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Heesbeen EJ, van Kampen T, Verdouw PM, van Lissa C, Bijlsma EY, Groenink L. The effect of SSRIs on unconditioned anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06645-2. [PMID: 38980348 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first choice of treatment for anxiety-like disorders. However, which aspects of anxiety are affected by SSRIs is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically review the effect of six clinically effective SSRIs on four aspects of unconditioned anxiety: approach-avoidance behaviour (elevated plus maze), repetitive behaviour (marble burying), distress behaviour (ultrasonic vocalization), and activation of the autonomous nervous system (stress-induced hyperthermia). METHODS We identified publications by searching Medline and Embase databases and assessed the risk of bias. A random effects meta-analysis was performed and moderator effects were analysed with Bayesian penalized meta-regression. RESULTS Our search yielded 105 elevated plus maze, 63 marble burying, 11 ultrasonic vocalization, and 7 stress-induced hyperthermia articles. Meta-analysis suggested that SSRIs reduce anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze, marble burying and ultrasonic vocalization test and that effects are moderated by pre-existing stress conditions (elevated plus maze) and dose dependency (marble burying) but not by duration of treatment or type of SSRI. The reporting quality was low, publication bias was likely, and heterogeneity was high. CONCLUSION SSRIs seem to reduce a broad range of unconditioned anxiety-associated behaviours. These results should be interpreted with caution due to a high risk of bias, likely occurrence of publication bias, substantial heterogeneity and limited moderator data availability. Our review demonstrates the importance of including bias assessments when interpreting meta-analysis results. We further recommend improving the reporting quality, the conduct of animal research, and the publication of all results regardless of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise J Heesbeen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tatum van Kampen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P Monika Verdouw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caspar van Lissa
- Department of Methodology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Y Bijlsma
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucianne Groenink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Ji RL, Liu T, Hou ZS, Wen HS, Tao YX. Divergent Pharmacology and Biased Signaling of the Four Melanocortin-4 Receptor Isoforms in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biomolecules 2023; 13:1248. [PMID: 37627313 PMCID: PMC10452266 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is essential for the modulation of energy balance and reproduction in both fish and mammals. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has been extensively studied in various fields and provides a unique opportunity to investigate divergent physiological roles of paralogues. Herein we identified four trout mc4r (mc4ra1, mc4ra2, mc4rb1, and mc4rb2) genes. Four trout Mc4rs (omMc4rs) were homologous to those of teleost and mammalian MC4Rs. Multiple sequence alignments, a phylogenetic tree, chromosomal synteny analyses, and pharmacological studies showed that trout mc4r genes may have undergone different evolutionary processes. All four trout Mc4rs bound to two peptide agonists and elevated intracellular cAMP levels dose-dependently. High basal cAMP levels were observed at two omMc4rs, which were decreased by Agouti-related peptide. Only omMc4rb2 was constitutively active in the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Ipsen 5i, ML00253764, and MCL0020 were biased allosteric modulators of omMc4rb1 with selective activation upon ERK1/2 signaling. ML00253764 behaved as an allosteric agonist in Gs-cAMP signaling of omMc4rb2. This study will lay the foundation for future physiological studies of various mc4r paralogs and reveal the evolution of MC4R in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Lei Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.-L.J.); (T.L.)
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.-L.J.); (T.L.)
| | - Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.-L.J.); (T.L.)
| | - Hai-Shen Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.-L.J.); (T.L.)
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Markov DD, Dolotov OV, Grivennikov IA. The Melanocortin System: A Promising Target for the Development of New Antidepressant Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076664. [PMID: 37047638 PMCID: PMC10094937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders, causing significant human suffering and socioeconomic loss. Since conventional antidepressants are not sufficiently effective, there is an urgent need to develop new antidepressant medications. Despite marked advances in the neurobiology of depression, the etiology and pathophysiology of this disease remain poorly understood. Classical and newer hypotheses of depression suggest that an imbalance of brain monoamines, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and immune system, or impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and neurotrophic factors pathways are cause of depression. It is assumed that conventional antidepressants improve these closely related disturbances. The purpose of this review was to discuss the possibility of affecting these disturbances by targeting the melanocortin system, which includes adrenocorticotropic hormone-activated receptors and their peptide ligands (melanocortins). The melanocortin system is involved in the regulation of various processes in the brain and periphery. Melanocortins, including peripherally administered non-corticotropic agonists, regulate HPAA activity, exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, stimulate the levels of neurotrophic factors, and enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and neurotransmission. Therefore, endogenous melanocortins and their analogs are able to complexly affect the functioning of those body’s systems that are closely related to depression and the effects of antidepressants, thereby demonstrating a promising antidepressant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii D. Markov
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Dolotov
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A. Grivennikov
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Botticelli L, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Romano A, Gaetani S, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Cifani C. Investigating the role of the central melanocortin system in stress and stress-related disorders. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Endogenous cannabinoids are required for MC4R-mediated control of energy homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015990118. [PMID: 34654741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015990118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic regulation of feeding and energy expenditure is a fundamental and evolutionarily conserved neurophysiological process critical for survival. Dysregulation of these processes, due to environmental or genetic causes, can lead to a variety of pathological conditions ranging from obesity to anorexia. Melanocortins and endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) have been implicated in the regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis; however, the interaction between these signaling systems is poorly understood. Here, we show that the eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) regulates the activity of melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVNMC4R) via inhibition of afferent GABAergic drive. Furthermore, the tonicity of eCBs signaling is inversely proportional to energy state, and mice with impaired 2-AG synthesis within MC4R neurons weigh less, are hypophagic, exhibit increased energy expenditure, and are resistant to diet-induced obesity. These mice also exhibit MC4R agonist insensitivity, suggesting that the energy state-dependent, 2-AG-mediated suppression of GABA input modulates PVNMC4R neuron activity to effectively respond to the MC4R natural ligands to regulate energy homeostasis. Furthermore, post-developmental disruption of PVN 2-AG synthesis results in hypophagia and death. These findings illustrate a functional interaction at the cellular level between two fundamental regulators of energy homeostasis, the melanocortin and eCB signaling pathways in the hypothalamic feeding circuitry.
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Bruschetta G, Jin S, Liu ZW, Kim JD, Diano S. MC 4R Signaling in Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Controls Feeding, Anxiety, and Depression. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108267. [PMID: 33053350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is associated with weight loss and decreased appetite; however, the signaling that connects these conditions is unclear. Here, we show that MC4R signaling in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) affects feeding, anxiety, and depression. DRN infusion of α-MSH decreases DRN neuronal activation and feeding. DRN MC4R is expressed in GABAergic PRCP-producing neurons. DRN selective knockdown of PRCP (PrcpDRNKD), an enzyme inactivating α-MSH, decreases feeding and DRN neuronal activation. Interestingly, PrcpDRNKD mice present lower DRN serotonin levels and depressive-like behavior. Similarly, PRCP-ablated MC4R mice (PrcpMC4RKO) show metabolic and behavioral phenotypes comparable to those of PrcpDRNKD mice. Selective PRCP re-expression in DRN MC4R neurons of PrcpMC4RKO mice partially reverses feeding, while fully restoring mood behaviors. Chemogenetic inhibition of DRN MC4R neurons induces anxiety, depression, and reduced feeding, whereas chemogenetic activation reverses these effects. Our results indicate that MC4R signaling in DRN plays a role in feeding, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sungho Jin
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jung Dae Kim
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Yang Z, Liang XF, Li GL, Tao YX. Biased signaling in fish melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4Rs): Divergent pharmacology of four ligands on spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) MC4Rs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110929. [PMID: 32615281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in both mammals and fish. Several fish MC4Rs recently characterized have high constitutive activities, potentially associated with food intake and growth rate. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of four human MC4R (hMC4R) antagonists, including agouti-related peptide (AgRP), Ipsen 5i, ML00253764, and MCL0020, on the cAMP and ERK1/2 signaling of two fish MC4Rs: spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) MC4R (saMC4R) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) MC4R (ciMC4R), with hMC4R as a control. We showed that both saMC4R and ciMC4R were constitutively active with significantly increased basal cAMP levels. AgRP acted as an inverse agonist in cAMP signaling pathway in both fish MC4Rs whereas MCL0020 functioned as an inverse agonist for ciMC4R but a weak neutral antagonist for saMC4R. Ipsen 5i and MCL0020 behaved as neutral allosteric modulators in the cAMP signaling of fish MC4Rs. The saMC4R and ciMC4R had similar basal pERK1/2 levels as hMC4R and the pERK1/2 levels of the two fish MC4Rs were significantly increased upon stimulation with all four ligands. In summary, our studies demonstrated the existence of biased signaling in fish MC4R. We also showed dramatic pharmacological differences of human and fish MC4Rs with synthetic ligands. Our data provided novel insights and led to a better understanding of fish MC4R pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Freshwater Aquaculture, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guang-Li Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States.
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A critical inquiry into marble-burying as a preclinical screening paradigm of relevance for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Mapping the way forward. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:1-39. [PMID: 30361863 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rodent marble-burying behavior in the marble-burying test (MBT) is employed as a model or measure to study anxiety- and compulsive-like behaviors or anxiolytic and anticompulsive drug action. However, the test responds variably to a range of pharmacological interventions, and little consensus exists regarding specific methodologies for its execution. Regardless, the test is widely applied to investigate the effects of pharmacological, genetic, and behavioral manipulations on purported behaviors related to the said neuropsychiatric constructs. Therefore, in the present review we attempt to expound the collective translational significance of the MBT. We do this by (1) reviewing burying behavior as a natural behavioral phenotype, (2) highlighting key aspects of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder from a translational perspective, (3) reviewing the history and proof of concept of the MBT, (4) critically appraising potential methodological confounds in execution of the MBT, and (5) dissecting responses of the MBT to various pharmacological interventions. We conclude by underlining that the collective translational value of the MBT will be strengthened by contextually valid experimental designs and objective reporting of data.
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Abstract
Acupuncture is an ancient therapy with a variety of different explanatory models. A cascade of physiological effects has been reported, both in the peripheral and the central nervous system, following the insertion of a needle or light tapping of the skin. Clinical trials testing the specific claims of acupuncture have generally tried to focus on testing the efficacy of applying specific techniques and/or specified points. However, different conditions may respond differently to different modes of stimulation. Recently, it was demonstrated that both superficial and deep needling (with de qi/Hibiki) resulted in amelioration of patellofemoral pain and unpleasantness. The pleasurable aspect of the acupuncture experience has largely been ignored as it has been considered secondary to its pain alleviating effects. This aspect of acupuncture treatment is likely to be related to activation of self-appraisal and the reward system. When a patient seeks a therapist there are expectations of a specific effect. These expectations are partly based on self-relevant phenomena and self-referentia introspection and constitute the preference. Also, when asked about the effect of the treatment, processes that orientate pre-attentive anticipatory or mnemonic information and processes that mediate self-reflection and recollection are integrated together with sensory detection to enable a decision about the patient's perception of the effect of acupuncture treatment. These ‘self-appraisal’ processes are dependent on two integrated networks: a ventral medial prefrontal cortex paralimbic limbic ‘affective’ pathway and a dorsal medial prefrontal cortex cortical hippocampal ‘cognitive’ pathway. The limbic structures are implicated in the reward system and play a key role in most diseases and illness responses including chronic pain and depression, regulating mood and neuromodulatory responses (eg sensory, autonomic, and endocrine). The pleasurable and neuromodulatory aspects of acupuncture as well as ‘placebo needling’ may partly be explained by the activation or deactivation of limbic structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, and their connections with the hypothalamus. In patients with patellofemoral pain, the effects of superficial and deep needling remained for six months. These long term pain-alleviating effects have been attributed to activation of pain inhibiting systems in cortical and subcortical pathways. When considering long term effects the cortical cerebellar system needs to be taken into account. The cortical cerebellar system is probably central to the development of neural models that learn and eventually stimulate routinely executed (eg motor skills) and long term (eg pain alleviation) cognitive processes. These higher order cognitive processes are initially mediated in prefrontal cortical loci but later shift control iteratively to internal cerebellar representations of these processes. Possibly part of the long term healing effects of acupuncture may be attributed to changes in the cerebellar system thereby sparing processing load in cortical and subcortical areas. As cortical and subcortical structures are activated and/or de-activated following stimulation of receptors in the skin, disregarding site, ‘placebo or sham needling’ does not exist and conclusions drawn on the basis that it is an inert control are invalid. ‘Self’ may be seen as a shifting illusion, ceaselessly constructed and deconstructed, and the effect of acupuncture may reflect its status (as well as that of the therapist).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lundeberg
- Rehabilitation Medicine, UniversityClinic, Danderyds Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Saleh N, Kleinau G, Heyder N, Clark T, Hildebrand PW, Scheerer P. Binding, Thermodynamics, and Selectivity of a Non-peptide Antagonist to the Melanocortin-4 Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:560. [PMID: 29910730 PMCID: PMC5992272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a potential drug target for treatment of obesity, anxiety, depression, and sexual dysfunction. Crystal structures for MC4R are not yet available, which has hindered successful structure-based drug design. Using microsecond-scale molecular-dynamics simulations, we have investigated selective binding of the non-peptide antagonist MCL0129 to a homology model of human MC4R (hMC4R). This approach revealed that, at the end of a multi-step binding process, MCL0129 spontaneously adopts a binding mode in which it blocks the agonistic-binding site. This binding mode was confirmed in subsequent metadynamics simulations, which gave an affinity for human hMC4R that matches the experimentally determined value. Extending our simulations of MCL0129 binding to hMC1R and hMC3R, we find that receptor subtype selectivity for hMC4R depends on few amino acids located in various structural elements of the receptor. These insights may support rational drug design targeting the melanocortin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureldin Saleh
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Computational Modelling and Dynamics of Molecular Complexes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heyder
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter W Hildebrand
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Computational Modelling and Dynamics of Molecular Complexes, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
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Melanocortin-4 receptor regulation of pain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2515-2522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ebenezer PJ, Wilson CB, Wilson LD, Nair AR, J F. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Blueberries in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160923. [PMID: 27603014 PMCID: PMC5014311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma and stressor-related disorder that results in a prolonged stress response. It is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HC). The only approved therapy for PTSD is selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), but their efficacy is marginal. Recently, we demonstrated that over-production of norepinephrine (NE) as the possible reason for the lack of efficacy of SSRIs. Hence, there is a need for novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PTSD. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory role of blueberries in modulating inflammatory markers and neurotransmitter levels in PTSD. Rats were fed either a blueberry enriched (2%) or a control diet. Rats were exposed to cats for one hour on days 1 and 11 of a 31-day schedule to simulate traumatic conditions. The rats were also subjected to psychosocial stress via daily cage cohort changes. At the end of the study, the rats were euthanized and the PFC and HC were isolated. Monoamines were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), gene and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were also measured. In our PTSD model, NE levels were increased and 5-HT levels were decreased when compared to control. In contrast, a blueberry enriched diet increased 5-HT without affecting NE levels. The rate limiting enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase were also studied and they confirmed our findings. The enhanced levels free radicals, gene and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines seen in the PTSD group were normalized with a blueberry enriched diet. Decreased anxiety in this group was shown by improved performance on the elevated plus-maze. These findings indicate blueberries can attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation and restore neurotransmitter imbalances in a rat model of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Ebenezer
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - C. Brad Wilson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Leslie D. Wilson
- Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Anand R. Nair
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Francis J
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nirwane AM, Gupta PV, Shet JH, Patil SB. Anxiolytic and nootropic activity of Vetiveria zizanioides roots in mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2015; 6:158-64. [PMID: 26604550 PMCID: PMC4630689 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.146548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vetiveria zizanioides (VZ) (family: Poaceae), an aromatic plant commonly known as “Vetiver” has been used for various ailments. Concerning the various ailments being listed as the traditional uses of VZ, no mention about anxiety and memory was found. Objective: The present study examined the anxiolytic and memory enhancing activity of ethanolic extract of V. zizanioides (EEVZ) dried roots in mice. Materials and Methods: Activity of EEVZ was assessed using models of anxiety (elevated plus-maze [EPM], light/dark test, hole board test, marble-burying test) and learning and memory (EPM, passive shock avoidance paradigm). Results: EEVZ at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w. illustrated significant anxiolytic activity indicated by increase in time spent and number of entries in open arm, time spent in lightened area, number of head poking and number marble buried when compared to that of diazepam (1 mg/kg b.w.), a reference standard. The same treatment showed a significant decrease in transfer latency to reach open arm, shock-free zone, and number of mistakes when compared to that of scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg b.w.). EEVZ in all the doses (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w.) significantly decreased mortality in sodium nitrite (250 mg/kg b.w.) induced hypoxia and also significantly increases contraction induced by acetylcholine on rat ileum preparation. Conclusion: The result emanated in the present investigation revealed EEVZ possesses significant anxiolytic and nootropic activity by possibly interplaying with neurotransmitters implicated in anxiety and learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit M Nirwane
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Purnima V Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Jitesh H Shet
- Department of MGV's Pharmacy College, Panchavati, Nasik, India
| | - Sandeep B Patil
- Department of Appasaheb Birnale College of Pharmacy, Sangli, India
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Chaki S, Shimazaki T, Karasawa JI, Aoki T, Kaku A, Iijima M, Kambe D, Yamamoto S, Kawakita Y, Shibata T, Abe K, Okubo T, Sekiguchi Y, Okuyama S. Efficacy of a glycine transporter 1 inhibitor TASP0315003 in animal models of cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2849-61. [PMID: 25869273 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since the hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is known to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the enhancement of NMDA receptor function through glycine modulatory sites is expected to be a useful approach for the treatment of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES We investigated the efficacy of a glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor that potentiates NMDA receptor function by increasing synaptic glycine levels in animal models for cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms, both of which are poorly managed by current antipsychotics. RESULTS A newly synthesized GlyT1 inhibitor, 3-chloro-N-{(S)-[3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl][(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]methyl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide (TASP0315003) significantly improved cognitive deficit induced by MK-801 in the object recognition test in rats. Likewise, TASP0315003 significantly improved MK-801 impaired cognition in the social recognition test in rats and also enhanced social memory in treatment-naïve rats. In addition, repeated phencyclidine (PCP) treatment reduced the social interaction of paired mice, which may reflect negative symptoms such as social withdrawal, and both acute and sub-chronic treatment with TASP0315003 reversed the reduction in social interaction induced by PCP. Moreover, TASP0315003 additionally exhibited an antidepressant effect in the forced swimming test in rats. In contrast, TASP0315003 did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity or rotarod performance and did not induce catalepsy, indicating that TASP0315003 does not cause sedation or motor dysfunction, which is sometimes observed with the use of current antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GlyT1 inhibitors including TASP0315003 may be useful for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia without having undesirable central nervous system side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Chaki
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Saitama, Saitama, 331-9530, Japan,
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15
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Antidepressant/anxiolytic potential and adverse effect liabilities of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists in animal models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 135:154-68. [PMID: 26044968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCH1 receptor) is known to be involved in the control of mood and stress, in addition to the regulation of feeding. Here, we report further evidence that the blockade of the MCH1 receptor exhibits antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects in a variety of animal models using TASP0382650 and TASP0489838, newly synthesized MCH1 receptor antagonists, with different scaffolds. Both TASP0382650 and TASP0489838 exhibited high affinities for human MCH1 receptor with IC50 values of 7.13 and 3.80nM, respectively. Both compounds showed potent antagonist activities at the MCH1 receptor, as assessed using MCH-increased [(35)S]GTPγS binding to human MCH1 receptor and an MCH-induced [Ca(2+)]i assay in rat MCH1 receptor expressing cells. In contrast, neither TASP0382650 nor TASP0489838 showed an affinity for the MCH2 receptor, another MCH receptor subtype. The oral administration of TASP0382650 or TASP0489838 significantly reduced the immobility time during the forced swimming test in rats, and reduced hyperemotionality induced by an olfactory bulbectomy, both of which are indicative of an antidepressant-like potential. In the olfactory bulbectomy model, the antidepressant effect of TASP0382650 appeared following a single administration, suggesting a faster onset of action, compared with current medications. Moreover, both TASP0382650 and TASP0489838 exhibited anxiolytic effects in several animal models of anxiety. In contrast, both TASP0382650 and TASP0489838 did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity, motor function, spatial memory during the Morris water maze task, or the convulsion threshold to pentylenetetrazole. These findings provide additional evidence that the blockade of the MCH1 receptor exhibits antidepressant- and anxiolytic activities with no adverse effects in experimental animal models.
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Qi X, Yamada H, Corrie LW, Ji Y, Bauzo RM, Alexander JC, Bruijnzeel AW. A critical role for the melanocortin 4 receptor in stress-induced relapse to nicotine seeking in rats. Addict Biol 2015; 20:324-35. [PMID: 24612112 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco addiction is characterized by a lack of control over smoking and relapse after periods of abstinence. Smoking cessation leads to a dysphoric state that contributes to relapse to smoking. After the acute withdrawal phase, exposure to stressors increases the risk for relapse. Blockade of melanocortin 4 (MC4 ) receptors has anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in animal models. The aim of these studies was to investigate the role of MC4 receptors in the dysphoria associated with nicotine withdrawal and stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. To study stress-induced reinstatement, rats self-administered nicotine for 16 days and then nicotine seeking was extinguished by substituting saline for nicotine. Nicotine seeking was reinstated by intermittent footshock stress. The intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure was used to assess the negative mood state associated with nicotine withdrawal. Elevations in the ICSS thresholds are indicative of a dysphoric state. The selective MC4 receptor antagonists HS014 and HS024 prevented stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished nicotine seeking. Drug doses that prevented stress-induced relapse did not affect responding for food pellets, which indicates that the drugs did not induce sedation or motor impairments. In the ICSS experiments, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine elevated the ICSS thresholds of the nicotine-dependent rats. Pre-treatment with HS014 or HS024 did not prevent the elevations in ICSS thresholds. These studies indicate that MC4 receptors play a critical role in stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking, but these receptors may not play a role in the dysphoria associated with acute nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qi
- Department of Psychiatry; McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Hidetaka Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry; McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Lu W. Corrie
- Department of Psychiatry; McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Yue Ji
- Department of Psychiatry; McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Rayna M. Bauzo
- Department of Psychiatry; McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jon C. Alexander
- Department of Psychiatry; McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Adrie W. Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry; McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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17
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Tennoune N, Legrand R, Ouelaa W, Breton J, Lucas N, Bole-Feysot C, do Rego JC, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO. Sex-related effects of nutritional supplementation of Escherichia coli: relevance to eating disorders. Nutrition 2014; 31:498-507. [PMID: 25701341 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The biological background of sex-related differences in the development of eating disorders (EDs) is unknown. Recent data showed that gut bacteria Escherichia coli induce autoantibodies against anorexigenic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) associated with psychopathology in ED. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of E. coli on feeding and autoantibodies against α-MSH and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), between female and male rats. METHODS Commensal E. coli K12 were given in a culture medium daily to adult Wistar rats by intragastric gavage over a 3-wk period; control rats received culture medium only. RESULTS Before gavage, E. coli K12 DNA was detected in feces of female but not male rats. E. coli provision was accompanied by an increase in body weight gain in females, but a decrease in body weight gain and food intake in males. Independent of E. coli treatment, plasma levels of anti-α-MSH and ACTH immunoglobulin (Ig)G were higher in female than male rats. Females responded to E. coli by increasing α-MSH IgG levels and affinity, but males by increasing α-MSH IgM levels. Affinity of IgG for ACTH was increased in both E. coli-treated females and males, although with different kinetics. IgG from females stimulated more efficiently α-MSH-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate production by melanocortin 4 receptor-expressing cells compared with IgG from males. DISCUSSION Sex-related response to how E. coli affects feeding and anti-melanocortin hormone antibody production may depend on the presence of these bacteria in the gut before E. coli supplementation. These data suggest that sex-related presence of certain gut bacteria may represent a risk factor for ED development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naouel Tennoune
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Romain Legrand
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Wassila Ouelaa
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Lucas
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France; Animal behavior platform (SCAC), Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France.
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Bacterial ClpB heat-shock protein, an antigen-mimetic of the anorexigenic peptide α-MSH, at the origin of eating disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e458. [PMID: 25290265 PMCID: PMC4350527 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms at the origin of eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia and binge-eating disorder (BED), are currently unknown. Previous data indicated that immunoglobulins (Igs) or autoantibodies (auto-Abs) reactive with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are involved in regulation of feeding and emotion; however, the origin of such auto-Abs is unknown. Here, using proteomics, we identified ClpB heat-shock disaggregation chaperone protein of commensal gut bacteria Escherichia coli as a conformational antigen mimetic of α-MSH. We show that ClpB-immunized mice produce anti-ClpB IgG crossreactive with α-MSH, influencing food intake, body weight, anxiety and melanocortin receptor 4 signaling. Furthermore, chronic intragastric delivery of E. coli in mice decreased food intake and stimulated formation of ClpB- and α-MSH-reactive antibodies, while ClpB-deficient E. coli did not affect food intake or antibody levels. Finally, we show that plasma levels of anti-ClpB IgG crossreactive with α-MSH are increased in patients with AN, bulimia and BED, and that the ED Inventory-2 scores in ED patients correlate with anti-ClpB IgG and IgM, which is similar to our previous findings for α-MSH auto-Abs. In conclusion, this work shows that the bacterial ClpB protein, which is present in several commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, can be responsible for the production of auto-Abs crossreactive with α-MSH, associated with altered feeding and emotion in humans with ED. Our data suggest that ClpB-expressing gut microorganisms might be involved in the etiology of EDs.
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19
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Bhorkar AA, Dandekar MP, Nakhate KT, Subhedar NK, Kokare DM. Involvement of the central melanocortin system in the effects of caffeine on anxiety-like behavior in mice. Life Sci 2013; 95:72-80. [PMID: 24361398 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role of the melanocortin (MC) system in the framework of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the differential effects of the adenosine receptor blocker caffeine on anxiety-like behavior, using the social interaction (SI) test. MAIN METHODS Caffeine was injected intraperitoneally, alone or in combination with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), the MC4 receptor agonist RO27-3225 or the antagonist HS014 via the intra-CeA route. The effects of chronic (21 days) caffeine, given alone or concurrently with α-MSH, or RO27-3225, were investigated. The effects of withdrawal of these treatments on SI time were also evaluated. Furthermore, the acute effects of HS014 were investigated in different sets of caffeine-withdrawn mice. KEY FINDINGS Acute injection of caffeine, RO27-3225, or α-MSH produced anxiety-like behavior. Prior treatment with α-MSH, or RO27-3225 potentiated the caffeine-induced anxiety-like behavior. Subchronic treatment with HS014 increased the SI time, which was attenuated by caffeine. Chronic administration of caffeine resulted in tolerance to caffeine's anxiogenic effect, while abrupt discontinuation of the treatment produced peak anxiety-like behavior at 72 h post-withdrawal. Concurrent administration of α-MSH, or RO27-3225 with chronic caffeine delayed the development of tolerance and prevented withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, acute treatment with HS014 at 72 h post-withdrawal attenuated the anxiety-like behavior. SIGNIFICANCE α-MSH, possibly via MC4 receptor in the neuroanatomical framework of the CeA, may contribute to the acute, chronic and withdrawal actions of caffeine associated with anxiety-like behavior in the neuroanatomical framework of the CeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita A Bhorkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rungta Educational Campus, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai 490 024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Sai Trinity Building, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India.
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20
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Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Sabban EL. Intranasal infusion of melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) antagonist to rats ameliorates development of depression and anxiety related symptoms induced by single prolonged stress. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:139-47. [PMID: 23680165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brain melanocortinergic systems and specifically melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) are implicated in modulation of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior induced by mild or moderate stress. Here we examine whether blockage of central MC4Rs with HS014 before severe traumatic stress may protect against development of anxiety and depression co-morbid with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Male rats were treated intranasally (IN) with vehicle or varied doses of HS014, 30min prior to single prolonged stress (SPS) animal model of PTSD. IN administration of 100μg HS014 pre-SPS improved despair behavior in forced swim (FS) immediately after immobilization stress part of SPS protocol. During all 4 intervals of 20min FS these rats spent less time immobile than rats given vehicle or 3.5ng HS014. This dose of HS014 also had a long-term beneficial effect manifested as reduction of immobility time in forced swim test performed after SPS. However, both HS014 doses were effective in ameliorating development of anxiety-like behavior after traumatic stress. Thus, rats given IN HS014 prior to SPS exhibited less open arms (OA) visits in elevated plus maze (EPM), spent longer time in OA and less in closed arms, had lower anxiety index, higher risk assessment and more head dips over borders in OA. They also spent longer time in the center of the open field and defecated less. Reduced grooming behavior in EPM was observed with 100μg HS014. This is the first study revealing pronounced resilience effects of HS014 on development of behavioral symptoms co-morbid with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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21
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Mood disorders. Transl Neurosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511980053.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Cooper TA, Jenkins SJ, Wojakiewicz L, Kattesh HG, Kojima CJ. Effects of weaning and syndyphalin-33 on expression of melanocortinergic appetite-regulating genes in swine. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 40:165-72. [PMID: 21194875 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Syndyphalin-33 (SD-33) increases feed intake in sheep and recently weaned pigs. To assess the effects of SD-33 on hypothalamic gene expression, hypothalami were collected from unweaned pigs (n=19; 21±3 d of age) on day 0. Remaining pigs received an intramuscular injection of 0.5 μmole/kg SD-33 (SD) or saline (VEH) and weaned into individual pens. On days 1, 4, and 7 after weaning, hypothalami were collected from subsets of pigs (n=8 or 9) within each treatment group. Expression of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) was less in SD pigs than in VEH pigs on day 1 and day 4, suggesting down-regulation of the receptor by SD-33. Expression of hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) at 1 d after weaning was increased in VEH pigs (but not SD pigs) relative to levels before weaning. Expression of AGRP was not significantly altered by weaning or treatment at 1 d after weaning. At 4 d after weaning, expression of AGRP was greater in SD pigs than in VEH pigs, but at day 7 expression was less in SD pigs than in VEH pigs. A strong positive correlation was noted between expression levels of MOR and MC4R across treatment and time. Treatment with SD-33 appeared to partially abrogate the effects of weaning on expression of two key appetite-regulating genes within 24 h. Effects of SD-33 appear to be mediated at least in part by the μ-opioid receptor and include actions on the melanocortinergic pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Agouti-Related Protein/genetics
- Agouti-Related Protein/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Suckling
- Eating/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- Male
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Swine/physiology
- Weaning
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Cooper
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Hruby VJ, Cai M, Nyberg J, Muthu D. Approaches to the rational design of selective melanocortin receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:543-57. [PMID: 22646078 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.565743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When establishing the physiological roles of specific receptors in normal and disease states, it is critical to have selective antagonist ligands for each receptor in a receptor system with several subtypes. The melanocortin receptors have five subtypes referred to as the melanocortin 1 receptor, melanocortin 2 receptor, melanocortin 3 receptor, melanocortin 4 receptor and melanocortin 5 receptor, and they are of critical importance for many aspects of human health and disease. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the current efforts to design selective antagonistic ligands for the five human melanocortin receptors summarizing the currently published orthosteric and allosteric antagonists for each of these receptors. EXPERT OPINION Though there has been progress, there are still few drugs available that address the many significant biological activities and diseases that are associated with these receptors, which is possibly due to the lack of receptor selectivity that these designed ligands are currently showing. The authors believe that further studies into the antagonists' 3D conformational and topographical properties in addition to future mutagenesis studies will provide greater insight into these ligands which could play a role in the treatment of various diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Hruby
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a heritable psychiatric syndrome that appears to be associated with subtle cellular and molecular alterations in a complex neural network. The affected brain regions display dynamic neuroplastic adaptations to endocrine and immunologic stimuli arising from within and outside the CNS. Depression's clinical and etiological heterogeneity adds a third level of complexity, implicating different pathophysiological mechanisms in different patients with the same DSM diagnosis. Current pharmacological antidepressant treatments improve depressive symptoms through complex mechanisms that are themselves incompletely understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the neurobiology of depression by combining insights from human clinical studies and molecular explanations from animal models. The authors provide recommendations for future research, with a focus on translating today's discoveries into improved diagnostic tests and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnav Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.
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Zarate C, Machado-Vieira R, Henter I, Ibrahim L, Diazgranados N, Salvadore G. Glutamatergic modulators: the future of treating mood disorders? Harv Rev Psychiatry 2010; 18:293-303. [PMID: 20825266 PMCID: PMC3000412 DOI: 10.3109/10673229.2010.511059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders such as bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are common, chronic, and recurrent conditions affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Existing antidepressants and mood stabilizers used to treat these disorders are insufficient for many. Patients continue to have low remission rates, delayed onset of action, residual subsyndromal symptoms, and relapses. New therapeutic agents able to exert faster and sustained antidepressant or mood-stabilizing effects are urgently needed to treat these disorders. In this context, the glutamatergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders in unique clinical and neurobiological ways. In addition to evidence confirming the role of the glutamatergic modulators riluzole and ketamine as proof-of-concept agents in this system, trials with diverse glutamatergic modulators are under way. Overall, this system holds considerable promise for developing the next generation of novel therapeutics for the treatment of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Cippitelli A, Karlsson C, Shaw JL, Thorsell A, Gehlert DR, Heilig M. Suppression of alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking by melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCH1-R) antagonism in Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 211:367-75. [PMID: 20628734 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is involved in regulation of appetitive behaviors as well as emotional reactivity and reward, behavioral domains relevant to alcohol addiction. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the effects of the non-peptide MCH1 receptor antagonist, GW803430 [6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-[3-methoxy-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-3H-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one; 3-30 mg/kg, i.p.] on alcohol-related behaviors in Wistar rats. RESULTS Ex vivo binding experiments demonstrated that the GW803430 dose range used resulted in high central MCH1 receptor occupancy. Alcohol self-administration was dose-dependently and potently suppressed, by approximately 80% at the highest dose. Reinstatement of alcohol-seeking induced by alcohol-associated cues was essentially eliminated. In contrast, reinstatement induced by footshock stress was not significantly altered. Taste preference for a quinine/saccharin solution, locomotor activity, and alcohol elimination were unaffected. CONCLUSION Together, these observations support a specific involvement of the MCH system in mediating alcohol reward and cue-induced relapse to alcohol seeking. MCH1-R antagonism may constitute an attractive treatment target for alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cippitelli
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., 1/5330, Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
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27
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Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) was cloned in 1993 by degenerate PCR; however, its function was unknown. Subsequent studies suggest that the MC4R might be involved in regulating energy homeostasis. This hypothesis was confirmed in 1997 by a series of seminal studies in mice. In 1998, human genetic studies demonstrated that mutations in the MC4R gene can cause monogenic obesity. We now know that mutations in the MC4R are the most common monogenic form of obesity, with more than 150 distinct mutations reported thus far. This review will summarize the studies on the MC4R, from its cloning and tissue distribution to its physiological roles in regulating energy homeostasis, cachexia, cardiovascular function, glucose and lipid homeostasis, reproduction and sexual function, drug abuse, pain perception, brain inflammation, and anxiety. I will then review the studies on the pharmacology of the receptor, including ligand binding and receptor activation, signaling pathways, as well as its regulation. Finally, the pathophysiology of the MC4R in obesity pathogenesis will be reviewed. Functional studies of the mutant MC4Rs and the therapeutic implications, including small molecules in correcting binding and signaling defect, and their potential as pharmacological chaperones in rescuing intracellularly retained mutants, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5519, USA.
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Involvement of α-MSH in the social isolation induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rat. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:1009-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chuang JC, Krishnan V, Yu HG, Mason B, Cui H, Wilkinson MB, Zigman JM, Elmquist JK, Nestler EJ, Lutter M, Lutter M. A beta3-adrenergic-leptin-melanocortin circuit regulates behavioral and metabolic changes induced by chronic stress. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:1075-82. [PMID: 20060958 PMCID: PMC2868111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of developing several psychiatric illnesses, including major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Likewise, these stress-related disturbances are associated with a higher rate of obesity; yet, the neurobiological mechanisms linking obesity and stress remain incompletely understood. METHODS Following exposure to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), mice were given free access to either regular chow or a Western-style diet high in triglycerides and cholesterol. Comprehensive metabolic and behavioral testing was then conducted. RESULTS Mice subjected to CSDS and then fed a high-fat diet for 30 days display severe behavioral deficits accompanied by redistribution of body fat. Stressed mice have decreased adipose tissue as well as decreased serum leptin levels compared with control mice. Pharmacological inhibition of beta(3)-adrenergic signaling during CSDS normalizes these metabolic abnormalities but worsens behavioral symptoms. Furthermore, mice subjected to CSDS display central leptin resistance including reduced expression of pro-opiomelanocortin in hypothalamus. Administration of a central melanocortin agonist worsens stress-induced behavioral deficits, while mice lacking the melanocortin-4 receptor display attenuated symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that chronic signaling through beta(3)-adrenergic receptors during social stress is an adaptive response that improves behavioral function. However, these responses come at the expense of central leptin resistance and melanocortin signaling alterations that contribute to significant and long-lasting metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hypothalamic Research), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9127
| | - Hana G. Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9127
| | - Brittany Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9127
| | - Huixing Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9127
,
Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hypothalamic Research), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Matthew B. Wilkinson
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029-6574
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9127
,
Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hypothalamic Research), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Joel K. Elmquist
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9127
,
Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hypothalamic Research), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
,
Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029-6574
| | - Michael Lutter
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9127
,
Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hypothalamic Research), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
,
To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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30
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Effects of agents targeting glutamatergic systems on marble-burying behavior. Neurosci Lett 2010; 471:63-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Mountjoy KG. Distribution and function of melanocortin receptors within the brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 681:29-48. [PMID: 21222258 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biological responses to pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides administered in the brain were documented in the 1950s but their molecular mechanisms of action only began to be resolved with the mapping of melanocortin receptor subtypes to specific brain regions in the 1990s. Out of the five melanocortin receptor subtypes, MC3R and MC4R are widely recognised as 'neural' melanocortin receptors. In situ hybridization anatomical mapping of these receptor subtypes to distinct hypothalamic nuclei first indicated their roles in energy homeostasis, roles that were later confirmed with the obese phenotypes exhibited by Mc3R and Mc4R knockout mice. It is perhaps less well known however, that all five melanocortin receptor subtypes have been detected in developing and/or adult brains of various species. This chapter provides a comprehensive summary of the detection and mapping of each melanocortin receptor subtype in mammalian, chicken and fish brains and relates the sites of expression to functions that are either known or proposed for each receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Mountjoy
- Departments of Physiology and Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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D'Souza MS, Markou A. Neural substrates of psychostimulant withdrawal-induced anhedonia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2010; 3:119-178. [PMID: 21161752 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2009_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulant drugs have powerful reinforcing and hedonic properties and are frequently abused. Cessation of psychostimulant administration results in a withdrawal syndrome characterized by anhedonia (i.e., an inability to experience pleasure). In humans, psychostimulant withdrawal-induced anhedonia can be debilitating and has been hypothesized to play an important role in relapse to drug use. Hence, understanding the neural substrates involved in psychostimulant withdrawal-induced anhedonia is essential. In this review, we first summarize the theoretical perspectives of psychostimulant withdrawal-induced anhedonia. Experimental procedures and measures used to assess anhedonia in experimental animals are also discussed. The review then focuses on neural substrates hypothesized to play an important role in anhedonia experienced after termination of psychostimulant administration, such as with cocaine, amphetamine-like drugs, and nicotine. Both neural substrates that have been extensively investigated and some that need further evaluation with respect to psychostimulant withdrawal-induced anhedonia are reviewed. In the context of reviewing the various neurosubstrates of psychostimulant withdrawal, we also discuss pharmacological medications that have been used to treat psychostimulant withdrawal in humans. This literature review indicates that great progress has been made in understanding the neural substrates of anhedonia associated with psychostimulant withdrawal. These advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of anhedonia may also shed light on the neurobiology of nondrug-induced anhedonia, such as that seen as a core symptom of depression and a negative symptom of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Goyal SN, Upadhya MA, Kokare DM, Bhisikar SM, Subhedar NK. Neuropeptide Y modulates the antidepressant activity of imipramine in olfactory bulbectomized rats: involvement of NPY Y1 receptors. Brain Res 2009; 1266:45-53. [PMID: 19254701 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Since long-term treatment with imipramine increases the neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus, the possibility exists that the antidepressant action of imipramine may be mediated via the NPY Y1 receptors. Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) resulted in hyperactivity (increased number of ambulation, rearing and grooming episodes) in open field test (OFT) suggesting a depression-like condition. Chronic (14 days) administration of NPY, NPY Y1/Y5 receptor agonist [Leu(31), Pro(34)]-NPY (intracerebroventricular, i.c.v.) or tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (intraperitoneal) to OBX rats dose-dependently resulted in decreased hyperactivity in OFT, while selective NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226 (i.c.v.) produced opposite effects. The antidepressant actions of imipramine were enhanced by co-administration of NPY or [Leu(31), Pro(34)]-NPY, and antagonized by BIBP3226 given at sub-effective doses. The data suggest that NPY, acting via NPY Y1 receptors, may be involved in antidepressant action of imipramine in OBX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer N Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110 029, India
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Nozawa D, Chaki S, Nakazato A. Recent advances in the development of melanocortin-4 receptor ligands. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.4.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kokare DM, Singru PS, Dandekar MP, Chopde CT, Subhedar NK. Involvement of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in differential ethanol exposure and withdrawal related depression in rat: neuroanatomical-behavioral correlates. Brain Res 2008; 1216:53-67. [PMID: 18499089 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) following acute, chronic and withdrawal treatments of ethanol with reference to depression. The degree of depression was evaluated using Porsolt's forced swim test. While intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) alpha-MSH (100-400 ng/rat) dose-dependently increased the immobility, opposite response was observed following administration of selective MC4 receptor antagonist HS014 (0.01-0.07 ng/rat, i.c.v.). The anti-immobility effect of acute ethanol (1-2 g/kg), injected via intra-peritoneal route (i.p.), was suppressed by central administration of alpha-MSH (100 ng/rat, i.c.v.), but was enhanced following pretreatment with HS014 (0.01 ng/rat, i.c.v.). Chronic ethanol resulted in increased immobility time, while further augmentation in immobility was noticed following ethanol withdrawal. However, concomitant HS014 (0.01 ng/rat, i.c.v.) treatment prevented tolerance as well as attenuated enhanced immobility in ethanol-withdrawn rats. Acute administration of HS014 (0.01-0.03 ng/rat, i.c.v.), at 24h post-withdrawal time point, also antagonized the ethanol withdrawal immobility in rats. The profile of alpha-MSH-immunoreactivity in the paraventricular (PVN), arcuate (ARC), paraventricular thalamic (PVT), dorsomedial hypothalamic-dorsal (DMNd) and -ventral (DMNv) nuclei, lateral hypothalamus (LH) and central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) was investigated with immunocytochemistry. Acute ethanol significantly reduced the alpha-MSH-immunoreactivity in the cells and fibers of ARC, and fibers in the PVN, DMNd, DMNv and CeA. While chronic ethanol treatment significantly increased the alpha-MSH-immunoreactivity as compared to the pair-fed control group, further augmentation was noticed following 24 h ethanol withdrawal. However, the alpha-MSH-immunoreactive profile in the PVT and LH did not respond. alpha-MSH in discrete areas may play a role in ethanol-induced antidepressant-like response and withdrawal-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Campus, Nagpur, 440 033, India
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36
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Carrero JJ, Aguilera A, Stenvinkel P, Gil F, Selgas R, Lindholm B. Appetite Disorders in Uremia. J Ren Nutr 2008; 18:107-13. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Kitamura Y, Shibata K, Akiyama K, Kimoto S, Fujitani Y, Kitagawa K, Kanzaki H, Ouchida M, Shimizu K, Kawasaki H, Sendo T, Gomita Y. Increased DOI-Induced Wet-Dog Shakes in Adrenocorticotropic Hormone–Treated Rats Are Not Affected by Chronic Imipramine Treatment: Possible Involvement of Enhanced 5-HT2A–Receptor Expression in the Frontal Cortex. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:100-6. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0071615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Navarro M, Cubero I, Knapp DJ, Breese GR, Thiele TE. Decreased immunoreactivity of the melanocortin neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) after chronic ethanol exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 32:266-76. [PMID: 18162070 PMCID: PMC2365503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin (MC) system is composed of peptides that are cleaved from the polypeptide precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Recent pharmacologic and genetic evidence suggests that MC receptor (MCR) signaling modulates neurobiologic responses to ethanol and ethanol intake. Because ethanol decreases POMC mRNA levels, we determined if exposure to an ethanol-containing diet (ED) would significantly reduce central immunoreactivity of the MC peptide alpha-MSH in rats. We also determined if ethanol exposure would alter the immunoreactivity of agouti-related protein (AgRP), an endogenous MCR antagonist. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 18 days of access to normal rodent chow or a control diet (CD), or short-term (4 days) or long-term (18 days) access to an ED. At the end of the study, rats were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and their brains were sectioned into two sets for processing with alpha-MSH or AgRP immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Rats exposed to an ED showed significant reductions of central alpha-MSH immunoreactivity relative to rats exposed to a control diet (CD) or normal rodent chow. Ethanol-induced reductions of alpha-MSH immunoreactivity were site-specific and were noted in regions of the hypothalamus and extended amygdala, as well as the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Because there were no differences in body weights or caloric intake between the CD and ED groups, reductions of alpha-MSH immunoreactivity in ED-treated rats are best explained by ethanol exposure rather than altered energy balance. No significant ethanol-induced alterations in hypothalamic AgRP immunoreactivity were detected. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that ethanol site specifically reduces alpha-MSH immunoreactivity in rat brain. These observations, in tandem with recent pharmacologic and genetic studies, suggest that the endogenous MC system modulates neurobiologic responses to ethanol. Thus, compounds which target MCRs may prove to have therapeutic value in the treatment of excessive ethanol consumption and/or the symptoms associated with ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Navarro
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3270, USA
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Kalange AS, Kokare DM, Singru PS, Upadhya MA, Chopde CT, Subhedar NK. Central administration of selective melanocortin 4 receptor antagonist HS014 prevents morphine tolerance and withdrawal hyperalgesia. Brain Res 2007; 1181:10-20. [PMID: 17915196 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Major problem involved in treatment of chronic pain with morphine is the development of tolerance and dependence. Previous studies have demonstrated the participation of melanocortin (MC) system in the development of tolerance to antinociceptive effect of morphine. However, the impact of supraspinal MC4 receptors (MC4 R) modulation on this phenomenon and morphine withdrawal hyperalgesia remained unexplored. We investigated the role of central MC4 R in acute, chronic effects and withdrawal reactions of morphine using tail flick test. Acute intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of morphine (2-20 microg/rat) exhibited antinociceptive activity, which was antagonized by subeffective dose of nonselective MC R agonist NDP-MSH (0.04 ng/rat, icv), and potentiated by subeffective dose of MC4 R antagonist HS014 (0.008 ng/rat, icv). Isobolographic analysis revealed antagonistic interaction between NDP-MSH and morphine, and additive interaction between HS014 and morphine combinations. While chronic icv infusion of morphine (20 ng/microl/h) via osmotic pump for 7 days developed tolerance to its antinociceptive effect, its discontinuation produced hyperalgesia. Co-administration of HS014 (0.008 ng/rat, icv) with chronic morphine not only delayed the development of tolerance but also prevented withdrawal hyperalgesia. Furthermore, acute treatment with HS014 (0.008 and 0.04 ng/rat, icv) dose dependently attenuated the withdrawal hyperalgesia. This suggests the involvement of central MC4 R in the mechanism of development of tolerance and dependence following chronic morphine administration. We speculate that targeting this receptor may be a novel strategy to improve the effectiveness of morphine in the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annasaheb S Kalange
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Campus, Nagpur-440 033, India
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Nozawa D, Okubo T, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Nakazato A. Identification of arginine analogues as antagonists and agonists for the melanocortin-4 receptor. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1232-9. [PMID: 17666851 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, conducted to explore potent and small molecular melanocortin-4 (MC4) receptor ligands, we found that tripeptide 3a, containing a D-Phe-Arg-2-Nal (Nal; naphthylalanine) sequence, exhibited a moderate affinity for the MC4 receptor. Structural optimization led to the identification of a compound with a high affinity for the MC4 receptor, namely, tripeptide 3e, which showed a 70-fold higher affinity for the MC4 receptor than the lead compound 3a. Moreover, in an effort to further reduce the peptidic characters of tripeptide 3e, we found that dipeptide 3g exhibited a relatively high affinity for the MC4 receptor. Furthermore, in these analogues, the substituted position (1' vs. 2') of the naphthyl ring of Nal residue at position 7 was found to be important for the differentiation of agonist and antagonist activity. The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of the arginine analogues as MC4 receptor ligands were described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nozawa
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan.
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Poitout L, Brault V, Sackur C, Bernetière S, Camara J, Plas P, Roubert P. Identification of a novel series of benzimidazoles as potent and selective antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4464-70. [PMID: 17574418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of benzimidazoles was identified and optimized, leading to the discovery of potent and selective antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. In addition, compound 5i was shown to cross the blood-brain barrier after intravenous dosing in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Poitout
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ipsen Research Laboratories, Institut Henri Beaufour, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91966 Les Ulis Cedex, France.
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Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Johansen JE, Fetissov SO, Bergström U, Nilsson I, Faÿ C, Ranscht B, Hökfelt T, Schalling M. Evidence for hypothalamic dysregulation in mouse models of anorexia as well as in humans. Physiol Behav 2007; 92:278-82. [PMID: 17560618 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders constitute major medical health problems in the western world. Even though little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind abnormal eating behavior, it has become clear that the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the hypothalamus, plays a significant role. The anorexic anx/anx mouse is a unique model for studying food intake and energy expenditure. The anx mutation is linked to marked alterations in hypothalamic distributions of signal substances known to have potent regulatory roles in the control of food intake. Another mouse model that displays an anorectic phenotype similar to the anx/anx mouse is the Contactin KO mouse. This model displays very similar hypothalamic alterations as seen in the anx/anx mouse, arguing for a role of these specific hypothalamic changes in an anorectic phenotype. In human eating disorders, hypothalamic systems corresponding to those defective in mouse models could be compromised since autoantibodies against melanocortin peptides have been detected in anorectic and bulimic patients. These findings represent research avenues that may lead to a better understanding of eating disorders and development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Johansen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, L8:00, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Teegarden SL, Bale TL. Decreases in dietary preference produce increased emotionality and risk for dietary relapse. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:1021-9. [PMID: 17207778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a modern health epidemic, with the overconsumption of highly palatable, calorically dense foods as a likely contributor. Despite the known consequences of obesity, behavioral noncompliance remains high, supporting the powerful rewarding properties of such foods. We hypothesized that exposure to preferred diets would result in an amelioration of stress responsivity via activation of reward pathways that would be reversed during dietary withdrawal, increasing the risk for relapse and treatment failure. METHODS Mice were exposed to preferred diets high in fat or carbohydrates for 4 weeks and then were withdrawn to house chow. Behavioral, physiologic, and biochemical assays were performed to examine changes in stress and reward pathways. RESULTS These studies revealed significant changes in arousal and anxiety-like behaviors, limbic corticotropin-releasing factor expression, and expression of reward-related signaling molecules in response to the highly preferred high-fat diet that was reversed by withdrawal. In a dietary-reinstatement model, mice withdrawn from the high-fat diet endured an aversive environment to gain access to the preferred food. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to a highly preferred diet high in fat reduces stress sensitivity, whereas acute withdrawal from such a diet elevates the stress state and reduces reward, contributing to the drive for dietary relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Teegarden
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6046, USA
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Abstract
This article reviews current knowledge about mechanisms responsible for uremic events, especially those that involve the central nervous system (CNS). Anorexia is a frequent complication of the uremic syndrome that contributes to malnutrition in patients on dialysis. Uremic anorexia has been associated with many factors. Traditionally, anorexia in dialysis patients has been regarded as a sign of uremic toxicity; therefore, 2 hypotheses have been proposed: the "middle molecule" and "peak concentration" hypotheses; both of these remain unproved. Recently, our group has proposed the tryptophan-serotonin hypothesis, which is based on a disorder in the amino acid profile that may be acquired when the patient is in uremic status. It is characterized by low concentrations of large neutral and branched chain amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid. This situation permits a high level of tryptophan transport across the blood-brain barrier and enhances the synthesis of serotonin (the final target responsible for inhibiting appetite). The role of inflammation in the genesis of anorexia-malnutrition is also emphasized. In summary, in the CNS, factors associated with uremic anorexia include high levels within the cerebrospinal fluid of proinflammatory cytokines, leptin, and free tryptophan and serotonin (hyperserotoninergic-like syndrome), along with deficiency of neural nitric oxide (nNO) and disorders in various receptors such as melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4-R). Uremic anorexia is a complex complication associated with malnutrition and high levels of morbidity and mortality. Several uremia-acquired disorders in the CNS such as high cerebrospinal fluid levels of anorexigen substances and disorders in appetite regulator receptors may explain the lack of appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abelardo Aguilera
- Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospitales Universitarios de la Princesa y la Paz, Madrid, Spain.
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Nozawa D, Okubo T, Ishii T, Kakinuma H, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Nakazato A. Structure–activity relationships of novel piperazines as antagonists for the melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1989-2005. [PMID: 17234422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During the investigation of antagonists for the MC4 receptor, we found that 10ab having a naphthyl group showed almost the same binding affinity for the MC4 receptor as that of the lead compound 1 with a benzoyl group. We also developed a new type of compounds, namely, bis-piperazines, and found that the bis-piperazines 10 exhibited a high affinity for the MC4 receptor. In particular, (-)-10bg exhibited the highest affinity for the MC4 receptor with an IC50 value of 8.13nM. In this paper, we present the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of the novel bis-piperazines as MC4 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nozawa
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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47
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Nozawa D, Okubo T, Ishii T, Takamori K, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Nakazato A. Novel piperazines: Potent melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists with anxiolytic-like activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2375-85. [PMID: 17267226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we found that a novel piperazine compound, 11a, showed a moderate affinity (IC(50)=333nM) for the MC4 receptor. We developed the new type of piperazine compounds and found that mono-piperazine 11b exhibited a high-affinity (IC(50)=40.3nM) for the MC4 receptor. We also found that a series of biphenyl analogues exhibited a high-affinity for the receptor, and in particular, compound 11j exhibited the highest affinity for the MC4 receptor with an IC(50) value of 14.5nM. Furthermore, some of these compounds, when administered orally, significantly reversed the stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. In this paper, we report the synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and oral activity of the novel mono-piperazines as MC4 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nozawa
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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48
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Kopylova GN, Bakaeva ZV, Badmaeva SE, Umarova BA, Samonina GE, Guseva AA. Therapeutic effects of glyprolines (PGP, GP, and PG) in rats with stress-induced behavioral disorders. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 143:167-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Meister B, Gömüç B, Suarez E, Ishii Y, Dürr K, Gillberg L. Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have a cholinergic phenotype. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 24:2731-40. [PMID: 17156199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal networks originating in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus play fundamental roles in the control of energy balance. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-producing neurons in the arcuate nucleus stimulate food intake, whereas arcuate nucleus neurons that release the proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) potently reduce food intake. Relatively little attention has been focused on classical neurotransmitters in regulation of food intake. Here, we have investigated the potential presence of acetylcholine (ACh) in NPY- and POMC-containing neuronal populations of the arcuate nucleus. Antisera to proteins required for cholinergic neurotransmission, including choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), were employed in double-labeling immunohistochemical experiments. In colchicine-treated rats, ChAT- and VAChT-immunopositive cell bodies were located in the ventral aspect of the arcuate nucleus. ChAT and VAChT immunoreactivities were demonstrated in alpha-MSH- and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)-containing cell bodies of the arcuate nucleus, whereas cell bodies containing NPY or agouti-related peptide (AGRP) were distinct from VAChT-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya. VAChT immunoreactivity was also present in a large number of alpha-MSH-containing nerve fiber varicosities throughout the central nervous system. In the commissural part of the nucleus tractus solitarius, no alpha-MSH-containing cell bodies were found to have ChAT or VAChT immunoreactivity. The presence of markers for cholinergic neurotransmission in a subpopulation of hypothalamic POMC/CART neurons suggests co-release of ACh with peptides derived from the POMC precursor and CART. The results indicate a role for ACh in control of energy balance, mediating the effects of peripheral hormones such as leptin and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Meister
- Department of Neuroscience, The Retzius Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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50
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Chen C. Recent progress toward nonpeptide ligands for the melanocortin-4 receptor. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:111-67. [PMID: 17280903 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12700 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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