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Kondo S, Miyake M. Simultaneous Prediction Method for Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism Using the Mini-Ussing Chamber System. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2732. [PMID: 38140073 PMCID: PMC10747201 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many evaluation tools for predicting human absorption are well-known for using cultured cell lines such as Caco-2, MDCK, and so on. Since the combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening system, pharmacological assay, and pharmaceutical profiling assay are mainstays of drug development, PAMPA has been used to evaluate human drug absorption. In addition, cultured cell lines from iPS cells have been attracting attention because they morphologically resemble human intestinal tissues. In this review, we used human intestinal tissues to estimate human intestinal absorption and metabolism. The Ussing chamber uses human intestinal tissues to directly assay a drug candidate's permeability and determine the electrophysiological parameters such as potential differences (PD), short circuit current (Isc), and resistance (R). Thus, it is an attractive tool for elucidating human intestinal permeability and metabolism. We have presented a novel prediction method for intestinal absorption and metabolism by utilizing a mini-Ussing chamber using human intestinal tissues and animal intestinal tissues, based on the transport index (TI). The TI value was calculated by taking the change in drug concentrations on the apical side due to precipitation and the total amounts accumulated in the tissue (Tcorr) and transported to the basal side (Xcorr). The drug absorbability in rank order, as well as the fraction of dose absorbed (Fa) in humans, was predicted, and the intestinal metabolism of dogs and rats was also predicted, although it was not quantitative. However, the metabolites formation index (MFI) values, which are included in the TI values, can predict the evaluation of intestinal metabolism and absorption by using ketoconazole. Therefore, the mini-Ussing chamber, equipped with human and animal intestinal tissues, would be an ultimate method to predict intestinal absorption and metabolism simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kondo
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 460-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan;
- Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 460-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Masateru Miyake
- Business Integrity and External Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-16-4 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8242, Japan
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2
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Hernández-Lozano I, Mairinger S, Filip T, Löbsch M, Stanek J, Kuntner C, Bauer M, Zeitlinger M, Hacker M, Helbich TH, Wanek T, Langer O. Positron Emission Tomography-Based Pharmacokinetic Analysis To Assess Renal Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions of Antimicrobial Drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0149322. [PMID: 36786609 PMCID: PMC10019293 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01493-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are of concern in antimicrobial drug development, as they can have serious safety consequences. We used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging-based pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis to assess the effect of different drugs, which may cause transporter-mediated DDIs, on the tissue distribution and excretion of [18F]ciprofloxacin as a radiolabeled model antimicrobial drug. Mice underwent PET scans after intravenous injection of [18F]ciprofloxacin, without and with pretreatment with either probenecid (150 mg/kg), cimetidine (50 mg/kg), or pyrimethamine (5 mg/kg). A 3-compartment kidney PK model was used to assess the involvement of renal transporters in the examined DDIs. Pretreatment with probenecid and cimetidine significantly decreased the renal clearance (CLrenal) of [18F]ciprofloxacin. The effect of cimetidine (-86%) was greater than that of probenecid (-63%), which contrasted with previously published clinical data. The kidney PK model revealed that the decrease in CLrenal was caused by inhibition of basal uptake transporters and apical efflux transporters in kidney proximal tubule cells. Changes in the urinary excretion of [18F]ciprofloxacin after pretreatment with probenecid and cimetidine resulted in increased blood and organ exposure to [18F]ciprofloxacin. Our results suggest that multiple membrane transporters mediate the tubular secretion of ciprofloxacin, with possible species differences between mice and humans. Concomitant medication inhibiting renal transporters may precipitate DDIs, leading to decreased urinary excretion and increased blood and organ exposure to ciprofloxacin, potentially exacerbating adverse effects. Our study highlights the strength of PET imaging-based PK analysis to assess transporter-mediated DDIs at a whole-body level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Filip
- Core Facility Laboratory Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathilde Löbsch
- Core Facility Laboratory Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Stanek
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Kuntner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas H. Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wanek
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Marie S, Frost KL, Hau RK, Martinez-Guerrero L, Izu JM, Myers CM, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Predicting disruptions to drug pharmacokinetics and the risk of adverse drug reactions in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1-28. [PMID: 36815037 PMCID: PMC9939324 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the pharmacokinetics of drugs through drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) causes disease-specific alterations to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes, including a decrease in protein expression of basolateral uptake transporters, an increase in efflux transporters, and modifications to enzyme activity. This can result in increased drug exposure and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Our goal was to predict drugs that pose increased risks for ADRs in NASH patients. Bibliographic research identified 71 drugs with reported ADRs in patients with liver disease, mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 54 of which are known substrates of transporters and/or metabolizing enzymes. Since NASH is the progressive form of NAFLD but is most frequently undiagnosed, we identified other drugs at risk based on NASH-specific alterations to ADME processes. Here, we present another list of 71 drugs at risk of pharmacokinetic disruption in NASH, based on their transport and/or metabolism processes. It encompasses drugs from various pharmacological classes for which ADRs may occur when used in NASH patients, especially when eliminated through multiple pathways altered by the disease. Therefore, these results may inform clinicians regarding the selection of drugs for use in NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Marie
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kayla L. Frost
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Raymond K. Hau
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lucy Martinez-Guerrero
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jailyn M. Izu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Cassandra M. Myers
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen H. Wright
- College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nathan J. Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 520 6260219; fax: +1 520 6266944.
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Zhang T, Zou P, Fang Y, Li Y. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict drug concentrations of breast cancer resistance protein substrates in milk. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:221-232. [PMID: 36265038 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many mothers need to take some medications during breastfeeding, which may carry a risk to breastfed infants. Thus, determining the amount of a drug transferred into breast milk is critical for risk-benefit analysis of breastfeeding. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), an efflux transporter which usually protects the body from environmental and dietary toxins, was reported to be highly expressed in lactating mammary glands. In this study, we developed a mechanistic lactation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach incorporating BCRP mediated transport kinetics to simulate the concentration-time profiles of five BCRP drug substrates (acyclovir, bupropion, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin) in nursing women's plasma and milk. Due to the lack of certain physiological parameters and scaling factors in nursing women, we combine the bottom up and top down PBPK modeling approaches together with literature reported data to optimize and determine a set of parameters that are applicable for all five drugs. The predictive performance of the PBPK models was assessed by comparing predicted pharmacokinetic profiles and the milk-to-plasma (M/P) ratio with clinically reported data. The predicted M/P ratios for acyclovir, bupropion, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin were 2.48, 3.70, 3.55, 1.21, and 5.78, which were all within 1.5-fold of the observed values. These PBPK models are useful to predict the PK profiles of those five drugs in the milk for different dosing regimens. Furthermore, the approach proposed in this study will be applicable to predict pharmacokinetics of other transporter substrates in the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton University, Johnson City, New York, USA
| | - Peng Zou
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yingsi Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton University, Johnson City, New York, USA
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Food and Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, Forestry, and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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Jiang Z, Cao J, Su H, Cao H, Sun Z, Jiang H, Fan Y. Exercise serum regulates uric acid transporters in normal rat kidney cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18086. [PMID: 36302802 PMCID: PMC9613886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) refers to a physiological condition of high serum uric acid (SUA) level in the body, which may cause an increased risk of several chronic diseases. The kidney's impaired uric acid (UA) metabolism is an important reason for HUA. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that circulating factors produced during exercise regulate the expression of ABCC4, ABCG2, URAT1, and GLUT9 in normal rat kidneys and normal rat kidney cells (NRK-52E) and their relationship with NF-κB and NRF-2. NRK-52E cells were separately cultured by serum from 10 healthy SD rats who did not exercise (CON) and 10 healthy SD rats who did aerobic treadmill exercise for 6 weeks. Cells cultured by serum from rats who did aerobic treadmill exercise for 6 weeks were separated by without NRF-2 inhibitor (EXE) and with NRF-2 inhibitor (EXE + ML). SUA level of rats was tested by using dry chemical assays, xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in serum and liver were tested by using enzyme colorimetry assays, protein expression in kidney and NRK-52E cells were tested by using Western-blot, and UA levels in the upper or lower chamber were tested by colorimetry assays. Aerobic exercise reduced SUA levels in rats but did not significantly affect on liver xanthine oxidase. It also increased the expression of some UA transporters in the kidney and NRK-52E cells and increased the cells' ability in UA excretion. When the NRF-2 was inhibited, the NF-κB and ABCG2 increased, and the expression of ABCC4, URAT1, and GLUT9 decreased. In conclusion, this study suggested that 6 weeks of aerobic treadmill exercise intervention may help to improve the excretion of UA in renal cells, suggesting that long-term aerobic exercise may be a means to prevent hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongye Jiang
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Cao
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Su
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- grid.261049.80000 0004 0645 4572North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyuan Sun
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoze Jiang
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Fan
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Li Z, Du X, Tian S, Fan S, Zuo X, Li Y, Wang R, Wang B, Huang Y. Pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions: Altered systemic exposure and tissue distribution of ciprofloxacin, a substrate of multiple transporters, after combined treatment with Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don extracts. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1033667. [PMID: 36386188 PMCID: PMC9640990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1033667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Combination of Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don extract (PCE) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was commonly prescribed in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Their pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions (HDIs) were focused in this study to assess potential impact on the safety and effectiveness. Methods: A randomized, three-period, crossover trial was designed to study the pharmacokinetic HDI between PCE and CIP in healthy humans. Their pharmacokinetic- and tissue distribution-based HDIs were also evaluated in rats. Gallic acid (GA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA) were chosen as PK-markers of PCE in humans and rats. Potential drug interaction mechanisms were revealed by assessing the effects of PCE on the activity and expression of multiple transporters, including OAT1/3, OCT2, MDR1, and BCRP. Results: Concurrent use of PCE substantially reduced circulating CIP (approximately 40%–50%) in humans and rats, while CIP hardly changed circulating GA and PCA. PCE significantly increased the tissue distribution of CIP in the prostate and testis of rats, but decreased in liver and lungs. Meanwhile, CIP significantly increased the tissue distribution of GA or PCA in the prostate and testis of rats, but decreased in kidney and heart. In the transporter-mediated in vitro HDI, GA and PCA presented inhibitory effects on OAT1/3 and inductive effects on MDR1 and BCRP. Conclusion: Multiple transporter-mediated HDI contributes to effects of PCE on the reduced systemic exposure and altered tissue distribution of CIP. More attention should be paid on the potential for PCE-perpetrated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Du
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Tian
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xurui Zuo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Baohe Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhong Huang,
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Li Z, Du X, Li Y, Wang R, Liu C, Cao Y, Wu W, Sun J, Wang B, Huang Y. Pharmacokinetics of gallic acid and protocatechuic acid in humans after dosing with Relinqing (RLQ) and the potential for RLQ-perpetrated drug-drug interactions on organic anion transporter (OAT) 1/3. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:757-768. [PMID: 34144662 PMCID: PMC8216263 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1934039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Relinqing granules (RLQ) are being used alone or in combination with antibacterial drugs to treat urological disorders. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the pharmacokinetics of RLQ in humans and the potential for RLQ-perpetrated interactions on transporters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve healthy subjects (six women and six men) participated to compare single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of RLQ. In the single-dose study, all 12 subjects received 8 g of RLQ orally. After a 7-d washout period, the subjects received 8 g of RLQ for seven consecutive days (t.i.d.) and then a single dose. Gallic acid (GA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA) in plasma and urine samples were analysed using LC-MS/MS. The transfected cells were used to study the inhibitory effect of GA (50-5000 μg/L) and PCA (10-1000 μg/L) on transporters OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, OATP1B1, P-gp and BCRP. RESULTS GA and PCA were absorbed into the blood within 1 h after administration and rapidly eliminated with a half-life of less than 2 h. The mean peak concentrations of GA (102 and 176 μg/L) and PCA (4.54 and 7.58 μg/L) were lower in males than females, respectively. The 24 h urine recovery rates of GA and PCA were about 10% and 5%, respectively. The steady-state was reached in 7 d without accumulation. GA was a potent inhibitor of OAT1 (IC50 = 3.73 μM) and OAT3 (IC50 = 29.41 μM), but not OCT2, OATP1B1, P-gp or BCRP. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS GA and PCA are recommended as PK-markers in RLQ-related pharmacokinetic and drug interaction studies. We should pay more attention to the potential for RLQ-perpetrated interactions on transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xi Du
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yanguang Cao
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weidang Wu
- TIPR Pharmaceutical Responsible Co., Ltd, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jinxia Sun
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Baohe Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
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Zhang D, Wei C, Hop CECA, Wright MR, Hu M, Lai Y, Khojasteh SC, Humphreys WG. Intestinal Excretion, Intestinal Recirculation, and Renal Tubule Reabsorption Are Underappreciated Mechanisms That Drive the Distribution and Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Small Molecule Drugs. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7045-7059. [PMID: 34010555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug reabsorption following biliary excretion is well-known as enterohepatic recirculation (EHR). Renal tubular reabsorption (RTR) following renal excretion is also common but not easily assessed. Intestinal excretion (IE) and enteroenteric recirculation (EER) have not been recognized as common disposition mechanisms for metabolically stable and permeable drugs. IE and intestinal reabsorption (IR:EHR/EER), as well as RTR, are governed by dug concentration gradients, passive diffusion, active transport, and metabolism, and together they markedly impact disposition and pharmacokinetics (PK) of small molecule drugs. Disruption of IE, IR, or RTR through applications of active charcoal (AC), transporter knockout (KO), and transporter inhibitors can lead to changes in PK parameters. The impacts of intestinal and renal reabsorption on PK are under-appreciated. Although IE and EER/RTR can be an intrinsic drug property, there is no apparent strategy to optimize compounds based on this property. This review seeks to improve understanding and applications of IE, IR, and RTR mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew R Wright
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - W Griff Humphreys
- Aranmore Pharma Consulting, 11 Andrew Drive, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
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Aboriginal Bacterial Flora in the Uricase-Deficient Rat Gut is Not the Main Factor Affecting Serum Uric Acid. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5587642. [PMID: 34113389 PMCID: PMC8154307 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5587642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between intestinal bacteria and hyperuricemia is a hot research topic. To better understand this relationship, uricase-deficient Sprague–Dawley rats (Kunming-DY rats) were used. The wild-type rats and Kunming-DY rats were used as controls. Kunming-DY rats were treated with ampicillin (90 mg/kg) and ciprofloxacin (150 mg/kg) for 5 days. Bacterial 16S rDNA in the fresh stool was sequenced, and the abundance was calculated. The rats' serum uric acid (SUA) level was assayed, and the rats' intake and output in 24 h were recorded. The bacterial diversity in three groups' fresh stool was analyzed. The gut bacterial diversity and abundance changed in the Kunming-DY rats. More than 99% of bacteria were inhibited or killed by the combination of antibiotics. In contrast to each of the antibiotics alone, the combination of antibiotics lowered the Kunming-DY rats' SUA level; it also caused mild diarrhea, which increased uric acid excretion through stool. These results suggested that the aboriginal gut bacteria in uricase-deficient rats play a minor role in determining the SUA levels. It is too early to conclude that aboriginal gut bacteria are a tempting target for lowering SUA levels.
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Hernández-Lozano I, Wanek T, Sauberer M, Filip T, Mairinger S, Stanek J, Traxl A, Karch R, Schuetz JD, Langer O. Influence of ABC transporters on the excretion of ciprofloxacin assessed with PET imaging in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 163:105854. [PMID: 33865975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is a commonly prescribed fluoroquinolone antibiotic which is cleared by active tubular secretion and intestinal excretion. Ciprofloxacin is a known substrate of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4). In this work, we used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to investigate the influence of BCRP, MRP4, MRP2 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the excretion of [18F]ciprofloxacin in mice. Dynamic 90-min PET scans were performed after intravenous injection of [18F]ciprofloxacin in wild-type mice without and with pre-treatment with the broad-spectrum MRP inhibitor MK571. Moreover, [18F]ciprofloxacin PET scans were performed in Abcc4(-/-), Abcc2(-/-), Abcc4(-/-)Abcg2(-/-) and Abcb1a/b(-/-)Abcg2(-/-) mice. In addition to non-compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis, a novel three-compartment PK model was developed for a detailed assessment of the renal disposition of [18F]ciprofloxacin. In MK571 pre-treated mice, a significant increase in the blood exposure to [18F]ciprofloxacin was observed along with a significant reduction in the renal and intestinal clearances. PK modelling revealed a significant reduction in renal radioactivity uptake (CL1) and in the rate constants for transfer of radioactivity from the corticomedullary renal region into blood (k2) and urine (k3), respectively, after MK571 administration. No changes in the renal clearance or in the estimated kidney PK model parameters were observed in any of the studied knockout models, while a significant reduction in the intestinal clearance was observed in Abcc2(-/-) and Abcc4(-/-)Abcg2(-/-) mice. Our data failed to reveal a role of any of the studied ABC transporters in the tubular secretion of ciprofloxacin. This may indicate that ciprofloxacin is handled in the kidneys by more than one transporter family, most likely with a great degree of mutual functional redundancy. Our study highlights the potential of PET imaging for an assessment of transporter-mediated renal excretion of radiolabelled drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hernández-Lozano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Wanek
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Michael Sauberer
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Thomas Filip
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Johann Stanek
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Alexander Traxl
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Karch
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 38105 Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Zheng Y, Kng J, Yang C, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Cationic polymer synergizing with chemotherapeutics and re-purposing antibiotics against cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2174-2182. [PMID: 33502409 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for cancer. However, toxicity and the development of drug resistance have become the major hurdles to the commonly used chemotherapeutics such as doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Antibiotics have also been used as anti-cancer drugs due to their anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects. However, these anti-tumor antibiotics like ciprofloxacin face the similar resistance and toxicity issues. In this study, we used a quaternary ammonium-functionalized cationic polycarbonate to synergize with the existing chemotherapeutics and re-purpose antibiotics to address the resistance and toxicity issues. When used in combination with the drugs, the cationic polymer induced 2-3 fold more damage in the cancer cell membrane within 2 hours, thus enhancing the uptake of chemotherapeutics up to 2.5 fold more into the breast, liver and even chemotherapeutics-resistant cancer cells. On the other hand, the chemotherapeutics increased the cellular uptake of polymer. The combined effects resulted in 3-10 fold reduction in IC50 of chemotherapy drugs and yielded therapeutic synergy at a clinically-relevant concentration range of drugs when treating multiple types of cancer cells, while the use of guanidinium-functionalized polymer capable of membrane translocation did not lead to a synergistic effect. Thus, the quaternary ammonium-functionalized cationic polymer can increase the therapeutic efficacies of existing drugs, mitigating toxicities by lowering required dosage and circumventing drug resistance via its membrane disruption mechanism. The findings of this study provide insights into designing future anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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12
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The Segregated Intestinal Flow Model (SFM) for Drug Absorption and Drug Metabolism: Implications on Intestinal and Liver Metabolism and Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040312. [PMID: 32244748 PMCID: PMC7238003 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of the segregated flow model (SFM), which considers split intestinal flow patterns perfusing an active enterocyte region that houses enzymes and transporters (<20% of the total intestinal blood flow) and an inactive serosal region (>80%), were compared to those of the traditional model (TM), wherein 100% of the flow perfuses the non-segregated intestine tissue. The appropriateness of the SFM model is important in terms of drug absorption and intestinal and liver drug metabolism. Model behaviors were examined with respect to intestinally (M1) versus hepatically (M2) formed metabolites and the availabilities in the intestine (FI) and liver (FH) and the route of drug administration. The %contribution of the intestine to total first-pass metabolism bears a reciprocal relation to that for the liver, since the intestine, a gateway tissue, regulates the flow of substrate to the liver. The SFM predicts the highest and lowest M1 formed with oral (po) and intravenous (iv) dosing, respectively, whereas the extent of M1 formation is similar for the drug administered po or iv according to the TM, and these values sit intermediate those of the SFM. The SFM is significant, as this drug metabolism model explains route-dependent intestinal metabolism, describing a higher extent of intestinal metabolism with po versus the much reduced or absence of intestinal metabolism with iv dosing. A similar pattern exists for drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The inhibitor or inducer exerts its greatest effect on victim drugs when both inhibitor/inducer and drug are given po. With po dosing, more drug or inhibitor/inducer is brought into the intestine for DDIs. The bypass of flow and drug to the enterocyte region of the intestine after intravenous administration adds complications to in vitro–in vivo extrapolations (IVIVE).
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13
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Kawahara I, Nishikawa S, Yamamoto A, Kono Y, Fujita T. The Impact of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2) on Drug Transport Across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:491-498. [PMID: 32193356 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is expressed on the apical membrane of small intestinal epithelial cells and functions as an efflux pump with broad substrate recognition. Therefore, quantitative evaluation of the contribution of BCRP to the intestinal permeability of new chemical entities is very important in drug research and development. In this study, we assessed the BCRP-mediated efflux of several model drugs in Caco-2 cells using WK-X-34 as a dual inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP and LY335979 as a selective inhibitor of P-gp. The permeability of daidzein was high with an apparent permeability coefficient for apical-to-basal transport (P AB) of 20.3 × 10-6 cm/s. In addition, its efflux ratio (ER) was 1.55, indicating that the contribution of BCRP to its transport is minimal. Estrone-3-sulfate and ciprofloxacin showed relatively higher ER values (>2.0), whereas their BCRP-related absorptive quotient (AQ BCRP) was 0.21 and 0.3, respectively. These results indicate that BCRP does not play a major role in regulating the permeability of estrone-3-sulfate and ciprofloxacin in Caco-2 cells. Nitrofurantoin showed a P AB of 1.8 × 10-6 cm/s, and its ER was 7.6. However, the AQ BCRP was 0.37, suggesting minimal contribution of BCRP to nitrofurantoin transport in Caco-2 cells. In contrast, topotecan, SN-38, and sulfasalazine had low P AB values (0.81, 1.13, and 0.19 × 10-6 cm/s, respectively), and each AQ BCRP was above 0.6, indicating that BCRP significantly contributes to the transport of these compounds in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, Caco-2 cells are useful to accurately estimate the contribution of BCRP to intestinal drug absorption. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We performed an in vitro assessment of the contribution of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) to the transport of BCRP and/or P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates across Caco-2 cell monolayers using absorptive quotient, which has been proposed to represent the contribution of drug efflux transporters to the net efflux. The present study demonstrates that the combined use of a BCRP/P-gp dual inhibitor and a P-gp selective inhibitor is useful to estimate the impact of BCRP and P-gp on the permeability of tested compounds in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iichiro Kawahara
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (I.K., S.N., A.Y.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (Y.K., T.F.)
| | - Satoyo Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (I.K., S.N., A.Y.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (Y.K., T.F.)
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (I.K., S.N., A.Y.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (Y.K., T.F.)
| | - Yusuke Kono
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (I.K., S.N., A.Y.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (Y.K., T.F.)
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (I.K., S.N., A.Y.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (Y.K., T.F.)
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14
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Tolentino-Hernández SJ, Cruz-Antonio L, Pérez-Urizar J, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Castañeda-Hernández G. Oral Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Mexican Volunteers and Other Populations: Is There Interethnic Variability? Arch Med Res 2020; 51:268-277. [PMID: 32143939 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that the pharmacokinetics of certain drugs in Mexicans may differ with respect to other ethnic groups. On the other hand, there is controversy about the existence of interethnic variability in the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. AIM OF THE STUDY To study oral ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in Mexicans at various dose levels and make comparisons with other populations in order to gain insight on interethnic variability. METHODS Healthy Mexican volunteers received oral ciprofloxacin as 250 mg and 500 mg immediate-release tablets or a 1,000 mg extended-release formulation. Plasma concentration against time curves were constructed, and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with those reported for other populations. RESULTS Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in Mexicans was linear and no significant differences between males and females were detected. When several populations were compared, it appeared that bioavailability in Mexicans was similar to that of Caucasians, being lower than that of Asians. These variations were attenuated when data were normalized by body weight. CONCLUSIONS Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics exhibit interethnic variability, Asians exhibiting an increased bioavailability with regard to Mexicans and Caucasians. Data suggest that these differences are due to body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suset J Tolentino-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leticia Cruz-Antonio
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pérez-Urizar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Héctor A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, México
| | - Gilberto Castañeda-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.
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15
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Ramsay E, Hagström M, Vellonen KS, Boman S, Toropainen E, del Amo EM, Kidron H, Urtti A, Ruponen M. Role of retinal pigment epithelium permeability in drug transfer between posterior eye segment and systemic blood circulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 143:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Bulitta JB, Jiao Y, Landersdorfer CB, Sutaria DS, Tao X, Shin E, Höhl R, Holzgrabe U, Stephan U, Sörgel F. Comparable Bioavailability and Disposition of Pefloxacin in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Healthy Volunteers Assessed via Population Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11070323. [PMID: 31295857 PMCID: PMC6681055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolone antibiotics present an attractive oral treatment option in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Prior studies have reported comparable clearances and volumes of distribution in patients with CF and healthy volunteers for primarily renally cleared quinolones. We aimed to provide the first pharmacokinetic comparison for pefloxacin as a predominantly nonrenally cleared quinolone and its two metabolites between both subject groups. Eight patients with CF (fat-free mass [FFM]: 36.3 ± 6.9 kg, average ± SD) and ten healthy volunteers (FFM: 51.7 ± 9.9 kg) received 400 mg pefloxacin as a 30 min intravenous infusion and orally in a randomized, two-way crossover study. All plasma and urine data were simultaneously modelled. Bioavailability was complete in both subject groups. Pefloxacin excretion into urine was approximately 74% higher in patients with CF compared to that in healthy volunteers, whereas the urinary excretion of metabolites was only slightly higher in patients with CF. After accounting for body size and composition via allometric scaling by FFM, pharmacokinetic parameter estimates in patients with CF divided by those in healthy volunteers were 0.912 for total clearance, 0.861 for nonrenal clearance, 1.53 for renal clearance, and 0.916 for volume of distribution. Nonrenal clearance accounted for approximately 90% of total pefloxacin clearance. Overall, bioavailability and disposition were comparable between both subject groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen B Bulitta
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
| | - Yuanyuan Jiao
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Cornelia B Landersdorfer
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dhruvitkumar S Sutaria
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Xun Tao
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Eunjeong Shin
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Rainer Höhl
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Klinikum Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stephan
- IBMP-Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 90562 Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Duisburg, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Fritz Sörgel
- IBMP-Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 90562 Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Duisburg, 47057 Essen, Germany.
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Tomas A, Stilinović N, Sabo A, Tomić Z. Use of microdialysis for the assessment of fluoroquinolone pharmacokinetics in the clinical practice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 131:230-242. [PMID: 30811969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial drugs, including fluoroquinolones, can exert their therapeutic action only with adequate penetration at the infection site. Multiple factors, such as rate of protein binding, drug liposolubility and organ blood-flow all influence ability of antibiotics to penetrate target tissues. Microdialysis is an in vivo sampling technique that has been successfully applied to measure the distribution of fluoroquinolones in the interstitial fluid of different tissues both in animal studies and clinical setting. Tissue concentrations need to be interpreted within the context of the pathogenesis and causative agents implicated in infections. Integration of microdialysis -derived tissue pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamic data offers crucial information for correlating exposure with antibacterial effect. This review explores these concepts and provides an overview of tissue concentrations of fluoroquinolones derived from microdialysis studies and explores the therapeutic implications of fluoroquinolone distribution at various target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Nebojša Stilinović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ana Sabo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zdenko Tomić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
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18
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Gatarić B, Parojčić J. Application of data mining approach to identify drug subclasses based on solubility and permeability. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2019; 40:51-61. [PMID: 30635908 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Solubility and permeability are recognized as key parameters governing drug intestinal absorption and represent the basis for biopharmaceutics drug classification. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is widely accepted and adopted by regulatory agencies. However, currently established low/high permeability and solubility boundaries are the subject of the ongoing scientific discussion. The aim of the present study was to apply data mining analysis on the selected drugs data set in order to develop a human permeability predictive model based on selected molecular descriptors, and to perform data clustering and classification to identify drug subclasses with respect to dose/solubility ratio (D/S) and effective permeability (Peff ). The Peff values predicted for 30 model drugs for which experimental human permeability data are not available were in good agreement with the reported fraction of drug absorbed. The results of clustering and classification analysis indicate the predominant influence of Peff over D/S. Two Peff cut-off values (1 × 10-4 and 2.7 × 10-4 cm/s) have been identified indicating the existence of an intermediate group of drugs with moderate permeability. Advanced computational analysis employed in the present study enabled the recognition of complex relationships and patterns within physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties associated with drug bioperformance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Gatarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Banja Luka - Faculty of Medicine, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Hercegovina
| | - Jelena Parojčić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
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Jiao Y, Kim TH, Tao X, Kinzig M, Landersdorfer CB, Drescher SK, Sutaria DS, Moya B, Holzgrabe U, Sörgel F, Bulitta JB. First population pharmacokinetic analysis showing increased quinolone metabolite formation and clearance in patients with cystic fibrosis compared to healthy volunteers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:416-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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Characterization of new, efficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis topoisomerase-I inhibitors and their interaction with human ABC multidrug transporters. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202749. [PMID: 30183750 PMCID: PMC6124754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a major worldwide health problem. In addition to the bacterial mechanisms, human drug transporters limiting the cellular accumulation and the pharmacological disposition of drugs also influence the efficacy of treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis topoisomerase-I (MtTopo-I) is a promising target for antimicrobial treatment. In our previous work we have identified several hit compounds targeting the MtTopo-I by in silico docking. Here we expand the scope of the compounds around three scaffolds associated with potent MtTopo-I inhibition. In addition to measuring the effect of newly generated compounds on MtTopo-I activity, we characterized the compounds’ antimicrobial activity, toxicity in human cells, and interactions with human multidrug transporters. Some of the newly developed MtTopo-I inhibitors have strong antimicrobial activity and do not harm mammalian cells. Moreover, our studies revealed significant human ABC drug transporter interactions for several MtTopo-I compounds that may modify their ADME-Tox parameters and cellular effects. Promising new drug candidates may be selected based on these studies for further anti-TB drug development.
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Zhang Y, Huang J, Liu Y, Guo T, Wang L. Using the lentiviral vector system to stably express chicken P-gp and BCRP in MDCK cells for screening the substrates and studying the interplay of both transporters. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2027-2042. [PMID: 29725709 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are known to influence the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of substrate drugs. However, no detailed information is as yet available about functional activity and substrate spectra of chicken P-gp and BCRP. In this study, BCRP single and BCRP/P-gp double-transfected MDCK cell lines (named MDCK-chAbcg2 and MDCK-chAbcg2/Abcb1, respectively) were generated using lentiviral vector system to develop reliable systems for screening the substrates for these two transporters and study the interplay between them. The constructed cell lines significantly expressed functional exogenous proteins and expression persisted for at least 50 generations with no decrease. Enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tilmicosin, sulfadiazine, ampicillin and clindamycin were classified as the substrates of chicken P-gp according to the rules suggested by FDA, as their net efflux ratios were greater than two. Similarly, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tilmicosin, florfenicol, ampicillin and clindamycin were classified as the substrates of BCRP. Among these drugs, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tilmicosin, ampicillin, and clindamycin were the cosubstrates of P-gp and BCRP, however, chicken BCRP and P-gp exhibit different affinities to the shared substrates at different concentrations by blocking either one or both transport with specific inhibitors in the coexpression system. It was also found that ceftiofur, amoxicillin and doxycycline were not substrates of either chicken BCRP or the substrates of chicken P-gp. These constructed cell models provide useful systems for high-throughput screening of the potential substrates of chicken BCRP and P-gp as well as the drug-drug interaction mediated via chicken BCRP and P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1# Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhu Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1# Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1# Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1# Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1# Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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An in silico approach to determine challenges in the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin, a poorly soluble weak base with borderline solubility and permeability characteristics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 122:186-196. [PMID: 29111469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is administered as the hydrochloride salt in immediate release formulations for the treatment of various infectious diseases in different patient populations. Due to its weakly basic properties and poor solubility, the in vivo behaviour of this compound could be influenced by both physicochemical and physiological factors. The first aim of this study was to investigate the behaviour of ciprofloxacin (Ciprobay® 500 mg tablets) in the human gastro-intestinal tract with in vitro dissolution, transfer and two-stage experiments. Ciprobay® IR tablets dissolved completely in FaSSGF-V2, but dissolution was incomplete in FaSSIF-V2 and in an achlorhydric medium (FaSSGF-achlorhydric) and slow precipitation was observed in all three media. Ciprofloxacin did not precipitate in the transfer model but in the two-stage test, a simplified version of the transfer model, some precipitation was detected. In the second part of this study the data obtained in the in vitro transfer experiment were integrated into a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model. Based on the in vitro results, it was concluded that precipitation of ciprofloxacin would be unlikely in vivo. When precipitation was assumed to be negligible in the PBPK model, good predictions of plasma concentration time profiles provided by Bayer Pharma AG and obtained from the open literature were attained. Parameter Sensitivity Analysis (PSA) was conducted on several parameters which may influence the in vivo behaviour of ciprofloxacin. It was shown that precipitation in the gastro-intestinal tract in humans after a dose of 500 mg is not a determinant of the PK profile. PSA further suggested that ciprofloxacin behaves in vivo as a BCS Class I drug according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), even though on the basis of available solubility and permeability data the compound has been categorised as a BCS II/IV drug. These findings illustrate the importance of coupling in vitro results with in silico PBPK models to better understand the in vivo behaviour of weakly basic drugs. The PBPK model of ciprofloxacin, which was set up for healthy volunteers, was also modified to predict the in vivo behaviour of ciprofloxacin in several different patient populations. It was shown on the basis of these simulations that the plasma concentration time profile may be less influenced by disease state than previously expected.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION In pharmacotherapy, drugs are mostly taken orally to be absorbed systemically from the small intestine, and some drugs are known to have preferential absorption sites in the small intestine. It would therefore be valuable to know the absorption sites of orally administered drugs and the influencing factors. Areas covered:In this review, the author summarizes the reported absorption sites of orally administered drugs, as well as, influencing factors and experimental techniques. Information on the main absorption sites and influencing factors can help to develop ideal drug delivery systems and more effective pharmacotherapies. Expert opinion: Various factors including: the solubility, lipophilicity, luminal concentration, pKa value, transporter substrate specificity, transporter expression, luminal fluid pH, gastrointestinal transit time, and intestinal metabolism determine the site-dependent intestinal absorption. However, most of the dissolved fraction of orally administered drugs including substrates for ABC and SLC transporters, except for some weakly basic drugs with higher pKa values, are considered to be absorbed sequentially from the proximal small intestine. Securing the solubility and stability of drugs prior to reaching to the main absorption sites and appropriate delivery rates of drugs at absorption sites are important goals for achieving effective pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Murakami
- a Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hiroshima International University , Hiroshima , Japan
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24
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Myers AL, Kawedia JD, Champlin RE, Kramer MA, Nieto Y, Ghose R, Andersson BS. Clarifying busulfan metabolism and drug interactions to support new therapeutic drug monitoring strategies: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:901-923. [PMID: 28766962 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1360277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Busulfan (Bu) is an alkylating agent with a limited therapeutic margin and exhibits inter-patient variability in pharmacokinetics (PK). Despite decades of use, mechanisms of Bu PK-based drug-drug interactions (DDIs), as well as the negative downstream effects of these DDIs, have not been fully characterized. Areas covered: This article provides an overview of Bu PK, with a primary focus on how known and potentially unknown drug metabolism pathways influence Bu-associated DDIs. In addition, pharmacogenomics of Bu chemotherapy and Bu-related DDIs observed in the stem cell transplant clinic (SCT) are summarized. Finally the increasing importance of Bu therapeutic drug monitoring is highlighted. Expert opinion: Mechanistic studies of Bu metabolism have shown that in addition to GST isoenzymes, other oxidative enzymes (CYP, FMO) and ABC/MDR drug transporters likely contribute to the overall clearance of Bu. Despite many insights, results from clinical studies, especially in polypharmacy settings and between pediatric and adult patients, remain conflicting. Further basic science and clinical investigative efforts are required to fully understand the key factors determining Bu PK characteristics and its effects on complications after SCT. Improved TDM strategies are promising components to further investigate, for instance DDI mechanisms and patient outcomes, in the highly complex SCT treatment setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Myers
- a Department of Pharmacy Research, Division of Pharmacy , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jitesh D Kawedia
- a Department of Pharmacy Research, Division of Pharmacy , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Richard E Champlin
- b Department of Stem Cell Transplantation , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Mark A Kramer
- a Department of Pharmacy Research, Division of Pharmacy , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Yago Nieto
- b Department of Stem Cell Transplantation , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Romi Ghose
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , The University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Borje S Andersson
- b Department of Stem Cell Transplantation , The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Nagar S, Korzekwa RC, Korzekwa K. Continuous Intestinal Absorption Model Based on the Convection-Diffusion Equation. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3069-3086. [PMID: 28712300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of the rate and extent of drug absorption upon oral dosing needs models that capture the complexities of both the drug molecule and intestinal physiology. We report here the development of a continuous intestinal absorption model based on the convection-diffusion equation. The model includes explicit enterocyte apical membrane and intracellular lipid radial compartments along the length of the intestine. Physiologic functions along length x are built into the model and include velocity, diffusion, surface areas, and pH of the intestine. Also included are expression levels of the intestinal active uptake transporter OATP2B1 and efflux transporter P-gp. Oral dosing of solution as well as solid (with a dissolution function) was modeled for several drugs. The fraction absorbed (FA) and concentration-time (C-t) profiles were predicted and compared with clinical data. Overall, FA was well predicted upon oral (n = 21) or colonic dosing (n = 11), with four outliers. The overall accuracy (prediction of the correct bin) was 81% with outliers and 90% without outliers. Of the nine solution dosing data sets, six drugs were very well predicted with an exposure overlap coefficient (EOC) > 0.9 and predicted Cmax and Tmax values similar to those observed. Of the six solid dose formulations evaluated, the EOC values were > 0.9 for all drugs except budesonide. The observed precipitation of nifedipine at high doses was predicted by the model. Most of the poor predictions were for drugs that are known to be transporter substrates. As proof of concept, incorporating OATP2B1 and P-gp markedly improved the EOC and predicted Cmax and Tmax for fexofenadine. Finally, the continuous intestinal model accurately recapitulated the known relationships between drug absorption and permeability, solubility, and particle size. Together, these results indicate that this preliminary intestinal absorption model offers a simple and straightforward framework to build in complexities such as drug permeability, lipid partitioning, solubility, metabolism, and transport for improved prediction of the rate and extent of drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Richard C Korzekwa
- Department of Physics, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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Martinez MN, Mistry B, Lukacova V, Lentz KA, Polli JE, Hoag SW, Dowling T, Kona R, Fahmy RM. Exploring Canine-Human Differences in Product Performance. Part II: Use of Modeling and Simulation to Explore the Impact of Formulation on Ciprofloxacin In Vivo Absorption and Dissolution in Dogs. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:712-726. [PMID: 28265981 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the in vivo performance of three oral ciprofloxacin formulations (oral solution, fast, or slow dissolving tablets) in beagle dogs. The in vivo absorption and dissolution behaviors, estimated with in silico mechanistic models, were compared to the results previously published in human volunteers. Six normal healthy male beagle dogs (five to completion) received three oral formulations and an intravenous infusion in a randomized crossover design. Plasma ciprofloxacin concentrations were estimated by tandem mass spectrometry detection. A mechanistic absorption model was used to predict the in vivo dissolution and absorption characteristics of the oral formulations. Canine ciprofloxacin absorption was constrained to the duodenum/jejunum. This absorption window was far narrower than that seen in humans. Furthermore, while substantial within-individual variability in drug absorption was seen in human subjects, a greater magnitude of variability was observed in dogs. For three sets of data, a lag time in gastric emptying was necessary to improve the accuracy of model-generated in vivo blood level profile predictions. In addition to species-associated dissimilarities in drug solubilization due to human versus canine differences in gastrointestinal fluid compositions, the far more rapid intestinal transit time and potential segmental differences in drug absorption needed to be considered during human-canine extrapolation of oral drug and drug product performance. Through the use of mechanistic models, the data generated in the human and canine studies contributed insights into some aspects of the interspecies differences to be considered when extrapolating oral bioavailability/formulation effect data between dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Martinez
- The Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA.
| | - B Mistry
- The Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - V Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - K A Lentz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - J E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - S W Hoag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - T Dowling
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, Michigan, 49307, USA
| | - R Kona
- Division of Formulation Development, Actavis Inc., Parsippany, New Jersey, 07054, USA
| | - R M Fahmy
- The Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
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28
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Chang CV, Araujo RV, Cirqueira CS, Cani CMG, Matushita H, Cescato VAS, Fragoso MCBV, Bronstein MD, Zerbini MCN, Mendonca BB, Carvalho LR. Differential Expression of Stem Cell Markers in Human Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma and Pituitary Adenoma. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 104:183-193. [PMID: 27161333 DOI: 10.1159/000446072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although craniopharyngioma (CP) is histologically benign, it is a pituitary tumour that grows rapidly and often recurs. Adamantinomatous CP (ACP) was associated with an activating mutation in β-catenin, and it has been postulated that pituitary stem cells might play a role in oncogenesis in human ACP. Stem cells have also been identified in pituitary adenoma. Our aim was to characterize the expression pattern of ABCG2, CD44, DLL4, NANOG, NOTCH2, POU5F1/OCT4, SOX2, and SOX9 stem cell markers in human ACP and pituitary adenoma. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 33 patients (9 ACP and 24 adenoma) using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. SOX9 was up-regulated in ACP, exhibiting positive immunostaining in the epithelium and stroma, with the highest expression in patients with recurrence. CD44 was overexpressed in ACP as confirmed by immunohistochemistry. SOX2 did not significantly differ among the tumour types. The RT-qPCR array showed an increased expression of MKI67,OCT4/POU5F1, and DLL4 in all tumours. NANOG was decreased in ACP. ABCG2 was down-regulated in most of the tumours. NOTCH2 was significantly decreased in the adenomas. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the presence of stem cell markers in human pituitary tumours as well as the different expression patterns of ACP and adenoma. These findings suggest that ACP may originate from a more undifferentiated cell cluster. Additionally, SOX9 immunodetection in the stroma and the highest expression levels related to the relapse of patients suggest a contribution to the aggressive behaviour and high recurrence of this tumour type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Veiga Chang
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular - LIM/42, Divisão de Endocrinologia, FMUSP, Brasília, Brazil
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29
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Srinivas NR. Impact of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on Pharmacokinetics of Administered Drugs: Implications and Perspectives. Am J Ther 2016; 23:e1826-e1838. [DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Hwang YH, Yang HJ, Kim DG, Ma JY. Inhibitory Effects of Multiple-Dose Treatment with Baicalein on the Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin in Rats. Phytother Res 2016; 31:69-74. [PMID: 27671796 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is used as a treatment for urinary and respiratory tract infections in clinical practice. Baicalein, a major flavonoid present in Scutellaria baicalensis, is a well-known and potent antibacterial compound used in complementary and alternative medicine practices. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of multiple-dose treatment with baicalein on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in rats. Following the oral administration of baicalein (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) for five consecutive days, the rats received an oral administration of ciprofloxacin (20 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected at specific time points, and the plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography. To evaluate the mechanisms underlying the interaction between baicalein and ciprofloxacin, a rhodamine 123 accumulation assay was performed in LS-180 cells. A pharmacokinetic study revealed that multiple-dose treatment with baicalein significantly decreased the peak serum concentration (Cmax ), area under the curve (AUC0 → 480 min ), and relative bioavailability (Frel ) of ciprofloxacin (p < 0.05). The rhodamine 123 accumulation assay revealed that treatment with baicalein for 48 h markedly reduced the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123. Taken together, these findings suggest that baicalein may result in the therapeutic failure of ciprofloxacin or other quinolone-based antibiotics used for chemotherapy in clinical practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hwan Hwang
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yang
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Kim
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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31
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Miyake M, Nakai D. Effect of proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 on efflux transport of rebamipide in Caco-2 cells. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:821-824. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1229085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Miyake
- Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and
- Bioavailability Research Project, Formulation Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakai
- Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and
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32
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Herb-Drug Interaction: Effects of Relinqing® Granule on the Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:6194206. [PMID: 27688790 PMCID: PMC5027041 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6194206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Relinqing granule (RLQ) is the best-selling Chinese patent drug for treatment of urinary system diseases. In this study, the effects of RLQ on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim in SD rats were investigated. Rats were randomly divided into control group 1, control group 2, RLQ group 1, and RLQ group 2. RLQ group 1 and RLQ group 2 were treated orally with RLQ for 7 days, and rats were treated with the same volume of water in control group 1 and control group 2. Then, RLQ group 1 and control group 1 were given intragastrically ciprofloxacin on day 8, while RLQ group 2 and control group 2 were given intragastrically sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim on day 8. Blood samples were collected and determined. There was no significant influence of pharmacokinetic parameters of trimethoprim on two groups. But some pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in RLQ pretreated rats were evidently altered (P < 0.05), which indicated that absorption of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in RLQ pretreated rats was significantly affected. It indicated the coadministration of RLQ would have an influence on the efficacy of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole, and the doses of ciprofloxacin tablet and compound sulfamethoxazole tablet need adjustment.
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Assali M, Joulani M, Awwad R, Assad M, Almasri M, Kittana N, Zaid AN. Facile Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin Prodrug Analogues to Improve its Water Solubility and Antibacterial Activity. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohyeddin Assali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences; An Najah National University; P.O.Box 7 Nablus Palestine
| | - Maysa Joulani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences; An Najah National University; P.O.Box 7 Nablus Palestine
| | - Raghad Awwad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences; An Najah National University; P.O.Box 7 Nablus Palestine
| | - Muath Assad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences; An Najah National University; P.O.Box 7 Nablus Palestine
| | - Motasem Almasri
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology; Faculty of Science; An Najah National University; P.O.Box 7 Nablus Palestine
| | - Naim Kittana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences; An Najah National University; P.O.Box 7 Nablus Palestine
| | - Abdel Naser Zaid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences; An Najah National University; P.O.Box 7 Nablus Palestine
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Martinez M, Mistry B, Lukacova V, Polli J, Hoag S, Dowling T, Kona R, Fahmy R. Use of Modeling and Simulation Tools for Understanding the Impact of Formulation on the Absorption of a Low Solubility Compound: Ciprofloxacin. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:886-97. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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35
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Wanek T, Halilbasic E, Visentin M, Mairinger S, Römermann K, Stieger B, Kuntner C, Müller M, Langer O, Trauner M. Influence of 24-Nor-Ursodeoxycholic Acid on Hepatic Disposition of [(18)F]Ciprofloxacin, a Positron Emission Tomography Study in Mice. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:106-12. [PMID: 26852845 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid (norUDCA) is a novel therapeutic approach to cholestatic liver diseases. In mouse models of cholestasis, norUDCA induces basolateral multidrug resistance-associated proteins 4 (Mrp4) and 3 in hepatocytes, which provide alternative escape routes for bile acids accumulating during cholestasis but could also result in altered hepatic disposition of concomitantly administered substrate drugs. We used positron emission tomography imaging to study the influence of norUDCA on hepatic disposition of the model Mrp4 substrate [(18)F]ciprofloxacin in wild-type and Mdr2((-/-)) mice, a model of cholestasis. Animals underwent [(18)F]ciprofloxacin positron emission tomography at baseline and after norUDCA treatment. After norUDCA treatment, liver-to-blood area under the curve ratio of [(18)F]ciprofloxacin was significantly decreased compared to baseline, both in wild-type (-34.0 ± 2.1%) and Mdr2((-/-)) mice (-20.5 ± 6.0%). [(18)F]Ciprofloxacin uptake clearance from blood into liver was reduced by -17.1 ± 9.0% in wild-type and by -20.1 ± 7.3% in Mdr2((-/-)) mice. Real-time PCR analysis showed significant increases in hepatic Mrp4 and multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 mRNA after norUDCA. Transport experiments in organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1-, OATP1B3-, and OATP2B1-transfected cells revealed weak transport of [(14)C]ciprofloxacin by OATP1B3 and OATP2B1 and no inhibition by norUDCA. In conclusion, our data suggest that changes in hepatic [(18)F]ciprofloxacin disposition in mice after norUDCA treatment were caused by induction of basolateral Mrp4 in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wanek
- Biomedical Systems, Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Biomedical Systems, Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Kuntner
- Biomedical Systems, Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Biomedical Systems, Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Baietto L, Corcione S, Pacini G, Perri GD, D'Avolio A, De Rosa FG. A 30-years review on pharmacokinetics of antibiotics: is the right time for pharmacogenetics? Curr Drug Metab 2015; 15:581-98. [PMID: 24909419 PMCID: PMC4435065 DOI: 10.2174/1389200215666140605130935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug bioavailability may vary greatly amongst individuals, affecting both efficacy and toxicity: in humans, genetic variations account for a relevant proportion of such variability. In the last decade the use of pharmacogenetics in clinical practice, as a tool to individualize treatment, has shown a different degree of diffusion in various clinical fields. In the field of infectious diseases, several studies identified a great number of associations between host genetic polymor-phisms and responses to antiretroviral therapy. For example, in patients treated with abacavir the screening for HLA-B*5701 before starting treatment is routine clinical practice and standard of care for all patients; efavirenz plasma levels are influenced by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) CYP2B6-516G> T (rs3745274). Regarding antibiotics, many studies investigated drug transporters involved in antibiotic bioavailability, especially for fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and antituberculars. To date, few data are available about pharmacogenetics of recently developed antibiotics such as tigecycline, daptomycin or linezolid. Considering the effect of SNPs in gene coding for proteins involved in antibiotics bioavailability, few data have been published. Increasing knowledge in the field of antibiotic pharmacogenetics could be useful to explain the high drug inter-patients variability and to individualize therapy. In this paper we reported an overview of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics of antibiotics to underline the importance of an integrated approach in choosing the right dosage in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Infectious Diseases at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Corso Svizzera 164, 10149. Turin, Italy.
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The antiepileptic drug lamotrigine is a substrate of mouse and human breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Neuropharmacology 2015; 93:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bircsak KM, Aleksunes LM. Interaction of Isoflavones with the BCRP/ABCG2 Drug Transporter. Curr Drug Metab 2015; 16:124-40. [PMID: 26179608 PMCID: PMC4713194 DOI: 10.2174/138920021602150713114921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the interactions between dietary isoflavones and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) G2 efflux transporter, which is also named the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Expressed in a variety of organs including the liver, kidneys, intestine, and placenta, BCRP mediates the disposition and excretion of numerous endogenous chemicals and xenobiotics. Isoflavones are a class of naturallyoccurring compounds that are found at high concentrations in commonly consumed foods and dietary supplements. A number of isoflavones, including genistein and daidzein and their metabolites, interact with BCRP as substrates, inhibitors, and/or modulators of gene expression. To date, a variety of model systems have been employed to study the ability of isoflavones to serve as substrates and inhibitors of BCRP; these include whole cells, inverted plasma membrane vesicles, in situ organ perfusion, as well as in vivo rodent and sheep models. Evidence suggests that BCRP plays a role in mediating the disposition of isoflavones and in particular, their conjugated forms. Furthermore, as inhibitors, these compounds may aid in reversing multidrug resistance and sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. This review will also highlight the consequences of altered BCRP expression and/or function on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of chemicals following isoflavone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Marquez B, Pourcelle V, Vallet CM, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Tulkens PM, Marchand-Bruynaert J, Van Bambeke F. Pharmacological Characterization of 7-(4-(Piperazin-1-yl)) Ciprofloxacin Derivatives: Antibacterial Activity, Cellular Accumulation, Susceptibility to Efflux Transporters, and Intracellular Activity. Pharm Res 2013; 31:1290-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Stappaerts J, Fattah S, Annaert P, Augustijns P. Hepatobiliary and intestinal elimination of darunavir in an integrated preclinical rat model. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:489-97. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.861541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Intestinal drug transporters: an overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1340-56. [PMID: 23041352 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of drug transporters as one of the determinants of pharmacokinetics has become increasingly evident. While much research has been conducted focusing the role of drug transporters in the liver and kidney less is known about the importance of uptake and efflux transporters identified in the intestine. Over the past years the effects of intestinal transporters have been studied using in vivo models, in situ organ perfusions, in vitro tissue preparations and cell lines. This review aims to describe up to date findings regarding the importance of intestinal transporters on drug absorption and bioavailability, highlighting areas in need of further research. Wu and Benet proposed a Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) that allows the prediction of transporter effects on the drug disposition of orally administered drugs. This review also discusses BDDCS predictions with respect to the role of intestinal transporters and intestinal transporter-metabolizing enzyme interplay on oral drug pharmacokinetics.
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Site dependent intestinal absorption of darunavir and its interaction with ketoconazole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhang D, Frost CE, He K, Rodrigues AD, Wang X, Wang L, Goosen TC, Humphreys WG. Investigating the Enteroenteric Recirculation of Apixaban, a Factor Xa Inhibitor: Administration of Activated Charcoal to Bile Duct-Cannulated Rats and Dogs Receiving an Intravenous Dose and Use of Drug Transporter Knockout Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:906-15. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Honda T, Kaneno-Urasaki Y, Murai T, Kakuta M, Nasu H, Namba E, Koga T, Okuno A, Izumi T. Absorption, Elimination, and Metabolism of CS-1036, a Novel α-Amylase Inhibitor in Rats and Monkeys, and the Relationship between Gastrointestinal Distribution and Suppression of Glucose Absorption. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:878-87. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Zhang SL, Wei YX, Li Q, Sun HP, Peng H, You QD. Pharmacophore-Based Drug Design and Biological Evaluation of Novel ABCB1 Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 81:349-58. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Crowe A, Keelan JA. Development of a Model for Functional Studies of ABCG2 (Breast Cancer Resistance Protein) Efflux Employing a Standard BeWo Clone (B24). Assay Drug Dev Technol 2012; 10:476-84. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2011.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Crowe
- School of Pharmacy and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Keelan
- School of Women's and Infants Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Marquez B, Ameye G, Vallet CM, Tulkens PM, Poirel HA, Van Bambeke F. Characterization of Abcc4 gene amplification in stepwise-selected mouse J774 macrophages resistant to the topoisomerase II inhibitor ciprofloxacin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28368. [PMID: 22162766 PMCID: PMC3230599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of J774 mouse macrophages to stepwise increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic inhibiting bacterial topoisomerases, selects for resistant cells that overexpress the efflux transporter Abcc4 (Marquez et al. [2009] Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 2410-2416), encoded by the Abcc4 gene located on Chromosome 14qE4. In this study, we report the genomic alterations occurring along the selection process. Abcc4 expression progressively increased upon selection rounds, with exponential changes observed between cells exposed to 150 and 200 µM of ciprofloxacin, accompanied by a commensurate decrease in ciprofloxacin accumulation. Molecular cytogenetics experiments showed that this overexpression is linked to Abcc4 gene overrepresentation, grading from a partial trisomy of Chr 14 at the first step of selection (cells exposed to 100 µM ciprofloxacin), to low-level amplifications (around three copies) of Abcc4 locus on 1 or 2 Chr 14 (cells exposed to 150 µM ciprofloxacin), followed by high-level amplification of Abcc4 as homogeneous staining region (hsr), inserted on 3 different derivative Chromosomes (cells exposed to 200 µM ciprofloxacin). In revertant cells obtained after more than 60 passages of culture without drug, the Abcc4 hsr amplification was lost in approx. 70% of the population. These data suggest that exposing cells to sufficient concentrations of an antibiotic with low affinity for eukaryotic topoisomerases can cause major genomic alterations that may lead to the overexpression of the transporter responsible for its efflux. Gene amplification appears therefore as a mechanism of resistance that can be triggered by non-anticancer agents but contribute to cross-resistance, and is partially and slowly reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Marquez
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geneviève Ameye
- Université catholique de Louvain, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Centre de Génétique humaine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Coralie M. Vallet
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul M. Tulkens
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hélène A. Poirel
- Université catholique de Louvain, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Centre de Génétique humaine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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