and obesity, with a view toward future investigative and therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Podolsky
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kamran Atabai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ginsel C, Plitzko B, Froriep D, Stolfa DA, Jung M, Kubitza C, Scheidig AJ, Havemeyer A, Clement B. The Involvement of the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC) in the Reductive Metabolism of Hydroxamic Acids. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1396-1402. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii V. Kalinin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralph Holl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biochemical and Biological Attributes of Matrix Metalloproteinases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 147:1-73. [PMID: 28413025 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are involved in the degradation of various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically, MMPs have a propeptide sequence, a catalytic metalloproteinase domain with catalytic zinc, a hinge region or linker peptide, and a hemopexin domain. MMPs are commonly classified on the basis of their substrates and the organization of their structural domains into collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type (MT)-MMPs, and other MMPs. MMPs are secreted by many cells including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and leukocytes. MMPs are regulated at the level of mRNA expression and by activation of their latent zymogen form. MMPs are often secreted as inactive pro-MMP form which is cleaved to the active form by various proteinases including other MMPs. MMPs cause degradation of ECM proteins such as collagen and elastin, but could influence endothelial cell function as well as VSM cell migration, proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, and contraction. MMPs play a role in tissue remodeling during various physiological processes such as angiogenesis, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair, as well as in pathological conditions such as myocardial infarction, fibrotic disorders, osteoarthritis, and cancer. Increases in specific MMPs could play a role in arterial remodeling, aneurysm formation, venous dilation, and lower extremity venous disorders. MMPs also play a major role in leukocyte infiltration and tissue inflammation. MMPs have been detected in cancer, and elevated MMP levels have been associated with tumor progression and invasiveness. MMPs can be regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP ratio often determines the extent of ECM protein degradation and tissue remodeling. MMPs have been proposed as biomarkers for numerous pathological conditions and are being examined as potential therapeutic targets in various cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders as well as cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Untargeted Metabolomics To Ascertain Antibiotic Modes of Action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2281-91. [PMID: 26833150 PMCID: PMC4808186 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02109-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mode of action (MOA) of new antibiotics discovered through phenotypic screening is of increasing importance. Metabolomics offers a potentially rapid and cost-effective means of identifying modes of action of drugs whose effects are mediated through changes in metabolism. Metabolomics techniques also collect data on off-target effects and drug modifications. Here, we present data from an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach to identify the modes of action of eight compounds: 1-[3-fluoro-4-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-pyrimidin-1-yl)phenyl]-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea (AZ1), 2-(cyclobutylmethoxy)-5'-deoxyadenosine, triclosan, fosmidomycin, CHIR-090, carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), 5-chloro-2-(methylsulfonyl)-N-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-4-pyrimidinecarboxamide (AZ7), and ceftazidime. Data analysts were blind to the compound identities but managed to identify the target as thymidylate kinase for AZ1, isoprenoid biosynthesis for fosmidomycin, acyl-transferase for CHIR-090, and DNA metabolism for 2-(cyclobutylmethoxy)-5'-deoxyadenosine. Changes to cell wall metabolites were seen in ceftazidime treatments, although other changes, presumably relating to off-target effects, dominated spectral outputs in the untargeted approach. Drugs which do not work through metabolic pathways, such as the proton carrier CCCP, have no discernible impact on the metabolome. The untargeted metabolomics approach also revealed modifications to two compounds, namely, fosmidomycin and AZ7. An untreated control was also analyzed, and changes to the metabolome were seen over 4 h, highlighting the necessity for careful controls in these types of studies. Metabolomics is a useful tool in the analysis of drug modes of action and can complement other technologies already in use.
Collapse
|
17
|
Takahashi RH, Ma S, Robinson SJ, Yue Q, Choo EF, Khojasteh SC. Elucidating the Mechanisms of Formation for Two Unusual Cytochrome P450–Mediated Fused Ring Metabolites of GDC-0623, a MAPK/ERK Kinase Inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1929-33. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
18
|
Shih CLM, Ajuwon KM. Inhibition of MMP-13 prevents diet-induced obesity in mice and suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1225-32. [PMID: 25682268 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue remodeling by the matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) is critical for tissue hypertrophy and obesity. MMP-13 is an important protein that is highly expressed in adipose tissue but whose potential role in adipose tissue expansion is poorly characterized. We investigated the effect of pharmacological inhibition of MMP-13 with a selective inhibitor, CP-544439, on adipose tissue mass in mice on a high fat diet, and determined the effect of the inhibitor during in vitro adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. CP-544439 was administered for 6 weeks to mice on a high fat diet. Body adiposity and glucose tolerance was determined. Differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes were also treated with the inhibitor for a maximum of 8 days and adipogenesis assessed. Treatment of mice with the inhibitor resulted in reduction in body adiposity and improvement in glucose clearance. Histological examination of epididymal adipose showed reduced adipocyte hypertrophy accompanied by increased staining for collagen in the inhibitor treated mice. Treatment of differentiating 3T3-L1 cells with the inhibitor resulted in reduced adipocyte differentiation. Knockdown of MMP-13 using small interfering RNA in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells reduced adipocyte differentiation indicated by reduced expression of PPARγ. These results suggest that MMP-13 may play a major role in adipose development and its inhibition could be a potential strategy to prevent obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Li M Shih
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee CJ, Liang X, Gopalaswamy R, Najeeb J, Ark ED, Toone EJ, Zhou P. Structural basis of the promiscuous inhibitor susceptibility of Escherichia coli LpxC. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:237-46. [PMID: 24117400 DOI: 10.1021/cb400067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The LpxC enzyme in the lipid A biosynthetic pathway is one of the most promising and clinically unexploited antibiotic targets for treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Progress in medicinal chemistry has led to the discovery of potent LpxC inhibitors with a variety of chemical scaffolds and distinct antibiotic profiles. The vast majority of these compounds, including the nanomolar inhibitors L-161,240 and BB-78485, are highly effective in suppressing the activity of Escherichia coli LpxC (EcLpxC) but not divergent orthologs such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxC (PaLpxC) in vitro. The molecular basis for such promiscuous inhibition of EcLpxC has remained poorly understood. Here, we report the crystal structure of EcLpxC bound to L-161,240, providing the first molecular insight into L-161,240 inhibition. Additionally, structural analysis of the EcLpxC/L-161,240 complex together with the EcLpxC/BB-78485 complex reveals an unexpected backbone flipping of the Insert I βa-βb loop in EcLpxC in comparison with previously reported crystal structures of EcLpxC complexes with l-threonyl-hydroxamate-based broad-spectrum inhibitors. Such a conformational switch, which has only been observed in EcLpxC but not in divergent orthologs such as PaLpxC, results in expansion of the active site of EcLpxC, enabling it to accommodate LpxC inhibitors with a variety of head groups, including compounds containing single (R- or S-enantiomers) or double substitutions at the neighboring Cα atom of the hydroxamate warhead group. These results highlight the importance of understanding inherent conformational plasticity of target proteins in lead optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Jin Lee
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ramesh Gopalaswamy
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Eugene D. Ark
- Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Eric J. Toone
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck K, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB. Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:878-95. [PMID: 23611293 PMCID: PMC3685188 DOI: 10.1021/tx400021f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding potential health risks is a significant challenge due to the large numbers of diverse chemicals with poorly characterized exposures and mechanisms of toxicities. The present study analyzes 976 chemicals (including failed pharmaceuticals, alternative plasticizers, food additives, and pesticides) in Phases I and II of the U.S. EPA's ToxCast project across 331 cell-free enzymatic and ligand-binding high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. Half-maximal activity concentrations (AC50) were identified for 729 chemicals in 256 assays (7,135 chemical-assay pairs). Some of the most commonly affected assays were CYPs (CYP2C9 and CYP2C19), transporters (mitochondrial TSPO, norepinephrine, and dopaminergic), and GPCRs (aminergic). Heavy metals, surfactants, and dithiocarbamate fungicides showed promiscuous but distinctly different patterns of activity, whereas many of the pharmaceutical compounds showed promiscuous activity across GPCRs. Literature analysis confirmed >50% of the activities for the most potent chemical-assay pairs (54) but also revealed 10 missed interactions. Twenty-two chemicals with known estrogenic activity were correctly identified for the majority (77%), missing only the weaker interactions. In many cases, novel findings for previously unreported chemical-target combinations clustered with known chemical-target interactions. Results from this large inventory of chemical-biological interactions can inform read-across methods as well as link potential targets to molecular initiating events in adverse outcome pathways for diverse toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha S. Sipes
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Matthew T. Martin
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Parth Kothiya
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - David M. Reif
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Richard S. Judson
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Ann M. Richard
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Keith
A. Houck
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - David J. Dix
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Robert J. Kavlock
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brown MF, Reilly U, Abramite JA, Arcari JT, Oliver R, Barham RA, Che Y, Chen JM, Collantes EM, Chung SW, Desbonnet C, Doty J, Doroski M, Engtrakul JJ, Harris TM, Huband M, Knafels JD, Leach KL, Liu S, Marfat A, Marra A, McElroy E, Melnick M, Menard CA, Montgomery JI, Mullins L, Noe MC, O'Donnell J, Penzien J, Plummer MS, Price LM, Shanmugasundaram V, Thoma C, Uccello DP, Warmus JS, Wishka DG. Potent inhibitors of LpxC for the treatment of Gram-negative infections. J Med Chem 2012; 55:914-23. [PMID: 22175825 DOI: 10.1021/jm2014748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the synthesis and SAR as well as selectivity, pharmacokinetic, and infection model data for representative analogues of a novel series of potent antibacterial LpxC inhibitors represented by hydroxamic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Brown
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as investigative tools in the pathogenesis and management of vascular disease. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 103:209-79. [PMID: 22642194 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0364-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs could also regulate the activity of several non-ECM bioactive substrates and consequently affect different cellular functions. Members of the MMPs family include collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and others. Pro-MMPs are cleaved into active MMPs, which in turn act on various substrates in the ECM and on the cell surface. MMPs play an important role in the regulation of numerous physiological processes including vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. MMPs may also be involved in vascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and varicose veins. MMPs also play a role in the hemodynamic and vascular changes associated with pregnancy and preeclampsia. The role of MMPs is commonly assessed by measuring their gene expression, protein amount, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. Because there are no specific activators of MMPs, MMP inhibitors are often used to investigate the role of MMPs in different physiologic processes and in the pathogenesis of specific diseases. MMP inhibitors include endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and pharmacological inhibitors such as zinc chelators, doxycycline, and marimastat. MMP inhibitors have been evaluated as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in cancer, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease. Although several MMP inhibitors have been synthesized and tested both experimentally and clinically, only one MMP inhibitor, i.e., doxycycline, is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. This is mainly due to the undesirable side effects of MMP inhibitors especially on the musculoskeletal system. While most experimental and clinical trials of MMP inhibitors have not demonstrated significant benefits, some trials still showed promising results. With the advent of new genetic and pharmacological tools, disease-specific MMP inhibitors with fewer undesirable effects are being developed and could be useful in the management of vascular disease.
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Graham F Smith
- Central Chemistry Team Lead, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tanis SP, Plewe MB, Johnson TW, Butler SL, Dalvie D, DeLisle D, Dress KR, Hu Q, Huang B, Kuehler JE, Kuki A, Liu W, Peng Q, Smith GL, Solowiej J, Tran KT, Wang H, Yang A, Yin C, Yu X, Zhang J, Zhu H. Azaindole N-methyl hydroxamic acids as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors-II. The impact of physicochemical properties on ADME and PK. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7429-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
26
|
Plewe MB, Butler SL, R. Dress K, Hu Q, Johnson TW, Kuehler JE, Kuki A, Lam H, Liu W, Nowlin D, Peng Q, Rahavendran SV, Tanis SP, Tran KT, Wang H, Yang A, Zhang J. Azaindole Hydroxamic Acids are Potent HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7211-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900862n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Plewe
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Scott L. Butler
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Klaus R. Dress
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Qiyue Hu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Ted W. Johnson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Jon E. Kuehler
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Atsuo Kuki
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Hieu Lam
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Wen Liu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Dawn Nowlin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Qinghai Peng
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Sadayappan V. Rahavendran
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Steven P. Tanis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Khanh T. Tran
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Hai Wang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Anle Yang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Junhu Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Baek SJ, Mcentee MF, Legendre AM. Review Paper: Cancer Chemopreventive Compounds and Canine Cancer. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:576-88. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0238-b-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Canine cancer has become more prevalent in recent years because of increased life expectancy and greater attention to the health of pets. The range of cancers seen in dogs is as diverse as that in human patients, and despite more intensive therapeutic interventions, fatality rates remain unacceptably high in both species. Chemoprevention is therefore an important means of confronting this disease. Because domestic pets share our environment, greater cross-application and study of the protumorigenic and antitumorigenic factors in our shared environment will benefit all species, leading to the development of new families of less toxic antitumorigenic compounds based on novel and established molecular targets. Currently, the most interesting cancer preventive agents are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands, and dietary compounds. This article provides an overview of what is known about how these agents affect molecular signaling in neoplastic disease, with reference to reported application and/or study in dogs where available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Baek
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - M. F. Mcentee
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - A. M. Legendre
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| |
Collapse
|