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Cao DN, Li F, Wu N, Li J. Insights into the mechanisms underlying opioid use disorder and potential treatment strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:862-878. [PMID: 34128238 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder is a worldwide societal problem and public health burden. Strategies for treating opioid use disorder can be divided into those that target the opioid receptor system and those that target non-opioid receptor systems, including the dopamine and glutamate receptor systems. Currently, the clinical drugs used to treat opioid use disorder include the opioid receptor agonists methadone and buprenorphine, which are limited by their abuse liability, and the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, which is limited by poor compliance. Therefore, the development of effective medications with lower abuse liability and better potential for compliance is urgently needed. Based on recent advances in the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying opioid use disorder, potential treatment strategies and targets have emerged. This review focuses on the progress made in identifying potential targets and developing medications to treat opioid use disorder, including progress made by our laboratory, and provides insights for future medication development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ni Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Angarita GA, Hadizadeh H, Cerdena I, Potenza MN. Can pharmacotherapy improve treatment outcomes in people with co-occurring major depressive and cocaine use disorders? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:1669-1683. [PMID: 34042556 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1931684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and cocaine use disorder (CUD) are prevalent and frequently co-occur. When co-occurring, the presence of one disorder typically negatively impacts the prognosis for the other. Given the clinical relevance, we sought to examine pharmacotherapies for co-occurring CUD and MDD. While multiple treatment options have been examined in the treatment of each condition individually, studies exploring pharmacological options for their comorbidity are fewer and not conclusive.Areas Covered: For this review, the authors searched the literature in PubMed using clinical query options for therapies and keywords relating to each condition. Then, they described potentially promising pharmacologic therapeutic options based on shared mechanisms between the two conditions and/or results from individual clinical trials conducted to date.Expert opinion: Medications like stimulants, dopamine (D3) receptors partial agonists or antagonists, antagonists of kappa opioid receptors, topiramate, and ketamine could be promising as there is significant overlap relating to reward deficiency models, antireward pathways, and altered glutamatergic systems. However, the available clinical literature on any one of these types of agents is mixed. Additionally, for some agents there is possible concern related to abuse potential (e.g. ketamine and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hasti Hadizadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ignacio Cerdena
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
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Newman AH, Ku T, Jordan CJ, Bonifazi A, Xi ZX. New Drugs, Old Targets: Tweaking the Dopamine System to Treat Psychostimulant Use Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 61:609-628. [PMID: 33411583 PMCID: PMC9341034 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-124205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of illicit psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine continues to pose significant health and societal challenges. Despite considerable efforts to develop medications to treat psychostimulant use disorders, none have proven effective, leaving an underserved patient population and unanswered questions about what mechanism(s) of action should be targeted for developing pharmacotherapies. As both cocaine and methamphetamine rapidly increase dopamine (DA) levels in mesolimbic brain regions, leading to euphoria that in some can lead to addiction, targets in which this increased dopaminergic tone may be mitigated have been explored. Further, understanding and targeting mechanisms underlying relapse are fundamental to the success of discovering medications that reduce the reinforcing effects of the drug of abuse, decrease the negative reinforcement or withdrawal/negative affect that occurs during abstinence, or both. Atypical inhibitors of the DA transporter and partial agonists/antagonists at DA D3 receptors are described as two promising targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Therese Ku
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
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Jordan CJ, He Y, Bi GH, You ZB, Cao J, Xi ZX, Newman AH. (±)VK4-40, a novel dopamine D 3 receptor partial agonist, attenuates cocaine reward and relapse in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4796-4807. [PMID: 32851643 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite widespread abuse of cocaine, there are no approved treatments for cocaine use disorder. Chronic cocaine use is associated with up-regulated dopamine D3 receptor expression in the brain. Therefore, most D3 -based medication development has focused on D3 antagonists. However, D3 antagonists do not attenuate cocaine intake under "easy" self-administration conditions, when response requirements are low. We evaluated a novel, highly selective and metabolically stable D3 partial agonist, (±)VK4-40, for its efficacy in reducing cocaine intake and relapse to drug seeking. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The impact of (±)VK4-40 on cocaine intake and relapse was evaluated using intravenous self-administration procedures under a fixed-ratio 2 reinforcement schedule and cocaine-primed reinstatement conditions in rats. Optogenetic brain-stimulation reward procedures were used to evaluate the interaction of (±)VK4-40 and cocaine in the mesolimbic dopamine system in mice. Sucrose self-administration in rats and a conditioned place preference paradigm in mice were used to evaluate the abuse potential of (±)VK4-40 alone and other unwanted effects. KEY RESULTS (±)VK4-40 dose-dependently reduced cocaine self-administration and cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviour. (±)VK4-40 also inhibited cocaine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward caused by optogenetic stimulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. (±)VK4-40 alone decreased brain-stimulation reward but produced neither conditioned place preference nor place aversion. This new D3 partial agonist also failed to alter oral sucrose self-administration. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The novel D3 partial agonist, (±)VK4-40 attenuates cocaine reward and relapse in rodents, without significant unwanted effects. These findings support further investigation of D3 partial agonists as putative treatments for cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Newman AH, Battiti FO, Bonifazi A. 2016 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: Designing Bivalent or Bitopic Molecules for G-Protein Coupled Receptors. The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1779-1797. [PMID: 31499001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of designing bivalent or bitopic molecules that engender unique pharmacological properties began with Portoghese's work directed toward opioid receptors, in the early 1980s. This strategy has evolved as an attractive way to engineer highly selective compounds for targeted G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with optimized efficacies and/or signaling bias. The emergence of X-ray crystal structures of many GPCRs and the identification of both orthosteric and allosteric binding sites have provided further guidance to ligand drug design that includes a primary pharmacophore (PP), a secondary pharmacophore (SP), and a linker between them. It is critical to note the synergistic relationship among all three of these components as they contribute to the overall interaction of these molecules with their receptor proteins and that strategically designed combinations have and will continue to provide the GPCR molecular tools of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Francisco O Battiti
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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French JA, Cavanaugh J, Mustoe AC, Carp SB, Womack SL. Social Monogamy in Nonhuman Primates: Phylogeny, Phenotype, and Physiology. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2018; 55:410-434. [PMID: 28704071 PMCID: PMC6004613 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1339774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monogamy as a social system has been both a scientific puzzle and a sociocultural issue for decades. In this review, we examine social monogamy from a comparative perspective with a focus on primates, our closest genetic relatives. We break down monogamy into component elements, including pair-bonding and partner preference, mate guarding or jealousy, social attachment, and biparental care. Our survey of primates shows that not all features are present in species classified as socially monogamous, in the same way that human monogamous relationships may not include all elements-a perspective we refer to as "monogamy à la carte." Our review includes a survey of the neurobiological correlates of social monogamy in primates, exploring unique or common pathways for the elemental components of monogamy. This compilation reveals that the components of monogamy are modulated by a suite of androgenic steroids, glucocorticoid hormones, the nonapeptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, and other neurotransmitter systems (e.g., dopamine and opioids). We propose that efforts to understand the biological underpinnings of complex human and animal sociosexual relationships will be well served by exploring individual phenotypic traits, as opposed to pursuing these questions with the assumption that monogamy is a unitary trait or a species-specific characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A French
- a Department of Psychology and Department of Biology , University of Nebraska Omaha
| | - Jon Cavanaugh
- b Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska Omaha
| | - Aaryn C Mustoe
- b Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska Omaha
| | - Sarah B Carp
- b Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska Omaha
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Dopamine D1 and D3 receptor polypharmacology as a potential treatment approach for substance use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 89:13-28. [PMID: 29577963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the search for efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat cocaine addiction much attention has been given to agents targeting dopamine D1 or D3 receptors because of the involvement of these receptors in drug-related behaviors. D1-like and D3 receptor partial agonists and antagonists have been shown to reduce drug reward, reinstatement of drug seeking and conditioned place preference in rodents and non-human primates. However, translation of these encouraging results to clinical settings has been limited due to a number of factors including toxicity, poor pharmacokinetic properties and extrapyramidal and sedative side effects. This review highlights the role of D1 and D3 receptors in drug reward and seeking, the discovery of D1-D3 heteromers and their potential as targets in the treatment of addiction.
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Galaj E, Harding W, Ranaldi R. Dopamine D1 and D3 receptor interactions in cocaine reward and seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3881-3890. [PMID: 27582181 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Animal research has demonstrated a role of dopamine D1 and D3 receptors in cocaine reward and seeking. PURPOSE AND METHODS Here, we investigated the potential interaction of these two dopamine receptors in cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking, cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP), and cocaine self-administration in rats. RESULTS The co-administration of a D3 receptor antagonist, NGB 2904 and a D1 partial agonist, SKF 77434, of doses which when administered individually produced no significant effects, prior to reinstatement or CPP tests significantly reduced lever pressing and time spent in the cocaine-paired environment, suggesting synergistic effects of the combined compounds on cocaine seeking. When given to rats self-administering cocaine under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement doses of NGB 2904 which were ineffective alone significantly enhanced the break point-reducing effects of SKF 77434. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the combined treatment with a D1 receptor partial agonist and D3 receptor antagonist produces robust decreases in cocaine seeking and reward. This suggests an interaction between dopamine D1 and D3 receptors in cocaine-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galaj
- Neuropsychology Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - W Harding
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - R Ranaldi
- Neuropsychology Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.
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Czoty PW. Effects of chronic binge-like ethanol consumption on cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:278-85. [PMID: 26048636 PMCID: PMC4509795 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cocaine abusers also abuse alcohol, but little is known about interactions that promote co-abuse. These experiments in rhesus monkeys determined the effects of >8 weeks of ethanol (EtOH) consumption on cocaine self-administration (n=6), effects of dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists on cocaine reinforcement (n=3-4 per drug) and the ability of the D2-like DA receptor agonist quinpirole to elicit yawning (n=3). METHODS Monkeys self-administered cocaine (0.0-1.0mg/kg/injection, i.v.) under a 300-s fixed-interval schedule and the above-listed variables were measured before EtOH exposure. Next, monkeys consumed a sweetened, 4% EtOH solution in the home cage under binge-like conditions: 1h, 5 days/week with daily intake equaling 2.0g/kg EtOH. After approximately 8 weeks, measures were re-determined, then EtOH drinking was discontinued. Finally, acute effects of EtOH on cocaine self-administration were determined by infusing EtOH (0.0-1.0g/kg. i.v.) prior to cocaine self-administration sessions (n=4). RESULTS In five of six monkeys, EtOH drinking increased self-administration of low cocaine doses but did not alter reinforcing effects of higher doses. Self-administration returned to baseline after EtOH access was terminated (n=3). Effects of DA receptor antagonists on cocaine self-administration were not consistently altered after EtOH consumption, but the ability of quinpirole to induce yawning was enhanced in two of three monkeys. Acute EtOH infusions only decreased self-administration of lower cocaine doses. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data suggest that long-term EtOH exposure can increase sensitivity to cocaine, possibly by increasing D3 receptor sensitivity. Data do not support a role for acute pharmacological interactions in promoting cocaine/EtOH co-abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083
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John WS, Newman AH, Nader MA. Differential effects of the dopamine D3 receptor antagonist PG01037 on cocaine and methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology 2015; 92:34-43. [PMID: 25576373 PMCID: PMC4346463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) has been shown to mediate many of the behavioral effects of psychostimulants associated with high abuse potential. This study extended the assessment of the highly selective D3R antagonist PG01037 on cocaine and methamphetamine (MA) self-administration to include a food-drug choice procedure. Eight male rhesus monkeys (n=4/group) served as subjects in which complete cocaine and MA dose-response curves were determined daily in each session. When choice was stable, monkeys received acute and five-day treatment of PG01037 (1.0-5.6 mg/kg, i.v.). Acute administration of PG01037 was effective in reallocating choice from cocaine to food and decreasing cocaine intake, however, tolerance developed by day 5 of treatment. Up to doses that disrupted responding, MA choice and intake were not affected by PG01037 treatment. PG01037 decreased total reinforcers earned per session and the behavioral potency was significantly greater on MA-food choice compared to cocaine-food choice. Furthermore, the acute efficacy of PG01037 was correlated with the sensitivity of the D3/D2R agonist quinpirole to elicit yawning. These data suggest (1) that efficacy of D3R compounds in decreasing drug choice is greater in subjects with lower D3R, perhaps suggesting that it is percent occupancy that is the critical variable in determining efficacy and (2) differences in D3R activity in chronic cocaine vs. MA users. Although tolerance developed to the effects of PG01037 treatment on cocaine choice, tolerance did not develop to the disruptive effects on food-maintained responding. These findings suggest that combination treatments that decrease cocaine-induced elevations in DA may enhance the efficacy of D3R antagonists on cocaine self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S John
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Michael A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Czoty PW, Nader MA. Effects of oral and intravenous administration of buspirone on food-cocaine choice in socially housed male cynomolgus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1072-83. [PMID: 25393717 PMCID: PMC4367460 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drugs acting at D3 dopamine receptors have been suggested as medications for cocaine dependence. These experiments examined the effects of intravenously and orally administered buspirone, a D2-like receptor antagonist with high affinity for D3 and D4 receptors, on the relative reinforcing strength of cocaine in group-housed male cynomolgus monkeys. Use of socially housed monkeys permitted the assessment of whether social status, known to influence D2-like receptor availability, modulates the behavioral effects of buspirone. Buspirone was administered acutely to monkeys self-administering cocaine under a food-drug choice procedure in which a cocaine self-administration dose-effect curve was determined daily. When administered by either route, buspirone significantly decreased cocaine choice in dominant-ranked monkeys. In subordinate monkeys, however, i.v. buspirone was ineffective on average, and oral buspirone increased choice of lower cocaine doses. The effects of buspirone only differed according to route of administration in subordinate monkeys. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the effects of buspirone were similar to those of the D3 receptor-selective antagonist PG01037 and qualitatively different than those of less selective drugs that act at D2-like or serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors, suggesting a D3 and possibly D4 receptor mechanism of action for buspirone. Taken together, the data support the utility of drugs targeting D3/D4 receptors as potential treatments for cocaine addiction, particularly in combination with enriching environmental manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Czoty
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Nader
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA, Tel: +1 336 713 7172, Fax: +1 336 713 7180, E-mail:
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John WS, Banala AK, Newman AH, Nader MA. Effects of buspirone and the dopamine D3 receptor compound PG619 on cocaine and methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys using a food-drug choice paradigm. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1279-89. [PMID: 25327444 PMCID: PMC4754084 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The dopamine (DA) D2 and D3 receptors have been associated with cocaine abuse. A recent study with the D3 receptor (D3R) partial agonist PG619 found that it attenuated cocaine-induced reinstatement and the D2-like receptor antagonist buspirone has shown positive outcomes in two studies of cocaine abuse in monkeys. However, a recent clinical trial indicated that buspirone did not improve abstinence in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine PG619 and buspirone under a food-drug choice paradigm in order to better model the clinical findings. In addition, we extended the characterization of both compounds to include methamphetamine (MA) self-administration (SA). METHODS Six adult male rhesus monkeys were trained to respond under a concurrent food (1.0-g pellets) and drug (0.01-0.3 mg/kg/injection cocaine or MA) choice paradigm in which complete SA dose-response curves were determined each session (N = 3/group). Monkeys received 5 days of treatment with either PG619 (0.1-3.0 mg/kg, i.v.) or buspirone (0.01-1.0 mg/kg, i.m.). In a follow-up study, the SA doses were reduced (0.003-0.1 mg/kg/injection) to increase reinforcement frequency and buspirone was retested. RESULTS PG619 did not affect cocaine or MA choice, while buspirone increased low-dose cocaine choice. Changing the SA doses increased the number of reinforcers received each session, but buspirone did not decrease drug choice. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with clinical findings, these results do not support the use of buspirone for psychostimulant abuse and suggest that food-drug choice paradigms may have greater predictive validity than the use of other schedules of reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. John
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest, University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA
| | - Ashwini K. Banala
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications, Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural, Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy H. Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications, Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural, Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest, University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA
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Keck TM, John WS, Czoty PW, Nader MA, Newman AH. Identifying Medication Targets for Psychostimulant Addiction: Unraveling the Dopamine D3 Receptor Hypothesis. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5361-80. [PMID: 25826710 PMCID: PMC4516313 DOI: 10.1021/jm501512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is a target for developing medications to treat substance use disorders. D3R-selective compounds with high affinity and varying efficacies have been discovered, providing critical research tools for cell-based studies that have been translated to in vivo models of drug abuse. D3R antagonists and partial agonists have shown especially promising results in rodent models of relapse-like behavior, including stress-, drug-, and cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. However, to date, translation to human studies has been limited. Herein, we present an overview and illustrate some of the pitfalls and challenges of developing novel D3R-selective compounds toward clinical utility, especially for treatment of cocaine abuse. Future research and development of D3R-selective antagonists and partial agonists for substance abuse remains critically important but will also require further evaluation and development of translational animal models to determine the best time in the addiction cycle to target D3Rs for optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Keck
- †Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - William S John
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Paul W Czoty
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Michael A Nader
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- †Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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15
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Yan Y, Newman AH, Xu M. Dopamine D1 and D3 receptors mediate reconsolidation of cocaine memories in mouse models of drug self-administration. Neuroscience 2014; 278:154-64. [PMID: 25149631 PMCID: PMC4172503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Memories of drug experience and drug-associated environmental cues can elicit drug-seeking and taking behaviors in humans. Disruption of reconsolidation of drug memories dampens previous memories and therefore may provide a useful way to treat drug abuse. We and others previously demonstrated that dopamine D1 and D3 receptors play differential roles in acquiring cocaine-induced behaviors. Moreover, D3 receptors contribute to the reconsolidation of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. In the present study, we examined effects of manipulating D1 or D3 receptors on reconsolidation of cocaine memories in mouse models of drug self-administration. We found that pharmacological blockade of D1 receptors or a genetic mutation of the D3 receptor gene attenuated reconsolidation that lasted for at least 1week after the memory retrieval. In contrast, with no memory retrieval, pharmacological antagonism of D1 receptors or the D3 receptor gene mutation did not significantly affect reconsolidation of cocaine memories. Pharmacological blockade of D3 receptors also attenuated reconsolidation in wild-type mice that lasted for at least 1week after the memory retrieval. These results suggest that D1 and D3 receptors and related signaling mechanisms play key roles in reconsolidation of cocaine memories in mice, and that these receptors may serve as novel targets for the treatment of cocaine abuse in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Forray A, Sofuoglu M. Future pharmacological treatments for substance use disorders. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:382-400. [PMID: 23039267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders represent a serious public health and social issue worldwide. Recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiological basis of the addictive processes have led to the development of a growing number of pharmacological agents to treat addictions. Despite this progress, there are no approved pharmacological treatments for cocaine, methamphetamine and cannabis addiction. Moving treatment development to the next stage will require novel ways of approaching substance use disorders. One such novel approach is to target individual vulnerabilities, such as cognitive function, sex differences and psychiatric comorbidities. This review provides a summary of promising pharmacotherapies for alcohol, opiate, stimulant and nicotine addictions. Many medications that target positive and negative reinforcement of drugs, as well as individual vulnerabilities to addiction, are in different phases of development. Clinical trials testing the efficacy of these medications for substance use disorder are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Forray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Martelle SE, Nader SH, Czoty PW, John WS, Duke AN, Garg PK, Garg S, Newman AH, Nader MA. Further characterization of quinpirole-elicited yawning as a model of dopamine D3 receptor activation in male and female monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:205-11. [PMID: 24876234 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) D3 receptor (D3R) has been associated with impulsivity, pathologic gambling, and drug addiction, making it a potential target for pharmacotherapy development. Positron emission tomography studies using the D3R-preferring radioligand [(11)C]PHNO ([(11)C](+)-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin) have shown higher binding potentials in drug abusers compared with control subjects. Preclinical studies have examined D3R receptor activation using the DA agonist quinpirole and the unconditioned behavior of yawning. However, the relationship between quinpirole-elicited yawning and D3R receptor availability has not been determined. In Experiment 1, eight drug-naive male rhesus monkeys were scanned with [(11)C]PHNO, and the ability of quinpirole (0.01-0.3 mg/kg i.m.) to elicit yawning was examined. Significant positive (globus pallidus) and negative (caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral pallidum, and hippocampus) relationships between D3R receptor availability and quinpirole-induced yawns were noted. Experiment 2 replicated earlier findings that a history of cocaine self-administration (n = 11) did not affect quinpirole-induced yawning and extended this to examine monkeys (n = 3) with a history of methamphetamine (MA) self-administration and found that monkeys with experience self-administering MA showed greater potency and significantly higher quinpirole-elicited yawning compared with controls. Finally, quinpirole-elicited yawning was studied in drug-naive female monkeys (n = 6) and compared with drug-naive male monkeys (n = 8). Sex differences were noted, with quinpirole being more potent and eliciting significantly more yawns in males compared with females. Taken together these findings support the use of quinpirole-elicited yawning as a behavioral tool for examining D3R activation in monkeys and that both drug history and sex may influence individual sensitivity to the behavioral effects of D3R compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Martelle
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan H Nader
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul W Czoty
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William S John
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angela N Duke
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pradeep K Garg
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sudha Garg
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy H Newman
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael A Nader
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
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18
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Cheung THC, Loriaux AL, Weber SM, Chandler KN, Lenz JD, Schaan RF, Mach RH, Luedtke RR, Neisewander JL. Reduction of cocaine self-administration and D3 receptor-mediated behavior by two novel dopamine D3 receptor-selective partial agonists, OS-3-106 and WW-III-55. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:410-23. [PMID: 24018640 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R)-selective compounds may be useful medications for cocaine dependence. In this study, we identified two novel arylamide phenylpiperazines, OS-3-106 and WW-III-55, as partial agonists at the D3R in the adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay. OS-3-106 and WW-III-55 have 115- and 862-fold D3R:D2 receptor (D2R) binding selectivity, respectively. We investigated their effects (0, 3, 5.6, or 10 mg/kg) on operant responding by using a multiple variable-interval (VI) 60-second schedule that alternated components with sucrose reinforcement and components with intravenous cocaine reinforcement (0.375 mg/kg). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of OS-3-106 (10 mg/kg) on the dose-response function of cocaine self-administration and the effect of WW-III-55 (0-5.6 mg/kg) on a progressive ratio schedule with either cocaine or sucrose reinforcement. Both compounds were also examined for effects on locomotion and yawning induced by a D3R agonist. OS-3-106 decreased cocaine and sucrose reinforcement rates, increased latency to first response for cocaine but not sucrose, and downshifted the cocaine self-administration dose-response function. WW-III-55 did not affect cocaine self-administration on the multiple-variable interval schedule, but it reduced cocaine and sucrose intake on the progressive ratio schedule. Both compounds reduced locomotion at doses that reduced responding, and both compounds attenuated yawning induced by low doses of 7-OH-DPAT (a D3R-mediated behavior), but neither affected yawning on the descending limb of the 7-OH-DPAT dose-response function (a D2R-mediated behavior). Therefore, both compounds blocked a D3R-mediated behavior. However, OS-3-106 was more effective in reducing cocaine self-administration. These findings support D3Rs, and possibly D2Rs, as targets for medications aimed at reducing the motivation to seek cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H C Cheung
- School of Life Sciences (T.H.C.C., A.L.L., S.M.W., K.N.C., R.F.S., J.L.N.) and Department of Psychology (T.H.C.C., S.M.W., K.N.C., J.D.L., J.L.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (R.H.M.); and Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (R.R.L.)
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19
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Neisewander JL, Cheung THC, Pentkowski NS. Dopamine D3 and 5-HT1B receptor dysregulation as a result of psychostimulant intake and forced abstinence: Implications for medications development. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:301-19. [PMID: 23973315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants, including cocaine and amphetamine, is associated with dysregulation of dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems. Neuroadaptations in these systems vary depending on the stage of the drug taking-abstinence-relapse cycle. Consequently, the effects of potential treatments that target these systems may vary depending on whether they are given during abstinence or relapse. In this review, we discuss evidence that dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) and 5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1BRs) are dysregulated in response to both chronic psychostimulant use and subsequent abstinence. We then review findings from preclinical self-administration models which support targeting D3Rs and 5-HT1BRs as potential medications for psychostimulant dependence. Potential side effects of the treatments are discussed and attention is given to studies reporting positive treatment outcomes that depend on: 1) whether testing occurs during self-administration versus abstinence, 2) whether escalation of drug self-administration has occurred, 3) whether the treatments are given repeatedly, and 4) whether social factors influence treatment outcomes. We conclude that D3/D2 agonists may decrease psychostimulant intake; however, side effects of D3/D2R full agonists may limit their therapeutic potential, whereas D3/D2R partial agonists have fewer undesirable side effects. D3-selective antagonists may not reduce psychostimulant intake during relapse, but nonetheless, may decrease motivation for seeking psychostimulants with relatively few side-effects. 5-HT1BR agonists provide a striking example of treatment outcomes that are dependent on the stage of the addiction cycle. Specifically, these agonists initially increase cocaine's reinforcing effects during maintenance of self-administration, but after a period of abstinence they reduce psychostimulant seeking and the resumption of self-administration. In conclusion, we suggest that factors contributing to dysregulation of monoamine systems, including drug history, abstinence, and social context, should be considered when evaluating potential treatments to better model treatment effects in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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20
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Yan Y, Kong H, Wu EJ, Newman AH, Xu M. Dopamine D3 receptors regulate reconsolidation of cocaine memory. Neuroscience 2013; 241:32-40. [PMID: 23506736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Memories of learned associations between the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse and environmental cues contribute to craving and relapse in humans. Disruption of reconsolidation dampens or even erases previous memories. Dopamine (DA) mediates the acquisition of reward memory and drugs of abuse can pathologically change related neuronal circuits in the mesolimbic DA system. Previous studies showed that DA D3 receptors are involved in cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. However, the role of D3 receptors in reconsolidation of cocaine-induced reward memory remains unclear. In the present study, we combined genetic and pharmacological approaches to investigate the role of D3 receptors in reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP. We found that the mutation of the D3 receptor gene weakened reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP in mice triggered by a 3-min (min) retrieval. Furthermore, treatment of a selective D3 receptor antagonist PG01037 immediately following the 3-min retrieval disrupted reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP in wild-type mice and such disruption remained at least 1 week after the 3-min retrieval. These results suggest that D3 receptors play a key role in reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP in mice, and that pharmacological blockade of these receptors may be therapeutic for the treatment of cocaine craving and relapse in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Abstract
RATIONALE Studies investigating dopamine D₂ receptor antagonism of cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects have resulted in varied effects possibly due to the use of different antagonists, species, and procedures. OBJECTIVES The present study sought to further investigate D₂ antagonism of cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects using a variety of D₂ antagonists and multiple doses of the antagonists in combination with cocaine. METHODS The benzamide D₂ antagonists, eticlopride, raclopride, and sulpiride, and the butyrophenone D₂ antagonists haloperidol and spiperone were administered alone and in combination with cocaine in squirrel monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine from saline under a fixed-ratio food reinforcement procedure. RESULTS All the D₂ antagonists, except haloperidol, antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of the cocaine training dose. However, only the benzamide D₂ antagonists produced significant rightward shifts in the cocaine discriminative stimulus dose-effect curve and they only did so within a narrow dose range and time after administration. In contrast, the D₂ antagonists failed to antagonize the rate-suppressant effects of cocaine, and in some cases, cocaine appeared to antagonize the rate-suppressant effects of the antagonists. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest (1) that D₂ antagonism of cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects depends critically on the selected antagonist, antagonist dose, and time of administration, as well as how antagonism is assessed (i.e., in terms of effects on training dose or on the cocaine dose-effect curve), (2) that the maximal shift in cocaine's discriminative stimulus dose-effect curve possible with D₂ antagonists under these procedures is ~two- to threefold, and (3) that different effects of cocaine are differentially sensitive to dopamine receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Soto
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Suite 3000, Johns Hopkins Bayview Campus, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA.
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22
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Mello NK, Fivel PA, Kohut SJ, Bergman J. Effects of chronic buspirone treatment on cocaine self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:455-67. [PMID: 23072835 PMCID: PMC3547196 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse and dependence is a major public health problem that continues to challenge medication-based treatment. Buspirone (Buspar) is a clinically available, non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic medication that acts on both serotonin and dopamine systems. In recent preclinical studies, acute buspirone treatment reduced cocaine self-administration at doses that did not also decrease food-reinforced behavior in rhesus monkeys (Bergman et al, 2012). The present study evaluated the effectiveness of chronic buspirone treatment on self-administration of cocaine and food. Five adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to self-administer cocaine and food during four 1-h daily sessions under a second-order schedule of reinforcement (FR2 [VR 16:S]). Buspirone (0.32 and 0.56 mg/kg/h) was administered intravenously through one lumen of a double-lumen catheter every 20 min for 23 h each day for 7-10 consecutive days. Each buspirone treatment period was followed by saline control treatment until drug- and food-maintained responding returned to baseline levels. Buspirone significantly reduced responding maintained by cocaine, and shifted the dose-effect curve downwards. Buspirone had minimal effects on food-maintained responding. In cocaine discrimination studies, buspirone (0.1-0.32 mg/kg, IM) did not antagonize the discriminative stimulus and rate-altering effects of cocaine in four of six monkeys. These findings indicate that buspirone selectively attenuates the reinforcing effects of cocaine in a nonhuman primate model of cocaine self-administration, and has variable effects on cocaine discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Mello
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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23
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Micheli F, Heidbreder C. Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists: a patent review (2007 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:363-81. [PMID: 23282131 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.757593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The synthesis and characterization of new highly potent and selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor antagonists has permitted to characterize the role of the DA D3 receptor in the control of drug-seeking behavior and in the pathophysiology of impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED In the present review, the authors will first describe most recent classes of DA D3 receptor antagonists by reviewing about 43 patent applications during the 2007 - 2012 period; they will then outline the biological rationale in support of the use of selective DA D3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of drug addiction, impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION The strongest clinical application and potential for selective DA D3 receptor antagonists lies in the reduction of drug-induced incentive motivation, the attenuation of drug's rewarding efficacy and the reduction in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered either by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior or stress. The selectivity of these antagonists together with reduced lipophilicity (minimizing unspecific binding), increased brain penetration and improved physico-chemical profile are all key factors for clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Micheli
- Drug Design & Discovery, Aptuit Verona srl, Via A Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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24
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Heidbreder C. Rationale in support of the use of selective dopamine D₃ receptor antagonists for the pharmacotherapeutic management of substance use disorders. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:167-76. [PMID: 23104235 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) D(3) receptors are involved in the control of drug-seeking behavior and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. First, DA D(3) receptors are distributed in strategic areas belonging to the mesolimbic DA system such as the ventral striatum, midbrain, and pallidum, which have been associated with behaviors controlled by the presentation of drug-associated cues. Second, repeated exposure to drugs of abuse has been shown to produce neuroadaptations in the DA D(3) system. Third, the synthesis and characterization of highly potent and selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists has permitted to further define the role of the DA D(3) receptor in drug addiction. Provided that the available preclinical and preliminary clinical evidence can be translated into clinical proof of concept in human, selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists show promise for the treatment of substance use disorders as reflected by their potential to (1) regulate the motivation to self-administered drugs under schedules of reinforcement that require an increase in work demand and (2) disrupt the responsiveness to drug-associated stimuli that play a key role in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior, or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heidbreder
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals-Global Research and Development, 10710 Midlothian Turnpike Suite 430, Richmond, VA 23235, USA.
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25
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Caine SB, Thomsen M, Barrett AC, Collins GT, Grundt P, Newman AH, Butler P, Xu M. Cocaine self-administration in dopamine D₃ receptor knockout mice. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 20:352-63. [PMID: 22867038 PMCID: PMC3587777 DOI: 10.1037/a0029135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D₃ receptor has received attention over the last two decades as a target for medications development for substance abuse disorders. Results have remained mixed. Despite emergence of more D₃-selective ligands, possible attribution of observed effects to D₂ receptors remains a concern. Knockout mice may help shed light on mechanisms. Here we evaluated the effect of constitutive D₃ receptor inactivation ("knockout") on the reinforcing effects of cocaine. We tested D₃ wild-type (WT), heterozygous (D₃⁺/⁻), and knockout (D₃⁻/⁻), mice in acquisition and maintenance of intravenous self-administration across a broad range of cocaine doses, using a fixed ratio (FR) 1 and a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement, along with parallel food-reinforced studies. Generally, D₃⁻/⁻ mice showed cocaine self-administration comparable to WT controls across assays. Moderate and nonsignificant trends toward lesser reinforcing effects of a low cocaine dose (0.32 mg/kg) were apparent in acquisition and PR studies, consistent with the idea that the D₃ receptor may play a subtle role in the reinforcing effects of low cocaine doses under low FR conditions. However, those effects with cocaine self-administration were more subtle than the lower responding of D₃ knockout mice observed with food-maintained behavior. In addition, the D₃ antagonist PG01037 failed to affect cocaine self-administration under an FR 1 schedule in WT mice. The present data do not support a necessary role for the D₃ receptor in the direct reinforcing effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barak Caine
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MA 02478, USA.
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26
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Banasikowski TJ, Beninger RJ. Reduced expression of haloperidol conditioned catalepsy in rats by the dopamine D3 receptor antagonists nafadotride and NGB 2904. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22:761-8. [PMID: 22410316 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Haloperidol, a dopamine (DA) D2 receptor-preferring antagonist, produces catalepsy whereby animals maintain awkward posture for a period of time. Sub-threshold doses of haloperidol fail to produce catalepsy initially, however, when the drug is given repeatedly in the same test environment, gradual day-to-day increases in catalepsy are observed. More importantly, if sensitized rats are injected with saline instead of haloperidol they continue to be cataleptic in the test environment suggesting that environment-drug associations may play a role. DA D3 receptors have been implicated in a number of conditioned behaviors. We were interested if DA D3 receptors contribute to catalepsy sensitization and conditioning in rats. We tested this hypothesis using the DA D3 receptor-selective antagonist NGB 2904 (0.5, 1.8 mg/kg) and the DA D3 receptor-preferring antagonist nafadotride (0.1, 0.5 mg/kg). For 10 consecutive conditioning days rats were treated with one of the D3 receptor antagonists alone or in combination with haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg) and tested for catalepsy, quantified by the time a rat remained with its forepaws on a horizontal bar. On test day (day 11), rats were injected with saline or the D3 receptor antagonist and tested for conditioned catalepsy in the previously drug-paired environment. Rats treated with NGB 2904 or nafadotride alone did not develop catalepsy. Rats treated with haloperidol or haloperidol plus NGB 2904 or nafadotride developed catalepsy sensitization with repeated conditioning. When injected with saline they continued to exhibit catalepsy in the test environment--now conditioned. On the other hand, NGB 2904 (1.8 mg/kg) or nafadotride (0.5 mg/kg) given on the test day (after sensitization to haloperidol) significantly attenuated the expression of conditioned catalepsy. Our data suggest that the D3 receptor antagonist NGB 2904 (1.8 mg/kg) and nafadotride (0.5 mg/kg) significantly attenuate conditioned catalepsy in rats when given in test but not when given during sensitization. Results implicate DA D3 receptors in regulating the expression of conditioned catalepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomek J Banasikowski
- Center Neurosci Studies, Department Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3 N6
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Phenylpiperazine derivatives with selectivity for dopamine D3 receptors modulate cocaine self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1346-59. [PMID: 22960444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined cocaine self-administration after pretreatments with three structurally related compounds that bind selectively to dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) relative to the D2 receptor subtype (D2Rs) and exhibit varying intrinsic activities in the forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase assay. The compounds are: a) WC10, a D3R weak partial agonist/antagonist with 42-fold D3R:D2R selectivity, b) WC26, a 51-fold selective D3R partial agonist, c) WC44, a 23-fold selective D3R agonist. Rats were stabilized on a multiple variable-interval 60-s (VI60) schedule with alternating components of sucrose (45 mg pellets) or cocaine reinforcement (0.375 mg/kg, IV) and then tested for effects of the WC compounds (0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.6, or 10.0 mg/kg, IP). Another cohort was trained to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg, IV) on a VI60 schedule then tested with various doses of cocaine available (0.0-1.5 mg/kg, IV) following pretreatment with WC10 (5.6 or 10.0 mg/kg) or WC44 (10.0 mg/kg). WC10 and WC26 decreased both cocaine and sucrose reinforcement rates at the 10.0 mg/kg dose, whereas WC44 decreased only cocaine reinforcement rate at this dose. Furthermore, WC26 and WC44 increased response latency for cocaine but not sucrose. In the cocaine dose-response experiment, WC10 and WC44 flattened the dose-effect function of cocaine reinforcement rate. All compounds decreased spontaneous locomotion. WC10 and WC26 also reduced cocaine-induced locomotion. These results support the targeting of D3Rs for treatments for cocaine dependence. WC26 and WC44, in particular, show promise as they increased the latency to respond for cocaine but not sucrose, suggesting selective reduction of the motivation for cocaine.
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Lack of abuse potential in a highly selective dopamine D3 agonist, PF-592,379, in drug self-administration and drug discrimination in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2012; 23:280-91. [PMID: 22470105 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283536d21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3-preferring agonists are commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome; however, laboratory animal studies suggest that they may possess a moderate abuse potential. These studies aimed to compare the highly selective, full D3 agonist PF-592,379 to the less selective D3 agonist 7-OH-DPAT, and the indirect dopamine agonist cocaine in drug self-administration and discrimination assays. Although rats readily acquired high rates of fixed ratio (FR)1 responding for cocaine, experimentally naive rats failed to acquire responding when 7-OH-DPAT or PF-592,379 was made available during an 18-session acquisition period. Cocaine also maintained dose-dependent levels of responding when available under a FR5 or a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Although 7-OH-DPAT maintained modest levels of responding when substituted under a FR5, it failed to maintain significant levels of PR responding. PF-592,379 maintained saline-like rates of responding when substituted under FR5 or PR schedules of reinforcement. Similar behavioral profiles were observed in cocaine discrimination assays, with 7-OH-DPAT partially substituting for cocaine, and PF-592,379 producing saline-like effects over a wide range of doses. Together, the results of these studies predict that highly selective D3 agonists, such as PF-592,379, will have low abuse potential in humans.
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Feng Z, Hou T, Li Y. Selectivity and activation of dopamine D3R from molecular dynamics. J Mol Model 2012; 18:5051-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Newman AH, Blaylock BL, Nader MA, Bergman J, Sibley DR, Skolnick P. Medication discovery for addiction: translating the dopamine D3 receptor hypothesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:882-90. [PMID: 22781742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) has been investigated as a potential target for medication development to treat substance use disorders (SUDs) with a particular focus on cocaine and methamphetamine. Currently, there are no approved medications to treat cocaine and methamphetamine addiction and thus developing pharmacotherapeutics to complement existing behavioral strategies is a fundamental goal. Novel compounds with high affinity and D3R selectivity have been evaluated in numerous animal models of drug abuse and favorable outcomes in nonhuman primate models of self-administration and relapse have provided compelling evidence to advance these agents into the clinic. One approach is to repurpose drugs that share the D3R mechanism and already have clinical utility, and to this end buspirone has been identified as a viable candidate for clinical trials. A second, but substantially more resource intensive and risky approach involves the development of compounds that exclusively target D3R, such as GSK598809 and PG 619. Clinical investigation of these drugs or other novel D3R-selective agents will provide a better understanding of the role D3R plays in addiction and whether or not antagonists or partial agonists that are D3R selective are effective in achieving abstinence in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Li T, Hou Y, Cao W, Yan CX, Chen T, Li SB. Role of dopamine D3 receptors in basal nociception regulation and in morphine-induced tolerance and withdrawal. Brain Res 2012; 1433:80-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Thomsen M, Ralph RJ, Caine SB. Psychomotor stimulation by dopamine D₁-like but not D₂-like agonists in most mouse strains. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 19:342-60. [PMID: 21843011 PMCID: PMC3319345 DOI: 10.1037/a0024053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many neurological and psychiatric disorders are treated with dopamine modulators. Studies in mice may reveal genetic factors underlying those disorders or responsiveness to various treatments, and species and strain differences both complicate the use of mice and provide valuable tools. We evaluated psychomotor effects of the dopamine D₁-like agonist R-6-Br-APB and the dopamine D₂-like agonist quinelorane using a locomotor activity procedure in 15 mouse strains (inbred 129S1/SvImJ, 129S6/SvEvTac, 129X1/SvJ, A/J, BALB/cByJ, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, CAST/EiJ, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, SJL/J, SPRET/EiJ, outbred Swiss Webster, and CD-1) and Sprague-Dawley rats, using groups of both females and males. Both D₁ and D₂ stimulation produced hyperactivity in the rats, and surprisingly, only two mouse strains were similar in that regard (C3H/HeJ, SPRET/EiJ). In contrast, the majority of mouse strains exhibited hyperactivity only with D₁ stimulation, whereas D₂ stimulation had no effect or decreased activity. BALB substrains, A/J and FVB/NJ mice showed only decreased activity after either D₁ or D₂ stimulation. CAST/EiJ mice exhibited hyperactivity exclusively with D₂ stimulation. Sex differences were observed but no systematic trend emerged: For example, of the five strains in which a main factor of sex was identified for the stimulant effects of the D₁ agonist, responsiveness was greatest in females in three of those strains and in males in two of those strains. These results should aid in the selection of mouse strains for future studies in which D₁ or D₂ responsiveness is a necessary consideration in the experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Thomsen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center. Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Mail Stop 214, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Blaylock BL, Gould RW, Banala A, Grundt P, Luedtke RR, Newman AH, Nader MA. Influence of cocaine history on the behavioral effects of Dopamine D(3) receptor-selective compounds in monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1104-13. [PMID: 21289600 PMCID: PMC3070922 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although dopamine D(3) receptors have been associated with cocaine abuse, little is known about the consequences of chronic cocaine on functional activity of D(3) receptor-preferring compounds. This study examined the behavioral effects of D(3) receptor-selective 4-phenylpiperazines with differing in vitro functional profiles in adult male rhesus monkeys with a history of cocaine self-administration and controls. In vitro assays found that PG 619 (N-(3-hydroxy-4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide HCl) was a potent D(3) antagonist in the mitogenesis assay, but a fully efficacious agonist in the adenylyl cyclase assay, NGB 2904 (N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-9H-fluorene-2-carboxamide HCl) was a selective D(3) antagonist, whereas CJB 090 (N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide HCl) exhibited a partial agonist profile in both in vitro assays. In behavioral studies, the D(3) preferential agonist quinpirole (0.03-1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) dose-dependently elicited yawns in both groups of monkeys. PG 619 and CJB 090 elicited yawns only in monkeys with an extensive history of cocaine, whereas NGB 2904 did not elicit yawns, but did antagonize quinpirole and PG 619-elicited yawning in cocaine-history monkeys. In another experiment, doses of PG 619 that elicited yawns did not alter response rates in monkeys self-administering cocaine (0.03-0.3 mg/kg per injection). Following saline extinction, cocaine (0.1 mg/kg) and quinpirole (0.1 mg/kg), but not PG 619 (0.1 mg/kg), reinstated cocaine-seeking behavior. When given before a cocaine prime, PG 619 decreased cocaine-elicited reinstatement. These findings suggest that (1) an incongruence between in vitro and in vivo assays, and (2) a history of cocaine self-administration can affect in vivo efficacy of D(3) receptor-preferring compounds PG 619 and CJB 090, which appear to be dependent on the behavioral assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Blaylock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - R W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - A Banala
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Grundt
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R R Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - A H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 546 NRC, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA, Tel: +1 336 713 7172, Fax: +1 336 713 7180, E-mail:
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Micheli F. Recent Advances in the Development of Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonists: a Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1152-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Potenza MN, Sofuoglu M, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Neuroscience of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for addictions. Neuron 2011; 69:695-712. [PMID: 21338880 PMCID: PMC3063555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although substantial advances have been made in behavioral and pharmacological treatments for addictions, moving treatment development to the next stage may require novel ways of approaching addictions, particularly ways based on new findings regarding the neurobiological underpinnings of addictions that also assimilate and incorporate relevant information from earlier approaches. In this review, we first briefly review theoretical and biological models of addiction and then describe existing behavioral and pharmacologic therapies for the addictions within this framework. We then propose new directions for treatment development and targets that are informed by recent evidence regarding the heterogeneity of addictions and the neurobiological contributions to these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Kong H, Kuang W, Li S, Xu M. Activation of dopamine D3 receptors inhibits reward-related learning induced by cocaine. Neuroscience 2010; 176:152-61. [PMID: 21168475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Memories of learned associations between the rewarding properties of drugs and environmental cues contribute to craving and relapse in humans. The mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system is involved in reward-related learning induced by drugs of abuse. DA D3 receptors are preferentially expressed in mesocorticolimbic DA projection areas. Genetic and pharmacological studies have shown that DA D3 receptors suppress locomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviors. Activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) induced by acute cocaine administration is also inhibited by D3 receptors. How D3 receptors modulate cocaine-induced reward-related learning and associated changes in cell signaling in reward circuits in the brain, however, have not been fully investigated. In the present study, we show that D3 receptor mutant mice exhibit potentiated acquisition of conditioned place preference (CPP) at low doses of cocaine compared to wild-type mice. Activation of ERK and CaMKIIα, but not the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and prefrontal cortex is also potentiated in D3 receptor mutant mice compared to that in wild-type mice following CPP expression. These results support a model in which D3 receptors modulate reward-related learning induced by low doses of cocaine by inhibiting activation of ERK and CaMKIIα in reward circuits in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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Banasikowski TJ, Bespalov A, Drescher K, Behl B, Unger L, Haupt A, Schoemaker H, Sullivan JP, Gross G, Beninger RJ. Double Dissociation of the Effects of Haloperidol and the Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonist ABT-127 on Acquisition vs. Expression of Cocaine-Conditioned Activity in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:506-15. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.171348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Characterization of the dopamine receptor system in adult rhesus monkeys exposed to cocaine throughout gestation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 210:481-8. [PMID: 20401746 PMCID: PMC2878372 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cocaine use during pregnancy is associated with alterations in the dopamine (DA) system in the fetal brain. However, little is known about the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the postnatal dopaminergic system. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to examine DA receptor function in adult monkeys that were prenatally exposed to cocaine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female rhesus monkeys (approximately 13 years old) that had been prenatally exposed to cocaine (n = 10) and controls (n = 10) were used in all studies. First, DA D2-like receptor availability was assessed using positron emission tomography and the D2-like receptor radiotracer [(18)F]fluoroclebopride (FCP). Next, D(3) receptor function was assessed by measuring quinpirole-induced yawning (0.03-0.3 mg/kg). Finally, D1-like receptor function was examined by measuring eye blinking elicited by the high-efficacy D1-like receptor agonist SKF81297 (0.3-3.0 mg/kg). RESULTS There were no differences between groups or sexes in D2-like receptor availability in the caudate nucleus, putamen or amygdala. However, quinpirole elicited significantly more yawns in prenatally cocaine-exposed monkeys compared with control monkeys. A significant correlation between gestational dose of cocaine and peak effects of quinpirole was observed. In all monkeys, administration of SKF81297 elicited dose-dependent increases in eye blinks that did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that prenatal cocaine exposure can have long-term effects on DA D(3) receptor function in adults.
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Orio L, Wee S, Newman AH, Pulvirenti L, Koob GF. The dopamine D3 receptor partial agonist CJB090 and antagonist PG01037 decrease progressive ratio responding for methamphetamine in rats with extended-access. Addict Biol 2010; 15:312-23. [PMID: 20456290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous work suggests a role for dopamine D3-like receptors in psychostimulant reinforcement. The development of new compounds acting selectively at dopamine D3 receptors has opened new possibilities to explore the role of these receptors in animal models of psychostimulant dependence. Here we investigated whether the dopamine D3 partial agonist CJB090 (1-10 mg/kg, i.v) and the D3 antagonist PG01037 (8-32 mg/kg, s.c.) modified methamphetamine (0.05 mg/kg/injection) intravenous self-administration under fixed- (FR) and progressive- (PR) ratio schedules in rats allowed limited (short access, ShA; 1-hour sessions 3 days/week) or extended access (long access, LgA; 6 hour sessions 6 days/week). Under a FR1 schedule, the highest dose of the D3 partial agonist CJB090 selectively reduced methamphetamine self-administration in LgA but not in ShA rats, whereas the full D3 antagonist PG01037 produced no effect in either group. Under a PR schedule of reinforcement, the D3 partial agonist CJB090 reduced the maximum number of responses performed ('breakpoint') for methamphetamine in LgA rats at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, and also it produced a significant reduction in the ShA group at the highest dose. However, the D3 full antagonist PG01037 only reduced PR methamphetamine self-administration in LgA rats at the highest dose of 32 mg/kg with no effect in the ShA group. The results suggest that rats might be more sensitive to pharmacological modulation of dopamine D3 receptors following extended access to methamphetamine self-administration, opening the possibility that D3 receptors play a role in excessive methamphetamine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orio
- The Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Mason CW, Hassan HE, Kim KP, Cao J, Eddington ND, Newman AH, Voulalas PJ. Characterization of the transport, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of the dopamine D3 receptor-selective fluorenyl- and 2-pyridylphenyl amides developed for treatment of psychostimulant abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:854-64. [PMID: 20228156 PMCID: PMC2879935 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.165084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of novel high-affinity and selective dopamine D3 receptor (DA D3R) antagonists and partial agonists has provided tools with which to further elucidate the role DA D3R plays in substance abuse. The present study was conducted to evaluate the transport, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and brain uptake of the DA D3R-selective fluorenyl amides, NGB 2904 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-9H-fluorene-2-carboxamide] fumarate) and JJC 4-077 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxybutyl)-9H-fluorene-2-carboxamide hydrochloride], and the 2-pyridylphenyl amides, CJB 090 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-(pyridine-2-yl)benzamide hydrochloride] and PG 01037 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-trans-but-2-enyl)-4-(pyridine-2-yl)benzamide hydrochloride], all of which have been studied in animal models of psychostimulant abuse. Additional screening with a panel of human and rat Supersomes was performed for NGB 2904 and PG 01037. Drug-stimulated ATPase activation assays and bidirectional transport and efflux assays were used to test for substrate specificity of NGB 2904 and PG 01037 for human and rat efflux transporters. All compounds exhibited moderate elimination half-lives, ranging from 1.49 to 3.27 h, and large volumes of distribution (5.95-14.19 l/kg). The brain-to-plasma ratios ranged from 2.93 to 11.81 and were higher than those previously reported for cocaine. Brain exposure levels of NGB 2904 and PG 01037 were significantly reduced after intraperitoneal administration compared with intravenous administration. The metabolism of these compounds was mediated primarily by CYP3A subfamilies. PG 01037 was a P-glycoprotein-transported substrate. Higher doses of these compounds are often required for in vivo action, suggesting decreased bioavailability via extravascular administration that may be attributed to high drug efflux and hepatic metabolism. These studies provide important preclinical information for optimization of next-generation D3R selective agents for the treatment of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford W Mason
- Pharmacokinetics-Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Achat-Mendes C, Grundt P, Cao J, Platt DM, Newman AH, Spealman RD. Dopamine D3 and D2 receptor mechanisms in the abuse-related behavioral effects of cocaine: studies with preferential antagonists in squirrel monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:556-65. [PMID: 20494958 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.167619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) D3 and D2 receptor mechanisms are implicated in cocaine's abuse-related behavioral effects, but the relative contribution of the two receptor subtypes is only partially characterized. This study investigated the role of D3 and D2 subtype mechanisms by determining the degree to which the D3-preferring antagonist PG01037 [N-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin- 1-yl]-trans-but-2-enyl}-4-pyridine-2-yl-benzamide HCl] and the D2-preferring antagonist L-741626 [3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4- hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]methyl-1H-indole] attenuated several behavioral effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys. Quantitative observational studies established doses of each antagonist that did not produce untoward effects, which were used in subsequent comparisons. In addition, the ability of the D3-preferring agonist PD128907 [(R-(+)-trans-3,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-[1]benzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-9-ol)] and the D2-preferring agonist sumanirole [(R)-5,6-dihydro-5-(methylamino)-4H- imidazo[4,5,1-ij]quinolin-2(1H)-one(Z)-2-butenedioate] to reproduce cocaine's discriminative stimulus (DS) and priming effects were compared. In monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine from vehicle, both DA antagonists attenuated and both DA agonists partially reproduced cocaine's DS effects. PG01037 also selectively attenuated the cocaine-like DS effects of PD128907, whereas L-741626 attenuated the cocaine-like DS effects of both agonists. In self-administration studies, L-741626 nonselectively reduced cocaine- and food-maintained responding, whereas PG01037 was ineffective against either reinforcer. In studies involving reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking, both antagonists attenuated cocaine-induced reinstatement of responding, and both agonists induced at least partial reinstatement of cocaine seeking. L-741626 also attenuated sumanirole-induced, but not PD128907-induced, reinstatement of responding, whereas PG01037 was ineffective against either DA agonist. The results are consistent with a role for D3 and D2 receptor mechanisms in cocaine's DS effects and cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking, but provide no evidence for a major role of D3 receptors in the direct reinforcing effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Achat-Mendes
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA.
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Taylor M, Grundt P, Griffin SA, Newman AH, Luedtke RR. Dopamine D3 receptor selective ligands with varying intrinsic efficacies at adenylyl cyclase inhibition and mitogenic signaling pathways. Synapse 2010; 64:251-66. [PMID: 19924694 PMCID: PMC3821045 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A panel of structurally related substituted 4-phenylpiperazines with nanomolar affinity and selectivity at D3 dopamine receptors has been synthesized. Compounds in which a heterocyclic (2-phenyl pyridyl, 3-phenyl pyridyl, benzothiophene, or benzofuran) moiety is adjacent to the amide was varied and/or a double bond (trans-butenyl) replaced the four-carbon aliphatic chain linking the arylamide with the 4-phenylpiperazine moiety were compared for (a) affinity at human D2 and D3 dopamine receptors, (b) intrinsic efficacy using an adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay, and (c) intrinsic efficacy using a mitogenic assay. All 16 compounds were (a) more efficacious for the D3 receptor cyclase inhibition assay than for the D3 receptor mitogenic assay and (b) exhibited the same or greater efficacy at D3 compared to D2 receptor (with the exception of one compound). Although the heterocyclic amide moiety appears to be the pivotal structural element determining the intrinsic efficacy of our D3 receptor selective compounds, the magnitude of the efficacy is modulated by the (a) substituent(s) on the phenyl piperazine and (b) the saturation of the four-carbon chain that links the arylamide and the phenylpiperazine. In addition, our ligands are functionally selective, because they can have differing intrinsic efficacies for the cyclase inhibition and the mitogenic activation signaling pathways. Compounds that are essentially full agonists at the cyclase assay appear to be only partial agonists in the mitogenic assay and compounds that are partial agonists in our cyclase assay are partial agonists or antagonists in the mitogenic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX,76109 USA
| | - Peter Grundt
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, NIDA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suzy A. Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX,76109 USA
| | | | - Robert R. Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX,76109 USA
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Heidbreder CA, Newman AH. Current perspectives on selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists as pharmacotherapeutics for addictions and related disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:4-34. [PMID: 20201845 PMCID: PMC3148950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse produces long-term molecular and neurochemical changes that may explain the core features of addiction, such as the compulsive seeking and taking of the drug, as well as the risk of relapse. A growing number of new molecular and cellular targets of addictive drugs have been identified, and rapid advances are being made in relating those targets to specific behavioral phenotypes in animal models of addiction. In this context, the pattern of expression of the dopamine (DA) D(3) receptor in the rodent and human brain and changes in this pattern in response to drugs of abuse have contributed primarily to direct research efforts toward the development of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists. Growing preclinical evidence indicates that these compounds may actually regulate the motivation to self-administer drugs and disrupt drug-associated cue-induced craving. This report will be divided into three parts. First, preclinical evidence in support of the efficacy of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists in animal models of drug addiction will be reviewed. The effects of mixed DA D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonists will not be discussed here because most of these compounds have low selectivity at the D(3) versus D(2) receptor, and their efficacy profile is related primarily to functional antagonism at D(2) receptors and possibly interactions with other neurotransmitter systems. Second, major advances in medicinal chemistry for the identification and optimization of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists and partial agonists will be analyzed. Third, translational research from preclinical efficacy studies to so-called proof-of-concept studies for drug addiction indications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Heidbreder
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals, Global Research & Development, Richmond, Virginia 23235, USA.
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Jupp B, Lawrence AJ. New horizons for therapeutics in drug and alcohol abuse. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:138-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Achat-Mendes C, Platt DM, Newman AH, Spealman RD. The dopamine D3 receptor partial agonist CJB 090 inhibits the discriminative stimulus but not the reinforcing or priming effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 206:73-84. [PMID: 19513698 PMCID: PMC2753862 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D3 receptor mechanisms have been implicated in the abuse-related behavioral effects of cocaine. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the D3 receptor partial agonist CJB 090 on the discriminative stimulus, reinforcing and priming effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys. Complementary studies were conducted to compare CJB 090's effects on food-maintained behavior and species-typical unconditioned behaviors. METHODS Monkeys were trained to: (1) discriminate cocaine from saline using a two-lever choice procedure, (2) self-administer cocaine on a second-order fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedule of i.v. drug injection, or (3) self-administer food on a comparable second-order schedule of food delivery. A final group of monkeys served in quantitative observational studies of unconditioned behaviors. RESULTS In cocaine discrimination studies, pretreatment with CJB 090 significantly attenuated cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects. CJB 090 also significantly attenuated the partial cocaine-like stimulus effects of the preferential D3 receptor agonist PD 128907 but not the preferential D2 receptor agonist sumanirole. CJB 090 did not attenuate either self-administration of cocaine or cocaine-induced reinstatement of extinguished drug-seeking at a dose that reduced responding maintained by food. CJB 090 did not induce scratching or biting (species-typical effects of D2/3 receptor agonists) or catalepsy (typical effect of D2/3 receptor antagonists). CONCLUSIONS The results provide no evidence that CJB 090 reduced either the reinforcing or priming effects of cocaine but do suggest that CJB 090, acting via a D3 receptor mechanism, antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine at a dose that did not induce adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Achat-Mendes
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Dr., P.O. Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.
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Reece AS. Comparative treatment and mortality correlates and adverse event profile of implant naltrexone and sublingual buprenorphine. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009; 37:256-65. [PMID: 19394789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of implantable naltrexone as a new treatment for opiate dependence. This center has been one of the leaders in this form of treatment in Australia and has recently completed a registry-controlled review of our mortality data. As part of the study of the safety profile of this therapy, we were interested to review both the treatment correlates of previously presented mortality data and of adverse events. A total of 255 naltrexone implant therapy (NIT) and 2,518 buprenorphine (BUP) patients were followed for 1,322.22 and 8,030.02 patient-years, respectively. NIT patients had significantly longer days in treatment per episode (mean +/- standard deviation, 238.32 +/- 110.11 vs. 46.96 +/- 109.79), total treatment duration (371.21 +/- 284.64 vs. 162.50 +/- 245.76), and mean treatment times but fewer treatment episodes than BUP (all p < .0001). Serious local tissue reaction or infection each occurred in 1% of 200 NIT episodes. These data show that NIT economizes treatment resources without compromising safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stuart Reece
- Southcity Family Medical Centre and University of Queensland Medical School, 39 Gladstone Rd., Hillgate Hill, Queensland 4101, Australia.
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Newman AH, Grundt P, Cyriac G, Deschamps JR, Taylor M, Kumar R, Ho D, Luedtke RR. N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichloro- or 2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)heterobiarylcarboxamides with functionalized linking chains as high affinity and enantioselective D3 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2559-70. [PMID: 19331412 PMCID: PMC2760932 DOI: 10.1021/jm900095y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present report, the D3 receptor pharmacophore is modified in the 2,3-diCl- and 2-OCH(3)-phenylpiperazine class of compounds with the goal to improve D3 receptor affinity and selectivity. This extension of structure-activity relationships (SAR) has resulted in the identification of the first enantioselective D3 antagonists (R- and S-22) to be reported, wherein enantioselectivity is more pronounced at D3 than at D2, and that a binding region on the second extracellular loop (E2) may play a role in both enantioselectivity and D3 receptor selectivity. Moreover, we have discovered some of the most D3-selective compounds reported to date that show high affinity (K(i) = 1 nM) for D3 and approximately 400-fold selectivity over the D2 receptor subtype. Several of these analogues showed exquisite selectivity for D3 receptors over >60 other receptors, further underscoring their value as in vivo research tools. These lead compounds also have appropriate physical characteristics for in vivo exploration and therefore will be useful in determining how intrinsic activity at D3 receptors tested in vitro is related to behaviors in animal models of addiction and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug AbuseIntramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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Martelle JL, Nader MA. A within-subject assessment of the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of self-administered cocaine in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 203:343-53. [PMID: 18807249 PMCID: PMC2738977 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug discrimination (DD) and drug self-administration (SA) are frequently used preclinical assays. All preclinical studies with cocaine have examined the discriminative stimulus (S(D)) and reinforcing (S(R)) effects in separate groups of subjects. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to train drug-naïve rhesus macaques to discriminate self-administered cocaine from saline and to assess S(D) and S(R) effects using a within-subjects design. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male rhesus monkeys (n = 4) were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.1 mg/kg per injection) under a progressive-ratio (PR) reinforcement schedule. Next, they were trained to discriminate self-administered cocaine (0.45 or 0.56 mg/kg) or saline under a fixed-ratio (FR) 50 schedule of food presentation. The final schedule combined DD and SA into a multiple [chained FR 50 SA (cocaine or saline), food-reinforced DD] and PR SA schedule. RESULTS Each subject acquired SA under a PR schedule with significant differences in breakpoint between saline and cocaine evident by session 5. Self-administered cocaine was established as an S(D), such that 80% of responding before delivery of the first reinforcer and 90% of all responding occurred on the injection-appropriate lever. In all monkeys, there was at least one cocaine dose that did not engender cocaine-appropriate responding during DD (i.e., <20% cocaine-appropriate responding) yet functioned as a reinforcer during PR SA, suggesting that cocaine-like S(D) effects are not necessary for cocaine reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS This within-subject model may provide new information related to the behavioral mechanisms of action leading to the high abuse potential of cocaine; such information may lead to novel pharmacological treatment strategies for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Martelle
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 546 NRC, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA, e-mail:
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 546 NRC, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA, e-mail:
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Effect of time-out duration on the reinforcing strength of cocaine assessed under a progressive-ratio schedule in rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 19:743-6. [PMID: 18797251 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283123c6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement have provided valuable information regarding the reinforcing strength of cocaine and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Parametric manipulations, such as altering time-out (TO) values, can affect the shape of the cocaine dose-response curve. Earlier studies have used PR schedules with widely varying parameters, thus complicating comparisons across experiments. This study evaluated the reinforcing strength of cocaine (0.005-0.9 mg/kg) as a function of post-reinforcement TO duration (5, 10, 30, or 60 min) under a PR schedule in rhesus monkeys. Daily sessions ended when 2 h elapsed without an injection; the breakpoint value was defined as the total number of injections. When the TO was 10 min, the relationship between cocaine dose and the number of injections received (i.e. BP) was characterized by an inverted U-shaped curve in all monkeys. Increasing the TO to 30 min resulted in a rightward shift of the ascending limb of the dose-response curve, but did not affect self-administration of higher doses. The number of injections received of a low cocaine dose was not further increased when the TO was shortened to 5 min, nor did increasing the TO to 60 min alter self-administration of the highest tested dose. These results suggest that drug accumulation plays a role in determining the reinforcing strength of low and intermediate cocaine doses under PR schedules. However, the reinforcing strength of higher cocaine doses was unaffected by manipulating TO, suggesting that the BP value is a useful measure of reinforcing strength.
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Dopaminergic mechanism of reward-related incentive learning: focus on the dopamine D(3) receptor. Neurotox Res 2009; 14:57-70. [PMID: 18790725 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D(3) receptors (Drd3) have been implicated in the control of responding by drug-related conditioned incentive stimuli. We review recent studies of the effects of Drd3 antagonists or partial agonists on the control of self-administration of intravenous (IV) cocaine, IV morphine and oral ethanol on reward-rich and lean schedules, in reinstatement tests, on second-order schedules and on the acquisition and expression of conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned motor activity. For comparison, related studies where conditioned stimuli are based on nutritional reward also are considered. When self-administration depends more heavily on conditioned cues for its maintenance, for example on second-order schedules or lean ratio schedules, Drd3 antagonists or partial agonists reduce responding. Although data are limited, similar effects may be seen for responding for cues based on drugs or nutritional rewards. Drd3 agents also block the ability of conditioned cues to reinstate responding for cocaine or food. Published results suggest that Drd3 plays a more important role in the expression than in the acquisition of a CPP or conditioned motor activity. The mechanism mediating the role of Drd3 in the control of responding by conditioned incentive stimuli remains unknown but it has been found that Drd3 receptors increase in number in the nucleus accumbens during conditioning. Perhaps Drd3 participates in the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of dopamine and of dopamine receptor subtypes in reward-related incentive learning.
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