1
|
Shao L, Yang M, Sun T, Xia H, Du D, Li X, Jie Z. Role of solute carrier transporters in regulating dendritic cell maturation and function. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350385. [PMID: 38073515 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that initiate and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Solute carrier (SLC) transporters mediate diverse physiological functions and maintain cellular metabolite homeostasis. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of SLCs in immune processes. Notably, upon activation, immune cells undergo rapid and robust metabolic reprogramming, largely dependent on SLCs to modulate diverse immunological responses. In this review, we explore the central roles of SLC proteins and their transported substrates in shaping DC functions. We provide a comprehensive overview of recent studies on amino acid transporters, metal ion transporters, and glucose transporters, emphasizing their essential contributions to DC homeostasis under varying pathological conditions. Finally, we propose potential strategies for targeting SLCs in DCs to bolster immunotherapy for a spectrum of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxin Yang
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Haotang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Du
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zuliang Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Puris E, Fricker G, Gynther M. The Role of Solute Carrier Transporters in Efficient Anticancer Drug Delivery and Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020364. [PMID: 36839686 PMCID: PMC9966068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug resistance is a major obstacle in anticancer drug delivery and a key reason for cancer drug therapy failure. Membrane solute carrier (SLC) transporters play a crucial role in the cellular uptake of drugs. The expression and function of the SLC transporters can be down-regulated in cancer cells, which limits the uptake of drugs into the tumor cells, resulting in the inefficiency of the drug therapy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of low-SLC-transporter-expression-mediated drug resistance in different types of cancers. Recent advances in SLC-transporter-targeting strategies include the development of transporter-utilizing prodrugs and nanocarriers and the modulation of SLC transporter expression in cancer cells. These strategies will play an important role in the future development of anticancer drug therapies by enabling the efficient delivery of drugs into cancer cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
Nucleoside transporters and immunosuppressive adenosine signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Potential therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108300. [PMID: 36283452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine compartmentalization has a profound impact on immune cell function by regulating adenosine localization and, therefore, extracellular signaling capabilities, which suppresses immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Nucleoside transporters, responsible for the translocation and cellular compartmentalization of hydrophilic adenosine, represent an understudied yet crucial component of adenosine disposition in the tumor microenvironment. In this review article, we will summarize what is known regarding nucleoside transporter's function within the purinome in relation to currently devised points of intervention (i.e., ectonucleotidases, adenosine receptors) for cancer immunotherapy, alterations in nucleoside transporter expression reported in cancer, and potential avenues for targeting of nucleoside transporters for the desired modulation of adenosine compartmentalization and action. Further, we put forward that nucleoside transporters are an unexplored therapeutic opportunity, and modulation of nucleoside transport processes could attenuate the pathogenic buildup of immunosuppressive adenosine in solid tumors, particularly those enriched with nucleoside transport proteins.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ferrari B, Da Silva AC, Liu KH, Saidakova EV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Shive C, Pacheco Sanchez G, Retuerto M, Sharma AA, Ghneim K, Noel-Romas L, Rodriguez B, Ghannoum MA, Hunt PP, Deeks SG, Burgener AD, Jones DP, Dobre MA, Marconi VC, Sekaly RP, Younes SA. Gut-derived bacterial toxins impair memory CD4+ T cell mitochondrial function in HIV-1 infection. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e149571. [PMID: 35316209 PMCID: PMC9057623 DOI: 10.1172/jci149571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) who are immune nonresponders (INRs) are at greater risk of comorbidity and mortality than are immune responders (IRs) who restore their CD4+ T cell count after antiretroviral therapy (ART). INRs have low CD4+ T cell counts (<350 c/μL), heightened systemic inflammation, and increased CD4+ T cell cycling (Ki67+). Here, we report the findings that memory CD4+ T cells and plasma samples of INRs from several cohorts are enriched in gut-derived bacterial solutes p-cresol sulfate (PCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) that both negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. In vitro PCS or IS blocked CD4+ T cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and diminished the expression of mitochondrial proteins. Electron microscopy imaging revealed perturbations of mitochondrial networks similar to those found in INRs following incubation of healthy memory CD4+ T cells with PCS. Using bacterial 16S rDNA, INR stool samples were found enriched in proteolytic bacterial genera that metabolize tyrosine and phenylalanine to produce PCS. We propose that toxic solutes from the gut bacterial flora may impair CD4+ T cell recovery during ART and may contribute to CD4+ T cell lymphopenia characteristic of INRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda Cabral Da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| | - Ken H. Liu
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evgeniya V. Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Larisa B. Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Carey Shive
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabriela Pacheco Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| | - Mauricio Retuerto
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | | | - Khader Ghneim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Laura Noel-Romas
- Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Benigno Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter P. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam D. Burgener
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirela A. Dobre
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Global Health, and Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| | - Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hermann R, Krajcsi P, Fluck M, Seithel-Keuth A, Bytyqi A, Galazka A, Munafo A. Review of Transporter Substrate, Inhibitor, and Inducer Characteristics of Cladribine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1509-1535. [PMID: 34435310 PMCID: PMC8613159 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) to its active adenosine triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®) administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. The ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and nucleoside transporter substrate, inhibitor, and inducer characteristics of cladribine are reviewed in this article. Available evidence suggests that the distribution of cladribine across biological membranes is facilitated by a number of uptake and efflux transporters. Among the key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters, only breast cancer resistance protein has been shown to be an efficient transporter of cladribine, while P-glycoprotein does not transport cladribine well. Intestinal absorption, distribution throughout the body, and intracellular uptake of cladribine appear to be exclusively mediated by equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters, specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Renal excretion of cladribine appears to be most likely driven by breast cancer resistance protein, ENT1, and P-glycoprotein. The latter may play a role despite its poor cladribine transport efficiency in view of the renal abundance of P-glycoprotein. There is no evidence that solute carrier uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides, organic anion transporters, and organic cation transporters are involved in the transport of cladribine. Available in vitro studies examining the inhibitor characteristics of cladribine for a total of 13 major ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and CNT transporters indicate that in vivo inhibition of any of these transporters by cladribine is unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Clinical Research Appliance (cr.appliance), Heinrich-Vingerhut-Weg 3, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Munafo
- Institute of Pharmacometrics, an Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou S, Zeng S, Shu Y. Drug-Drug Interactions at Organic Cation Transporter 1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:628705. [PMID: 33679412 PMCID: PMC7925875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.628705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between drugs and various transporters is one of the decisive factors that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is a member of the Solute Carrier 22A (SLC22A) family that plays a vital role in the membrane transport of organic cations including endogenous substances and xenobiotics. This article mainly discusses the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) mediated by OCT1 and their clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Sujuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kilgour MK, MacPherson S, Zacharias LG, Ellis AE, Sheldon RD, Liu EY, Keyes S, Pauly B, Carleton G, Allard B, Smazynski J, Williams KS, Watson PH, Stagg J, Nelson BH, DeBerardinis RJ, Jones RG, Hamilton PT, Lum JJ. 1-Methylnicotinamide is an immune regulatory metabolite in human ovarian cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe1174. [PMID: 33523930 PMCID: PMC7817098 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune regulatory metabolites are key features of the tumor microenvironment (TME), yet with a few exceptions, their identities remain largely unknown. Here, we profiled tumor and T cells from tumor and ascites of patients with high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) to uncover the metabolomes of these distinct TME compartments. Cells within the ascites and tumor had pervasive metabolite differences, with a notable enrichment in 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) in T cells infiltrating the tumor compared with ascites. Despite the elevated levels of MNA in T cells, the expression of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, the enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to nicotinamide, was restricted to fibroblasts and tumor cells. Functionally, MNA induces T cells to secrete the tumor-promoting cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, TME-derived MNA contributes to the immune modulation of T cells and represents a potential immunotherapy target to treat human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K Kilgour
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah MacPherson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Abigail E Ellis
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Elaine Y Liu
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Keyes
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Brenna Pauly
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Gillian Carleton
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julian Smazynski
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Kelsey S Williams
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Peter H Watson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Biobanking and Biospecimen Research Services, Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Julian J Lum
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shah K, Rawal RM. Genetic and Epigenetic Modulation of Drug Resistance in Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1114-1131. [PMID: 31902353 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200103111539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease that has the ability to develop resistance to traditional therapies. The current chemotherapeutic treatment has become increasingly sophisticated, yet it is not 100% effective against disseminated tumours. Anticancer drugs resistance is an intricate process that ascends from modifications in the drug targets suggesting the need for better targeted therapies in the therapeutic arsenal. Advances in the modern techniques such as DNA microarray, proteomics along with the development of newer targeted drug therapies might provide better strategies to overcome drug resistance. This drug resistance in tumours can be attributed to an individual's genetic differences, especially in tumoral somatic cells but acquired drug resistance is due to different mechanisms, such as cell death inhibition (apoptosis suppression) altered expression of drug transporters, alteration in drug metabolism epigenetic and drug targets, enhancing DNA repair and gene amplification. This review also focusses on the epigenetic modifications and microRNAs, which induce drug resistance and contributes to the formation of tumour progenitor cells that are not destroyed by conventional cancer therapies. Lastly, this review highlights different means to prevent the formation of drug resistant tumours and provides future directions for better treatment of these resistant tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanisha Shah
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Systems Biology Analysis Reveals Eight SLC22 Transporter Subgroups, Including OATs, OCTs, and OCTNs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051791. [PMID: 32150922 PMCID: PMC7084758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLC22 family of OATs, OCTs, and OCTNs is emerging as a central hub of endogenous physiology. Despite often being referred to as “drug” transporters, they facilitate the movement of metabolites and key signaling molecules. An in-depth reanalysis supports a reassignment of these proteins into eight functional subgroups, with four new subgroups arising from the previously defined OAT subclade: OATS1 (SLC22A6, SLC22A8, and SLC22A20), OATS2 (SLC22A7), OATS3 (SLC22A11, SLC22A12, and Slc22a22), and OATS4 (SLC22A9, SLC22A10, SLC22A24, and SLC22A25). We propose merging the OCTN (SLC22A4, SLC22A5, and Slc22a21) and OCT-related (SLC22A15 and SLC22A16) subclades into the OCTN/OCTN-related subgroup. Using data from GWAS, in vivo models, and in vitro assays, we developed an SLC22 transporter-metabolite network and similar subgroup networks, which suggest how multiple SLC22 transporters with mono-, oligo-, and multi-specific substrate specificity interact to regulate metabolites. Subgroup associations include: OATS1 with signaling molecules, uremic toxins, and odorants, OATS2 with cyclic nucleotides, OATS3 with uric acid, OATS4 with conjugated sex hormones, particularly etiocholanolone glucuronide, OCT with neurotransmitters, and OCTN/OCTN-related with ergothioneine and carnitine derivatives. Our data suggest that the SLC22 family can work among itself, as well as with other ADME genes, to optimize levels of numerous metabolites and signaling molecules, involved in organ crosstalk and inter-organismal communication, as proposed by the remote sensing and signaling theory.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abdelkawy KS, El-Haggar SM, Ziada DH, Ebaid NF, El-Magd MA, Elbarbry FA. The effect of genetic variations on ribavirin pharmacokinetics and treatment response in HCV-4 Egyptian patients receiving sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and ribavirin. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109657. [PMID: 31810127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in ribavirin (RBV) transport (SLC28A2 gene, ABCB1 gene and ABCB11 gene) on the clinical outcome and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in HCV- 4 Egyptian patients. METHOD 100 patients treated with sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and ribavirin for 12 weeks. The SNP genotyping was performed by real-time PCR using high resolution melting analysis. Ribavirin plasma trough concentrations were determined at week 4 of therapy using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For clinical outcomes, sustained virological response (SVR), liver function tests (ALT and AST), total bilirubin, albumin, serum creatinine, hemoglobin, leukocyte count, and platelet count were measured. RESULTS Concerning RBV pharmacokinetics, ABCB1 2677 G > T SNP and ABCB11 1331 T > C SNP were statistically associated with RBV Ctrough levels after 4 weeks of therapy. ABCB11 1331 T > C SNP revealed significant association with clinical outcomes (SVR). SLC28A2-146 A > T SNP has not showed any statistically significant association with RBV plasma levels or response. CONCLUSION SNP genotyping for ABCB1 and ABCB11 genes can help in better personalized medicine for maximizing response for ribavirin as explored by the significant association between polymorphism in ABCB1 and ABCB11 genes and ribavirin pharmacokinetics and the significant association of ABCB11 1331 T > C SNP with clinical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Abdelkawy
- Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.
| | - S M El-Haggar
- Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - D H Ziada
- Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - N F Ebaid
- Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.
| | - M A El-Magd
- Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.
| | - F A Elbarbry
- Pacific University Oregon School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8thAve., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Burgunder E, Fallon JK, White N, Schauer AP, Sykes C, Remling-Mulder L, Kovarova M, Adamson L, Luciw P, Garcia JV, Akkina R, Smith PC, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Lymph Nodes: A Cross-Species Comparison of the Effect of Drug Transporter Expression, Viral Infection, and Sex in Humanized Mice, Nonhuman Primates, and Humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:360-368. [PMID: 31235531 PMCID: PMC6695867 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a "kick and kill" strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node are important to prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, the factors responsible for drug distribution and concentration into these tissues are largely unknown. Although humanized mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) are crucial to HIV research, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across species. This study investigated the influence of drug transporter expression, viral infection, and sex on ARV penetration within lymph nodes of animal models and humans. Six ARVs were dosed for 10 days in humanized mice and NHPs. Plasma and lymph nodes were collected at necropsy, 24 hours after the last dose. Human lymph node tissue and plasma from deceased patients were collected from tissue banks. ARV, active metabolite, and endogenous nucleotide concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and drug transporter expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and quantitative targeted absolute proteomics. In NHPs and humans, lymph node ARV concentrations were greater than or equal to plasma, and tenofovir diphosphate/deoxyadenosine triphosphate concentration ratios achieved efficacy targets in lymph nodes from all three species. There was no effect of infection or sex on ARV concentrations. Low drug transporter expression existed in lymph nodes from all species, and no predictive relationships were found between transporter gene/protein expression and ARV penetration. Overall, common preclinical models of HIV infection were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes, and low transporter expression suggests primarily passive drug distribution in these tissues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication strategies, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across preclinical species used for HIV eradication research, and the influence of drug transporters, HIV infection, and sex on ARV distribution and concentration into the lymph node is largely unknown. Here we show that two animal models of HIV infection (humanized mice and nonhuman primates) were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes. Additionally, we found that drug transporter expression was minimal and-along with viral infection and sex-did not affect ARV penetration into lymph nodes from any species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Burgunder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Nicole White
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Martina Kovarova
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Paul Luciw
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Yang Z, Tuo B. Role of OCT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:6013-6022. [PMID: 31413596 PMCID: PMC6662865 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s212088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers causing death worldwide. It is difficult to detect at an early stage and most patients with advanced HCC rarely achieve satisfying therapeutic results. Accordingly, researchers have been trying to find new biomarkers for diagnosis and new methods of treatment. OCT1, a member of solute carrier super family, is highly expressed in normal liver tissues, and predominantly transports endogenous and exogenous substances, such as metabolites, drugs and toxins to hepatocytes. Studies have demonstrated that the expression of OCT1 is related to the progression and survival of HCC patients. Furthermore, sorafenib, which is regarded as the only effective molecular targeting drug for advanced HCC, is affected by OCT1 variants. In the current review, we summarized the reports about OCT1 and HCC in order to present a comprehensive overview of the relationship between OCT1 and HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bijie First People's Hospital, Bijie, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bhansali S, Bhansali A, Dhawan V. Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells: a potential in vitro model for unraveling metformin's mechanism of action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1463:23-36. [PMID: 31225649 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results in abnormalities in cell repair processes, such as mitophagy, which compromises mitochondrial function and contributes to insulin resistance and β cell failure. Metformin, widely recommended in the management of T2DM, exerts its pleiotropic effects via 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); however, its effect on mitophagy remains elusive. Recent evidence demonstrates that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) express insulin receptors and the human organic cation transporter protein, and they are extensively being used as a surrogate for examining mitochondrial function in T2DM. Metformin treatment increased the formation of acidic vesicles and mitophagosomes, upregulated mitophagy markers, and enhanced mitophagic flux, as indicated by increased LC3-II expression and reduced p62 protein levels. In addition, pretreatment with compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) significantly decreased the expression of mitophagy markers in metformin-treated cells, indicating that metformin induces mitophagy via the AMPK pathway. In conclusion, metformin-induced mitophagy may improve cellular function, including in β cells, by restoring normal mitochondrial phenotype, which may prove beneficial in patients with T2DM and other mitochondrial-related diseases. Moreover, PBMCs may be used as a novel diagnostic biomarker for identifying mitochondrial disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Bhansali
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Veena Dhawan
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Assessment of factors associated with mizoribine responsiveness in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Clin Exp Nephrol 2019; 23:1154-1160. [PMID: 31187341 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-019-01754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several immunosuppressants have been used to treat children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). Mizoribine (MZR) is an immunosuppressant used to maintain remission in children with SDNS, although its effectiveness for treating SDNS remains controversial. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the clinical factors associated with children having SDNS who were successfully treated with MZR. METHODS A total of 47 children with SDNS who underwent MZR treatment were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical features including pharmacokinetics after MZR administration were compared between MZR responders and non-responders. RESULTS The comparison of the two groups revealed no significant differences in age, body weight (BW), daily dose of MZR per BW, serum concentration 2 h after administration (C2), peak serum concentration (Cmax), and area under the concentration curve 0-4 h after administration (AUC0-4). C2/(single dose/BW), Cmax/(single dose/BW), and AUC0-4/(single dose/BW) were significantly higher in the MZR responders than in the non-responders (all p < 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the cutoff values of C2 (single dose/kg), Cmax/(single dose/BW), and AUC0-4/(single dose/BW) were 0.55, 0.58, and 1.37, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MZR is a useful immunosuppressant for treating frequent-relapse NS in children who are susceptible to the drug. The efficacy of MZR may be associated with not only serum concentrations defined by the dosage or absorption efficiency through MZR transporters, but also the susceptibility defined by the expression level and performance of MZR transporters on the target cells.
Collapse
|
16
|
Deficiency of perforin and hCNT1, a novel inborn error of pyrimidine metabolism, associated with a rapidly developing lethal phenotype due to multi-organ failure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1182-1191. [PMID: 30658162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrimidine nucleotides are essential for a vast number of cellular processes and dysregulation of pyrimidine metabolism has been associated with a variety of clinical abnormalities. Inborn errors of pyrimidine metabolism affecting enzymes in the pyrimidine de novo and degradation pathway have been identified but no patients have been described with a deficiency in proteins affecting the cellular import of ribonucleosides. In this manuscript, we report the elucidation of the genetic basis of the observed uridine-cytidineuria in a patient presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, persistent lactate acidosis, severely disturbed liver enzymes and ultimately multi-organ failure. Sequence analysis of genes encoding proteins directly involved in the metabolism of uridine and cytidine showed two variants c.1528C > T (p.R510C) and c.1682G > A (p.R561Q) in SLC28A1, encoding concentrative nucleotide transporter 1 (hCNT1). Functional analysis showed that these variants affected the three-dimensional structure of hCNT1, altered glycosylation and decreased the half-life of the mutant proteins which resulted in impaired transport activity. Co-transfection of both variants, mimicking the trans disposition of c.1528C > T (p.R510C) and c.1682G > A (p.R561Q) in the patient, significantly impaired hCNT1 biological function. Whole genome sequencing identified two pathogenic variants c.50delT; p.(Leu17Argfs*34) and c.853_855del; p.(Lys285del) in the PRF1 gene, indicating that our patient was also suffering from Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis type 2. The identification of two co-existing monogenic defects might have resulted in a blended phenotype. Thus, the clinical presentation of isolated hCNT1 deficiency remains to be established.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pochini L, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Console L, Indiveri C. OCTN: A Small Transporter Subfamily with Great Relevance to Human Pathophysiology, Drug Discovery, and Diagnostics. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:89-110. [PMID: 30523710 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OCTN is a small subfamily of membrane transport proteins that belongs to the larger SLC22 family. Two of the three members of the subfamily, namely, OCTN2 and OCTN1, are present in humans. OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the absorption of carnitine from diet and in its distribution to tissues, as demonstrated by the occurrence of severe pathologies caused by malfunctioning or altered expression of this transporter. These findings suggest avoiding a strict vegetarian diet during pregnancy and in childhood. Other roles of OCTN2 are related to the traffic of carnitine derivatives in many tissues. The role of OCTN1 is still unclear, despite the identification of some substrates such as ergothioneine, acetylcholine, and choline. Plausibly, the transporter acts on the control of inflammation and oxidative stress, even though knockout mice do not display phenotypes. A clear role of both transporters has been revealed in drug interaction and delivery. The polyspecificity of the OCTNs is at the base of the interactions with drugs. Interestingly, OCTN2 has been recently exploited in the prodrug approach and in diagnostics. A promising application derives from the localization of OCTN2 in exosomes that represent a noninvasive diagnostic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,2 CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ye C, Han K, Lei J, Zeng K, Zeng S, Ju H, Yu L. Inhibition of histone deacetylase 7 reverses concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 repression in colorectal cancer by up-regulating histone acetylation state. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4209-4217. [PMID: 30076612 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2) mediates the uptake of both natural nucleosides and nucleoside-derived drugs. Therefore, it is important both physiologically and pharmacologically. However, CNT2 expression is significantly repressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we have elucidated the mechanism(s) underlying CNT2 repression in CRC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Repression of CNT2 in tumour samples from patients with CRC was identified using Western blot and RT-qPCR. The histone acetylation state at the CNT2 promoter region was then evaluated with chromatin immunoprecipitation and trichostatin A (TSA) treatment. To find the key enzyme responsible for hypoacetylation at the CNT2 promoter region, siRNA knockdown and RT-qPCR were used. Effects of combining HDAC inhibitors and cladribine were studied in HCT15 and HT29 cells. KEY RESULTS Histone deacetylase 7 was significantly up-regulated in CRC, leading to histone hypoacetylation at the CNT2 promoter region, especially at sites H3K9Ac, H3K18Ac and H4Ac. This hypoacetylation condensed the chromatin structure and reduced CNT2 expression. All these effects were reversed by treatment with TSA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor. In HCT15 and HT29 cells, inhibition of histone deacetylase increased cell uptake and decreased IC50 for cladribine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Histone hypoacetylation due to increased levels of histone deacetylase 7 results in CNT2 repression in CRC tumour tissue and could lead to decreased uptake of and consequent resistance to nucleoside anti-cancer agents. Such resistance could be overcome by combining inhibitors of histone deacetylase with the nucleoside anti-cancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiu Lei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haixing Ju
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pastor-Anglada M, Urtasun N, Pérez-Torras S. Intestinal Nucleoside Transporters: Function, Expression, and Regulation. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1003-1017. [PMID: 29978890 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the absorptive organ for nutrients found in foods after digestion. Nucleosides and, to a lesser extent nucleobases, are the late products of nucleoprotein digestion. These metabolites are absorbed by nucleoside (and nucleobase) transporter (NT) proteins. NTs are differentially distributed along the gastrointestinal tract showing also polarized expression in epithelial cells. Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) are mainly located at the apical side of enterocytes, whereas equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) facilitate the basolateral efflux of nucleosides and nucleobases to the bloodstream. Moreover, selected nucleotides and the bioactive nucleoside adenosine act directly on intestinal cells modulating purinergic signaling. NT-polarized insertion is tightly regulated. However, not much is known about the modulation of intestinal NT function in humans, probably due to the lack of appropriate cell models retaining CNT functional expression. Thus, the possibility of nutritional regulation of intestinal NTs has been addressed using animal models. Besides the nutrition-related role of NT proteins, orally administered drugs also need to cross the intestinal barrier, this event being a major determinant of drug bioavailability. In this regard, NT proteins might also play a role in pharmacology, thereby allowing the absorption of nucleoside- and nucleobase-derived drugs. The relative broad selectivity of these membrane transporters also suggests clinically relevant drug-drug interactions when using combined therapies. This review focuses on all these physiological and pharmacological aspects of NT protein biology. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1003-1017, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Urtasun
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li X, Mei S, Gong X, Zhou H, Yang L, Zhou A, Liu Y, Li X, Zhao Z, Zhang X. Relationship between Azathioprine metabolites and therapeutic efficacy in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:130. [PMID: 28679367 PMCID: PMC5498874 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are demyelinating autoimmune diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) that are characterized by a high relapse rate and the presence of anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG) in the serum. Azathioprine (AZA) is a first-line immunomodulatory drug that is widely used for the treatment of patients with NMOSD. However, the efficacy and safety of AZA vary in different individuals. METHOD Thirty-two patients with NMOSD who regularly took AZA were enrolled in the study at Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University. The efficacy of AZA was evaluated using the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and the annual relapse rate (ARR). The erythrocyte concentrations of AZA metabolites were detected using an LC-MS/MS method. RESULTS The erythrocyte concentrations of 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGNs) and 6-methylmercaptopurine nucleotides (6-MMPNs) were 202.03 ± 63.35 pmol/8*108 RBC and 1618.90 ± 1607.06 pmol/8*108 RBC, respectively. After the patients had received AZA therapy for more than one year, the EDSS score decreased from 5.21 ± 0.24 to 2.57 ± 0.33 (p < 0.0001), and the ARR decreased from 1.41 ± 0.23 to 0.36 ± 0.09 (p < 0.0001). The 6-TGN and 6-MMPN levels were significantly different between the non-relapsed and relapsed groups (p < 0.0001, p = 0.006, respectively). A higher ARR was significantly correlated with higher erythrocyte concentrations of 6-TGNs (p < 0.0001) and 6-MMPNs (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION AZA can reduce the EDSS score and ARR in NMOSD patients. Additionally, the efficacy of AZA is significantly related to the erythrocyte concentrations of 6-TGNs and 6-MMPNs. Within the safe upper limits, a higher concentration of 6-TGNs is associated with better efficacy of AZA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN16551495 , retrospectively registered on May 22, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Li
- Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Zhou
- Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China. .,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wagner DJ, Sager JE, Duan H, Isoherranen N, Wang J. Interaction and Transport of Methamphetamine and its Primary Metabolites by Organic Cation and Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:770-778. [PMID: 28428365 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is one of the most abused illicit drugs with roughly 1.2 million users in the United States alone. A large portion of methamphetamine and its metabolites is eliminated by the kidney with renal clearance larger than glomerular filtration clearance. Yet the mechanism of active renal secretion is poorly understood. The goals of this study were to characterize the interaction of methamphetamine and its major metabolites with organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporters and to identify the major transporters involved in the disposition of methamphetamine and its major metabolites, amphetamine and para-hydroxymethamphetamine (p-OHMA). We used cell lines stably expressing relevant transporters to show that methamphetamine and its metabolites inhibit human OCTs 1-3 (hOCT1-3) and hMATE1/2-K with the greatest potencies against hOCT1 and hOCT2. Methamphetamine and amphetamine are substrates of hOCT2, hMATE1, and hMATE2-K, but not hOCT1 and hOCT3. p-OHMA is transported by hOCT1-3 and hMATE1, but not hMATE2-K. In contrast, organic anion transporters 1 and 3 do not interact with or transport these compounds. Methamphetamine and its metabolites exhibited complex interactions with hOCT1 and hOCT2, suggesting the existence of multiple binding sites. Our studies suggest the involvement of the renal OCT2/MATE pathway in tubular secretion of methamphetamine and its major metabolites and the potential of drug-drug interactions with substrates or inhibitors of the OCTs. This information may be considered when prescribing medications to suspected or known abusers of methamphetamine to mitigate the risk of increased toxicity or reduced therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer E Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Haichuan Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Midde NM, Sinha N, Lukka PB, Meibohm B, Kumar S. Alterations in cellular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of elvitegravir in response to ethanol exposure in HIV-1 infected monocytic (U1) cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172628. [PMID: 28231276 PMCID: PMC5322882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol consumption is negatively associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and general health in HIV positive individuals. Previously, we demonstrated ethanol-mediated alterations to metabolism of elvitegravir (EVG) in human liver microsomes. In the current study, we investigated ethanol influence on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of EVG in HIV infected monocytic (U1) cells. U1 cells were treated with 5 μM EVG, 2 μM Cobicistat (COBI), a booster drug, and 20 mM ethanol for up to 24 hours. EVG, HIV p24 levels, alterations in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, MRP1, and MDR1 protein expressions were measured. Presence of ethanol demonstrated a significant effect on the total exposures of both EVG and EVG in combination with COBI. Ethanol also increased the HIV replication despite the presence of drugs and this elevated HIV replication was reduced in the presence of MRP1 and MDR1 inhibitors. Consequently, a slight increase in EVG concentration was observed in the presence of MRP1 inhibitor but not with MDR1 inhibitor. Furthermore, CYP3A4, MRP1 and MDR1 protein levels were significantly induced in treatment groups which included ethanol compared to those with no treatment. In summary, these findings suggest that Ethanol reduces intra cellular EVG exposure by modifying drug metabolism and transporter protein expression. This study provides valuable evidence for further investigation of ethanol effects on the intracellular concentration of EVG in ex vivo or in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Midde
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Namita Sinha
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Pradeep B. Lukka
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
MATE1 regulates cellular uptake and sensitivity to imatinib in CML patients. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e470. [PMID: 27635733 PMCID: PMC5056971 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although imatinib is highly effective in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 25–30% patients do not respond or relapse after initial response. Imatinib uptake into targeted cells is crucial for its molecular response and clinical effectiveness. The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) has been proposed to be responsible for this process, but its relevance has been discussed controversially in recent times. Here we found that the multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) transports imatinib with a manifold higher affinity. MATE1 mainly mediates the cellular uptake of imatinib into targeted cells and thereby controls the intracellular effectiveness of imatinib. Importantly, MATE1 but not OCT1 expression is reduced in total bone marrow cells of imatinib-non-responding CML patients compared with imatinib-responding patients, indicating that MATE1 but not OCT1 determines the therapeutic success of imatinib. We thus propose that imatinib non-responders could be identified early before starting therapy by measuring MATE1 expression levels.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mukhopadhya I, Murray GI, Duncan L, Yuecel R, Shattock R, Kelly C, Iannelli F, Pozzi G, El-Omar EM, Hold GL, Hijazi K. Transporters for Antiretroviral Drugs in Colorectal CD4+ T Cells and Circulating α4β7 Integrin CD4+ T Cells: Implications for HIV Microbicides. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3334-40. [PMID: 27467446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes in the colorectal mucosa are key in HIV-1 transmission and dissemination. As such they are also the primary target for antiretroviral (ARV)-based rectal microbicides for pre-exposure prophylaxis. Drug transporters expressed in mucosal CD4+ T cells determine ARV distribution across the cell membrane and, most likely, efficacy of microbicides. We describe transporters for antiretroviral drugs in colorectal mucosal CD4+ T lymphocytes and compare gene expression with circulating α4β7+CD4+ T cells, which traffic to the intestine and have been shown to be preferentially infected by HIV-1. Purified total CD4+ T cells were obtained from colorectal tissue and blood samples by magnetic separation. CD4+ T cells expressing α4β7 integrin were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers. Expressions of 15 efflux and uptake drug transporter genes were quantified using Taqman qPCR assays. Expression of efflux transporters MRP3, MRP5, and BCRP and uptake transporter CNT2 were significantly higher in colorectal CD4+ T cells compared to circulating CD4+ T cells (p = 0.01-0.03). Conversely, circulating α4β7+CD4+ T cells demonstrated significantly higher expression of OATPD compared to colorectal CD4+ T cells (p = 0.001). To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of drug transporter gene expression in colorectal CD4+ and peripheral α4β7+CD4+ T cells. The qualitative and quantitative differences in drug transporter gene expression profiles between α4β7+CD4+ T cells and total mucosal CD4+ T cells may have significant implications for the efficacy of rectally delivered ARV-microbicides. Most notably, we have identified efflux drug transporters that could be targeted by selective inhibitors or beneficial drug-drug interactions to enhance intracellular accumulation of antiretroviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Mukhopadhya
- University of Aberdeen Dental School and Hospital , Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, U.K.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | - Graeme I Murray
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | - Linda Duncan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | - Raif Yuecel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | - Robin Shattock
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College , London W2 1PG, U.K
| | - Charles Kelly
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute , London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Francesco Iannelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | - Georgina L Hold
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K
| | - Karolin Hijazi
- University of Aberdeen Dental School and Hospital , Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, U.K.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Arimany-Nardi C, Minuesa G, Keller T, Erkizia I, Koepsell H, Martinez-Picado J, Pastor-Anglada M. Role of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1 (hOCT1) Polymorphisms in Lamivudine (3TC) Uptake and Drug-Drug Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:175. [PMID: 27445813 PMCID: PMC4919327 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamivudine (3TC), a drug used in the treatment of HIV infection, needs to cross the plasma membrane to exert its therapeutic action. Human Organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1), encoded by the SLC22A1 gene, is the transporter responsible for its uptake into target cells. As SLC22A1 is a highly polymorphic gene, the aim of this study was to determine how SNPs in the OCT1-encoding gene affected 3TC internalization and its interaction with other co-administered drugs. HEK293 cells stably transfected with either the wild type form or the polymorphic variants of hOCT1 were used to perform kinetic and drug-drug interaction studies. Protein co-immunoprecipitation was used to assess the impact of selected polymorphic cysteines on the oligomerization of the transporter. Results showed that 3TC transport efficiency was reduced in all polymorphic variants tested (R61C, C88R, S189L, M420del, and G465R). This was not caused by lack of oligomerization in case of variants located at the transporter extracellular loop (R61C and C88R). Drug-drug interaction measurements showed that co-administered drugs [abacavir (ABC), zidovudine (AZT), emtricitabine (FTC), tenofovir diproxil fumarate (TDF), efavirenz (EFV) and raltegravir (RAL)], differently inhibited 3TC uptake depending upon the polymorphic variant analyzed. These data highlight the need for accurate analysis of drug transporter polymorphic variants of clinical relevance, because polymorphisms can impact on substrate (3TC) translocation but even more importantly they can differentially affect drug-drug interactions at the transporter level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Arimany-Nardi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Gerard Minuesa
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Cièncias de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
| | - Thorsten Keller
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Itziar Erkizia
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Cièncias de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Cièncias de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBadalona, Spain; Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de CatalunyaVic, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hyrsova L, Smutny T, Trejtnar F, Pavek P. Expression of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1): unique patterns of indirect regulation by nuclear receptors and hepatospecific gene regulation. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:139-58. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1188936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Hyrsova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Trejtnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Hu M, Patel SK, Zhou T, Rohan LC. Drug transporters in tissues and cells relevant to sexual transmission of HIV: Implications for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 219:681-696. [PMID: 26278511 PMCID: PMC4656065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Efflux and uptake transporters of drugs are key regulators of the pharmacokinetics of many antiretroviral drugs. A growing body of literature has revealed the expression and functionality of multiple transporters in female genital tract (FGT), colorectal tissue, and immune cells. Drug transporters could play a significant role in the efficacy of preventative strategies for HIV-1 acquisition. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising strategy, which utilizes topically (vaginally or rectally), orally or other systemically administered antiretroviral drugs to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV to receptive partners. The drug concentration in the receptive mucosal tissues and target immune cells for HIV is critical for PrEP effectiveness. Hence, there is an emerging interest in utilizing transporter information to explain tissue disposition patterns of PrEP drugs, to interpret inter-individual variability in PrEP drug pharmacokinetics and effectiveness, and to improve tissue drug exposure through modulation of the cervicovaginal, colorectal, or immune cell transporters. In this review, the existing literature on transporter expression, functionality and regulation in the transmission-related tissues and cells is summarized. In addition, the relevance of transporter function for drug delivery and strategies that could exploit transporters for increased drug concentration at target locales is discussed. The overall goal is to facilitate an understanding of drug transporters for PrEP optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minlu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sravan Kumar Patel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Role of SLC22A1 polymorphic variants in drug disposition, therapeutic responses, and drug-drug interactions. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:473-87. [PMID: 26526073 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The SCL22A1 gene encodes the broad selectivity transporter hOCT1. hOCT1 is expressed in most epithelial barriers thereby contributing to drug pharmacokinetics. It is also expressed in different drug target cells, including immune system cells and others. Thus, this membrane protein might also contribute to drug pharmacodynamics. Up to 1000 hOCT1 polymorphisms have been identified so far, although only a small fraction of those have been mechanistically studied. A paradigm in the field of drug transporter pharmacogenetics is the impact of hOCT1 gene variability on metformin clinical parameters, affecting area under the concentration-time curve, Cmax and responsiveness. However, hOCT1 also mediates the translocation of a variety of drugs used as anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic agents as well as drugs used in the treatment of neurological diseases among. This review focuses exclusively on those drugs for which some pharmacogenetic data are available, and aims at highlighting the need for further clinical research in this area.
Collapse
|
30
|
Arimany-Nardi C, Errasti-Murugarren E, Minuesa G, Martinez-Picado J, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Pastor-Anglada M. Nucleoside transporters and human organic cation transporter 1 determine the cellular handling of DNA-methyltransferase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3868-80. [PMID: 24780098 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), such as azacytidine, decitabine and zebularine, are used for the epigenetic treatment of cancer. Their action may depend upon their translocation across the plasma membrane. The aim of this study was to identify transporter proteins contributing to DNMT inhibitor action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drug interactions with selected hCNT and hENT proteins were studied in transiently transfected HeLa and MDCK cells. Interaction with human organic cation transporters (hOCTs) was assessed in transiently transfected HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes. KEY RESULTS Zebularine uptake was mediated by hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2. Decitabine interacted with but was not translocated by any nucleoside transporter (NT) type. hCNT expression at the apical domain of MDCK cells promoted net vectorial flux of zebularine. Neither hOCT1 nor hOCT2 transported decitabine, but both were involved in the efflux of zebularine, suggesting these proteins act as efflux transporters. hOCT1 polymorphic variants, known to alter function, decreased zebularine efflux. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study highlights the influence of human NTs and hOCTs on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selected DNMT inhibitors. As hOCTs may also behave as efflux transporters, they could contribute either to chemoresistance or to chemosensitivity, depending upon the nature of the drug or combination of drugs being used in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Arimany-Nardi
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) & National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseaes (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li RWS, Yang C, Chan SW, Hoi MPM, Lee SMY, Kwan YW, Leung GPH. Relaxation effect of abacavir on rat basilar arteries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123043. [PMID: 25853881 PMCID: PMC4390379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of abacavir has been linked with increased cardiovascular risk in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection; however, the mechanism involved remains unclear. We hypothesize that abacavir may impair endothelial function. In addition, based on the structural similarity between abacavir and adenosine, we propose that abacavir may affect vascular contractility through endogenous adenosine release or adenosine receptors in blood vessels. METHODS The relaxation effect of abacavir on rat basilar arteries was studied using the myograph technique. Cyclic GMP and AMP levels were measured by immunoassay. The effects of abacavir on nucleoside transporters were studied using radiolabeled nucleoside uptake experiments. Ecto-5' nucleotidase activity was determined by measuring the generation of inorganic phosphate using adenosine monophosphate as the substrate. RESULTS Abacavir induced the relaxation of rat basilar arteries in a concentration-dependent manner. This relaxation was abolished when endothelium was removed. In addition, the relaxation was diminished by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, ODQ, and the protein kinase G inhibitor, KT5820. Abacavir also increased the cGMP level in rat basilar arteries. Abacavir-induced relaxation was also abolished by adenosine A2 receptor blockers. However, abacavir had no effect on ecto-5' nucleotidase and nucleoside transporters. Short-term and long-term treatment of abacavir did not affect acetylcholine-induced relaxation in rat basilar arteries. CONCLUSION Abacavir induces acute endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat basilar arteries, probably through the activation of adenosine A2 receptors in endothelial cells, which subsequently leads to the release of nitric oxide, resulting in activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G-dependent pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. It is speculated that abacavir-induced cardiovascular risk may not be related to endothelial dysfunction as abacavir does not impair relaxation of blood vessels. The most likely explanation of increased cardiovascular risk may be increased platelet aggregation as suggested by other studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wai Sum Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medicine Resource Chemistry (Yunnan University of Nationalities), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yunnan University of Nationalities, Kunming, China
| | - Shun Wan Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie Pui Man Hoi
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | | | - Yiu Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George Pak Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Nucleoside transporter proteins as biomarkers of drug responsiveness and drug targets. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25713533 PMCID: PMC4322540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleobase analogs are currently used in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphoproliferative diseases, viral infections such as hepatitis and AIDS, and some inflammatory diseases such as Crohn. Two gene families are implicated in the uptake of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs into cells, SCL28 and SLC29. The former encodes hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3 proteins. They translocate nucleosides in a Na+ coupled manner with high affinity and some substrate selectivity, being hCNT1 and hCNT2 pyrimidine- and purine-preferring, respectively, and hCNT3 a broad selectivity transporter. SLC29 genes encode four members, being hENT1 and hENT2 the only two which are unequivocally implicated in the translocation of nucleosides and nucleobases (the latter mostly via hENT2) at the cell plasma membrane. Some nucleoside-derived drugs can also interact with and be translocated by members of the SLC22 gene family, particularly hOCT and hOAT proteins. Inter-individual differences in transporter function and perhaps, more importantly, altered expression associated with the disease itself might modulate the transporter profile of target cells, thereby determining drug bioavailability and action. Drug transporter pharmacology has been periodically reviewed. Thus, with this contribution we aim at providing a state-of-the-art overview of the clinical evidence generated so far supporting the concept that these membrane proteins can indeed be biomarkers suitable for diagnosis and/or prognosis. Last but not least, some of these transporter proteins can also be envisaged as drug targets, as long as they can show “transceptor” functions, in some cases related to their role as modulators of extracellular adenosine levels, thereby providing a functional link between P1 receptors and transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Arimany-Nardi C, Montraveta A, Lee-Vergés E, Puente XS, Koepsell H, Campo E, Colomer D, Pastor-Anglada M. Human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1) as a mediator of bendamustine uptake and cytotoxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:363-71. [PMID: 25582574 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bendamustine is used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Routes for bendamustine entry into target cells are unknown. This study aimed at identifying transporter proteins implicated in bendamustine uptake. Our results showed that hOCT1 is a bendamustine transporter, as bendamustine could cis-inhibit the uptake of a canonical hOCT1 substrate, with a Ki in the micromolar range, consistent with the EC50 values of the cytotoxicity triggered by this drug in HEK293 cells expressing hOCT1. hOCT1 polymorphic variants determining impaired bendamustine-transporter interaction, consistently reduced bendamustine cytotoxicity in HEK293 cells stably expressing them. Exome genotyping of the SLC22A1 gene, encoding hOCT1, was undertaken in a cohort of 241 CLL patients. Ex vivo cytotoxicity to bendamustine was measured in a subset of cases and shown to correlate with SLC22A1 polymorphic variants. In conclusion, hOCT1 is a suitable bendamustine transporter, thereby contributing to its cytotoxic effect depending upon the hOCT1 genetic variants expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Arimany-Nardi
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Montraveta
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Lee-Vergés
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - X S Puente
- Institute of Oncology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - H Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Insitute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - E Campo
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Colomer
- 1] Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain [2] Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pastor-Anglada
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li Q, Shu Y. Role of solute carriers in response to anticancer drugs. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:15. [PMID: 26056583 PMCID: PMC4452062 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters play critical roles in moving a variety of anticancer drugs across cancer cell membrane, thereby determining chemotherapy efficacy and/or toxicity. The retention of anticancer drugs in cancer cells is the result of net function of efflux and influx transporters. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are mainly the efflux transporters expressing at cancer cells, conferring the chemo-resistance in various malignant tumors, which has been well documented over the past decades. However, the function of influx transporters, in particular the solute carriers (SLC) in cancer cells, has only been recently well recognized to have significant impact on cancer therapy. The SLC transporters not only directly bring anticancer agents into cancer cells but also serve as the uptake mediators of essential nutrients for tumor growth and survival. In this review, we concentrate on the interaction of SLC transporters with anticancer drugs and nutrients, and their impact on chemo-sensitivity or -resistance of cancer cells. The differential expression patterns of SLC transporters between normal and tumor tissues may be well utilized to achieve specific delivery of chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland USA ; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Koepsell H. The SLC22 family with transporters of organic cations, anions and zwitterions. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:413-35. [PMID: 23506881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SLC22 family contains 13 functionally characterized human plasma membrane proteins each with 12 predicted α-helical transmembrane domains. The family comprises organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic zwitterion/cation transporters (OCTNs), and organic anion transporters (OATs). The transporters operate as (1) uniporters which mediate facilitated diffusion (OCTs, OCTNs), (2) anion exchangers (OATs), and (3) Na(+)/zwitterion cotransporters (OCTNs). They participate in small intestinal absorption and hepatic and renal excretion of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds and perform homeostatic functions in brain and heart. Important endogeneous substrates include monoamine neurotransmitters, l-carnitine, α-ketoglutarate, cAMP, cGMP, prostaglandins, and urate. It has been shown that mutations of the SLC22 genes encoding these transporters cause specific diseases like primary systemic carnitine deficiency and idiopathic renal hypouricemia and are correlated with diseases such as Crohn's disease and gout. Drug-drug interactions at individual transporters may change pharmacokinetics and toxicities of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Emperipolesis: an additional common histopathologic finding in H syndrome and Rosai-Dorfman disease. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 34:315-20. [PMID: 22356918 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31823b99fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
H syndrome is a recently described autosomal recessive disorder characterized by indurated, hyperpigmented, and hypertrichotic cutaneous plaques, mainly involving the lower abdomen and lower extremities. Associated systemic manifestations include hepatosplenomegaly, heart anomalies, hearing loss, hypogonadism, low height, and hyperglycemia. H syndrome is caused by mutations in the gene SLC29A3, which encodes hENT3, a member of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter family. Histopathologically, cutaneous lesions of H syndrome consist of dermal and subcutaneous fibrosis with inflammatory infiltrate mostly composed of large histiocytes, some plasma cells, and scattered lymphoid aggregates. Recently, histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that the immunophenotype of the histiocytes infiltrating the skin of a patient with H syndrome is similar to that of the lesions of Rosai-Dorfman disease. Furthermore, mutations in SLC29A3 gene have also been demonstrated in patients described as having an inherited form of Rosai-Dorfman disease, named Faisalabad histiocytosis or familial Rosai-Dorfman disease. We describe emperipolesis in the cutaneous lesions of a patient with H syndrome, further supporting the relationship between Rosai-Dorfman disease and H syndrome.
Collapse
|
37
|
Setzer B, Walker UA. Antiretroviral nucleoside analogues suppress antibody synthesis in human B-lymphocytes. Antivir Ther 2012; 17:729-35. [PMID: 22414568 DOI: 10.3851/imp2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) impair mitochondrial polymerase-γ and T-cell proliferation, possibly by pyrimidine depletion. We aimed to analyse NRTI effects on the content of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and B-cells, and on their proliferation and antibody synthesis. METHODS Peripheral blood B-lymphocytes from six healthy individuals were stimulated in vitro with interleukin-4 and Staphylococcus aureus superantigen in the presence or absence of NRTI in concentrations equivalent to, or fivefold exceeding, human peak plasma levels. We also tested the effects of uridine, a pyrimidine precursor, which has antagonized NRTI toxicities in other models. RESULTS During 9 days of culture, B-lymphocyte proliferation and vitality were not affected by NRTI. Didanosine and stavudine, but not zidovudine, dose-dependently induced mtDNA depletion. All three NRTI significantly and dose-dependently impaired the synthesis of all immunoglobulin classes. The lymphocytotoxic effects of the thymidine analogues zidovudine and stavudine on B-lymphocytes were antagonized by the addition of uridine. CONCLUSIONS Didanosine, stavudine and zidovudine induce mitochondrial toxicity in human B-lymphocytes and impair the immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro, warranting further studies on their in vivo effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Setzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Freiburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Minuesa G, Huber-Ruano I, Pastor-Anglada M, Koepsell H, Clotet B, Martinez-Picado J. Drug uptake transporters in antiretroviral therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:268-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
39
|
Nishimura T, Tanaka J, Tomi M, Seki Y, Kose N, Sai Y, Nakashima E. Enhancement of Zidovudine Transfer to Molt-4 Cells, a Human T-Cell Model, by Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3959-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
40
|
Gene expression levels as predictive markers of outcome in pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Neoplasia 2011; 12:807-17. [PMID: 20927319 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The standard palliative chemotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is gemcitabine-based chemotherapy; however, PDAC still presents a major therapeutic challenge. The aims of this study were to investigate the expression pattern of genes involved in gemcitabine sensitivity in resected PDAC tissues and to determine correlations of gene expression with treatment outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 70 patients with PDAC. Of the 70 patients, 40 received gemcitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy (AC). We measured hENT1, dCK, CDA, RRM1, and RRM2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and determined the combined score (GEM score), based on the expression levels of hENT1, dCK, RRM1, and RRM2, to investigate the association with survival time. By determining the expression levels of these genes in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) cytologic specimens, we investigated the feasibility of individualized chemotherapy. RESULTS High dCK (P = .0067), low RRM2 (P = .003), and high GEM score (P = .0003) groups had a significantly longer disease-free survival in the gemcitabine-treated group. A low GEM score (<2) was an independent predictive marker for poor outcome to gemcitabine-based AC as shown by multivariate analysis (P = .0081). Altered expression levels of these genes were distinguishable in microdissected neoplastic cells from EUS-FNA cytologic specimens. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative analyses of hENT1, dCK, RRM1, and RRM2 mRNA levels using FFPE tissue samples and microdissected neoplastic cells from EUS-FNA cytologic specimens may be useful in predicting the gemcitabine sensitivity of patients with PDAC.
Collapse
|
41
|
A Case of H Syndrome Showing Immunophenotye Similarities to Rosai–Dorfman Disease. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33:47-51. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181ee547c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
42
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Membrane transporters are important determinants of in vivo drug disposition, therapeutic efficacy and adverse drug reactions. Many commonly used drugs are organic cations and substrates of organic cation transporters (OCTs). These transporters have a large binding site containing partially overlapping interaction domains for different substrates and are specifically distributed around the body. Consequently, drug interactions with these transporters can result in specific toxicity. AREAS COVERED This review describes the general properties of OCT and illustrates their importance for the development of important drug toxicities using the examples of metformin and cisplatin. Additionally, this review discusses the role of OCT polymorphisms in the modulation of these toxic effects. EXPERT OPINION Understanding how drugs interact with membrane transporters is pivotally important in explaining the mechanisms of specific toxicities and also in designing new drugs or new therapeutic protective protocols by specific competition at the transporter. Defining the pharmacogenomics of these transporters will be essential to personalized medicine, enabling physicians to choose drugs for patients based on efficacy, availability, cost, safety, tolerability and convenience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik D, Experimentelle Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstr. 3a, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Shapshak P, Kangueane P, Fujimura RK, Commins D, Chiappelli F, Singer E, Levine AJ, Minagar A, Novembre FJ, Somboonwit C, Nath A, Sinnott JT. Editorial neuroAIDS review. AIDS 2011; 25:123-41. [PMID: 21076277 PMCID: PMC4464840 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328340fd42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Shapshak
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Pandjassarame Kangueane
- Biomedical Informatics, 17A lrulan Sundai Annex, Pondicherry, India
- AIMST University, Kedha, Malaysia
| | - Robert K. Fujimura
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Administration, Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deborah Commins
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | | | - Elyse Singer
- Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California
| | - Andrew J. Levine
- Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | | | - Charurut Somboonwit
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida
| | - Avindra Nath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John T. Sinnott
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moreau A, Le Vee M, Jouan E, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. Drug transporter expression in human macrophages. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 25:743-52. [PMID: 21210849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent major cellular targets of various drugs, especially antibiotics and anti-viral drugs. Factors that may govern intracellular accumulation of drugs in these cells, especially those related to activity of drug transporters, are consequently likely important to consider. The present study was therefore designed to extensively characterize expression of solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in primary human macrophages generated from blood monocytes. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, these cells were found to exhibit very high or high levels of mRNA expression of concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) 3, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1, MCT4, peptide/histidine transporter (PHT) 1, PHT2, organic anion transporting polypeptide transporter 2B1 and ABC pumps multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 1/ABCC1 and MRP3/ABCC3. By contrast, other transporters, including the efflux pump ABCB1/P-glycoprotein, were found at lower levels or were not expressed. Concomitantly, human macrophages displayed notable uptake of the MCT substrate lactate and of the CNT substrate uridine and also exhibited cellular efflux of the MRP substrate carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein. Such a functional expression of these transporters has likely to be considered with respect to cellular pharmacokinetics of drugs targeting macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Moreau
- EA 4427 Signalisation et Réponse aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques, Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail, Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gene expression levels as predictive markers of outcome in pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Neoplasia 2010. [PMID: 20927319 DOI: 10.1593/neo.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The standard palliative chemotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is gemcitabine-based chemotherapy; however, PDAC still presents a major therapeutic challenge. The aims of this study were to investigate the expression pattern of genes involved in gemcitabine sensitivity in resected PDAC tissues and to determine correlations of gene expression with treatment outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 70 patients with PDAC. Of the 70 patients, 40 received gemcitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy (AC). We measured hENT1, dCK, CDA, RRM1, and RRM2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and determined the combined score (GEM score), based on the expression levels of hENT1, dCK, RRM1, and RRM2, to investigate the association with survival time. By determining the expression levels of these genes in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) cytologic specimens, we investigated the feasibility of individualized chemotherapy. RESULTS High dCK (P = .0067), low RRM2 (P = .003), and high GEM score (P = .0003) groups had a significantly longer disease-free survival in the gemcitabine-treated group. A low GEM score (<2) was an independent predictive marker for poor outcome to gemcitabine-based AC as shown by multivariate analysis (P = .0081). Altered expression levels of these genes were distinguishable in microdissected neoplastic cells from EUS-FNA cytologic specimens. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative analyses of hENT1, dCK, RRM1, and RRM2 mRNA levels using FFPE tissue samples and microdissected neoplastic cells from EUS-FNA cytologic specimens may be useful in predicting the gemcitabine sensitivity of patients with PDAC.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ganta S, Deshpande D, Korde A, Amiji M. A review of multifunctional nanoemulsion systems to overcome oral and CNS drug delivery barriers. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:260-73. [PMID: 20929336 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.497971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The oral and central nervous systems (CNS) present a unique set of barriers to the delivery of important diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Extensive research over the past few years has enabled a better understanding of these physical and biological barriers based on tight cellular junctions and expression of active transporters and metabolizing enzymes at the luminal surfaces of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review focuses on the recent understanding of transport across the GI tract and BBB and the development of nanotechnology-based delivery strategies that can enhance bioavailability of drugs. Multifunctional lipid nanosystems, such as oil-in-water nanoemulsions, that integrate enhancement in permeability, tissue and cell targeting, imaging, and therapeutic functions are especially promising. Based on strategic choice of edible oils, surfactants and additional surface modifiers, and different types of payloads, rationale design of multifunctional nanoemulsions can serve as a safe and effective delivery vehicle across oral and CNS barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ganta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
H Syndrome: Recently Defined Genodermatosis With Distinct Histologic Features. A Morphological, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Study of 10 Cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:118-28. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181b28572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
48
|
Jung N, Taubert D. Organic cation transporters and their roles in antiretroviral drug disposition. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 5:773-87. [PMID: 19519281 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902997959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding metabolising processes and drug-transporter interactions is particularly crucial to the management of patients with HIV infection, given the several antiretroviral drugs that must be taken lifelong and the use of other medications for HIV-related and non-HIV-related conditions. Several interactions of antiretroviral drugs with metabolising enzymes, especially cytochrome P450 and ATP-dependent transporter P-glycoprotein, have been described but the role of the organic cation transporters (OCTs) is less clearly defined. OBJECTIVE To review the relevance of the OCTs for antiretroviral drug disposition. METHODS Interactions of OCTs with antiretroviral drugs and evidence for clinical relevance are discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Several antiretroviral drugs show relevant interactions with the OCTs in cell-based experiments and the OCTs are highly upregulated in HIV-infected patients. For evaluating the clinical significance, interaction studies in HIV patients and reliable in vitro models for delineation of in vivo effects are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma Jung
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bazzoli C, Jullien V, Le Tiec C, Rey E, Mentré F, Taburet AM. Intracellular Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Drugs in HIV-Infected Patients, and their Correlation with Drug Action. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49:17-45. [DOI: 10.2165/11318110-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
50
|
Varatharajan L, Thomas SA. The transport of anti-HIV drugs across blood-CNS interfaces: summary of current knowledge and recommendations for further research. Antiviral Res 2009; 82:A99-109. [PMID: 19176219 PMCID: PMC2678986 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which constitutes HIV protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, has dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in resource-rich countries. However, this disease still kills several million people each year. Though the reason for therapeutic failure is multi-factorial, an important concern is the treatment and control of HIV within the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the restricted entry of anti-HIV drugs, the brain is thought to form a viral sanctuary site. This not only results in virological resistance, but also is often associated with the development of complications such as HIV-associated dementia. The CNS delivery of anti-HIV drugs is limited by the blood–brain and blood–CSF interfaces due to a combination of restricted paracellular movement, powerful metabolic enzymes and numerous transporters including members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) superfamilies. A better appreciation of the transporters present at the brain barriers will prove a valuable milestone in understanding the limited brain penetration of anti-HIV drugs in HIV and also aid the development of new anti-HIV drugs and drug combinations, with enhanced efficacy in the CNS. This review aims to summarise current knowledge on the transport of anti-HIV drugs across the blood–brain barrier and the choroid plexus, as well as provide recommendations for future research.
Collapse
|