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Jacobs I, Ceulemans M, Wauters L, Breynaert C, Vermeire S, Verstockt B, Vanuytsel T. Role of Eosinophils in Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overlooked Villain? Front Immunol 2021; 12:754413. [PMID: 34737752 PMCID: PMC8560962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are leukocytes which reside in the gastrointestinal tract under homeostatic conditions, except for the esophagus which is normally devoid of eosinophils. Research on eosinophils has primarily focused on anti-helminth responses and type 2 immune disorders. In contrast, the search for a role of eosinophils in chronic intestinal inflammation and fibrosis has been limited. With a shift in research focus from adaptive to innate immunity and the fact that the eosinophilic granules are filled with inflammatory mediators, eosinophils are becoming a point of interest in inflammatory bowel diseases. In the current review we summarize eosinophil characteristics and recruitment as well as the current knowledge on presence, inflammatory and pro-fibrotic functions of eosinophils in inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic inflammatory conditions, and we identify research gaps which should be covered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Ceulemans
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Wauters
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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In vitro evolution of antibody affinity via insertional scanning mutagenesis of an entire antibody variable region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27307-27318. [PMID: 33067389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002954117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a systematic combinatorial exploration of affinity enhancement of antibodies by insertions and deletions (InDels). Transposon-based introduction of InDels via the method TRIAD (transposition-based random insertion and deletion mutagenesis) was used to generate large libraries with random in-frame InDels across the entire single-chain variable fragment gene that were further recombined and screened by ribosome display. Knowledge of potential insertion points from TRIAD libraries formed the basis of exploration of length and sequence diversity of novel insertions by insertional-scanning mutagenesis (InScaM). An overall 256-fold affinity improvement of an anti-IL-13 antibody BAK1 as a result of InDel mutagenesis and combination with known point mutations validates this approach, and suggests that the results of this InDel mutagenesis and conventional exploration of point mutations can synergize to generate antibodies with higher affinity.
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3
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CCL-11 or Eotaxin-1: An Immune Marker for Ageing and Accelerated Ageing in Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090230. [PMID: 32887304 PMCID: PMC7558796 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: CCL-11 (eotaxin) is a chemokine with an important role in allergic conditions. Recent evidence indicates that CCL-11 plays a role in brain disorders as well. This paper reviews the associations between CCL-11 and aging, neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory and neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for original articles examining CCL-11 in neuropsychiatric disorders. Results: CCL-11 is rapidly transported from the blood to the brain through the blood-brain barrier. Age-related increases in CCL-11 are associated with cognitive impairments in executive functions and episodic and semantic memory, and therefore, this chemokine has been described as an “Endogenous Cognition Deteriorating Chemokine” (ECDC) or “Accelerated Brain-Aging Chemokine” (ABAC). In schizophrenia, increased CCL-11 is not only associated with impairments in cognitive functions, but also with key symptoms including formal thought disorders. Some patients with mood disorders and premenstrual syndrome show increased plasma CCL-11 levels. In diseases of old age, CCL-11 is associated with lowered neurogenesis and neurodegenerative processes, and as a consequence, increased CCL-11 increases risk towards Alzheimer’s disease. Polymorphisms in the CCL-11 gene are associated with stroke. Increased CCL-11 also plays a role in neuroinflammatory disease including multiple sclerosis. In animal models, neutralization of CCL-11 may protect against nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Increased production of CCL-11 may be attenuated by glucocorticoids, minocycline, resveratrol and anti-CCL11 antibodies. Conclusions: Increased CCL-11 production during inflammatory conditions may play a role in human disease including age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, mood disorders and neurodegenerative disorders. Increased CCL-11 production is a new drug target in the treatment and prevention of those disorders.
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1986. [PMID: 32983137 PMCID: PMC7485114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage–derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32983137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage-derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Pease JE, Williams TJ. Eosinophils on trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 48:490-492. [PMID: 29701922 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James E Pease
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Williams
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Nixon J, Newbold P, Mustelin T, Anderson GP, Kolbeck R. Monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with eosinophilic inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 169:57-77. [PMID: 27773786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils have been linked with asthma for more than a century, but their role has been unclear. This review discusses the roles of eosinophils in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and describes therapeutic antibodies that affect eosinophilia. The aims of pharmacologic treatments for pulmonary conditions are to reduce symptoms, slow decline or improve lung function, and reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are important in managing symptoms and exacerbations in asthma and COPD. However, control with these agents is often suboptimal, especially for patients with severe disease. Recently, new biologics that target eosinophilic inflammation, used as adjunctive therapy to corticosteroids, have proven beneficial and support a pivotal role for eosinophils in the pathology of asthma. Nucala® (mepolizumab; anti-interleukin [IL]-5) and Cinquair® (reslizumab; anti-IL-5), the second and third biologics approved, respectively, for the treatment of asthma, exemplifies these new treatment options. Emerging evidence suggests that eosinophils may contribute to exacerbations and possibly to lung function decline for a subset of patients with COPD. Here we describe the pharmacology of therapeutic antibodies inhibiting IL-5 or targeting the IL-5 receptor, as well as other cytokines contributing to eosinophilic inflammation. We discuss their roles as adjuncts to conventional therapeutic approaches, especially ICS therapy, when disease is suboptimally controlled. These agents have achieved a place in the therapeutic armamentarium for asthma and COPD and will deepen our understanding of the pathogenic role of eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gary P Anderson
- Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Adar T, Shteingart S, Ben-Ya'acov A, Shitrit ABG, Livovsky DM, Shmorak S, Mahamid M, Melamud B, Vernea F, Goldin E. The Importance of Intestinal Eotaxin-1 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Insights and Possible Therapeutic Implications. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1915-24. [PMID: 26874691 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involvement of eotaxin-1 in inflammatory bowel disease has been previously suggested and increased levels of eotaxin-1 have been described in both ulcerative colitis and in Crohn's disease. The association between serum levels of eotaxin-1 and that within the colonic mucosa has not been well defined, as is the potential therapeutic value of targeting eotaxin-1. AIMS To characterize serum and intestinal wall eotaxin-1 levels in various inflammatory bowel disease patients and to explore the effect of targeting eotaxin-1 by specific antibodies in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model. METHODS Eotaxin-1 levels were measured in colonic biopsies and in the sera of 60 ulcerative colitis patients, Crohn's disease patients and healthy controls. We also followed in experimental colitis the effect of targeting eotaxin-1 by a monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Colon eotaxin-1 levels were significantly increased in active but not in quiescent ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients compared to healthy controls. Levels of eotaxin-1 in the colon were correlated with eosinophilia only in tissues from active Crohn's disease patients. Our results did not show any statistically significant change in serum eotaxin-1 levels among ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy controls. Moreover, we demonstrate that in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, targeting of eotaxin-1 with 2 injections of anti eotaxin-1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates disease activity along with decreasing colon weight and improving histologic inflammation. CONCLUSION Eotaxin-1 is increasingly recognized as a major mediator of intestinal inflammation. Our preliminary human and animal results further emphasize the value of targeting eotaxin-1 in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Adar
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Shimon Shteingart
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben-Ya'acov
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariella Bar-Gill Shitrit
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan M Livovsky
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shimrit Shmorak
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mahmud Mahamid
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bernardo Melamud
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fiona Vernea
- Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Goldin
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
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Isahak N, Sanchez J, Perrier S, Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Synthesis of polymers and nanoparticles bearing polystyrene sulfonate brushes for chemokine binding. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5652-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00270f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of polymers and silica nanoparticles, both bearing polystyrene sulfonate brushes, and the measurement of their binding affinity for the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in monomeric and dimeric form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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10
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Mucosal Eosinophils. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Adar T, Shteingart S, Ben Ya'acov A, Bar-Gil Shitrit A, Goldin E. From airway inflammation to inflammatory bowel disease: eotaxin-1, a key regulator of intestinal inflammation. Clin Immunol 2014; 153:199-208. [PMID: 24786916 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eotaxin-1 (CCL-11) is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant that is considered a major contributor to tissue eosinophilia. Elevated eotaxin-1 levels have been described in various pathologic conditions, ranging from airway inflammation, to Hodgkin lymphoma, obesity and coronary artery disease. The main receptor for eotaxin-1 is CCR3; however, recent evidence indicates that eotaxin-1 may also bind to other receptors expressed by various cell types, suggesting a more widespread regulatory role for eotaxin-1 beyond the recruitment of eosinophils. Eotaxin-1 is also strongly associated with various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Although the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still unknown, eotaxin-1 may play a key role in the development of mucosal inflammation. In this review, we summarize the biological context and effects of eotaxin-1, as well as its potential role as a therapeutic target, with a special focus on gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Adar
- Digestive Disease Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Shimon Shteingart
- Digestive Disease Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben Ya'acov
- Digestive Disease Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariella Bar-Gil Shitrit
- Digestive Disease Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Goldin
- Digestive Disease Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Girodet PO, Ozier A, Bara I, Tunon de Lara JM, Marthan R, Berger P. Airway remodeling in asthma: new mechanisms and potential for pharmacological intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:325-37. [PMID: 21334378 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The chronic inflammatory response within the airways of asthmatics is associated with structural changes termed airway remodeling. This remodeling process is a key feature of severe asthma. The 5-10% of patients with a severe form of the disease account for the higher morbidity and health costs related to asthma. Among the histopathological characteristics of airway remodeling, recent reports indicate that the increased mass of airway smooth muscle (ASM) plays a critical role. ASM cell proliferation in severe asthma implicates a gallopamil-sensitive calcium influx and the activation of calcium-calmodulin kinase IV leading to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis through the activation of various transcription factors (PGC-1α, NRF-1 and mt-TFA). The altered expression and function of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump could play a role in ASM remodeling in moderate to severe asthma. Additionally, aberrant communication between an injured airway epithelium and ASM could also contribute to disease severity. Airway remodeling is insensitive to corticosteroids and anti-leukotrienes whereas the effect of monoclonal antibodies (the anti-IgE omalizumab, the anti-interleukin-5 mepolizumab or anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha) remains to be investigated. This review focuses on potential new therapeutic strategies targeting ASM cells, especially Ca(2+) and mitochondria-dependent pathways.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The chemokine network, comprised of mediators of inflammation, has been implicated in the development of a number of human cancers. The eosinophil chemoattractant CCL11 was recently shown to play a role in the development of ovarian cancer. Here we review findings regarding CCL11 and discuss its use as a target in the treatment of ovarian cancer. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We review published findings related to the physiological actions of CCL11, its tumourigenic effects, the chemokine network and inflammatory response present in ovarian cancer, and the current state of therapeutics targeting CCL11 and its receptors. Findings published within the last 10 years receive particular attention. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the emerging role of the chemokine network in malignancy and a review of the role of CCL11 in ovarian tumourigenesis. The reader will be presented with a description of the unique aspects of CCL11 action and the inflammatory environment in the setting of ovarian malignancy that make this chemokine an attractive target for intervention. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Targeting CCL11 and its receptors through the use of monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors may represent a beneficial new avenue of ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Nolen
- University of Pittsburgh, Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Suite 1.19d, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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15
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Huang HY, Lee CC, Chiang BL. Short hairpin RNAs against eotaxin or interleukin-5 decrease airway eosinophilia and hyper-responsiveness in a murine model of asthma. J Gene Med 2009; 11:112-8. [PMID: 19097029 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilia plays the major role in the pathogenesis of asthma and correlates with the up-regulation of eotaxin, which, together with interleukin (IL)-5, is important for differentiation, chemo-attraction, degranulation, and survival of eosinophils in local tissue. In a previous study, we found that administration of lentivirus-delivered short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to suppress the expression of IL-5 inhibited airway inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the role of eotaxin shRNA and the synergistic effect of eotaxin and IL-5 shRNAs on airway inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of asthma. METHODS Lentivirus-delivered shRNAs were used to suppress the expression of eotaxin and/or IL-5 in local tissue in an OVA-induced murine asthma model. RESULTS Intra-tracheal administration of lentivirus containing eotaxin shRNA expressing cassette (eoSEC3.3) efficiently moderated the characteristics of asthma, including airway hyper-responsiveness, cellular infiltration of lung tissues, and eotaxin and IL-5 levels in bronchio-alveolar lavage fluid. Administration of lentiviruses expressing IL-5 or eotaxin shRNAs (IL5SEC4 + eoSEC3.3) also moderated the symptoms of asthma in a mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Local delivery of lentiviruses expressing IL-5 and eotaxin shRNAs provides a potential tool in moderating airway inflammation and also has the potential for developing clinical therapy based on the application of shRNAs of chemokines and cytokines involved in T helper 2 cell inflammation and eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ying Huang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Post-transcriptional silencing of CCR3 downregulates IL-4 stimulated release of eotaxin-3 (CCL26) and other CCR3 ligands in alveolar type II cells. Cytokine 2008; 44:342-51. [PMID: 19038554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking and inflammation in airway diseases are, in part, modulated by members of the CC chemokine family, eotaxin-1 (CCL11), eotaxin-2 (CCL24), and eotaxin-3 (CCL26), which transduce signals through their CCR3 receptor. In this context, we hypothesized that transfecting alveolar type II epithelial cells with CCR3-targeted siRNA or antisense (AS-ODN) sequences will downregulate cellular synthesis and release of the primary CCR3 ligands CCL26 and CCL24 and will modulate other CCR3 ligands. The human A549 alveolar type II epithelium-like cell culture model was used for transfection and subsequent effects on CCR3 agonists. siRNAs were particularly effective. PCR showed a 60-80% decrease in mRNA and immunoblots showed up to 75-84% reduction of CCR3 in siRNA treated cells. CCR3-siRNA treatments reduced IL-4 stimulated CCL26 release and constitutive CCL24 release by 65% and 80%, respectively. Release of four additional CCR3 agonists RANTES, MCP-2, MCP-3 and MCP-4 was also significantly reduced by CCR3-siRNA treatments of the alveolar type II cells. Activation of eosinophils, assessed as superoxide anion generation, was reduced when eosinophils were treated with supernatants of A549 cells pretreated with CCR3-targeted siRNAs or AS-ODNs. Collectively, the data suggest that post-transcriptional regulation of CCR3 receptors may be a potential therapeutic approach for interrupting proinflammatory signaling.
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Makowska JS, Grzegorczyk J, Ciéslak M, Biénkiewicz B, Kowalski ML. Recruitment of CD34+ progenitor cells into peripheral blood and asthma severity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101:402-6. [PMID: 18939729 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that the number of progenitor cells is elevated in the peripheral blood of asthmatic patients and that the number of progenitors correlate with the severity of the disease. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the number of leukocyte progenitor and eosinophil progenitor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with bronchial asthma in relation to disease severity. METHODS The study involved 51 patients with asthma (25 patients with a mild form and 26 with a severe form of the disease) and a group of 12 healthy controls. Using the flow cytometric method, leukocyte (CD34+ leukocytes) and eosinophil progenitors (CD34+CD125+) were detected in the peripheral blood of both asthmatic patients and healthy controls. RESULTS Patients with asthma had significantly more leukocyte progenitor cells (median, 0.06% vs 0.016%) and eosinophil progenitor cells (median, 0.046% vs 0.004%) compared with the controls. Patients with severe asthma had more leukocyte progenitor cells (0.12% vs 0.035%) and more eosinophil progenitor cells (0.102% vs 0.019%) than patients with mild asthma. The number of circulating leukocyte and eosinophil progenitor cells inversely correlated with the forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage of predicted value (r = -0.4 and r = -0.35, respectively) and positively correlated (r = 0.63 and r = 0.65, respectively) with the dose of inhaled steroids used to control asthma. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the presence of leukocyte precursors and eosinophil progenitor cells in the peripheral blood of asthmatic patients may reflect ongoing airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Makowska
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Lonberg N. Fully human antibodies from transgenic mouse and phage display platforms. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:450-9. [PMID: 18606226 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, technologies have emerged for generating monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) derived from human immunoglobulin gene sequences. These fully human MAbs provide an alternative to re-engineered, or de-immunized, rodent MAbs as a source of low immunogenicity therapeutic antibodies. There are now two marketed fully human therapeutic MAbs, adalimumab and panitumumab, and several dozen more in various stages of human clinical testing. Most of the drugs, including adalimumab and panitumumab, were generated using either phage display or transgenic mouse platforms. The reported clinical experience with fully human MAbs demonstrates that these two platforms are, and should continue to be, a significant source of active and well tolerated experimental therapeutics. While this body of reported clinical data does not yet provide a clear distinction between the platforms, the available descriptions of the drug discovery processes used to identify the clinical candidates highlight one difference. It appears that lead optimization is more commonly applied to phage display derived leads than transgenic mouse derived leads.
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Abstract
Oeosinophils are pleiotropic multi-functional leukocytes that are typically associated with the initiation and propagation of inflammatory responses, particularly helminth infection and allergic disease. However, expanding evidence supports a broader role for oeosinophils in homoeostatic function and organ development and modulation of local immune responses via interaction with other effector cells. In this review, the biology of oeosinophils in the healthy gut is summarised. In particular, the molecular steps involved in oeosinophil development and trafficking are described, with special attention to the important role of the transcription factor GATA-1, the oeosinophil-selective cytokine IL-5 and the eotaxin subfamily of chemokines. In addition, the regulation of oeosinophil survival by inhibitory and death receptors and the expanding role for oeosinophils in health and disease are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C. Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45229,
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45229,
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Non-IBD and noninfectious colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:28-39. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ackerman SJ, Bochner BS. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2007; 27:357-75. [PMID: 17868854 PMCID: PMC2064859 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The increased numbers of activated eosinophils in the blood and tissues that typically accompany hypereosinophilic disorders result from a variety of mechanisms. Exciting advances in translating discoveries achieved from mouse models and molecular strategies to the clinic have led to a flurry of new therapeutics specifically designed to target eosinophil-associated diseases. So far, this form of hypothesis testing in humans in vivo through pharmacology generally has supported the paradigms generated in vitro and in animal models, raising hopes that a spectrum of novel therapies soon may become available to help those who have eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Ackerman
- Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Genetics and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruce S. Bochner
- Professor or Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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