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Sóskuti E, Szilvásy N, Temesszentandrási-Ambrus C, Urbán Z, Csíkvári O, Szabó Z, Kecskeméti G, Pusztai É, Gáborik Z. Applicability of MDR1 Overexpressing Abcb1KO-MDCKII Cell Lines for Investigating In Vitro Species Differences and Brain Penetration Prediction. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:736. [PMID: 38931858 PMCID: PMC11207571 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Implementing the 3R initiative to reduce animal experiments in brain penetration prediction for CNS-targeting drugs requires more predictive in vitro and in silico models. However, animal studies are still indispensable to obtaining brain concentration and determining the prediction performance of in vitro models. To reveal species differences and provide reliable data for IVIVE, in vitro models are required. Systems overexpressing MDR1 and BCRP are widely used to predict BBB penetration, highlighting the impact of the in vitro system on predictive performance. In this study, endogenous Abcb1 knock-out MDCKII cells overexpressing MDR1 of human, mouse, rat or cynomolgus monkey origin were used. Good correlations between ERs of 83 drugs determined in each cell line suggest limited species specificities. All cell lines differentiated CNS-penetrating compounds based on ERs with high efficiency and sensitivity. The correlation between in vivo and predicted Kp,uu,brain was the highest using total ER of human MDR1 and BCRP and optimized scaling factors. MDR1 interactors were tested on all MDR1 orthologs using digoxin and quinidine as substrates. We found several examples of inhibition dependent on either substrate or transporter abundance. In summary, this assay system has the potential for early-stage brain penetration screening. IC50 comparison between orthologs is complex; correlation with transporter abundance data is not necessarily proportional and requires the understanding of modes of transporter inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emőke Sóskuti
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
- Doctoral School of Semmelweis University, Molecular Medicine Division, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Szilvásy
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
| | | | - Zoltán Urbán
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
| | - Olivér Csíkvári
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Gábor Kecskeméti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Éva Pusztai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna Gáborik
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
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2
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Loryan I, Reichel A, Feng B, Bundgaard C, Shaffer C, Kalvass C, Bednarczyk D, Morrison D, Lesuisse D, Hoppe E, Terstappen GC, Fischer H, Di L, Colclough N, Summerfield S, Buckley ST, Maurer TS, Fridén M. Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu,brain-a Game Changing Parameter for CNS Drug Discovery and Development. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1321-1341. [PMID: 35411506 PMCID: PMC9246790 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More than 15 years have passed since the first description of the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) by Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes, which was enabled by advancements in experimental methodologies including cerebral microdialysis. Since then, growing knowledge and data continue to support the notion that the unbound (free) concentration of a drug at the site of action, such as the brain, is the driving force for pharmacological responses. Towards this end, Kp,uu,brain is the key parameter to obtain unbound brain concentrations from unbound plasma concentrations. METHODS To understand the importance and impact of the Kp,uu,brain concept in contemporary drug discovery and development, a survey has been conducted amongst major pharmaceutical companies based in Europe and the USA. Here, we present the results from this survey which consisted of 47 questions addressing: 1) Background information of the companies, 2) Implementation, 3) Application areas, 4) Methodology, 5) Impact and 6) Future perspectives. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS From the responses, it is clear that the majority of the companies (93%) has established a common understanding across disciplines of the concept and utility of Kp,uu,brain as compared to other parameters related to brain exposure. Adoption of the Kp,uu,brain concept has been mainly driven by individual scientists advocating its application in the various companies rather than by a top-down approach. Remarkably, 79% of all responders describe the portfolio impact of Kp,uu,brain implementation in their companies as 'game-changing'. Although most companies (74%) consider the current toolbox for Kp,uu,brain assessment and its validation satisfactory for drug discovery and early development, areas of improvement and future research to better understand human brain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics translation have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Bo Feng
- DMPK, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | | | - Christopher Shaffer
- External Innovation, Research & Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cory Kalvass
- DMPK-BA, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dallas Bednarczyk
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Edmund Hoppe
- DMPK, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Holger Fischer
- Translational PK/PD and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Scott Summerfield
- Bioanalysis Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Fridén
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Varrone A, Bundgaard C, Bang-Andersen B. PET as a Translational Tool in Drug Development for Neuroscience Compounds. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 111:774-785. [PMID: 35201613 PMCID: PMC9305164 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In central nervous system drug discovery programs, early development of new chemical entities (NCEs) requires a multidisciplinary strategy and a translational approach to obtain proof of distribution, proof of occupancy, and proof of function in specific brain circuits. Positron emission tomography (PET) provides a way to assess in vivo the brain distribution of NCEs and their binding to the target of interest, provided that radiolabeling of the NCE is possible or that a suitable radioligand is available. PET is therefore a key tool for early phases of drug discovery programs. This review will summarize the main applications of PET in early drug development and discuss the usefulness of PET microdosing studies performed with direct labelling of the NCE and PET occupancy studies. The purpose of this review is also to propose an alignment of the nomenclatures used by drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic scientists and PET imaging scientists to indicate key pharmacokinetic parameters and to provide guidance in the performance and interpretation of PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Varrone
- Translational Biomarkers and Imaging, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Benny Bang-Andersen
- Translational Biomarkers and Imaging, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Medicinal Chemistry & Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Summerfield SG, Yates JWT, Fairman DA. Free Drug Theory - No Longer Just a Hypothesis? Pharm Res 2022; 39:213-222. [PMID: 35112229 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Free Drug Hypothesis is a well-established concept within the scientific lexicon pervading many areas of Drug Discovery and Development, and yet it is poorly defined by virtue of many variations appearing in the literature. Clearly, unbound drug is in dynamic equilibrium with respect to absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and indeed, interaction with the desired pharmacological target. Binding interactions be they specific (e.g. high affinity) or nonspecific (e.g. lower affinity/higher capacity) are governed by the same fundamental physicochemical tenets including Hill-Langmuir Isotherms, the Law of Mass Action and Drug Receptor Theory. With this in mind, it is time to recognise a more coherent version and consider it the Free Drug Theory and a hypothesis no longer. Today, we have the experimental and modelling capabilities, pharmacological knowledge, and an improved understanding of unbound drug distribution (e.g. Kpuu) to raise the bar on our understanding and analysis of experimental data. The burden of proof should be to rule out mechanistic possibilities and/or experimental error before jumping to the conclusion that any observations contradict these fundamentals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Summerfield
- UK Bioanalysis Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - James W T Yates
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David A Fairman
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulation, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
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5
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Silberbauer LR, Rischka L, Vraka C, Hartmann AM, Godbersen GM, Philippe C, Pacher D, Nics L, Klöbl M, Unterholzner J, Stimpfl T, Wadsak W, Hahn A, Hacker M, Rujescu D, Kasper S, Lanzenberger R, Gryglewski G. ABCB1 variants and sex affect serotonin transporter occupancy in the brain. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4502-4509. [PMID: 36071112 PMCID: PMC7613909 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to personalize psychopharmacological treatment promise to improve efficacy and tolerability. We measured serotonin transporter occupancy immediately after infusion of the widely prescribed P-glycoprotein substrate citalopram and assessed to what extent variants of the ABCB1 gene affect drug target engagement in the brain in vivo. A total of 79 participants (39 female) including 31 patients with major depression and 48 healthy volunteers underwent two PET/MRI scans with the tracer [11C]DASB and placebo-controlled infusion of citalopram (8 mg) in a cross-over design. We tested the effect of six ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and found lower SERT occupancy in ABCB1 rs2235015 minor allele carriers (n = 26, MAF = 0.18) compared to major allele homozygotes (t73 = 2.73, pFWE < 0.05) as well as in men compared to women (t73 = 3.33, pFWE < 0.05). These effects were robust to correction for citalopram plasma concentration, age and diagnosis. From occupancy we derived the ratio of occupied to unoccupied SERT, because in theory this measure is equal to the product of drug affinity and concentration at target sites. A model combining genotype with basic clinical variables, predicted that, at the same dosage, occupied to unoccupied SERT ratio was -14.48 ± 5.38% lower in rs2235015 minor allele carriers, +19.10 ± 6.95% higher in women, -4.83 ± 2.70% lower per 10 kg bodyweight, and -2.68 ± 3.07% lower per 10 years of age. Our results support the exploration of clinical algorithms with adjustment of initial citalopram dosing and highlight the potential of imaging-genetics for precision pharmacotherapy in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo R. Silberbauer
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucas Rischka
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chrysoula Vraka
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette M. Hartmann
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Godber Mathis Godbersen
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile Philippe
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Pacher
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Nics
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Klöbl
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Unterholzner
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Stimpfl
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ,grid.499898.dCenter for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Hahn
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dan Rujescu
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Gryglewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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6
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Liston TE, Hama A, Boltze J, Poe RB, Natsume T, Hayashi I, Takamatsu H, Korinek WS, Lechleiter JD. Adenosine A1R/A3R (Adenosine A1 and A3 Receptor) Agonist AST-004 Reduces Brain Infarction in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Stroke. Stroke 2021; 53:238-248. [PMID: 34802248 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Treatment with A1R/A3R (adenosine A1 and A3 receptor) agonists in rodent models of acute ischemic stroke results in significantly reduced lesion volume, indicating activation of adenosine A1R or A3R is cerebroprotective. However, dosing and timing required for cerebroprotection has yet to be established, and whether adenosine A1R/A3R activation will lead to cerebroprotection in a gyrencephalic species has yet to be determined. METHODS The current study used clinical study intervention timelines in a nonhuman primate model of transient, 4-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion to investigate a potential cerebroprotective effect of the dual adenosine A1R/A3R agonist AST-004. Bolus and then 22 hours intravenous infusion of AST-004 was initiated 2 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Primary outcome measures included lesion volume, lesion growth kinetics, penumbra volume as well as initial pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships measured up to 5 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Secondary outcome measures included physiological parameters and neurological function. RESULTS Administration of AST-004 resulted in rapid and statistically significant decreases in lesion growth rate and total lesion volume. In addition, penumbra volume decline over time was significantly less under AST-004 treatment compared with vehicle treatment. These changes correlated with unbound AST-004 concentrations in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid as well as estimated brain A1R and A3R occupancy. No relevant changes in physiological parameters were observed during AST-004 treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that administration of AST-004 and combined A1R/A3R agonism in the brain are efficacious pharmacological interventions in acute ischemic stroke and warrant further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore E Liston
- Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA (T.E.L., R.B.P., W.S.K.)
| | - Aldric Hama
- Hamamatsu Pharma Research Inc, Japan (A.H., I.H., T.N., H.T.)
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Warwick, United Kingdom (J.B.)
| | - Russell B Poe
- Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA (T.E.L., R.B.P., W.S.K.)
| | | | - Ikuo Hayashi
- Hamamatsu Pharma Research Inc, Japan (A.H., I.H., T.N., H.T.)
| | | | - William S Korinek
- Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA (T.E.L., R.B.P., W.S.K.)
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio (J.D.L.)
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7
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Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid-to-brain extracellular fluid surrogacy is context-specific: insights from LeiCNS-PK3.0 simulations. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 48:725-741. [PMID: 34142308 PMCID: PMC8405486 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Predicting brain pharmacokinetics is critical for central nervous system (CNS) drug development yet difficult due to ethical restrictions of human brain sampling. CNS pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles are often altered in CNS diseases due to disease-specific pathophysiology. We previously published a comprehensive CNS physiologically-based PK (PBPK) model that predicted the PK profiles of small drugs at brain and cerebrospinal fluid compartments. Here, we improved this model with brain non-specific binding and pH effect on drug ionization and passive transport. We refer to this improved model as Leiden CNS PBPK predictor V3.0 (LeiCNS-PK3.0). LeiCNS-PK3.0 predicted the unbound drug concentrations of brain ECF and CSF compartments in rats and humans with less than two-fold error. We then applied LeiCNS-PK3.0 to study the effect of altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, CSF volume and flow, on brain extracellular fluid (ECF) pharmacokinetics. The effect of altered CSF dynamics was simulated using LeiCNS-PK3.0 for six drugs and the resulting drug exposure at brain ECF and lumbar CSF were compared. Simulation results showed that altered CSF dynamics changed the CSF PK profiles, but not the brain ECF profiles, irrespective of the drug's physicochemical properties. Our analysis supports the notion that lumbar CSF drug concentration is not an accurate surrogate of brain ECF, particularly in CNS diseases. Systems approaches account for multiple levels of CNS complexity and are better suited to predict brain PK.
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8
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Storelli F, Anoshchenko O, Unadkat JD. Successful Prediction of Human Steady-State Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Concentration Ratio of P-gp Substrates Using the Proteomics-Informed Relative Expression Factor Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:432-442. [PMID: 33675056 PMCID: PMC8360000 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to optimize central nervous system (CNS) drug development, accurate prediction of the drug's human steady-state unbound brain interstitial fluid-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain ) is critical, especially for drugs that are effluxed by the multiple drug resistance transporters (e.g., P-glycoprotein, P-gp). Due to lack of good in vitro human blood-brain barrier models, we and others have advocated the use of a proteomics-informed relative expressive factor (REF) approach to predict Kp,uu,brain . Therefore, we tested the success of this approach in humans, with a focus on P-gp substrates, using brain positron emission tomography imaging data for verification. To do so, the efflux ratio (ER) of verapamil, N-desmethyl loperamide, and metoclopramide was determined in human P-gp-transfected MDCKII cells using the Transwell assay. Then, using the ER estimate, Kp,uu,brain of the drug was predicted using REF (ER approach). Alternatively, in vitro passive and P-gp-mediated intrinsic clearances (CLs) of these drugs, estimated using a five-compartmental model, were extrapolated to in vivo using REF (active CL) and brain microvascular endothelial cells protein content (passive CL). The ER approach successfully predicted Kp,uu,brain of all three drugs within twofold of observed data and within 95% confidence interval of the observed data for verapamil and N-desmethyl loperamide. Using the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolated clearance approach, Kp,uu,brain was reasonably well predicted but not the brain unbound interstitial fluid drug concentration-time profile. Therefore, we propose that the ER approach be used to predict Kp,uu,brain of CNS candidate drugs to enhance their success in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Storelli
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Olena Anoshchenko
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jashvant D. Unadkat
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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9
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Hopper AT, Juhl M, Hornberg J, Badolo L, Kilburn JP, Thougaard A, Smagin G, Song D, Calice L, Menon V, Dale E, Zhang H, Cajina M, Nattini ME, Gandhi A, Grenon M, Jones K, Khayrullina T, Chandrasena G, Thomsen C, Zorn SH, Brodbeck R, Poda SB, Staal R, Möller T. Synthesis and Characterization of the Novel Rodent-Active and CNS-Penetrant P2X7 Receptor Antagonist Lu AF27139. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4891-4902. [PMID: 33822617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There remains an insufficient number of P2X7 receptor antagonists with adequate rodent potency, CNS permeability, and pharmacokinetic properties from which to evaluate CNS disease hypotheses preclinically. Herein, we describe the molecular pharmacology, safety, pharmacokinetics, and functional CNS target engagement of Lu AF27139, a novel rodent-active and CNS-penetrant P2X7 receptor antagonist. Lu AF27139 is highly selective and potent against rat, mouse, and human forms of the receptors. The rat pharmacokinetic profile is favorable with high oral bioavailability, modest clearance (0.79 L/(h kg)), and good CNS permeability. In vivo mouse CNS microdialysis studies of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed and 2'(3')-O-(benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate (BzATP)-induced IL-1β release demonstrate functional CNS target engagement. Importantly, Lu AF27139 was without effect in standard in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies. Based on these properties, we believe Lu AF27139 will be a valuable tool for probing the role of the P2X7 receptor in rodent models of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen T Hopper
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Martin Juhl
- Process Research Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Jorrit Hornberg
- Toxicology Research Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Lassina Badolo
- Chemistry and DMPK Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Gennady Smagin
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Dekun Song
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Londye Calice
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Veena Menon
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Elena Dale
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Hong Zhang
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Manuel Cajina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Megan E Nattini
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Adarsh Gandhi
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Michel Grenon
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Ken Jones
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Tanzilya Khayrullina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Gamini Chandrasena
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Christian Thomsen
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Stevin H Zorn
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Robb Brodbeck
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Suresh Babu Poda
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Roland Staal
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
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Umezu T, Shibata Y. Toxicokinetic characteristics and effects of diphenylarsinic acid on dopamine in the striatum of free-moving mice. Neurotoxicology 2021; 83:106-115. [PMID: 33417988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA), an artificial phenyl arsenic compound, is considered a groundwater pollutant in Japan. Previous human and animal studies suggested that DPAA affects the central nervous system; however, these effects are poorly understood. The present study investigated the toxicokinetic characteristics and effects of DPAA on dopamine (DA) in the striatum of free-moving mice after a single oral administration. In a simultaneous blood and brain microdialysis study, only DPAA was detectable in both blood and striatum dialysate samples immediately after DPAA administration. DPAA concentrations in the striatum and blood dialysate rapidly reached a maximum, then decreased over time in an essentially parallel manner. A more detailed brain microdialysis examination of intracerebral kinetics revealed that the concentration of DPAA in the striatum dialysate began to increase within 15 min, reaching a maximum approximately 1 h after administration, and then decreased with a biological half-life of approximately 2 h. Moreover, a single oral administration of DPAA at 0.5-32 mg/kg affected the extracellular DA level in the striatum. The effect on DA level changed slowly after DPAA administration, with a bell-shaped dose-response relationship. The present study suggests that DPAA is rapidly absorbed into the blood circulating in the gastrointestinal tract and passes through the blood-brain barrier to subsequently affect DA levels in the striatum in mice after a single oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Umezu
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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11
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Kilbourn MR, Cole EL, Scott PJH. In vitro binding affinity vs. in vivo site occupancy: A PET study of four diastereomers of dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) in monkey brain. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:38-42. [PMID: 32122751 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In vivo imaging methods such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) can be used to examine the relationship between in vitro binding affinity and in vivo occupancy of binding sites in the brain for new drug candidates. In this study, PET imaging in monkey brain was used to evaluate that correlation for a set of four diastereomers of the compound dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the drug tetrabenazine. METHODS PET studies of DTBZ diastereomers were completed in a single monkey brain. In vivo occupancies (ED50) were estimated using multiple drug doses and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 specific radioligand (+)-α-[11C] DTBZ, employing a test-retest sequence of control PET scan, drug administration and a second PET scan completed on a single day. RESULTS DTBZ has three chiral carbon centers and eight possible stereoisomers, and in vivo occupancy of the target site VMAT2 was observed only for the four diastereomers of DTBZ having the 11bR absolute configuration. The estimated in vivo occupancies (ED50 values from 0.023 to >3.15 mg/kg) correlated well (R2 = 0.95) with the in vitro binding affinities (Ki values of 4 to 600 nM for the VMAT2), and an even better correlation (R2 = 0.99) was found for the three isomers with in vitro binding affinities <100 nM. CONCLUSIONS If the physiochemical (MW, log P, pKa) or physiological (metabolism, transport, protein binding) properties of a set of drug stereoisomers are considered similar, the binding affinities determined from in vitro assays may predict the in vivo occupancies of the target binding site in the monkey brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Erin L Cole
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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12
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Vendel E, Rottschäfer V, de Lange ECM. A 3D brain unit model to further improve prediction of local drug distribution within the brain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238397. [PMID: 32966285 PMCID: PMC7511021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs targeting the brain still faces a high failure rate. One of the reasons is a lack of quantitative understanding of the complex processes that govern the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a drug within the brain. While a number of models on drug distribution into and within the brain is available, none of these addresses the combination of factors that affect local drug concentrations in brain extracellular fluid (brain ECF). Here, we develop a 3D brain unit model, which builds on our previous proof-of-concept 2D brain unit model, to understand the factors that govern local unbound and bound drug PK within the brain. The 3D brain unit is a cube, in which the brain capillaries surround the brain ECF. Drug concentration-time profiles are described in both a blood-plasma-domain and a brain-ECF-domain by a set of differential equations. The model includes descriptions of blood plasma PK, transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), by passive transport via paracellular and transcellular routes, and by active transport, and drug binding kinetics. The impact of all these factors on ultimate local brain ECF unbound and bound drug concentrations is assessed. In this article we show that all the above mentioned factors affect brain ECF PK in an interdependent manner. This indicates that for a quantitative understanding of local drug concentrations within the brain ECF, interdependencies of all transport and binding processes should be understood. To that end, the 3D brain unit model is an excellent tool, and can be used to build a larger network of 3D brain units, in which the properties for each unit can be defined independently to reflect local differences in characteristics of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Vendel
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi Rottschäfer
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (VR); (EL)
| | - Elizabeth C. M. de Lange
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (VR); (EL)
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Nicolaï J, Chapy H, Gillent E, Saunders K, Ungell AL, Nicolas JM, Chanteux H. Impact of In Vitro Passive Permeability in a P-gp-transfected LLC-PK1 Model on the Prediction of the Rat and Human Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Concentration Ratio. Pharm Res 2020; 37:175. [PMID: 32856111 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More accurate prediction of the extent of drug brain exposure in early drug discovery and understanding potential species differences could help to guide medicinal chemistry and avoid unnecessary animal studies. Hence, the aim of the current study was to validate the use of a P-gp transfected LLC-PK1 model to predict the unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kpuu,brain) in rats and humans. METHODS MOCK-, Mdr1a- and MDR1-transfected LLC-PK1 monolayers were applied in a transwell setup to quantify the bidirectional transport for 12 specific P-gp substrates, 48 UCB drug discovery compounds, 11 compounds with reported rat in situ brain perfusion data and 6 compounds with reported human Kpuu,brain values. The in vitro transport data were introduced in a minimal PBPK model (SIVA®) to determine the transport parameters. These parameters were combined with the differences between in vitro and in vivo passive permeability as well as P-gp expression levels (as determined by LC-MS/MS), to predict the Kpuu,brain. RESULTS A 10-fold difference between in vitro and in vivo passive permeability was observed. Incorporation of the differences between in vitro and in vivo passive permeability and P-gp expression levels resulted in an improved prediction of rat (AAFE 2.17) and human Kpuu,brain (AAFE 2.10). CONCLUSIONS We have succesfully validated a methodology to use a P-gp overexpressing LLC-PK1 cell line to predict both rat and human Kpuu,brain by correcting for both passive permeability and P-gp expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nicolaï
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Hélène Chapy
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Saunders
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Anna-Lena Ungell
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Nicolas
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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14
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Yoneyama T, Sato S, Sykes A, Fradley R, Stafford S, Bechar S, Howley E, Patel T, Tagawa Y, Moriwaki T, Asahi S. Mechanistic Multilayer Quantitative Model for Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics, Target Occupancy and Pharmacodynamics (PK/TO/PD) Relationship of D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor, TAK-831 in Mice. Pharm Res 2020; 37:164. [PMID: 32901384 PMCID: PMC7478952 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose TAK-831 is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) currently under clinical development for schizophrenia. In this study, a mechanistic multilayer quantitative model that parsimoniously connects pharmacokinetics (PK), target occupancy (TO) and D-serine concentrations as a pharmacodynamic (PD) readout was established in mice. Methods PK, TO and PD time-profiles were obtained in mice and analyzed by mechanistic binding kinetics model connected with an indirect response model in a step wise fashion. Brain distribution was investigated to elucidate a possible mechanism driving the hysteresis between PK and TO. Results The observed nonlinear PK/TO/PD relationship was well captured by mechanistic modeling framework within a wide dose range of TAK-831 in mice. Remarkably different brain distribution was observed between target and reference regions, suggesting that the target-mediated slow binding kinetics rather than slow penetration through the blood brain barrier caused the observed distinct kinetics between PK and TO. Conclusion A quantitative mechanistic model for concentration- and time-dependent nonlinear PK/TO/PD relationship was established for TAK-831 in mice with accounting for possible rate-determining process. The established mechanistic modeling framework will provide a quantitative means for multilayer biomarker-assisted clinical development in multiple central nervous system indications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-020-02893-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yoneyama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Sho Sato
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Andy Sykes
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosa Fradley
- Pharmacology, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Shyam Bechar
- Pharmacology, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Toshal Patel
- Pharmacology, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yoshihiko Tagawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Moriwaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Asahi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Prediction of Serum-Free and Cerebrospinal Fluid Valproic Acid Levels in Patients With Hypoalbuminemia After Craniotomy. Ther Drug Monit 2020; 42:610-616. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Gupta M, Bogdanowicz T, Reed MA, Barden CJ, Weaver DF. The Brain Exposure Efficiency (BEE) Score. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:205-224. [PMID: 31815431 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of microvascular tight junctions and glial cell sheathing, selectively controls drug permeation into the central nervous system (CNS) by either passive diffusion or active transport. Computational techniques capable of predicting molecular brain penetration are important to neurological drug design. A novel prediction algorithm, termed the Brain Exposure Efficiency Score (BEE), is presented. BEE addresses the need to incorporate the role of trans-BBB influx and efflux active transporters by considering key brain penetrance parameters, namely, steady state unbound brain to plasma ratio of drug (Kp,uu) and dose normalized unbound concentration of drug in brain (Cu,b). BEE was devised using quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) and molecular modeling studies on known transporter proteins and their ligands. The developed algorithms are provided as a user-friendly open source calculator to assist in optimizing a brain penetrance strategy during the early phases of small molecule molecular therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Gupta
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Thomas Bogdanowicz
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mark A. Reed
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Barden
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Donald F. Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
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17
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Loryan I, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Syvänen S. Brain Distribution of Drugs: Pharmacokinetic Considerations. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 273:121-150. [PMID: 33258066 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the basic principles of drug transport, from the site of delivery to the site of action within the CNS, in order to evaluate the possible utility of a new drug candidate for CNS action, or possible CNS side effects of non-CNS targeting drugs. This includes pharmacokinetic aspects of drug concentration-time profiles in plasma and brain, blood-brain barrier transport and drug distribution within the brain parenchyma as well as elimination processes from the brain. Knowledge of anatomical and physiological aspects connected with drug delivery is crucial in this context. The chapter is intended for professionals working in the field of CNS drug development and summarizes key pharmacokinetic principles and state-of-the-art experimental methodologies to assess brain drug disposition. Key parameters, describing the extent of unbound (free) drug across brain barriers, in particular blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, are presented along with their application in drug development. Special emphasis is given to brain intracellular pharmacokinetics and its role in evaluating target engagement. Fundamental neuropharmacokinetic differences between small molecular drugs and biologicals are discussed and critical knowledge gaps are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Bhyrapuneni G, Thentu JB, Palacharla VRC, Muddana N, Aleti RR, Ajjala DR, Nirogi R. A definite measure of occupancy exposures, seeking with non-radiolabeled in vivo 5-HT2A receptor occupancy and in vitro free fractions. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2018; 38:359-366. [PMID: 30481094 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2018.1531888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Unbound drug concentration in the brain would be the true exposure responsible for specific target occupancy. Drug exposures from preclinical are total concentrations of those over/underestimate the clinical dose projection. With the application of mass spectrometry, the current work proposes a definite measure of test drug exposures at serotonin-2A occupancy. The 5-HT2A occupancy of antagonist in the rat brain has determined with non-radiolabeled tracer MDL-100,907 at an optimized dose (3 µg/kg) and treatment time (30 min). Equilibrium dialysis method determines the in vitro free fraction of the test antagonist in untreated rat brain homogenates and plasma. Drug-free fractions derived the unbound concentration (EC50) in plasma and brain at test doses. The corresponding binding affinities (Ki) correlated with the unbound concentrations. Except for quetiapine, the ED50 values in the dose-occupancy curves of antagonists are close and ranged from 1 to 3 mg/kg. The test drug quetiapine, eplivanserin, and clozapine showed high free fractions in plasma, but for ketanserin and olanzapine, the brain free fraction was higher. The correlation between the unbound EC50 of the antagonists and corresponding Ki values was good (r2=0.828). The improved EC50 accuracy with unbound concentrations was 10-250 folds in plasma and 10-170 folds in the brain. Further, the free fractions (fu, plasma/fu, brain) of test drugs had shown a correlation of ∼83% with brain permeability (Ctotal brain/Ctotal plasma), a limiting factor. Thus, correlating the occupancy with unbound exposure and pharmacology would result in an accurate measurement of drug potency and optimizes in selecting the clinical dose.
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19
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Liu H, Dong K, Zhang W, Summerfield SG, Terstappen GC. Prediction of brain:blood unbound concentration ratios in CNS drug discovery employing in silico and in vitro model systems. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1357-1372. [PMID: 29548981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a paradigm shift away from optimizing the brain:blood concentration ratio toward the more relevant brain:blood unbound concentration ratio (Kp,uu,br) in CNS drug discovery. Here, we review the recent developments in the in silico and in vitro model systems to predict the Kp,uu,br of discovery compounds with special emphasis on the in-vitro-in-vivo correlation. We also discuss clinical 'translation' of rodent Kp,uu,br and highlight the future directions for improvement in brain penetration prediction. Important in this regard are in silico Kp,uu,br models built on larger datasets of high quality, calibration and deeper understanding of experimental in vitro transporter systems, and better understanding of blood-brain barrier transporters and their in vivo relevance aside from P-gp and BCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houfu Liu
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kelly Dong
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Scott G Summerfield
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarker, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK
| | - Georg C Terstappen
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
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20
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Gustafsson S, Lindström V, Ingelsson M, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Syvänen S. Intact blood-brain barrier transport of small molecular drugs in animal models of amyloid beta and alpha-synuclein pathology. Neuropharmacology 2018; 128:482-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Đorđević SM, Santrač A, Cekić ND, Marković BD, Divović B, Ilić TM, Savić MM, Savić SD. Parenteral nanoemulsions of risperidone for enhanced brain delivery in acute psychosis: Physicochemical and in vivo performances. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:421-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Assessing molecular scaffolds for CNS drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:965-969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Gustafsson S, Eriksson J, Syvänen S, Eriksson O, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Antoni G. Combined PET and microdialysis for in vivo estimation of drug blood-brain barrier transport and brain unbound concentrations. Neuroimage 2017; 155:177-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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24
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Yahata M, Chiba K, Watanabe T, Sugiyama Y. Possibility of Predicting Serotonin Transporter Occupancy From the In Vitro Inhibition Constant for Serotonin Transporter, the Clinically Relevant Plasma Concentration of Unbound Drugs, and Their Profiles for Substrates of Transporters. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2345-2356. [PMID: 28501470 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of target occupancy facilitates central nervous system drug development. In this review, we discuss the predictability of serotonin transporter (SERT) occupancy in human brain estimated from in vitro Ki values for human SERT and plasma concentrations of unbound drug (Cu,plasma), as well as the impact of drug transporters in the blood-brain barrier. First, the geometric means of in vitro Ki values were compared with the means of in vivo Ki values (Ki,u,plasma) which were calculated as Cu,plasma values at 50% occupancy of SERT obtained from previous clinical positron emission tomography/single photon emission computed tomography imaging studies for 6 selective serotonin transporter reuptake inhibitors and 3 serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. The in vitro Ki values for 7 drugs were comparable to their in vivo Ki,u,plasma values within 3-fold difference. SERT occupancy was overestimated for 5 drugs (P-glycoprotein substrates) and underestimated for 2 drugs (presumably uptake transporter substrates, although no evidence exists as yet). In conclusion, prediction of human SERT occupancy from in vitro Ki values and Cu,plasma was successful for drugs that are not transporter substrates and will become possible in future even for transporter substrates, once the transporter activities will be accurately estimated from in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yahata
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Koji Chiba
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takao Watanabe
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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25
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PET microdosing of CNS drugs. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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In-depth neuropharmacokinetic analysis of antipsychotics based on a novel approach to estimate unbound target-site concentration in CNS regions: link to spatial receptor occupancy. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1527-1536. [PMID: 26809840 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study provides a novel in-depth assessment of the extent of antipsychotic drugs transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into various brain regions, as well as across the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). This is combined with an estimation of cellular barrier transport and a systematic evaluation of nonspecific brain tissue binding. The study is based on the new Combinatory Mapping Approach (CMA), here further developed for the assessment of unbound drug neuropharmacokinetics in regions of interest (ROI), referred as CMA-ROI. We show that differences exist between regions in both BBB transport and in brain tissue binding. The most dramatic spatial differences in BBB transport were found for the P-glycoprotein substrates risperidone (5.4-fold) and paliperidone (4-fold). A higher level of transporter-mediated protection was observed in the cerebellum compared with other brain regions with a more pronounced efflux for quetiapine, risperidone and paliperidone. The highest BBB penetration was documented in the frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus (haloperidol, olanzapine), indicating potential influx mechanisms. BSCB transport was in general characterized by more efficient efflux compared with the brain regions. Regional tissue binding was significantly different for haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone and quetiapine (maximally 1.9-fold). Spatial differences in local unbound concentrations were found to significantly influence cortical 5-HT2A receptor occupancy for risperidone and olanzapine. In conclusion, the observed regional differences in BBB penetration may potentially be important factors contributing to variations in therapeutic effect and side effect profiles among antipsychotic drugs.
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Haym I, Huynh THV, Hansen SW, Pedersen MHF, Ruiz JA, Erichsen MN, Gynther M, Bjørn-Yoshimoto WE, Abrahamsen B, Bastlund JF, Bundgaard C, Eriksen AL, Jensen AA, Bunch L. Bioavailability Studies and in vitro Profiling of the Selective Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter Subtype 1 (EAAT1) Inhibitor UCPH-102. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:403-19. [PMID: 26797816 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the selective excitatory amino acid transporter subtype 1 (EAAT1) inhibitor UCPH-101 has become a standard pharmacological tool compound for in vitro and ex vivo studies in the EAAT research field, its inability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier makes it unsuitable for in vivo studies. In the present study, per os (p.o.) administration (40 mg kg(-1) ) of the closely related analogue UCPH-102 in rats yielded respective plasma and brain concentrations of 10.5 and 6.67 μm after 1 h. Three analogue series were designed and synthesized to improve the bioavailability profile of UCPH-102, but none displayed substantially improved properties in this respect. In vitro profiling of UCPH-102 (10 μm) at 51 central nervous system targets in radioligand binding assays strongly suggests that the compound is completely selective for EAAT1. Finally, in a rodent locomotor model, p.o. administration of UCPH-102 (20 mg kg(-1) ) did not induce acute effects or any visible changes in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Haym
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Tri H V Huynh
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Stinne W Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Martin H F Pedersen
- Technical University of Denmark, Center for Nuclear Technologies, DTU Nutech/Hevesy Laboratory, Frederiksborgvej 399, Building 202, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Josep A Ruiz
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mette N Erichsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walden E Bjørn-Yoshimoto
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Abrahamsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anette L Eriksen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lennart Bunch
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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The Importance of Drug Repurposing in the Field of Antiepileptic Drug Development. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6355-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Loryan I, Sinha V, Mackie C, Van Peer A, Drinkenburg WH, Vermeulen A, Heald D, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Wassvik CM. Molecular properties determining unbound intracellular and extracellular brain exposure of CNS drug candidates. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:520-32. [PMID: 25496026 DOI: 10.1021/mp5005965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we sought to gain a mechanistic understanding of the physicochemical properties that influence the transport of unbound drug across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as the intra- and extracellular drug exposure in the brain. Interpretable molecular descriptors that significantly contribute to the three key neuropharmacokinetic properties related to BBB drug transport (Kp,uu,brain), intracellular accumulation (Kp,uu,cell), and binding and distribution in the brain (Vu,brain) for a set of 40 compounds were identified using partial least-squares (PLS) analysis. The tailoring of drug properties for improved brain exposure includes decreasing the polarity and/or hydrogen bonding capacity. The design of CNS drug candidates with intracellular targets may benefit from an increase in basicity and/or the number of hydrogen bond donors. Applying this knowledge in drug discovery chemistry programs will allow designing compounds with more desirable CNS pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Liu X, Wright M, Hop CECA. Rational use of plasma protein and tissue binding data in drug design. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8238-48. [PMID: 25099658 DOI: 10.1021/jm5007935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is a commonly accepted assumption that only unbound drug molecules are available to interact with their targets. Therefore, one of the objectives in drug design is to optimize the compound structure to increase in vivo unbound drug concentration. In this review, theoretical analyses and experimental observations are presented to illustrate that low plasma protein binding does not necessarily lead to high in vivo unbound plasma concentration. Similarly, low brain tissue binding does not lead to high in vivo unbound brain tissue concentration. Instead, low intrinsic clearance leads to high in vivo unbound plasma concentration, and low efflux transport activity at the blood-brain barrier leads to high unbound brain concentration. Plasma protein and brain tissue binding are very important parameters in understanding pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicities of drugs, but these parameters should not be targeted for optimization in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrong Liu
- Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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31
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Smith D, Artursson P, Avdeef A, Di L, Ecker GF, Faller B, Houston JB, Kansy M, Kerns EH, Krämer SD, Lennernäs H, van de Waterbeemd H, Sugano K, Testa B. Passive Lipoidal Diffusion and Carrier-Mediated Cell Uptake Are Both Important Mechanisms of Membrane Permeation in Drug Disposition. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1727-38. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400713v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, S-752 63 Uppsala, Box 580, Sweden
| | - Alex Avdeef
- 1732 First
Avenue, #102, New York, New
York 10128, United States
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gerhard F. Ecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna,
Althanstrasse, 141090 Wien, Austria
| | - Bernard Faller
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, WSJ-350.3.04, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. Brian Houston
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Manfred Kansy
- The Non-Clinical
Safety Department, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edward H. Kerns
- National Center for Advancing Translational
Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | | | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, S-752 63 Uppsala, Box 580, Sweden
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Research
Formulation, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Bernard Testa
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Spreafico M, Jacobson MP. In silico prediction of brain exposure: drug free fraction, unbound brain to plasma concentration ratio and equilibrium half-life. Curr Top Med Chem 2014; 13:813-20. [PMID: 23578025 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611313070004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The focus of CNS drug pharmacokinetics programs has recently shifted from determining the total concentrations in brain and blood to considering also unbound fractions and concentrations. Unfortunately, assessing unbound brain exposure experimentally requires demanding in vivo and in vitro studies. We propose a physical model, based on lipid binding and pH partitioning, to predict in silico the unbound volume of distribution in the brain. The model takes into account the partition of a drug into lipids, interstitial fluid and intracellular compartments of the brain. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data, suggesting that the contributions of lipid binding and pH partitioning are important in determining drug exposure in brain. The predicted values are used, together with predictions for plasma protein binding, as corrective terms in a second model to derive the unbound brain to plasma concentration ratio starting from experimental values of total concentration ratio. The calculated values of brain free fraction and passive permeability are also used to qualitatively determine the brain to plasma equilibration time in a model that shows promising results but is limited to a very small set of compounds. The models we propose are a step forward in understanding and predicting pharmacologically relevant exposure in brain starting from compounds' chemical structure and neuropharmacokinetics, by using experimental total brain to plasma ratios, in silico calculated properties and simple physics-based approaches. The models can be used in central nervous system drug discovery programs for a fast and cheap assessment of unbound brain exposure. For existing compounds, the unbound ratios can be derived from experimental values of total brain to plasma ratios. For both existing and hypothetical compounds, the unbound volume of distribution due to lipid binding and pH partitioning can be calculated starting only from the chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Spreafico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Mechanistic Understanding of Brain Drug Disposition to Optimize the Selection of Potential Neurotherapeutics in Drug Discovery. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2203-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Buranda T, Swanson S, Bondu V, Schaefer L, Maclean J, Mo Z, Wycoff K, Belle A, Hjelle B. Equilibrium and kinetics of Sin Nombre hantavirus binding at DAF/CD55 functionalized bead surfaces. Viruses 2014; 6:1091-111. [PMID: 24618810 PMCID: PMC3970141 DOI: 10.3390/v6031091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55) is targeted by many pathogens for cell entry. It has been implicated as a co-receptor for hantaviruses. To examine the binding of hantaviruses to DAF, we describe the use of Protein G beads for binding human IgG Fc domain-functionalized DAF ((DAF)2-Fc). When mixed with Protein G beads the resulting DAF beads can be used as a generalizable platform for measuring kinetic and equilibrium binding constants of DAF binding targets. The hantavirus interaction has high affinity (24–30 nM; kon ~ 105 M−1s−1, koff ~ 0.0045 s−1). The bivalent (DAF)2-Fc/SNV data agree with hantavirus binding to DAF expressed on Tanoue B cells (Kd = 14.0 nM). Monovalent affinity interaction between SNV and recombinant DAF of 58.0 nM is determined from competition binding. This study serves a dual purpose of presenting a convenient and quantitative approach of measuring binding affinities between DAF and the many cognate viral and bacterial ligands and providing new data on the binding constant of DAF and Sin Nombre hantavirus. Knowledge of the equilibrium binding constant allows for the determination of the relative fractions of bound and free virus particles in cell entry assays. This is important for drug discovery assays for cell entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tione Buranda
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08 4640, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Scarlett Swanson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08 4640, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Virginie Bondu
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08 4640, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Leah Schaefer
- Planet Biotechnology Inc., 25571 Clawiter Road, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
| | - James Maclean
- Planet Biotechnology Inc., 25571 Clawiter Road, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
| | - Zhenzhen Mo
- Planet Biotechnology Inc., 25571 Clawiter Road, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
| | - Keith Wycoff
- Planet Biotechnology Inc., 25571 Clawiter Road, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
| | - Archana Belle
- Planet Biotechnology Inc., 25571 Clawiter Road, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
| | - Brian Hjelle
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08 4640, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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35
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Sane R, Wu SP, Zhang R, Gallo JM. The effect of ABCG2 and ABCC4 on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in the brain. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:537-40. [PMID: 24464805 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is the cornerstone of chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma, yet how the blood-brain barrier (BBB) efflux transporters ABCG2 and ABCC4 influence the required high-dose therapy is unknown. To evaluate their role, we used four mouse strains, C57BL/6 (wild-type; WT), Abcg2(-/-), Abcc4(-/-), and Abcg2(-/-);Abcc4(-/-) (double knockout; DKO) to conduct brain microdialysis studies after single intravenous MTX doses of 50 mg/kg. When the area under the concentration-time curve for plasma (AUC(plasma)) was used to assess systemic exposure to MTX, the rank order was Abcc4(-/-) < WT < Abcg2(-/-) < Abcg2(-/-)Abcc4(-/-). Only the DKO exposure was significantly higher than that of the WT group (P < 0.01), a reflection of the role of Abcg2 in biliary excretion and Abcc4 in renal excretion. MTX brain interstitial fluid concentrations obtained by microdialysis were used to calculate the area under the concentration-time curve for the brain (AUC(brain)), which found the rank order of exposure to be WT < Abcc4(-/-) < Abcg2(-/-) < Abcg2(-/-)Abcc4(-/-) with the largest difference being 4-fold: 286.13 ± 130 μg*min/ml (DKO) versus 66.85 ± 26 (WT). Because the transporters affected the systemic disposition of MTX, particularly in the DKO group, the ratio of the AUC(brain)/AUC(plasma) or the brain/plasma partition coefficient Kp was calculated, revealing that the DKO strain had a significantly higher value (0.23 ± 0.09) than the WT strain (0.11 ± 0.05). Both Abcg2 and Abcc4 limited BBB penetration of MTX; however, only when both drug efflux pumps were negated did the brain accumulation of MTX significantly increase. These findings indicate a contributory role of both ABCG2 and ABCC4 to limiting MTX distribution in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramola Sane
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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36
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37
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Melhem M. Translation of Central Nervous System Occupancy from Animal Models: Application of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:2-6. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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38
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Peripherally restricted CB1 receptor blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4751-60. [PMID: 23902803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists (inverse agonists) of the cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor showed promise as new therapies for controlling obesity and related metabolic function/liver disease. These agents, representing diverse chemical series, shared the property of brain penetration due to the initial belief that therapeutic benefit was mainly based on brain receptor interaction. However, undesirable CNS-based side effects of the only marketed agent in this class, rimonabant, led to its removal, and termination of the development of other clinical candidates soon followed. Re-evaluation of this approach has focused on neutral or peripherally restricted (PR) antagonists. Supporting these strategies, pharmacological evidence indicates most if not all of the properties of globally acting agents may be captured by molecules with little brain presence. Methodology that can be used to eliminate BBB penetration and the means (in vitro assays, tissue distribution and receptor occupancy determinations, behavioral paradigms) to identify potential agents with little brain presence is discussed. Focus will be on the pharmacology supporting the contention that reported agents are truly peripherally restricted. Notable examples of these types of compounds are: TM38837 (structure not disclosed); AM6545 (8); JD5037 (15b); RTI-12 (19).
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39
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Bohnert T, Gan LS. Plasma protein binding: from discovery to development. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2953-94. [PMID: 23798314 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of plasma protein binding (PPB) in modulating the effective drug concentration at pharmacological target sites has been the topic of significant discussion and debate amongst drug development groups over the past few decades. Free drug theory, which states that in absence of energy-dependent processes, after steady state equilibrium has been attained, free drug concentration in plasma is equal to free drug concentration at the pharmacologic target receptor(s) in tissues, has been used to explain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics relationships in a large number of cases. Any sudden increase in free concentration of a drug could potentially cause toxicity and may need dose adjustment. Free drug concentration is also helpful to estimate the effective concentration of drugs that potentially can precipitate metabolism (or transporter)-related drug-drug interactions. Disease models are extensively validated in animals to progress a compound into development. Unbound drug concentration, and therefore PPB information across species is very informative in establishing safety margins and guiding selection of First in Human (FIH) dose and human efficacious dose. The scope of this review is to give an overview of reported role of PPB in several therapeutic areas, highlight cases where PPB changes are clinically relevant, and provide drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics recommendations in discovery and development settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonika Bohnert
- Preclinical PK & In Vitro ADME, Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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40
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Modeling of PET data in CNS drug discovery and development. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2013; 40:267-79. [PMID: 23660778 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-013-9320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is increasingly used in drug discovery and development for evaluation of CNS drug disposition and for studies of disease biomarkers to monitor drug effects on brain pathology. The quantitative analysis of PET data is based on kinetic modeling of radioactivity concentrations in plasma and brain tissue compartments. A number of quantitative methods of analysis have been developed that allow the determination of parameters describing drug pharmacokinetics and interaction with target binding sites in the brain. The optimal method of quantification depends on the properties of the radiolabeled drug or radioligand and the binding site studied. We here review the most frequently used methods for quantification of PET data in relation to CNS drug discovery and development. The utility of PET kinetic modeling in the development of novel CNS drugs is illustrated by examples from studies of the brain kinetic properties of radiolabeled drug molecules.
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41
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Nagpal K, Singh SK, Mishra DN. Drug targeting to brain: a systematic approach to study the factors, parameters and approaches for prediction of permeability of drugs across BBB. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:927-55. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.762354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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42
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Di L, Rong H, Feng B. Demystifying Brain Penetration in Central Nervous System Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2012; 56:2-12. [PMID: 23075026 DOI: 10.1021/jm301297f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
06340, United States
| | - Haojing Rong
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
06340, United States
| | - Bo Feng
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
06340, United States
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43
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Doran AC, Osgood SM, Mancuso JY, Shaffer CL. An Evaluation of Using Rat-Derived Single-Dose Neuropharmacokinetic Parameters to Project Accurately Large Animal Unbound Brain Drug Concentrations. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:2162-73. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.046391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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44
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On the Accuracy of Determination of Unbound Drug Fraction in Tissue using Diluted Tissue Homogenate. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1909-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Bourdet DL, Tsuruda PR, Obedencio GP, Smith JAM. Prediction of Human Serotonin and Norepinephrine Transporter Occupancy of Duloxetine by Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling in the Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 341:137-45. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.188417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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46
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Clinical Utility of Free Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385467-4.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Bundgaard C, Sveigaard C, Brennum LT, Stensbøl TB. Associating in vitro target binding and in vivo CNS occupancy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in rats: the role of free drug concentrations. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:256-65. [PMID: 22017605 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.618953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the theory that free (unbound) active site concentrations are the best predictors of target binding of compounds blocking the serotonin transporter (Sert) in the central nervous system (CNS). Thirteen serotonin reuptake inhibitors were evaluated for their Sert-binding affinities in vitro and in vivo in rats together with their unbound fractions in plasma and brain. Cortical Sert occupancy was used in vivo to acquire EC₅₀-estimates from total plasma, free plasma, whole brain, and free brain concentrations after acute drug administration. The in vitro-in vivo Sert occupancy analyses showed that the best correlation was achieved when unbound brain concentrations were employed. Unbound brain concentrations also provided a better correlation when compared with unbound plasma concentrations, which could be related to lack of equilibrium between plasma and brain at time of measurements or involvement of active brain efflux processes. In addition, brain-free fractions were shown to be directly correlated to the lipophilicity of the compounds. These data emphasize the use and impact of applying free fraction data in assessment of pharmacological in vitro-in vivo correlations and demonstrates its use to validate in vivo Sert occupancy as pharmacodynamic marker for serotonin reuptake inhibitors in rats.
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48
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Lindemann L, Jaeschke G, Michalon A, Vieira E, Honer M, Spooren W, Porter R, Hartung T, Kolczewski S, Büttelmann B, Flament C, Diener C, Fischer C, Gatti S, Prinssen EP, Parrott N, Hoffmann G, Wettstein JG. CTEP: a novel, potent, long-acting, and orally bioavailable metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:474-86. [PMID: 21849627 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.185660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) is a glutamate-activated class C G protein-coupled receptor widely expressed in the central nervous system and clinically investigated as a drug target for a range of indications, including depression, Parkinson's disease, and fragile X syndrome. Here, we present the novel potent, selective, and orally bioavailable mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator with inverse agonist properties 2-chloro-4-((2,5-dimethyl-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine (CTEP). CTEP binds mGlu5 with low nanomolar affinity and shows >1000-fold selectivity when tested against 103 targets, including all known mGlu receptors. CTEP penetrates the brain with a brain/plasma ratio of 2.6 and displaces the tracer [(3)H]3-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-ylethynyl)-cyclohex-2-enone-O-methyl-oxime (ABP688) in vivo in mice from brain regions expressing mGlu5 with an average ED(50) equivalent to a drug concentration of 77.5 ng/g in brain tissue. This novel mGlu5 inhibitor is active in the stress-induced hyperthermia procedure in mice and the Vogel conflict drinking test in rats with minimal effective doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively, reflecting a 30- to 100-fold higher in vivo potency compared with 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) and fenobam. CTEP is the first reported mGlu5 inhibitor with both long half-life of approximately 18 h and high oral bioavailability allowing chronic treatment with continuous receptor blockade with one dose every 48 h in adult and newborn animals. By enabling long-term treatment through a wide age range, CTEP allows the exploration of the full therapeutic potential of mGlu5 inhibitors for indications requiring chronic receptor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Lindemann
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Neuroscience, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Measurement of drug concentrations in biological samples is of utmost importance in many research areas. The information about the amount of drug in a biological sample can be given as either total concentration, which ignores the interaction of the drug with the sample matrix, or as free concentration, which shows the portion of molecules able to diffuse through membranes and exert biological activity. Although the historical trend has been towards determining total concentrations, measurement of free concentrations is becoming more important since it correlates better with pharmacological and toxicological effects. This review will discuss the most popular experimental approaches for monitoring free drug concentrations, based on the type of sample to be investigated and the kind of information to be collected. It is shown that the current challenges in measuring free concentrations are: convenience, accuracy, precision, wide applicability, availability of accurate and precise reference methods, ruggedness, and standardized sample conditions.
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Wager TT, Villalobos A, Verhoest PR, Hou X, Shaffer CL. Strategies to optimize the brain availability of central nervous system drug candidates. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:371-81. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.564158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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