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Cheon G, Hwang D, Le TC, Lee Y, Han E, An S, Jung Y, Chung H, Lee S. Crystal structure of an antibody specifically recognizing 3,4-methyl enedioxy methamphetamine through the epoxide moiety. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 733:150607. [PMID: 39208641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or publicly known as "ecstasy" is a drug abuse substance. Since antibodies that detect MDMA typically also recognize its chemical analogue, methamphetamine (METH), we identified antibodies specifically recognizing MDMA, but not METH, named 1bB11 and 1bF12, using phage display. The crystal structure of 1bB11 in complex with MDMA was determined at 3.2 Å resolution. Key interactions were found between the epoxide moiety of MDMA and S34 and Y36 of the light chain. Additional interaction with E33 of the heavy chain contributes to anchoring MDMA. Mutagenesis-based biochemical analysis confirmed the importance of these residues in MDMA binding. Comparing the structure of 1bB11 to a scFv6H4, which binds both METH and MDMA, revealed opposite binding orientations. Taken together, our data provides a structural framework for selective binding to MDMA by the 1bB11 antibody, paving a way to develop a highly specific antibody for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonho Cheon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Truc Chi Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora An
- Department of Forensic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Jung
- Department of Forensic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Chung
- Department of Forensic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wu D, Lv P, Han P, Xie L, Li Y, Ma C, Tai M, Peng Y, Lin L. Efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines in the treatment of solar lentigo based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 39253775 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Solar lentigo is a prevalent skin condition that affects a significant number of individuals. Fortunately, certain traditional Chinese medicines and monomers (TCMM) have proven effective in addressing these concerns. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and underlying mechanism of TCMM, a combination of TCM and monomers in repairing solar lentigo. METHODS We detected and identified the main compounds of TCM using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and through the approach of network pharmacology, we screened drug and disease targets, visualized networks with Cytoscape software, analyzed targets via Gene ontology and KEGG, clinically validated predictions. In a mouse model, UVB-induced pigmentation was assessed, and the effects of TCMM were evaluated. A clinical trial on 30 patients validated the depigmenting agent. RESULTS Active ingredients such as MSH, Butylated hydroxytoluen, Valerophenone, and Geranylacetone aid pigmentation treatment. One hundred and forty-three crore targets impact PI3K-Akt, MAPK signaling pathway, ect. pathways. TCMM reduced UVB-induced pigmentation, water loss, epidermal thickness, and melanin. It inhibited TYR, MITF, AKT1, VEGFA, PTGS2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β. Clinical and microscopic analysis showed significant pigmentation reduction. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of solar lentigo can benefit from the TCMM. By targeting multiple factors and pathways, this approach offers a comprehensive and effective treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wu
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingping Lv
- Infinitus Company Ltd., R&D Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Han
- Foshan Conney Allan Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Lingna Xie
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congwei Ma
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Tai
- Infinitus Company Ltd., R&D Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang indigenous medicinal plants resource utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lin
- Foshan Conney Allan Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
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Baehr C, Kassick AJ, Vigliaturo J, Luengas D, Khaimraj A, Pravetoni M, Averick SE, Raleigh MD. Anti-Strychnine Immunoconjugate Reduces the Effects of Strychnine-Induced Toxicity in Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1291-1298. [PMID: 36952479 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Strychnine poisoning induces seizures that result in loss of control of airway muscles, leading to asphyxiation and subsequent death. Current treatment options are limited, requiring hands-on medical care and isolation to low-stimulus environments. Anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants have shown limited success in cases of severe toxicity. Furthermore, nonfatal strychnine poisoning is likely to result in long-term muscular and cognitive damage. Due to its potency, accessibility, and lack of effective antidotes, strychnine poses a unique threat for mass casualty incidents. As a first step toward developing an anti-strychnine immunotherapy to reduce or prevent strychnine-induced seizures, a strychnine vaccine was synthesized using subunit keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Mice were vaccinated with the strychnine immunoconjugate and then given a 0.75 mg/kg IP challenge of strychnine and observed for seizures for 30 min. Vaccination reduced strychnine-induced events, and serum strychnine levels were increased while brain strychnine levels were decreased in vaccinated animals compared to the control. These data demonstrate that strychnine-specific antibodies can block the seizure-inducing effects of strychnine and could be used to develop a therapeutic for strychnine poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Baehr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andrew J Kassick
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Jennifer Vigliaturo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Diego Luengas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aaron Khaimraj
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Saadyah E Averick
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Michael D Raleigh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Kamal Hossain M, Davidson M, Feehan J, Deraos G, Nurgali K, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Development and characterization of a novel conjugated methamphetamine vaccine. Vaccine 2022; 40:5882-5891. [PMID: 36041942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (METH) addiction is a major public health concern globally with limited management options. The development of a METH vaccine through hapten design has received significant attention as a promising platform for the potential treatment of METH addiction and overdose, however there is yet to be a successful candidate in human trials. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, we developed a novel conjugated METH vaccine using oxidized mannan (a polymannose) as an immunogenic carrier. A METH hapten was synthesized by using amphetamine and conjugated to mannan with a (Lysine-Glycine-Lysine-Glycine-lysine-Glycine-Lysine-Glycine-Lysine-Glycine) (KG)5 peptide linker. RESULTS The reaction between amphetamine and (KG)5, oxidation of mannan, and conjugation of amphetamine-(KG)5 with oxidized mannan were confirmed by color tests, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, thin-layer chromatography, and ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Additionally, the ability of the vaccine to generate antibodies was confirmed in C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSIONS The successful development and characterization of the METH-mannan conjugate vaccine, provides a potential therapeutic intervention to curb METH substance use disorders. Each step of vaccine development was characterized to aid in future research on these vaccines, and the immunogenicity shown in the animal models supports future evaluation of the approach. Future studies of the conjugated METH vaccine should evaluate the efficacy in animal models of acute and chronic METH to pave the way for human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamal Hossain
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Newdrug, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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5
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Chen YH, Yu SJ, Wu KJ, Wang YS, Tsai HM, Liao LW, Chen S, Hsieh W, Chen H, Hsu SC, Chen ML, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y. Downregulation of α-Synuclein Protein Levels by an Intracellular Single-Chain Antibody. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:573-590. [PMID: 32176654 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of α-synuclein (αSyn) in the dopaminergic neurons is a common pathology seen in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Overproduction of αSyn potentiates the formation of oligomeric αSyn aggregates and enhances dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Downregulating intracellular monomeric αSyn prevents the formation of αSyn oligomers and is a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate the progression of PD. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of gene delivery of αSyn-specific single-chain antibodies in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The plasmids for αSyn and selective antibodies (NAC32, D10, and VH14) were constructed and were transfected to HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells. Co-expression of αSyn with NAC32, but not D10 or VH14, profoundly downregulated αSyn protein, but not αSyn mRNA levels in these cells. The interaction of αSyn and NAC32 antibody was next examined in vivo. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-αSyn combined with AAV-NAC32 or AAV-sc6H4 (a negative control virus) were stereotactically injected into the substantia nigra of adult rats. AAV-NAC32 significantly reduced AAV-encoded αSyn levels in the substantia nigra and striatum and increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum. Also, in the animals injected with AAV-NAC32 alone, endogenous αSyn protein levels were significantly downregulated in the substantia nigra. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that AAV-mediated gene transfer of NAC32 is a feasible approach for reducing the expression of target αSyn protein in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Min Tsai
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Liao
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Liang Chen
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzy Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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Wang Y, Tiruthani K, Li S, Hu M, Zhong G, Tang Y, Roy S, Zhang L, Tan J, Liao C, Liu R. mRNA Delivery of a Bispecific Single-Domain Antibody to Polarize Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Synergize Immunotherapy against Liver Malignancies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007603. [PMID: 33945178 PMCID: PMC8240965 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver malignancies are among the tumor types that are resistant to immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are highly enriched and play a major role in inducing immunosuppression in liver malignancies. Herein, CCL2 and CCL5 are screened as two major chemokines responsible for attracting TAM infiltration and inducing their polarization toward cancer-promoting M2-phenotype. To reverse this immunosuppressive process, an innovative single-domain antibody that bispecifically binds and neutralizes CCL2 and CCL5 (BisCCL2/5i) with high potency and specificity is directly evolved. mRNA encoding BisCCL2/5i is encapsulated in a clinically approved lipid nanoparticle platform, resulting in a liver-homing biomaterial that allows transient yet efficient expression of BisCCL2/5i in the diseased organ in a multiple dosage manner. This BisCCL2/5i mRNA nanoplatform significantly induces the polarization of TAMs toward the antitumoral M1 phenotype and reduces immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. The combination of BisCCL2/5i with PD-1 ligand inhibitor (PD-Li) achieves long-term survival in mouse models of primary liver cancer and liver metastasis of colorectal and pancreatic cancers. The work provides an effective bispecific targeting strategy that could broaden the PD-Li therapy to multiple types of malignancies in the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Karthik Tiruthani
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sirui Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mengying Hu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Guojie Zhong
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yu Tang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sourav Roy
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lillian Zhang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Hepatology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315010, P.R. China
| | - Chengheng Liao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rihe Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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7
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Hay CE, Ewing LE, Hambuchen MD, Zintner SM, Small JC, Bolden CT, Fantegrossi WE, Margaritis P, Owens SM, Peterson EC. The Development and Characterization of an scFv-Fc Fusion-Based Gene Therapy to Reduce the Psychostimulant Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:16-23. [PMID: 32245884 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.261180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) continues to be among the most addictive and abused drugs in the United States. Unfortunately, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacological treatments for METH-use disorder. We have previously explored the use of adeno-associated viral (AAV)-mediated gene transfer of an anti-METH monoclonal antibody. Here, we advance our approach by generating a novel anti-METH single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-Fc fusion construct (termed 7F9-Fc) packaged into AAV serotype 8 vector (called AAV-scFv-Fc) and tested in vivo and ex vivo. A range of doses [1 × 1010, 1 × 1011, and 1 × 1012 vector copies (vcs)/mouse] were administered to mice, eliciting a dose-dependent expression of 7F9-Fc in serum with peak circulating concentrations of 48, 1785, and 3831 µg/ml, respectively. Expressed 7F9-Fc exhibited high-affinity METH binding, IC50 = 17 nM. Between days 21 and 35 after vector administration, at both 1 × 1011 vc/mouse and 1 × 1012 vc/mouse doses, the AAV-7F9-Fc gene therapy significantly decreased the potency of METH in locomotor assays. On day 116 post-AAV administration, mice expressing 7F9-Fc sequestered over 2.5 times more METH in the serum than vehicle-treated mice, and METH concentrations in the brain were reduced by 1.2 times the value for vehicle mice. These data suggest that an AAV-delivered anti-METH Fc fusion antibody could be used to persistently reduce concentrations of METH in the central nervous system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this manuscript, we describe the testing of a novel antimethamphetamine (METH) single-chain variable fragment-Fc fusion protein delivered in mice using gene therapy. The results suggest that the gene therapy delivery system can lead to the production of significant antibody concentrations that mitigate METH's psychostimulant effects in mice over an extended time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Hay
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Laura E Ewing
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Michael D Hambuchen
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Shannon M Zintner
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Juliana C Small
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Chris T Bolden
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - William E Fantegrossi
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Paris Margaritis
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - S Michael Owens
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
| | - Eric C Peterson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.E.H., L.E.E., M.D.H., C.T.B., W.E.F., S.M.O., E.C.P,); The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.M.Z., J.C.S., P.M.,); The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.M.)
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8
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Xiaoshan T, Junjie Y, Wenqing W, Yunong Z, Jiaping L, Shanshan L, Kutty Selva N, Kui C. Immunotherapy for treating methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine use disorders. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:610-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Moulahoum H, Zihnioglu F, Timur S, Coskunol H. Novel technologies in detection, treatment and prevention of substance use disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 27:22-31. [PMID: 30648574 PMCID: PMC9298618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a widely recognized problem, which affects various levels of communities and influenced the world socioeconomically. Its source is deeply embedded in the global population. In order to fight against such an adversary, governments have spared no efforts in implementing substance abuse treatment centers and funding research to develop treatments and prevention procedures. In this review, we will discuss the use of immunological-based treatments and detection kit technologies. We will be detailing the steps followed to produce performant antibodies (antigens, carriers, and adjuvants) focusing on cocaine and methamphetamine as examples. Furthermore, part of this review is dedicated to substance use detection. Owing to novel technologies such as bio-functional polymeric surfaces and biosensors manufacturing, detection has become a more convenient method with the fast and on-site developed devices. Commercially available devices are able to test substance use disorders in urine, saliva, hair, and sweat. This improvement has had a tremendous impact on the prevention of driving under influence and other illicit behaviors. Lastly, substance abuse became a major issue involving the cooperation of experts on all levels to devise better treatment programs and prevent abuse-based accidents, injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Moulahoum
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
| | - Figen Zihnioglu
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Addiction Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
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Development and testing of AAV-delivered single-chain variable fragments for the treatment of methamphetamine abuse. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200060. [PMID: 29958300 PMCID: PMC6025879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) substance abuse disorders have major impact on society, yet no medications have proven successful at preventing METH relapse or cravings. Anti-METH monoclonal antibodies can reduce METH brain concentrations; however, this therapy has limitations, including the need for repeated dosing throughout the course of addiction recovery. An adeno-associated viral (AAV)-delivered DNA sequence for a single-chain variable fragment could offer long-term, continuous expression of anti-METH antibody fragments. For these studies, we injected mice via tail vein with 1 x 1012 vector genomes of two AAV8 scFv constructs and measured long-term expression of the antibody fragments. Mice expressed each scFv for at least 212 days, achieving micromolar scFv concentrations in serum. In separate experiments 21 days and 50 days after injecting mice with AAV-scFvs mice were challenged with METH in vivo. The circulating scFvs were capable of decreasing brain METH concentrations by up to 60% and sequestering METH in serum for 2 to 3 hrs. These results suggest that AAV-delivered scFv could be a promising therapy to treat methamphetamine abuse.
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11
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Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Expression of Methamphetamine Antibody Attenuates Methamphetamine-Induced Hyperactivity in Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46301. [PMID: 28387350 PMCID: PMC5384190 DOI: 10.1038/srep46301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is one of the most frequently abused drugs worldwide. Recent studies have indicated that antibodies with high affinity for Meth reduce its pharmacological effects. The purpose of this study was to develop a technique for virus-based passive immunization against Meth effects. We generated a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype-8 vector (AAV-MethAb) carrying the gene for a Meth-specific monoclonal antibody (MethAb). Infection of 293 cells with AAV-MethAb resulted in the expression and secretion of antibodies which bind to Meth. The viral vector was then examined in adult ICR mice. Systemic administration of AAV-MethAb resulted in long-term expression of MethAb in the serum for up to 29 weeks. Serum collected from the animals receiving AAV-MethAb retained a high specificity for (+)-Meth. Animals were challenged with Meth five weeks after viral injection. Meth levels in the brain and serum were reduced while Meth-induced locomotor activity was significantly attenuated. In conclusion, AAV-MethAb administration effectively depletes Meth from brain and serum while reducing the behavioral response to Meth, and thus is a potential therapeutic approach for Meth abuse.
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12
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Reichard EE, Nanaware-Kharade N, Gonzalez GA, Thakkar S, Owens SM, Peterson EC. PEGylation of a High-Affinity Anti-(+)Methamphetamine Single Chain Antibody Fragment Extends Functional Half-Life by Reducing Clearance. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2954-2966. [PMID: 27620175 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is a worldwide drug problem, yet no FDA-approved pharmacological treatments are available for METH abuse. Therefore, we produced an anti-METH single chain antibody fragment (scFv7F9Cys) as a pharmacological treatment for METH abuse. ScFv's have a short half-life due to their small size, limiting their clinical use. Thus, we examined the pharmacokinetic effects of conjugating poly(ethylene) glycol (-PEG) to scFv7F9Cys to extend its functional half-life. METHODS The affinity of scFv7F9Cys and PEG conjugates to METH was determined in vitro via equilibrium dialysis saturation binding. Pharmacokinetic and parameters of scFv7F9Cys and scFv7F9Cys-PEG20K (30 mg/kg i.v. each) and their ability to bind METH in vivo were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving a subcutaneous infusion of METH (3.2 mg/kg/day). RESULTS Of three PEGylated conjugates, scFv7F9Cys-PEG20K was determined the most viable therapeutic candidate. PEGylation of scFv7F9Cys did not alter METH binding functionality in vitro, and produced a 27-fold increase in the in vivo half-life of the antibody fragment. Furthermore, total METH serum concentrations increased following scFv7F9Cys or scFv7F9Cys-PEG20K administration, with scFv7F9Cys-PEG20K producing significantly longer changes in METH distribution than scFv7F9Cys. CONCLUSIONS PEGylation of scFv7F9Cys significantly increase the functional half-life of scFv7F9Cys, suggesting it may be a long-lasting pharmacological treatment option for METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Reichard
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Nisha Nanaware-Kharade
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Guillermo A Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - S Michael Owens
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Eric C Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA.
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13
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Nanaware-Kharade N, Thakkar S, Gonzalez GA, Peterson EC. A Nanotechnology-Based Platform for Extending the Pharmacokinetic and Binding Properties of Anti-methamphetamine Antibody Fragments. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12060. [PMID: 26159352 PMCID: PMC4498229 DOI: 10.1038/srep12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the need for effective medications to aid in the treatment of methamphetamine (METH) abuse, we used a nanotechnology approach to customize the in vivo behavior of an anti-METH single chain antibody (scFv7F9Cys). Anti-METH scFv7F9Cys was conjugated to dendrimer nanoparticles via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker to generate high-order conjugates termed dendribodies. We found that the high affinity (KD = 6.2 nM) and specificity for METH was unchanged after nanoparticle conjugation. The dendribodies were administered in an i.v. bolus to male Sprague Dawley rats after starting a s.c. infusion of METH. The PCKN values for clearance and volume of distribution of scFv7F9Cys after conjugation to dendrimers decreased 45 and 1.6-fold respectively, and the terminal elimination half-life increased 20-fold. Organ distribution of scFv7F9Cys and dendribody in blood and urine agreed well with the PCKN data. Renal clearance appeared to be the major route of elimination for both experimental medications. We have thus successfully developed a novel multivalent METH-binding nanomedicine by conjugating multiple anti-METH scFvs to dendrimer nanoparticles, extending the scFv half-life from 1.3 (±0.3) to 26 (±2.6) hr. These data suggest that the dendribody design could be a feasible platform for generating multivalent antibodies with customizable PCKN profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nanaware-Kharade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., # 611, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., # 750, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Guillermo A Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., # 611, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Eric C Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., # 611, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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14
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Affinity improvement of a therapeutic antibody to methamphetamine and amphetamine through structure-based antibody engineering. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3673. [PMID: 24419156 PMCID: PMC4070344 DOI: 10.1038/srep03673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is a worldwide threat, without any FDA approved medications.
Anti-METH IgGs and single chain fragments (scFvs) have shown efficacy in preclinical
studies. Here we report affinity enhancement of an anti-METH scFv for METH and its active
metabolite amphetamine (AMP), through the introduction of point mutations, rationally
designed to optimize the shape and hydrophobicity of the antibody binding pocket. The
binding affinity was measured using saturation binding technique. The mutant scFv-S93T
showed 3.1 fold enhancement in affinity for METH and 26 fold for AMP. The scFv-I37M and
scFv-Y34M mutants showed enhancement of 94, and 8 fold for AMP, respectively. Structural
analysis of scFv-S93T:METH revealed that the substitution of Ser residue by Thr caused the
expulsion of a water molecule from the cavity, creating a more hydrophobic environment for
the binding that dramatically increases the affinities for METH and AMP.
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15
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Peterson EC, Gentry WB, Owens SM. Customizing monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of methamphetamine abuse: current and future applications. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:107-27. [PMID: 24484976 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based medications designed to bind (+)-methamphetamine (METH) with high affinity are among the newest approaches to the treatment of METH abuse and the associated medical complications. The potential clinical indications for these medications include treatment of overdose, reduction of drug dependence, and protection of vulnerable populations from METH-related complications. Research designed to discover and conduct preclinical and clinical testing of these antibodies suggests a scientific vision for how intact monoclonal antibody (mAb) (singular and plural) or small antigen-binding fragments of mAb could be engineered to optimize the proteins for specific therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss keys to success in this development process including choosing predictors of specificity, efficacy, duration of action, and safety of the medications in disease models of acute and chronic drug abuse. We consider important aspects of METH-like hapten design and how hapten structural features influence specificity and affinity, with an example of a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of a high-affinity antibody to demonstrate this structural relationship. Additionally, several prototype anti-METH mAb forms such as antigen-binding fragments and single-chain variable fragments are under development. Unique, customizable aspects of these fragments are presented with specific possible clinical indications. Finally, we discuss clinical trial progress of the first in kind anti-METH mAb, for which METH is the disease target instead of vulnerable central nervous system networks of receptors, binding sites, and neuronal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - W Brooks Gentry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - S Michael Owens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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16
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Peterson EC, Celikel R, Gokulan K, Varughese KI. Structural characterization of a therapeutic anti-methamphetamine antibody fragment: oligomerization and binding of active metabolites. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82690. [PMID: 24349338 PMCID: PMC3857803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for treatment of (+)-methamphetamine (METH) abuse are in late stage preclinical and early clinical trial phases, respectively. These immunotherapies work as pharmacokinetic antagonists, sequestering METH and its metabolites away from sites of action in the brain and reduce the rewarding and toxic effects of the drug. A key aspect of these immunotherapy strategies is the understanding of the subtle molecular interactions important for generating antibodies with high affinity and specificity for METH. We previously determined crystal structures of a high affinity anti-METH therapeutic single chain antibody fragment (scFv6H4, KD = 10 nM) in complex with METH and the (+) stereoisomer of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”). Here we report the crystal structure of scFv6H4 in homo-trimeric unbound (apo) form (2.60Å), as well as monomeric forms in complex with two active metabolites; (+)-amphetamine (AMP, 2.38Å) and (+)-4-hydroxy methamphetamine (p-OH-METH, 2.33Å). The apo structure forms a trimer in the crystal lattice and it results in the formation of an intermolecular composite beta-sheet with a three-fold symmetry. We were also able to structurally characterize the coordination of the His-tags with Ni2+. Two of the histidine residues of each C-terminal His-tag interact with Ni2+ in an octahedral geometry. In the apo state the CDR loops of scFv6H4 form an open conformation of the binding pocket. Upon ligand binding, the CDR loops adopt a closed formation, encasing the drug almost completely. The structural information reported here elucidates key molecular interactions important in anti-methamphetamine abuse immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Reha Celikel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kottayil I Varughese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
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17
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Rüedi-Bettschen D, Wood SL, Gunnell MG, West CM, Pidaparthi RR, Carroll FI, Blough BE, Owens SM. Vaccination protects rats from methamphetamine-induced impairment of behavioral responding for food. Vaccine 2013; 31:4596-602. [PMID: 23906885 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
(+)-Methamphetamine (METH) addiction is a chronic disease that interferes with fundamental brain-mediated behaviors and biological functions like eating. These studies present preclinical efficacy and safety profiles for a METH conjugate vaccine (IC(KLH)-SMO9) designed to treat METH abuse. ICKLH-SMO9 efficacy and safety were assessed over a 16-week period by monitoring general health and stability of responding in a food maintained behavioral paradigm. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press for food reinforcers until stable behavior was established. Rats (n=9/group) were then immunized with 100 μg of a control antigenic carrier protein (IC(KLH)-Cys) or IC(KLH)-SMO9 in Alhydrogel adjuvant, with booster immunizations at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Health, immunization site and behavior were assessed daily. No adverse effects were found. During weeks 14-16, when antibody titers and METH affinity (K(d)=13.9 ± 1.7 nM) were maximal, all rats received progressively higher METH doses (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) every 3-4 days, followed by behavioral testing. Even though the lower METH doses from 0.3 to 1.0 mg/kg produced no impairment in food maintained behavior, 3.0-mg/kg in control rats showed significantly (p<0.05) reduced response rates and number of reinforcers earned, as well as reduced food intake. In sharp contrast, the IC(KLH)-SMO9 group showed no changes in food maintained behavior at any METH dose, even though METH serum concentrations showed profound increases due to anti-METH antibody binding. These findings suggest the IC(KLH)-SMO9 vaccine is effective and safe at reducing adverse METH-induced effects, even at high METH doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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18
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Abstract
Key Points
We present an antidote for dabigatran that effectively reverses its anticoagulative effect in human plasma in vitro and in rats in vivo. The antidote shares structural features with thrombin in the mode of binding but has no activity in coagulation tests.
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Thakkar S, Nanaware-Kharade N, Gonzalez G, Celikel R, Peterson E, Varughese KI. 175 Structure-based engineering to generate high-affinity immunotherapy for the drug of abuse. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.786417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Sasao A, Suwa Y, Aso T, Kohmatsu H, Ohtsu Y, Mishima S, Yonemitsu K, Morioka H, Nishitani Y. Single-chain variable fragment technology in forensic toxicological analysis: production of an antibody to fluvoxamine. Forensic Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-012-0163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Nanaware-Kharade N, Gonzalez GA, Lay JO, Hendrickson HP, Peterson EC. Therapeutic anti-methamphetamine antibody fragment-nanoparticle conjugates: synthesis and in vitro characterization. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1864-72. [PMID: 22873701 DOI: 10.1021/bc300204n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatments specific to the medical problems caused by methamphetamine (METH) abuse are greatly needed. Toward this goal, we are developing new multivalent anti-METH antibody fragment-nanoparticle conjugates with customizable pharmacokinetic properties. We have designed a novel anti-METH single chain antibody fragment with an engineered terminal cysteine (scFv6H4Cys). Generation 3 (G3) polyamidoamine dendrimer nanoparticles were chosen for conjugation due to their monodisperse properties and multiple amine functional groups. ScFv6H4Cys was conjugated to G3 dendrimers via a heterobifunctional PEG cross-linker that is reactive to a free amine on one end and a thiol group on the other. PEG modified dendrimers were synthesized by reacting the PEG cross-linker with dendrimers in a stoichiometric ratio of 11:1, which were further reacted with 3-fold molar excess of anti-METH scFv6H4Cys. This reaction resulted in a heterogeneous mix of G3-PEG-scFv6H4Cys conjugates (dendribodies) with three to six scFv6H4Cys conjugated to each dendrimer. The dendribodies were separated from the unreacted PEG modified dendrimers and scFv6H4Cys using affinity chromatography. A detailed in vitro characterization of the PEG modified dendrimers and the dendribodies was performed to determine size, purity, and METH binding function. The dendribodies were found to have affinity for METH identical to that of the unconjugated scFv6H4Cys in saturation binding assays, whereas the PEG modified dendrimers had no affinity for METH. These data suggest that an anti-METH scFv can be successfully conjugated to a PEG modified dendrimer nanoparticle with no adverse effects on METH binding properties. This study is a critical step toward preclinical characterization and development of a novel nanomedicine for the treatment of METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nanaware-Kharade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #611, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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22
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Abstract
Not only has immunopharmacotherapy grown into a field that addresses the abuse of numerous illicit substances, but also the treatment methodologies within immunopharmacotherapy have expanded from traditional active vaccination to passive immunization with anti-drug monoclonal antibodies, optimized mAb formats, and catalytic drug-degrading antibodies. Many laboratories have focused on transitioning distinct immunopharmacotherapeutics to clinical evaluation, but with respect to the indication of cocaine abuse, only the active vaccine TA-CD, which is modeled after our original cocaine hapten GNC, has been carried through to human clinical trials. The successful application of murine mAb GNC92H2 to the reversal of cocaine overdose in a mouse model prompted investigations of human immunoglobulins with the clinical potential to serve as cocaine antidotes. We now report the therapeutic utility of a superior clone, human mAb GNCgzk (K(d) = 0.18 nM), which offers a 10-fold improvement in cocaine binding affinity. The GNCgzk manifold was engineered for rapid cocaine clearance, and administration of the F(ab')₂ and Fab formats even after the appearance of acute behavioral signs of cocaine toxicity granted nearly complete prevention of lethality. Thus, contrary to the immunopharmacotherapeutic treatment of drug self-administration, minimal antibody doses were shown to counteract the lethality of a molar excess of circulating cocaine. Passive vaccination with drug-specific antibodies represents a viable treatment strategy for the human condition of cocaine overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Treweek
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology of The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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23
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Abstract
The advent of vaccines targeting drugs of abuse heralded a fundamentally different approach to treating substance-related disorders. In contrast to traditional pharmacotherapies for drug abuse, vaccines act by sequestering circulating drugs and terminating the drug-induced 'high' without inducing unwanted neuromodulatory effects. Drug-targeting vaccines have entered clinical evaluation, and although these vaccines show promise from a biomedical viewpoint, the ethical and socioeconomic implications of vaccinating patients against drugs of abuse merit discussion within the scientific community.
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24
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Hu G, Zhang Q, Chen LY. Insights into scFv:drug binding using the molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculation. J Mol Model 2011; 17:1919-26. [PMID: 21110054 PMCID: PMC3144287 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculation have been performed to study how the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) binds methamphetamine (METH) and amphetamine (AMP). The structures of the scFv:METH and the scFv:AMP complexes are analyzed by examining the time-dependence of their RMSDs, by analyzing the distance between some key atoms of the selected residues, and by comparing the averaged structures with their corresponding crystallographic structures. It is observed that binding an AMP to the scFv does not cause significant changes to the binding pocket of the scFv:ligand complex. The binding free energy of scFv:AMP without introducing an extra water into the binding pocket is much stronger than scFv:METH. This is against the first of the two scenarios postulated in the experimental work of Celikel et al. (Protein Science 18, 2336 (2009)). However, adding a water to the AMP (at the position of the methyl group of METH), the binding free energy of the scFv:AMP-H2O complex, is found to be significantly weaker than scFv:METH. This is consistent with the second of the two scenarios given by Celikel et al. Decomposition of the binding energy into ligand-residue pair interactions shows that two residues (Tyr175 and Tyr177) have nearly-zero interactions with AMP in the scFv:AMP-H2O complex, whereas their interactions with METH in the scFv:METH complex are as large as -0.8 and -0.74 kcal mol(-1). The insights gained from this study may be helpful in designing more potent antibodies in treating METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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25
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Treweek JB, Roberts AJ, Janda KD. Immunopharmacotherapeutic manifolds and modulation of cocaine overdose. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:474-84. [PMID: 21356233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine achieves its psychostimulant, reinforcing properties through selectively blocking dopamine transporters, and this neurobiological mechanism impedes the use of classical receptor-antagonist pharmacotherapies to outcompete cocaine at CNS sites. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for cocaine circumvents this problem as drug is sequestered in the periphery prior to entry into the brain. To optimize an immunopharmacotherapeutic strategy for reversing severe cocaine toxicity, the therapeutic properties of mAb GNC92H2 IgG were compared to those of its engineered formats in a mouse overdose model. Whereas the extended half-life of an IgG justifies its application to the prophylactic treatment of addiction, the rapid, thorough biodistribution of mAb-based fragments, including F(ab')₂, Fab and scFv, may correlate to accelerated scavenging of cocaine and reversal of toxicity. To test this hypothesis, mice were administered the anti-cocaine IgG (180 mg/kg, i.v.) or GNC92H2-based agent after receiving an LD₅₀ cocaine dose (93 mg/kg, i.p.), and the timeline of overdose symptoms was recorded. All formats lowered the rate of lethality despite the >100-fold molar excess of drug to antibody binding capacity. However, only F(ab')₂-92H2 and Fab-92 H2 significantly attenuated the progression of premorbid behaviors, and Fab-92H2 prevented seizure generation in a percentage of mice. The calculation of serum half-life of each format demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic profile of Fab-92H2 (elimination half-life, t½~100 min) best approximated that of cocaine. These results not only confirm the importance of highly specific and tight drug binding by the mAb, but also highlight the benefit of aligning the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the immunopharmacotherapeutic with the targeted drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Treweek
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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26
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Hubbard JJ, Laurenzana EM, Williams DK, Gentry WB, Owens SM. The fate and function of therapeutic antiaddiction monoclonal antibodies across the reproductive cycle of rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:414-22. [PMID: 20962030 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.175083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During preclinical development of neuroprotective antiaddiction therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against phencyclidine (PCP) and (+)-methamphetamine, we discovered novel, gestation stage-specific changes in mAb disposition spanning the entire reproductive cycle of female rats. Each pharmacological change was independent of mAb dose and antigen target but was precisely coincident with transitions between the gestational trimesters, parturition, and lactation periods of the female reproductive cycle. Whereas anti-PCP mAb6B5 terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2λz)) in nonpregnant females was 6.6 ± 1.6 days, the mAb6B5 t(1/2λz) significantly changed to 3.7 ± 0.4 days, then 1.4 ± 0.1 days, then 3.0 ± 0.4 days in the second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum periods, respectively (p < 0.05 for each change). Initially, these evolving changes in mAb6B5 clearance (3.3-fold), distribution volume (1.8-fold), and elimination half-life (4.7-fold) affected our ability to sustain sufficient mAb6B5 levels to sequester PCP in the bloodstream. However, understanding the mechanisms underlying each transition allowed development of an adaptive mAb-dosing paradigm, which substantially reduced PCP levels in dam brains and fetuses throughout pregnancy. These mAb functional studies also revealed that antidrug mAbs readily cross the placenta before syncytiotrophoblast barrier maturation, demonstrating the dynamic nature of mAb pharmacokinetics in pregnancy and the importance of maintaining maternal mAb levels. These studies provide the first preclinical pregnancy model in any species for chronic mAb dosing and could have important implications for the use of antibody therapies involving blood organ barriers (such as addiction) or other chronic diseases in women of childbearing age (e.g., irritable bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Hu G, Chen LY. In silico experiments of single-chain antibody fragment against drugs of abuse. Biophys Chem 2010; 153:97-103. [PMID: 21056529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three sets of in silico experiments have been conducted to elucidate the binding mechanics of two drugs, (+)-methamphetamine (METH) and amphetamine (AMP) to the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) recently engineered from anti-METH monoclonal antibody mAb6H4 (IgG, κlight chain, K(d)=11nM). The first set of in silico experiments are long time equilibration runs of scFv:drug complexes and of drug-free scFv both in the solution. They demonstrate how the solution structures of scFv deviate from its crystallographic form with or without drug molecules bound to it. They lead to the prediction that the Arrhenius activation barrier is nearly zero for transitions from the dissociated state to the bound state. The second set of in silico experiments are nonequilibrium dynamics of pulling the drug molecules out of the binding pocket of scFv and the equilibration runs for drugs to fall back into the binding pocket. They demonstrate that extra water molecules (in addition to the two crystallographic waters) exist inside the binding pocket, underneath the drug molecules. These extra waters must have been evaporated from the binding pockets during the crystallization process of the in vitro experiments of structural determination. The third set of in silico experiments are nonequilibrium steered molecular dynamics simulations to determine the absolute binding free energies of METH and AMP to scFv. The center of mass of a drug molecule (METH or AMP) is steered (pulled) towards (forward) and away from (reverse) the binding site, sampling forward and reverse pulling paths. Mechanic work is measured along the pulling paths. The work measurements are averaged through the Brownian dynamics fluctuation dissipation theorem to produce the free-energy profiles of the scFv:drug complexes as a function of the drug-scFv separation. These experiments lead to the theoretical prediction of absolute binding energies of METH and AMP that are in agreement with the in vitro experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at San Antonio, 78249, USA
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Celikel R, Peterson EC, Owens SM, Varughese KI. Crystal structures of a therapeutic single chain antibody in complex with two drugs of abuse-Methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Protein Sci 2010; 18:2336-45. [PMID: 19760665 DOI: 10.1002/pro.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a major drug threat in the United States and worldwide. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for treating METH abuse is showing exciting promise and the understanding of how mAb structure relates to function will be essential for future development of these important therapies. We have determined crystal structures of a high affinity anti-(+)-METH therapeutic single chain antibody fragment (scFv6H4, K(D)= 10 nM) derived from one of our candidate mAb in complex with METH and the (+) stereoisomer of another abused drug, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), known by the street name "ecstasy." The crystal structures revealed that scFv6H4 binds to METH and MDMA in a deep pocket that almost completely encases the drugs mostly through aromatic interactions. In addition, the cationic nitrogen of METH and MDMA forms a salt bridge with the carboxylate group of a glutamic acid residue and a hydrogen bond with a histidine side chain. Interestingly, there are two water molecules in the binding pocket and one of them is positioned for a C--H...O interaction with the aromatic ring of METH. These first crystal structures of a high affinity therapeutic antibody fragment against METH and MDMA (resolution = 1.9 A, and 2.4 A, respectively) provide a structural basis for designing the next generation of higher affinity antibodies and also for carrying out rational humanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reha Celikel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Carroll FI, Abraham P, Gong PK, Pidaparthi RR, Blough BE, Che Y, Hampton A, Gunnell M, Lay JO, Peterson EC, Owens SM. The synthesis of haptens and their use for the development of monoclonal antibodies for treating methamphetamine abuse. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7301-9. [PMID: 19877685 DOI: 10.1021/jm901134w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In addition to addiction, the repeated use of (+)-methamphetamine [(+)-METH], (+)-amphetamine [(+)-AMP], or (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ((+/-)-MDMA, commonly called ecstasy) can lead to life-threatening medical problems including cardiovascular injury, severe depression, and psychosis. Currently, there are no specific pharmacotherapies to treat these medical problems. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of two haptens, (S)-(+)-3-(9-carboxynonyloxy)methamphetamine (3a, (+)-METH MO10) and (S)-(+)-3-(5-carboxypentyloxy)methamphetamine (3b, (+)-METH MO6), and their use in generating high affinity (low K(D) value) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against (+)-METH, (+)-AMP, and/or (+)-MDMA. On the basis of results from the determination of mAb K(D) values and ligand specificity, the mAbs generated from hapten 3a showed the greatest promise for generating active and passive immunotherapies for treating overdose or addiction from (+)-METH-like stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Abstract
Immunotherapy for treating illicit drug abuse is a rapidly advancing field. There are currently two major approaches to developing drug-specific immunotherapies: active and passive. Active immunotherapy involves conjugating a drug-like hapten to a carrier protein and using traditional immunization approaches to generate a drug-specific immune response in the patient. In contrast, passive immunotherapy utilizes preformed monoclonal antibodies. Whether generated by active immunization or delivered passively, antibodies act as pharmacokinetic antagonists by binding the drug in the blood-stream and reducing the amount and rate of drug delivery to receptors in the brain. A newly emerging technology in anti-drug immunotherapy is the use of antibody fragments, or scFvs, rather than intact immunoglobulin G (IgG). These scFvs can retain the same binding properties as the original mAbs, and are onethird the molecular weight, providing a scaffold for creating antibody treatments with more customizable properties. Another nascent area of research utilizing the scFv scaffold is in creating drug-specific scFv-nanoparticle conjugates. These conjugates could improve upon current drug-specific antibody paradigms by increasing multivalency and allowing pharmacokinetic customization, while avoiding interactions with endogenous antibody receptor pathways. These parallel approaches to immunotherapy are moving rapidly toward the clinic and may soon provide new therapies for treating drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 72205, USA.
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Ni M, Yu B, Huang Y, Tang Z, Lei P, Shen X, Xin W, Zhu H, Shen G. Homology modelling and bivalent single-chain Fv construction of anti-HepG2 single-chain immunoglobulin Fv fragments from a phage display library. J Biosci 2009; 33:691-7. [PMID: 19179757 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-008-0089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We prepared single-chain immunoglobulin Fv fragments (scFv) SLH10 specific for the HepG2 cell line after biopanning from a large human-naive phage display library (Griffin. 1 Library). The three-dimensional (3D) structure of SLH10 was modelled by the Insight II molecule simulation software.The structure was refined using the molecular dynamics method.The structures with the least steric clashes and lowest energy were determined finally. The optimized structures of heavy (VH) and light (VL) variable chains of SLH10 scFv were obtained.Then SLH10 bivalent single-chain Fv (BsFv) was constructed that would be suitable for high-affinity targeting.SLH10 BsFv was generated by linking scFvs together and identified by sequencing. Its expression products were confirmed by western blot analysis.The relative molecular masses of scFv and BsFv were approximately 30 kDa and 60 kDa,respectively. Flow cytometry revealed that SLH10 BsFv bound the selected cell lines with greater signal intensity than the parental scFv. The improved antigen binding of SLH10 BsFv may be useful for immunodiagnostics or targeted gene therapy for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430030, China
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Gentry WB, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Owens SM. Development of active and passive human vaccines to treat methamphetamine addiction. HUMAN VACCINES 2009; 5:206-13. [PMID: 19276653 PMCID: PMC2741685 DOI: 10.4161/hv.5.4.7456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is a major worldwide epidemic, with no specific medications for treatment of chronic or acute effects. Anti-METH antibodies have the potential to save lives and reduce the crippling effects of METH abuse. While they are not expected to be the magic bullet to immediately cure addiction, immunotherapy could provide a breakthrough medication to continuously block or attenuate METH effects during a comprehensive addiction recovery plan. A unique challenge for METH antibody antagonists is the need to protect the brain from the complex direct and indirect adverse effects of long-term METH use. To meet this challenge, a new generation of passive monoclonal antibodies and active immunization therapies are at an advanced stage of preclinical development. Both of these vaccines could play an essential role in a well planned recovery program from human METH addiction by providing long-lasting protection from the rewarding and reinforcing effect of METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brooks Gentry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Kinsey BM, Jackson DC, Orson FM. Anti-drug vaccines to treat substance abuse. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:309-14. [PMID: 19333250 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is a growing world-wide problem. The big four drugs of abuse that might lend themselves to immunotherapy are nicotine, cocaine, morphine/heroin and methamphetamine. Tobacco abuse has a well-known enormous impact on major chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, while the last three, aside from their neuropsychological effects, are illegal, leading to crime and incarceration as well as the transmission of viral diseases. Having an efficient vaccine that would generate antibodies to sequester the drug and prevent its access to the brain could go a long way toward helping a motivated addict quit the addiction. This review will discuss what has been done to bring such vaccines to human use, and what the challenges are for the future of this promising intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berma M Kinsey
- Research Service, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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