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Piscura MK, Henderson-Redmond AN, Barnes RC, Mitra S, Guindon J, Morgan DJ. Mechanisms of cannabinoid tolerance. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 214:115665. [PMID: 37348821 PMCID: PMC10528043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used recreationally and medically for centuries, yet research into understanding the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects has only recently garnered more attention. There is evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, improving weight gain in HIV-related cachexia, emesis, sleep disorders, managing symptoms in Tourette syndrome, and patient-reported muscle spasticity from multiple sclerosis. However, tolerance and the risk for cannabis use disorder are two significant disadvantages for cannabinoid-based therapies in humans. Recent work has revealed prominent sex differences in the acute response and tolerance to cannabinoids in both humans and animal models. This review will discuss evidence demonstrating cannabinoid tolerance in rodents, non-human primates, and humans and our current understanding of the neuroadaptations occurring at the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) that are responsible tolerance. CB1R expression is downregulated in tolerant animals and humans while there is strong evidence of CB1R desensitization in cannabinoid tolerant rodent models. Throughout the review, critical knowledge gaps are indicated and discussed, such as the lack of a neuroimaging probe to assess CB1R desensitization in humans. The review discusses the intracellular signaling pathways that are responsible for mediating CB1R desensitization and downregulation including the action of G protein-coupled receptor kinases, β-arrestin2 recruitment, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, protein kinase A, and the intracellular trafficking of CB1R. Finally, the review discusses approaches to reduce cannabinoid tolerance in humans based on our current understanding of the neuroadaptations and mechanisms responsible for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Piscura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | | | - Robert C Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Josée Guindon
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Daniel J Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Kesner AJ, Lovinger DM. Cannabis use, abuse, and withdrawal: Cannabinergic mechanisms, clinical, and preclinical findings. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1674-1696. [PMID: 33891706 PMCID: PMC9291571 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is the most widely used illicit drug in the world. Its main psychoactive component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of over 100 phytocannabinoid compounds produced by the cannabis plant. THC is the primary compound that drives cannabis abuse potential and is also used and prescribed medically for therapeutic qualities. Despite its therapeutic potential, a significant subpopulation of frequent cannabis or THC users will develop a drug use syndrome termed cannabis use disorder. Individuals suffering from cannabis use disorder exhibit many of the hallmarks of classical addictions including cravings, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Currently, there are no efficacious treatments for cannabis use disorder or withdrawal symptoms. This makes both clinical and preclinical research on the neurobiological mechanisms of these syndromes ever more pertinent. Indeed, basic research using animal models has provided valuable evidence of the neural molecular and cellular actions of cannabis that mediate its behavioral effects. One of the main components being central action on the cannabinoid type-one receptor and downstream intracellular signaling related to the endogenous cannabinoid system. Back-translational studies have provided insight linking preclinical basic and behavioral biology research to better understand symptoms observed at the clinical level. This narrative review aims to summarize major research elucidating the molecular, cellular, and behavioral manifestations of cannabis/THC use that play a role in cannabis use disorder and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Kesner
- Laboratory for Integrative NeuroscienceNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismCenter on Compulsive BehaviorsNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative NeuroscienceNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismCenter on Compulsive BehaviorsNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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c-Jun N terminal kinase signaling pathways mediate cannabinoid tolerance in an agonist-specific manner. Neuropharmacology 2019; 164:107847. [PMID: 31758947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of cannabinoids represents a significant limitation to their clinical use in managing chronic pain. Tolerance likely results from desensitization and down-regulation of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), with CB1R desensitization occurring via phosphorylation of CB1Rs by a G protein-coupled receptor kinase and subsequent association with an arrestin protein. Previous studies have shown that (1) desensitization-resistant S426A/S430A mice exhibit a modest delay in tolerance for Δ9-THC and (-)-CP55,940 but a more pronounced disruption in tolerance for WIN 55,212-2 and (2) that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling may selectively mediate antinociceptive tolerance to morphine compared to other opioid analgesics. In the current study, we found that pretreatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (3 mg/kg) attenuates tolerance to the antinociceptive in the formalin test and to the anti-allodynic effects of Δ9-THC (6 mg/kg) in cisplatin-evoked neuropathic pain using wild-type mice. We also find that SP600125 causes an especially robust reduction in tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of Δ9-THC (30 mg/kg), but not WIN 55,212-2 (10 mg/kg) in the tail-flick assay using S426A/S430A mice. Interestingly, SP600125 pretreatment accelerated tolerance to the antinociceptive and anti-allodynic effects of (-)-CP55,940 (0.3 mg/kg) in mice with acute and neuropathic pain. These results demonstrate that inhibition of JNK signaling pathways delay tolerance to Δ9-THC, but not to CP55,940 or WIN55,212-2, demonstrating that the mechanisms of cannabinoid tolerance are agonist-specific.
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Zhao X, Li Z, Liang S, Li S, Ren J, Li B, Zhu Y, Xia M. Different epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways in neurons and astrocytes activated by extracellular matrix after spinal cord injury. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104500. [PMID: 31295509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious central nervous system (CNS) trauma that results in permanent and severe disability. The extracellular matrix (ECM) can affect the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) by interacting with the ERK integrin subunits. In this study, we built a model of SCI with glial fibrillary acidic protein-green fluorescent protein (GFAP-GFP) and thymus cell antigen 1-yellow fluorescent protein-H (Thy1-YFPH) in mice that express specific transgenes in their astrocytes or neurons. Then, we collected spinal cord neurons or astrocytes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). In this way, we investigated the SCI-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in neurons and astrocytes, and we discovered that the SCI-induced EGFR signaling pathways differed between neurons and astrocytes. In the present study, we found that the Src-dependent phosphorylation of EGFR induced by SCI occurred only in neurons, not in astrocytes. This phenomenon may be due to the involvement of Thy-1, which promoted the binding between Src and EGFR in neurons after SCI. In addition, the expression of the integrin subunits after SCI differed between neurons and astrocytes. Our present study shows that the EGFR signaling pathway triggered by SCI in neurons differed from the EGFR signaling pathway triggered in astrocytes, a finding that may help to pave the way for clinical trials of therapies that inhibit EGFR signaling pathways after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Department of Operating Room, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexiong Li
- Practical Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Practical Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Li
- Practical Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaan Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoman Li
- Practical Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China. http://
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China. http://
| | - Maosheng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Blume LC, Patten T, Eldeeb K, Leone-Kabler S, Ilyasov AA, Keegan BM, O'Neal JE, Bass CE, Hantgan RR, Lowther WT, Selley DE, Howlett ALC. Cannabinoid Receptor Interacting Protein 1a Competition with β-Arrestin for CB1 Receptor Binding Sites. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 91:75-86. [PMID: 27895162 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor interacting protein 1a (CRIP1a) is a CB1 receptor (CB1R) distal C-terminal-associated protein that alters CB1R interactions with G-proteins. We tested the hypothesis that CRIP1a is capable of also altering CB1R interactions with β-arrestin proteins that interact with the CB1R at the C-terminus. Coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated that CB1R associates in complexes with either CRIP1a or β-arrestin, but CRIP1a and β-arrestin fail to coimmunoprecipitate with each other. This suggests a competition for CRIP1a and β-arrestin binding to the CB1R, which we hypothesized could attenuate the action of β-arrestin to mediate CB1R internalization. We determined that agonist-mediated reduction of the density of cell surface endogenously expressed CB1Rs was clathrin and dynamin dependent and could be modeled as agonist-induced aggregation of transiently expressed GFP-CB1R. CRIP1a overexpression attenuated CP55940-mediated GFP-CB1R as well as endogenous β-arrestin redistribution to punctae, and conversely, CRIP1a knockdown augmented β-arrestin redistribution to punctae. Peptides mimicking the CB1R C-terminus could bind to both CRIP1a in cell extracts as well as purified recombinant CRIP1a. Affinity pull-down studies revealed that phosphorylation at threonine-468 of a CB1R distal C-terminus 14-mer peptide reduced CB1R-CRIP1a association. Coimmunoprecipitation of CB1R protein complexes demonstrated that central or distal C-terminal peptides competed for the CB1R association with CRIP1a, but that a phosphorylated central C-terminal peptide competed for association with β-arrestin 1, and phosphorylated central or distal C-terminal peptides competed for association with β-arrestin 2. Thus, CRIP1a can compete with β-arrestins for interaction with C-terminal CB1R domains that could affect agonist-driven, β-arrestin-mediated internalization of the CB1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Blume
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Theresa Patten
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Khalil Eldeeb
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Sandra Leone-Kabler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Alexander A Ilyasov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Bradley M Keegan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Jeremy E O'Neal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Caroline E Bass
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Roy R Hantgan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - W Todd Lowther
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - A Llyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
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6
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Chiarlone A, Börner C, Martín-Gómez L, Jiménez-González A, García-Concejo A, García-Bermejo ML, Lorente M, Blázquez C, García-Taboada E, de Haro A, Martella E, Höllt V, Rodríguez R, Galve-Roperh I, Kraus J, Guzmán M. MicroRNA let-7d is a target of cannabinoid CB1 receptor and controls cannabinoid signaling. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:345-52. [PMID: 27179908 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor, the molecular target of endocannabinoids and cannabis active components, is one of the most abundant metabotropic receptors in the brain. Cannabis is widely used for both recreational and medicinal purposes. Despite the ever-growing fundamental roles of microRNAs in the brain, the possible molecular connections between the CB1 receptor and microRNAs are surprisingly unknown. Here, by using reporter gene constructs that express interaction sequences for microRNAs in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, we show that CB1 receptor activation enhances the expression of several microRNAs, including let-7d. This was confirmed by measuring hsa-let-7d expression levels. Accordingly, knocking-down CB1 receptor in zebrafish reduced dre-let-7d levels, and knocking-out CB1 receptor in mice decreased mmu-let-7d levels in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Conversely, knocking-down let-7d increased CB1 receptor mRNA expression in zebrafish, SH-SY5Y cells and primary striatal neurons. Likewise, in primary striatal neurons chronically exposed to a cannabinoid or opioid agonist, a let-7d-inhibiting sequence facilitated not only cannabinoid or opioid signaling but also cannabinoid/opioid cross-signaling. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence for a bidirectional link between the CB1 receptor and a microRNA, namely let-7d, and thus unveil a new player in the complex process of cannabinoid action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarlone
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Börner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura Martín-Gómez
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ada Jiménez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Adrián García-Concejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Mar Lorente
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Blázquez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Taboada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amador de Haro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Martella
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Volker Höllt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Raquel Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jürgen Kraus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Lueptow LM, Zhan CG, O'Donnell JM. Cyclic GMP-mediated memory enhancement in the object recognition test by inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-2 in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:447-56. [PMID: 26525565 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase-2 (PDE2) is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction. Using the object recognition test (ORT), this study assessed the effects of two PDE2 inhibitors, Bay 60-7550 and ND7001, on learning and memory, and examined underlying mechanisms. METHODS To assess the role of PDE2 inhibition on phases of memory, Bay 60-7550 (3 mg/kg) was administered: 30 min prior to training; 0, 1, or 3 h after training; or 30 min prior to recall testing. To assess cyclic nucleotide involvement in PDE2 inhibitor-enhanced memory consolidation, either the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal (IP)), soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[-1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 20 mg/kg; IP), protein kinase G inhibitor KT5823 (2.5 μg; intracerebroventricular (ICV)), or protein kinase A inhibitor H89 (1 μg; ICV) was administered 30 min prior to the PDE2 inhibitor Bay 60-7550 (3 mg/kg) or ND7001 (3 mg/kg). Changes in the phosphorylation of 3'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) at Ser-133 and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) at Ser-239 were determined to confirm activation of cAMP and 3'5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling. RESULTS Bay 60-7550 (3 mg/kg) enhanced memory of mice in the ORT when given 30 min prior to training, immediately after training, or 30 min prior to recall. Inhibitors of the cGMP pathway blocked the memory-enhancing effects of both Bay 60-7550 (3 mg/kg) and ND7001 (3 mg/kg) on early consolidation processes. Bay 60-7550 (3 mg/kg) enhanced phosphorylation of CREB and VASP, both targets of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm a potential of PDE2, or components of its signaling pathway, as a therapeutic target for drug discovery focused on restoring memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Lueptow
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9128, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James M O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Vicente-Sánchez A, Garzón J. Cannabinoid receptors couple to NMDA receptors to reduce the production of NO and the mobilization of zinc induced by glutamate. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1766-82. [PMID: 23600761 PMCID: PMC3837442 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Overactivation of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) increases the cytosolic concentrations of calcium and zinc, which significantly contributes to neural death. Since cannabinoids prevent the NMDAR-mediated increase in cytosolic calcium, we investigated whether they also control the rise of potentially toxic free zinc ions, as well as the processes implicated in this phenomenon. RESULTS The cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CNR1) and NMDARs are cross-regulated in different regions of the nervous system. Cannabinoids abrogated the stimulation of the nitric oxide-zinc pathway by NMDAR, an effect that required the histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1). Conversely, NMDAR antagonism reduced the analgesia promoted by the CNR1 agonist WIN55,212-2 and impaired its capacity to internalize CNR1s. At the cell surface, CNR1s co-immunoprecipitated with the NR1 subunits of NMDARs, an association that diminished after the administration of NMDA in vivo or as a consequence of neuropathic overactivation of NMDARs, both situations in which cannabinoids do not control NMDAR activity. Under these circumstances, inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) restored the association between CNR1s and NR1 subunits, and cannabinoids regained control over NMDAR activity. Notably, CNR1 and NR1 associated poorly in HINT1(-/-) mice, in which there was little cross-regulation between these receptors. INNOVATION The CNR1 can regulate NMDAR function when the receptor is coupled to HINT1. Thus, internalization of CNR1s drives the co-internalization of the NR1 subunits, neutralizing the overactivation of NMDARs. CONCLUSION Cannabinoids require the HINT1 protein to counteract the toxic effects of NMDAR-mediated NO production and zinc release. This study situates the HINT1 protein at the forefront of cannabinoid protection against NMDAR-mediated brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sánchez-Blázquez
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
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9
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Lazenka MF, Selley DE, Sim-Selley LJ. Brain regional differences in CB1 receptor adaptation and regulation of transcription. Life Sci 2012; 92:446-52. [PMID: 22940268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) are expressed throughout the brain and mediate the central effects of cannabinoids, including Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana. Repeated THC administration produces tolerance to cannabinoid-mediated effects, although the magnitude of tolerance varies by effect. Consistent with this observation, CB1R desensitization and downregulation, as well as induction of immediate early genes (IEGs), vary by brain region. Zif268 and c-Fos are induced in the forebrain after acute THC administration. Phosphorylation of the cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB) is increased in a region-specific manner after THC administration. Results differ between acute versus repeated THC injection, and suggest that tolerance to IEG activation might develop in some regions. Repeated THC treatment produces CB1R desensitization and downregulation in the brain, although less adaption occurs in the striatum as compared to regions such as the hippocampus. Repeated THC treatment also induces expression of ΔFosB, a very stable isoform of FosB, in the striatum. Transgenic expression of ∆FosB in the striatum enhances the rewarding effects of several drugs, but its role in THC-mediated effects is not known. The inverse regional relationship between CB1R desensitization and ∆FosB induction suggests that these adaptations might inhibit each other, although this possibility has not been investigated. The differential regional expression of individual IEGs by acute or repeated THC administration suggests that regulation of target genes and effects on CB1R signaling will contribute to the behavioral effects of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lazenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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10
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Nguyen PT, Schmid CL, Raehal KM, Selley DE, Bohn LM, Sim-Selley LJ. β-arrestin2 regulates cannabinoid CB1 receptor signaling and adaptation in a central nervous system region-dependent manner. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:714-24. [PMID: 22264443 PMCID: PMC3319102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid CB(1) receptors (CB(1)Rs) mediate the effects of ▵(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component in marijuana. Repeated THC administration produces tolerance and dependence, which limit therapeutic development. Moreover, THC produces motor and psychoactive side effects. β-arrestin2 mediates receptor desensitization, internalization, and signaling, but its role in these CB(1)R effects and receptor regulation is unclear. METHODS CB(1)R signaling and behaviors (antinociception, hypothermia, catalepsy) were assessed in β-arrestin2-knockout (βarr2-KO) and wild-type mice after THC administration. Cannabinoid-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS and [(3)H]ligand autoradiography were assessed by statistical parametric mapping and region-of-interest analysis. RESULTS β-arrestin2 deletion increased CB(1)R-mediated G-protein activity in subregions of the cortex but did not affect CB(1)R binding, in vehicle-treated mice. βarr2-KO mice exhibited enhanced acute THC-mediated antinociception and hypothermia, with no difference in catalepsy. After repeated THC administration, βarr2-KO mice showed reduced CB(1)R desensitization and/or downregulation in cerebellum, caudal periaqueductal gray, and spinal cord and attenuated tolerance to THC-mediated antinociception. In contrast, greater desensitization was found in hypothalamus, cortex, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra of βarr2-KO compared with wild-type mice. Enhanced tolerance to THC-induced catalepsy was observed in βarr2-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS β-arrestin2 regulation of CB(1)R signaling following acute and repeated THC administration was region-specific, and results suggest that multiple, overlapping mechanisms regulate CB(1)Rs. The observations that βarr2-KO mice display enhanced antinociceptive responses to acute THC and decreased tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of the drug, yet enhanced tolerance to catalepsy, suggest that development of cannabinoid drugs that minimize CB(1)R interactions with β-arrestin2 might produce improved cannabinoid analgesics with reduced motor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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11
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Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells proliferate and survive in an immature state following treatment with an axolemma-enriched fraction. ASN Neuro 2011; 3:e00053. [PMID: 21345173 PMCID: PMC3063503 DOI: 10.1042/an20100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of an AEF (axolemma-enriched fraction) to influence the proliferation, survival and differentiation of OPC (oligodendrocyte progenitor cells) was evaluated. Following addition of AEF to cultured OPC, the AEF associated with the outer surface of OPC so that subsequent metabolic events were likely mediated by direct AEF-OPC contact. Addition of AEF to the cultured OPC resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in proliferation that was partially dependent on Akt (protein kinase B) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activation. The major mitogen in an AEF-SE (soluble 2.0 M NaCl extract of the AEF) was identified as aFGF (acidic fibroblast growth factor) and accounted for 50% of the mitogenicity. The remaining 50% of the mitogenicity had properties consistent with bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) but was not unequivocally identified. Under conditions that limit the survival of OPC in culture, AEF treatment prolonged the survival of the OPC. Antigenic and morphological examination of the AEF-treated OPC indicated that the AEF treatment helped the OPC survive in a more immature state. The potential downstream metabolic pathways potentially activated in OPC by AEF and the consequences of these activated pathways are discussed. The results of these studies are consistent with the view that direct contact of axons with OPC stimulates their proliferation and survival while preventing their differentiation.
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12
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Dalton GD, Bass CE, Van Horn CG, Howlett AC. Signal transduction via cannabinoid receptors. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2009; 8:422-31. [PMID: 19839935 PMCID: PMC3976677 DOI: 10.2174/187152709789824615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are lipid mediators that signal via CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors and Gi/o-proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase and stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase. In the brain, CB(1) receptors interact with opioid receptors in close proximity, and these receptors may share G-proteins and effector systems. In the striatum, CB(1) receptors function in coordination with D(1) and D(2) dopamine receptors, and combined stimulation of CB(1)-D(2) receptor heteromeric complexes promotes a unique interaction to stimulate cAMP production. CB(1) receptors also trigger growth factor receptor signaling cascades in cells by engaging in cross-talk or interreceptor signal transmission with the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Mechanisms for CB(1) receptor-RTK transactivation can include stimulation of signal transduction pathways regulated by second messengers such as phospholipase C, metalloprotease cleavage of membrane-bound precursor proteins such as epidermal growth factor which activate RTKs, RTK autophosphorylation, and recruitment of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. CB(1) and CB(2) receptors are expressed in peripheral tissues including liver and adipose tissue, and are induced in pathological conditions. Novel signal transduction resulting from endocannabinoid regulation of AMP-regulated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors have been discovered from studies of hepatocytes and adipocytes. It can be predicted that drug discovery of the future will be based upon these novel signal transduction mechanisms for endocannabinoid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Dalton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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13
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Abstract
Although drugs of abuse have different chemical structures and interact with different protein targets, all appear to usurp common neuronal systems that regulate reward and motivation. Addiction is a complex disease that is thought to involve drug-induced changes in synaptic plasticity due to alterations in cell signaling, gene transcription, and protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that drugs of abuse interact with and change a common network of signaling pathways that include a subset of specific protein kinases. The best studied of these kinases are reviewed here and include extracellular signal-regulated kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and Fyn tyrosine kinase. These kinases have been implicated in various aspects of drug addiction including acute drug effects, drug self-administration, withdrawal, reinforcement, sensitization, and tolerance. Identifying protein kinase substrates and signaling pathways that contribute to the addicted state may provide novel approaches for new pharmacotherapies to treat drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lee
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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14
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Tappe-Theodor A, Agarwal N, Katona I, Rubino T, Martini L, Swiercz J, Mackie K, Monyer H, Parolaro D, Whistler J, Kuner T, Kuner R. A molecular basis of analgesic tolerance to cannabinoids. J Neurosci 2007; 27:4165-77. [PMID: 17428994 PMCID: PMC6672554 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5648-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical usage of cannabinoids in chronic pain states is limited by their central side effects and the pharmacodynamic tolerance that sets in after repeated dosage. Analgesic tolerance to cannabinoids in vivo could be caused by agonist-induced downregulation and intracellular trafficking of cannabinoid receptors, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. We show here that the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) interacts physically with G-protein-associated sorting protein 1 (GASP1), a protein that sorts receptors in lysosomal compartments destined for degradation. CB1-GASP1 interaction was observed to be required for agonist-induced downregulation of CB1 in spinal neurons ex vivo as well as in vivo. Importantly, uncoupling CB1 from GASP1 in mice in vivo abrogated tolerance toward cannabinoid-induced analgesia. These results suggest that GASP1 is a key regulator of the fate of CB1 after agonist exposure in the nervous system and critically determines analgesic tolerance to cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Tappe-Theodor
- Pharmacology Institute, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Pharmacology Institute, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - István Katona
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Pharmacology Section and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, 21100 Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
| | - Lene Martini
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94608
| | - Jakub Swiercz
- Pharmacology Institute, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-6540
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Daniela Parolaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Pharmacology Section and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, 21100 Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
| | - Jennifer Whistler
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94608
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Pharmacology Institute, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The use of marijuana for recreational and medicinal purposes has resulted in a large prevalence of chronic marijuana users. Consequences of chronic cannabinoid administration include profound behavioral tolerance and withdrawal symptoms upon drug cessation. A marijuana withdrawal syndrome is only recently gaining acceptance as being clinically significant. Similarly, laboratory animals exhibit both tolerance and dependence following chronic administration of cannabinoids. These animal models are being used to evaluate the high degree of plasticity that occurs at the molecular level in various brain regions following chronic cannabinoid exposure. In this review, we describe recent advances that have increased our understanding of the impact of chronic cannabinoid administration on cannabinoid receptors and their signal transduction pathways. Additionally, we discuss several potential pharmacotherapies that have been examined to treat marijuana dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor family currently includes two types: CB1, characterized in neuronal cells and brain, and CB2, characterized in immune cells and tissues. CB1 and CB2 receptors are members of the superfamily of seven-transmembrane-spanning (7-TM) receptors, having a protein structure defined by an array of seven membrane-spanning helices with intervening intracellular loops and a C-terminal domain that can associate with G proteins. Cannabinoid receptors are associated with G proteins of the Gi/o family (Gi1, 2 and 3, and Go1 and 2). Signal transduction via Gi inhibits adenylyl cyclase in most tissues and cells, although signaling via Gs stimulates adenylyl cyclase in some experimental models. Evidence exists for cannabinoid receptor-mediated Ca2+ fluxes and stimulation of phospholipases A and C. Stimulation of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors leads to phosphorylation and activation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38 MAPK and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as signaling pathways to regulate nuclear transcription factors. The CB1 receptor regulates K+ and Ca2+ ion channels, probably via Go. Ion channel regulation serves as an important component of neurotransmission modulation by endogenous cannabinoid compounds released in response to neuronal depolarization. Cannabinoid receptor signaling via G proteins results from interactions with the second, third and fourth intracellular loops of the receptor. Desensitization of signal transduction pathways that couple through the G proteins probably entails phosphorylation of critical amino acid residues on these intracellular surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Howlett
- Neuroscience/Drug Abuse Research Program, 208 JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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17
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Rubino T, Forlani G, Viganò D, Zippel R, Parolaro D. Ras/ERK signalling in cannabinoid tolerance: from behaviour to cellular aspects. J Neurochem 2005; 93:984-91. [PMID: 15857401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the Ras/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in the development of tolerance to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity by a genetic (Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Ras-GRF1) knock-out mice) and pharmacological approach. Pre-treatment of wild-type mice with SL327 (50 mg/kg i.p.), a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), the upstream kinase of ERK, fully prevented the development of tolerance to THC-induced hypolocomotion. We investigated the impact of the inhibition of ERK activation on the biological processes involved in cannabinoid tolerance (receptor down-regulation and desensitization), by autoradiographic cannabinoid CB1 receptor and cannabinoid-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding studies in subchronically treated mice (THC, 10 mg/kg s.c., twice a day for 5 days). In the caudate putamen and cerebellum of Ras-GRF1 knock-out mice and SL327 pre-treated wild-type mice, CB1 receptor down-regulation and desensitization did not occur, suggesting that ERK activation might account for CB1 receptor plasticity involved in the development of tolerance to THC hypolocomotor effect. In contrast, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex showed CB1 receptor adaptations regardless of the genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the ERK pathway, suggesting regional variability in the cellular events underlying the altered CB1 receptor function. These findings suggest that at least in the caudate putamen and cerebellum, the Ras/ERK pathway is essential for triggering the alteration in CB1 receptor function responsible for tolerance to THC-induced hypomotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Rubino
- DBSF, Pharmacology Section, and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Italy.
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18
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Abstract
In the digestive tract there is evidence for the presence of high levels of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of endocannabinoids. Immunohistochemical studies have shown the presence of CB1 receptors on myenteric and submucosal nerve plexuses along the alimentary tract. Pharmacological studies have shown that activation of CB1 receptors produces relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter, inhibition of gastric motility and acid secretion, as well as intestinal motility and secretion. In general, CB1-induced inhibition of intestinal motility and secretion is due to reduced acetylcholine release from enteric nerves. Conversely, endocannabinoids stimulate intestinal primary sensory neurons via the vanilloid VR1 receptor, resulting in enteritis and enhanced motility. The endogenous cannabinoid system has been found to be involved in the physiological control of colonic motility and in some pathophysiological states, including paralytic ileus, intestinal inflammation and cholera toxin-induced diarrhoea. Cannabinoids also possess antiemetic effects mediated by activation of central and peripheral CB1 receptors. Pharmacological modulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system could provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of a number of gastrointestinal diseases, including nausea and vomiting, gastric ulcers, secretory diarrhoea, paralytic ileus, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer and gastro-oesophageal reflux conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, via D Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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19
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Abstract
This paper is the 26th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2003 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology, Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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20
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Bass CE, Welch SP, Martin BR. Reversal of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced tolerance by specific kinase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 496:99-108. [PMID: 15288581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance develops to the pharmacological effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinoid (THC) following repetitive administration. Adaptations in signaling pathways involved in tolerance to THC-induced behaviors are not understood. The objective of our study was the evaluation of kinase involvement in the expression of tolerance to the above four THC-induced behaviors. Kinase inhibitors that specifically inhibit cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (PKC) and src tyrosine kinase were tested for reversal of tolerance to THC's effects. PKG and PKC inhibitors did not reverse tolerance in any behavioral measure. Src tyrosine kinase inhibition reversed tolerance to only the hypoactive effects of THC. PKA inhibition reversed tolerance to all measures, although the doses of inhibitor and time-course of inhibition varied among behaviors. Thus, our data suggest that PKA activity plays a major role in THC-induced tolerance, and that THC produces its multiple effects through different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Bass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, MCV Station, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
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21
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Martin BR, Sim-Selley LJ, Selley DE. Signaling pathways involved in the development of cannabinoid tolerance. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25:325-30. [PMID: 15165748 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Considerable plasticity exists in the endogenous cannabinoid system, as evidenced by the high degree of tolerance that develops following repetitive exposure to exogenously administered cannabinoid receptor agonists. This tolerance development is accompanied by cannabinoid CB(1) receptor downregulation and attenuation of G-protein activation. The biological processes responsible for CB(1) receptor downregulation remain to be fully understood. However, recent evidence suggests that several protein kinases participate in the development of cannabinoid tolerance. These observations implicate a role for protein kinases in cannabinoid signaling pathways. It remains to be established whether these protein kinases are directly involved in CB(1) receptor regulation or whether they contribute to tolerance by modulating additional signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy R Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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