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Morán Blanco JI, Alvarenga Bonilla JA, Fremont-Smith P, Villar Gómez de Las Heras K. Antihistamines as an early treatment for Covid-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15772. [PMID: 37128299 PMCID: PMC10129342 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with SARs-COV-2 results in COVID-19 disease. Between March 2020 and August 2021, 468 COVID-19 patients confirmed by PCR or antigen test, in Yepes, Spain, received early treatment with antihistamines, adding azithromycin in selected cases. The primary endpoint is the hospitalization rate of COVID-19 patients, and the secondary endpoints are ICU admission and mortality rates. All endpoints are compared with the official Spanish rates during the time period of the study. There were 20 hospital admissions (hospitalization rate 4,3%), 5 ICU admissions (ICU admission rate 1,1%) and 3 deaths (fatality rate of 0,6%). No patients in the study required follow up treatment, which suggest they did not develop long COVID. Results from this retrospective trail indicate that early treatment of SARS-COV-2 positive patients with antihistamines may reduce the odds of hospitalization (OR: 0.490, CI: 0.313-0.767, p-value: 0.001). Randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to further evaluate the effects of early antihistamine treatment of SARS-CoV-2 patients to prevent hospitalization, ICU admission, mortality and long-covid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Morán Blanco
- Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
- Centro de Salud de Yepes, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | - Karina Villar Gómez de Las Heras
- Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
- Gerencia de Urgencias, Emergencias y Transporte Sanitario, Toledo, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Yamaya M, Kikuchi A, Sugawara M, Nishimura H. Anti-inflammatory effects of medications used for viral infection-induced respiratory diseases. Respir Investig 2023; 61:270-283. [PMID: 36543714 PMCID: PMC9761392 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses like rhinovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus cause several respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, and coronavirus disease 2019, and exacerbate bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis. The production of inflammatory mediators and mucin and the accumulation of inflammatory cells have been reported in patients with viral infection-induced respiratory diseases. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted are produced in the cells, including human airway and alveolar epithelial cells, partly through the activation of toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa B and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These mediators are associated with the development of viral infection-induced respiratory diseases through the induction of inflammation and injury in the airway and lung, airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness, and mucus secretion. Medications used to treat respiratory diseases, including corticosteroids, long-acting β2-agonists, long-acting muscarinic antagonists, mucolytic agents, antiviral drugs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza virus, macrolides, and Kampo medicines, reduce the production of viral infection-induced mediators, including cytokines and mucin, as determined in clinical, in vivo, or in vitro studies. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of these medications on viral infection-induced respiratory diseases may be associated with clinical benefits, such as improvements in symptoms, quality of life, and mortality rate, and can prevent hospitalization and the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kikuchi
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan,Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Kosai Hospital, Sendai 980-0803, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan
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3
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Abdulaziz L, Elhadi E, Abdallah EA, Alnoor FA, Yousef BA. Antiviral Activity of Approved Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Anthelmintic Drugs: Chances for Drug Repurposing for Antiviral Drug Discovery. J Exp Pharmacol 2022; 14:97-115. [PMID: 35299994 PMCID: PMC8922315 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s346006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing process aims to identify new uses for the existing drugs to overcome traditional de novo drug discovery and development challenges. At the same time, as viral infections became a serious threat to humans and the viral organism itself has a high ability to mutate genetically, and due to serious adverse effects that result from antiviral drugs, there are crucial needs for the discovery of new antiviral drugs, and to identify new antiviral effects for the exciting approved drugs towards different types of viral infections depending on the observed antiviral activity in preclinical studies or clinical findings is one of the approaches to counter the viral infections problems. This narrative review article summarized mainly the published preclinical studies that evaluated the antiviral activity of drugs that are approved and used mainly as antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic drugs, and the preclinical studies included the in silico, in vitro, and in vivo findings, additionally some clinical observations were also included while trying to relate them to the preclinical findings. Finally, the structure used for writing about the antiviral activity of the drugs was according to the families of the viruses used in the studies to form a better image for the target of antiviral activity of different drugs in the different kinds of viruses and to relate between the antiviral activity of the drugs against different strains of viruses within the same viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Abdulaziz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, 14415, Sudan
| | - Esraa Elhadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, 14415, Sudan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ejlal A Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Fadlalbaseer A Alnoor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National University, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Bashir A Yousef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
- Correspondence: Bashir A Yousef, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Al-Qasr Ave, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan, Tel +249 912932418, Fax +249 183780696, Email
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4
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Sauer A, Peukert K, Putensen C, Bode C. Antibiotics as immunomodulators: a potential pharmacologic approach for ARDS treatment. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/162/210093. [PMID: 34615700 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0093-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
First described in the mid-1960s, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening form of respiratory failure with an overall mortality rate of approximately 40%. Despite significant advances in the understanding and treatment of ARDS, no substantive pharmacologic therapy has proven to be beneficial, and current management continues to be primarily supportive. Beyond their antibacterial activity, several antibiotics such as macrolides and tetracyclines exert pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects that might be able to rectify the dysregulated inflammatory response present in patients with ARDS. This review aims to provide an overview of preclinical and clinical studies that describe the immunomodulatory effects of antibiotics in ARDS. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of their immunomodulatory properties will be discussed. Further studies are necessary to investigate their full therapeutic potential and to identify ARDS phenotypes which are most likely to benefit from their immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sauer
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Peukert
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Putensen
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Bode
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Rashad A, Nafady A, Hassan MH, Mansour H, Taya U, Bazeed SES, Aref ZF, Sayed MAA, Nafady-Hego H, Abdelmaksoud AA. Therapeutic efficacy of macrolides in management of patients with mild COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16361. [PMID: 34381155 PMCID: PMC8357809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the efficacy of adding macrolides (azithromycin or clarithromycin) to the treatment regimen for COVID-19 is limited. We testify whether adding azithromycin or clarithromycin to a standard of care regimen was superior to standard of supportive care alone in patients with mild COVID-19.This randomized trial included three groups of patients with COVID-19. The azithromycin group included, 107 patients who received azithromycin 500 mg/24 h for 7 days, the clarithromycin group included 99 patients who received clarithromycin 500 /12 h for 7 days, and the control group included 99 patients who received standard care only. All three groups received only symptomatic treatment for control of fever and cough .Clinical and biochemical evaluations of the study participants including assessment of the symptoms duration, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin, D-dimer, complete blood count (CBC), in addition to non-contrast chest computed tomography (CT), were performed. The overall results revealed significant early improvement of symptoms (fever, dyspnea and cough) in patients treated with either azithromycin or clarithromycin compared to control group, also there was significant early conversion of SARS-CoV-2 PCR to negative in patients treated with either azithromycin or clarithromycin compared to control group (p < 0.05 for all).There was no significant difference in time to improvement of fever, cough, dyspnea, anosmia, gastrointestinal tract "GIT" symptoms and time to PCR negative conversion between patients treated with azithromycin compared to patients treated with clarithromycin (p > 0.05 for all). Follow up chest CT done after 2 weeks of start of treatment showed significant improvement in patients treated with either azithromycin or clarithromycin compared to control group (p < 0.05 for all).Adding Clarithromycin or azithromycin to the therapeutic protocols for COVID-19 could be beneficial for early control of fever and early PCR negative conversion in Mild COVID-19.Trial registration: (NCT04622891) www.ClinicalTrials.gov retrospectively registered (November 10, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Rashad
- Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley-University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Nafady
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Haggagy Mansour
- Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley-University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Usama Taya
- ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Shamardan Ezzeldin S Bazeed
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Zaki F Aref
- ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Hanaa Nafady-Hego
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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6
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Alfarouk KO, AlHoufie STS, Ahmed SBM, Shabana M, Ahmed A, Alqahtani SS, Alqahtani AS, Alqahtani AM, Ramadan AM, Ahmed ME, Ali HS, Bashir A, Devesa J, Cardone RA, Ibrahim ME, Schwartz L, Reshkin SJ. Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19. J Xenobiot 2021; 11:77-93. [PMID: 34063739 PMCID: PMC8163157 DOI: 10.3390/jox11020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards altering the virus trajectory and/or managing the interactions of the virus with its subsequent targets in the human body; these interactions can lead to a chain reaction-like state manifested by a cytokine storm and progress to multiple organ failure. During cytokine storms the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mediators is generally increased, which contributes to the instigation of hyper-inflammation and confers advantages to the virus. Because cytokine expression patterns fluctuate from one person to another and even within the same person from one time to another, we suggest a road map of COVID-19 management using an individual approach instead of focusing on the blockbuster process (one treatment for most people, if not all). Here, we highlight the biology of the virus, study the interaction between the virus and humans, and present potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators that might contribute to the global war against SARS-COV-2. We suggest an algorithmic roadmap to manage COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O. Alfarouk
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology and Tumor Metabolism, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
| | - Sari T. S. AlHoufie
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samrein B. M. Ahmed
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mona Shabana
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Oesphogastric and General Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK;
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66446, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - AbdelRahman M. Ramadan
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah 22421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed E. Ahmed
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Al-Neelain University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Heyam S. Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 321, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Adil Bashir
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology and Tumor Metabolism, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Jesus Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Foltra Medical Centre, 15886 Teo, Spain;
| | - Rosa A. Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Muntaser E. Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | | | - Stephan J. Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
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7
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Galvez J, Zanni R, Galvez-Llompart M, Benlloch JM. Macrolides May Prevent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Entry into Cells: A Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship Study and Experimental Validation. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:2016-2025. [PMID: 33734704 PMCID: PMC7986980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is threatening the health and economic systems worldwide. Despite the enormous efforts of scientists and clinicians around the world, there is still no drug or vaccine available worldwide for the treatment and prevention of the infection. A rapid strategy for the identification of new treatments is based on repurposing existing clinically approved drugs that show antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, after developing a quantitative structure activity relationship analysis based on molecular topology, several macrolide antibiotics are identified as promising SARS-CoV-2 spike protein inhibitors. To confirm the in silico results, the best candidates were tested against two human coronaviruses (i.e., 229E-GFP and SARS-CoV-2) in cell culture. Time-of-addition experiments and a surrogate model of viral cell entry were used to identify the steps in the virus life cycle inhibited by the compounds. Infection experiments demonstrated that azithromycin, clarithromycin, and lexithromycin reduce the intracellular accumulation of viral RNA and virus spread as well as prevent virus-induced cell death, by inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Even though the three macrolide antibiotics display a narrow antiviral activity window against SARS-CoV-2, it may be of interest to further investigate their effect on the viral spike protein and their potential in combination therapies for the coronavirus disease 19 early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Galvez
- Molecular Topology and Drug Design
Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat de
Valencia, Burjassot 46100,
Spain
| | - Riccardo Zanni
- Molecular Topology and Drug Design
Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat de
Valencia, Burjassot 46100,
Spain
| | - Maria Galvez-Llompart
- Molecular Topology and Drug Design
Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat de
Valencia, Burjassot 46100,
Spain
- Instituto de Tecnología
Química, UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politícnica
de Valencia, Valencia 46022,
Spain
| | - Jose Maria Benlloch
- Instituto de Instrumentación para
Imagen Molecular, Centro Mixto CSIC—Universitat
Politècnica de València, Valencia
46022, Spain
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8
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Batiha GES, Zayed MA, Awad AA, Shaheen HM, Mustapha S, Herrera-Calderon O, Pagnossa JP, Algammal AM, Zahoor M, Adhikari A, Pandey I, Elazab ST, Rengasamy KRR, Cruz-Martins N, Hetta HF. Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Key Focus in Macrolides Efficacy for COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:642313. [PMID: 33937285 PMCID: PMC8079973 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, fidaxomicin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin) are a class of bacteriostatic antibiotics commonly employed in medicine against various gram-positive and atypical bacterial species mostly related to respiratory tract infections, besides they possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first detected in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019 and resulted in a continuing pandemic. Macrolides have been extensively researched as broad adjunctive therapy for COVID-19 due to its immunostimulant abilities. Among such class of drugs, azithromycin is described as azalide and is well-known for its ability to decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including matrix metalloproteinases, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8. In fact, a report recently published highlighted the effectiveness of combining azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment. Indeed, it has been underlined that azithromycin quickly prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection by raising the levels of both interferons and interferon-stimulated proteins at the same time which reduces the virus replication and release. In this sense, the current review aims to evaluate the applications of macrolides for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Zayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Aya A. Awad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Hazem M. Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Suleiman Mustapha
- Department of Crop Protection, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Oscar Herrera-Calderon
- Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuwan University, Kritipur, Nepal
| | - Ishan Pandey
- Department of Pathology, Motilal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, India
| | - Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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9
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Oliver ME, Hinks TSC. Azithromycin in viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2163. [PMID: 32969125 PMCID: PMC7536932 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Azithromycin (AZM) is a synthetic macrolide antibiotic effective against a broad range of bacterial and mycobacterial infections. Due to an additional range of anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties, it has been given to patients with the coronaviruses SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. It is now being investigated as a potential candidate treatment for SARS-CoV-2 having been identified as a candidate therapeutic for this virus by both in vitro and in silico drug screens. To date there are no randomised trial data on its use in any novel coronavirus infection, although a large number of trials are currently in progress. In this review, we summarise data from in vitro, murine and human clinical studies on the anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties of macrolides, particularly AZM. AZM reduces in vitro replication of several classes of viruses including rhinovirus, influenza A, Zika virus, Ebola, enteroviruses and coronaviruses, via several mechanisms. AZM enhances expression of anti-viral pattern recognition receptors and induction of anti-viral type I and III interferon responses. Of relevance to severe coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19), which is characterised by an over-exuberant innate inflammatory response, AZM also has anti-inflammatory properties including suppression of IL-1beta, IL-2, TNF and GM-CSF. AZM inhibits T cells by inhibiting calcineurin signalling, mammalian target of rapamycin activity and NFκB activation. AZM particularly targets granulocytes where it concentrates markedly in lysosomes, particularly affecting accumulation, adhesion, degranulation and apoptosis of neutrophils. Given its proven safety, affordability and global availability, tempered by significant concerns about antimicrobial stewardship, there is an urgent mandate to perform well-designed and conducted randomised clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy S. C. Hinks
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)University of OxfordOxfordUK
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10
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Morán Blanco JI, Alvarenga Bonilla JA, Homma S, Suzuki K, Fremont-Smith P, Villar Gómez de Las Heras K. Antihistamines and azithromycin as a treatment for COVID-19 on primary health care - A retrospective observational study in elderly patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 67:101989. [PMID: 33465426 PMCID: PMC7833340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Between March and April 2020, 84 elderly patients with suspected COVID-19 living in two nursing homes of Yepes, Toledo (Spain) were treated early with antihistamines (dexchlorpheniramine, cetirizine or loratadine), adding azithromycin in the 25 symptomatic cases. The outcomes are retrospectively reported. The primary endpoint is the fatality rate of COVID-19. The secondary endpoints are the hospital and ICU admission rates. Endpoints were compared with the official Spanish rates for the elderly. The mean age of our population was 85 and 48% were over 80 years old. No hospital admissions, deaths, nor adverse drug effects were reported in our patient population. By the end of June, 100% of the residents had positive serology for COVID-19. Although clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of both drugs in the treatment of COVID-19, this analysis suggests that primary care diagnosis and treatment with antihistamines, plus azithromycin in selected cases, may treat COVID-19 and prevent progression to severe disease in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Morán Blanco
- Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain; Centro de Salud de Yepes, Av. Santa Reliquia, 26, 45313, Yepes, Toledo, Spain
| | - Judith A Alvarenga Bonilla
- Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain; Centro de Salud de Yepes, Av. Santa Reliquia, 26, 45313, Yepes, Toledo, Spain
| | - Sakae Homma
- Department of Advanced and Integrated Interstitial Lung Diseases Research, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control, and Department of Health Protection, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
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11
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Firth A, Prathapan P. Azithromycin: The First Broad-spectrum Therapeutic. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112739. [PMID: 32871342 PMCID: PMC7434625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Strategic Plan for Biodefense Research by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services demarcates the need for drugs which target multiple types of pathogens to prepare for infectious threats. Azithromycin is one such broad-spectrum therapeutic that is both included in the University of Oxford's RECOVERY and excluded from the World Health Organization's SOLIDARITY trials. Here we review azithromycin's broad antibiotic, antimalarial, antiviral pharmacology and contextualise it against a broader history as the most repositioned therapeutic of the macrolide class; we further evaluate azithromycin's clinical and socio-economic propriety for respiratory pandemics and delineate a model for its combinatorial mechanism of action against COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Praveen Prathapan
- New Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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12
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Poddighe D, Aljofan M. Clinical evidences on the antiviral properties of macrolide antibiotics in the COVID-19 era and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:2040206620961712. [PMID: 32972196 PMCID: PMC7522830 DOI: 10.1177/2040206620961712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides are a large group of antibiotics characterised by the presence of a macro-lactone ring of variable size. The prototype of macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin was first produced by Streptomyces and associated species more than half a century ago; other related drugs were developed. These drugs have been shown to have several pharmacological properties: in addition to their antibiotic activity, they possess some anti-inflammatory properties and have been also considered against non-bacterial infections. In this review, we analysed the available clinical evidences regarding the potential anti-viral activity of macrolides, by focusing on erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin. Overall, there is no significant evidences so far that macrolides might have a direct benefit on most of viral infections considered in this review (RSV, Influenza, coronaviruses, Ebola and Zika viruses). However, their clinical benefit cannot be ruled out without further and focused clinical studies. Macrolides may improve the clinical course of viral respiratory infections somehow, at least through indirect mechanisms relying on some and variable anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory effects, in addition to their well-known antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Poddighe
- Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
| | - Mohamad Aljofan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
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13
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Lee CW, Tai YL, Huang LM, Chi H, Huang FY, Chiu NC, Huang CY, Tu YH, Wang JY, Huang DTN. Efficacy of clarithromycin-naproxen-oseltamivir combination therapy versus oseltamivir alone in hospitalized pediatric influenza patients. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:876-884. [PMID: 32978076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of clarithromycin-naproxen-oseltamivir combination therapy to that of oseltamivir therapy alone in hospitalized pediatric influenza patients. METHODS This prospective, single-blind study included children aged 1-18 years hospitalized with influenza, in MacKay Children's Hospital, Taiwan, between December 2017 and December 2019. The primary outcomes were the time to defervescence and decrease of the Pediatric Respiratory Severity Score (PRESS) during hospitalization. The secondary outcomes were serial changes in virus titers, measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Fifty-four patients were enrolled (28 in the control group and 26 in the combination group) in total. There were no differences in the patients' baseline characteristics between the groups. The time to defervescence was significantly shorter in the combination group than the oseltamivir group (13.2 h vs. 32.1 h, p = 0.002). The decrease in the virus titer from days 1-3 (log Δ13) was more pronounced in the combination group than the oseltamivir group. (39% vs. 19%, p = 0.001). There were no differences in adverse effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain during the study or within 30 days after antiviral therapy. CONCLUSION The clarithromycin-naproxen-oseltamivir combination group experienced a more rapid defervescence and a more rapid decline of influenza virus titer than the group treated with oseltamivir alone. Further consideration should be given to whether the overall benefits of combination therapy in hospitalized pediatric influenza patients outweigh the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Lee
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Tai
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, New Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yuan Huang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Chang Chiu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Huang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jin-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Tsung-Ning Huang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, New Taipei, Taiwan; Taiwan Digital Healthcare Association.
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14
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Kruger D, Prathapan P. Azithromycin: The First Broad-spectrum Therapeutic. J Transl Autoimmun 2020:100062. [PMID: 32839756 PMCID: PMC7439010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Strategic Plan for Biodefense Research by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services demarcates the need for drugs which target multiple types of pathogens to prepare for infectious threats. Azithromycin is one such broad-spectrum therapeutic that is both included in the University of Oxford's RECOVERY and excluded from the World Health Organization's SOLIDARITY trials. Here we review azithromycin's broad antibiotic, antimalarial, antiviral pharmacology and contextualise it against a broader history as the most disease-repositioned therapeutic of the macrolide class; we further evaluate azithromycin's clinical and socio-economic propriety for respiratory pandemics and delineate a model for its combinatorial mechanism of action against COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Kruger
- New Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Praveen Prathapan
- New Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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15
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Pani A, Lauriola M, Romandini A, Scaglione F. Macrolides and viral infections: focus on azithromycin in COVID-19 pathology. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106053. [PMID: 32534189 PMCID: PMC7286256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is necessary to quickly find therapeutic options for treating novel SARS-CoV2 Azithromycin has been demonstrated to have antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, which could be effective in the hyper-inflammatory syndrome caused by SARS-CoV2 Azithromycin has also shown clinical efficacy in respiratory distress syndrome and viral infections Preliminary results regarding the efficacy of the combination of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 are conflicting There are some concerns regarding the association of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine because of QT prolongation Further studies have to be performed to investigate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin and the combination with hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19
The emergence of the new COVID-19 virus is proving to be a challenge in seeking effective therapies. Since the most severe clinical manifestation of COVID-19 appears to be a severe acute respiratory syndrome, azithromycin has been proposed as a potential treatment. Azithromycin is known to have immunomodulating and antiviral properties. In vitro studies have demonstrated the capacity of azithromycin in reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, IL-6, TNF alpha, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate T-helper functions. At the same time there are multiple clinical evidences of the role of azithromycin in acute respiratory distress syndrome and against Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS). Some preliminary evidence has demonstrated controversial results regarding efficacy of azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19. First, a French trial demonstrated 100% virological negativizing of six patients treated with azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine vs. 57.1% of patients treated with only hydroxychloroquine and 12.5% of the control group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, another case series revealed no efficacy at all on 11 patients treated with the same combination and doses. Furthermore, there are some concerns regarding the association of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine because of potential QT prolongation. In fact, both drugs have this as a potential side effect and evidence regarding the safe use of this combination is controversial. Despite the necessity to quickly find solutions for COVID-19, extreme caution must be used in evaluating the risk-benefit balance. However, based on preclinical and clinical evidence and some preliminary results in COVID-19, azithromycin could have potential in the fight against this new disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pani
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Romandini
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Hoban DJ, Nauta J. Clinical And Bacteriological Impact Of Clarithromycin In Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Findings From A Meta-Analysis Of Clinical Trials. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3551-3558. [PMID: 31802844 PMCID: PMC6801486 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s205820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Among the bacterial upper respiratory tract infections (UTRIs), the most medically significant is pharyngitis due to Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococci (GABHS). A 2012 meta-review and a 2016 Cochrane systematic review reported favorably on the comparative efficacy and safety of clarithromycin in pediatric patients with URTIs and in adults with GABHS pharyngitis. In this paper, the evidence base for clarithromycin in patients with URTIs is augmented by a meta-analysis of comparative studies in GABHS pharyngitis. Methods A series of five outpatient trials of clarithromycin for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis from an internal database were subjected to meta-analysis. Active comparators comprised penicillin VK and erythromycin. Results Rates of clinical cure or improvement were very similar in all treatment assignments, but the rates of bacteriological cure were numerically higher with clarithromycin than with comparator antibiotics. Adverse events data indicated that clarithromycin was generally well tolerated in these studies, with a relatively low incidence of adverse events and few severe incidents. Discussion Though currently not advised as a first-line therapy for URTI in most guidelines, the results of the meta-analysis indicate that clarithromycin is nevertheless a valid, effective and largely well-tolerated treatment option for GABHS pharyngitis patients who cannot benefit from other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl J Hoban
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jos Nauta
- Department of Innovation & Development, Established Pharmaceuticals Division, Abbott Healthcare Products B.V., Weesp 1381 CP, The Netherlands
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17
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Arikata M, Itoh Y, Shichinohe S, Nakayama M, Ishigaki H, Kinoshita T, Le MQ, Kawaoka Y, Ogasawara K, Shimizu T. Efficacy of clarithromycin against H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza a virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Li YH, Lai CY, Su MC, Cheng JC, Chang YS. Antiviral activity of Portulaca oleracea L. against influenza A viruses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:112013. [PMID: 31170517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Portulaca oleracea L. is used not only as an edible potherb but also as a traditional remedy to assuage the symptoms of various diseases. The water extract of P. oleracea (WEPO) has been found to effectively alleviate the signs and symptoms of pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) infection. However, the anti-IAV activity of WEPO is still unclear. AIM OF STUDY In this study, we aimed to elucidate the anti-IAV activity of WEPO and investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-H1N1 activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxicity of WEPO and other Chinese herbs was measured using the cell viability test. The anti-IAV activity of WEPO was determined using the plaque reduction assay, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence assay. The virucidal activity of WEPO was determined by labeling the virus and using the time-dependent virucidal activity assay. RESULTS The half-maximal effective concentration of WEPO for A/WSN/1933 (H1N1) was very low, with a high selectivity index. The production of circulating H1N1 and H3N2 was suppressed by WEPO. Additionally, the antiviral activity of WEPO was observed in the early stage of IAV infection. Furthermore, WEPO inhibited the binding of virus to cells and exhibited good virucidal activity, significantly decreasing the viral load within 10 min to prevent viral infection. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the anti-IAV activity of WEPO and strongly recommend the use of WEPO, as an herbal regimen, to prevent and treat H1N1 infection at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hsuan Li
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Chi Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ju-Chien Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Shiun Chang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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Tran DH, Sugamata R, Hirose T, Suzuki S, Noguchi Y, Sugawara A, Ito F, Yamamoto T, Kawachi S, Akagawa KS, Ōmura S, Sunazuka T, Ito N, Mimaki M, Suzuki K. Azithromycin, a 15-membered macrolide antibiotic, inhibits influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection by interfering with virus internalization process. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:759-768. [PMID: 31300721 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic influenza 2009 (A(H1N1)pdm09) virus currently causes seasonal and annual epidemic outbreaks. The widespread use of anti-influenza drugs such as neuraminidase and matrix protein 2 (M2) channel inhibitors has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses. In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus activity of azithromycin, a re-positioned macrolide antibiotic with potential as a new anti-influenza candidate, and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. We performed in vitro and in vivo studies to address this. Our in vitro approaches indicated that progeny virus replication was remarkably inhibited by treating viruses with azithromycin before infection; however, azithromycin administration after infection did not affect this process. We next investigated the steps inhibited by azithromycin during virus invasion. Azithromycin did not affect attachment of viruses onto the cell surface, but blocked internalization into host cells during the early phase of infection. We further demonstrated that azithromycin targeted newly budded progeny virus from the host cells and inactivated their endocytic activity. This unique inhibitory mechanism has not been observed for other anti-influenza drugs, indicating the potential activity of azithromycin before and after influenza virus infection. Considering these in vitro observations, we administered azithromycin intranasally to mice infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Single intranasal azithromycin treatment successfully reduced viral load in the lungs and relieved hypothermia, which was induced by infection. Our findings indicate the possibility that azithromycin could be an effective macrolide for the treatment of human influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Huu Tran
- Department of Health Protection, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control (ADC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sugamata
- Department of Health Protection, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control (ADC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,General Medical Education and Research Center (G-MEC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirose
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shoichi Suzuki
- Department of Health Protection, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control (ADC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,General Medical Education and Research Center (G-MEC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Noguchi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sugawara
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Fuyu Ito
- Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control (ADC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamamoto
- Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control (ADC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawachi
- Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control (ADC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,General Medical Education and Research Center (G-MEC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kiyoko S Akagawa
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Naoki Ito
- The Pediatric Department, Teikyo Hospital University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Masakazu Mimaki
- The Pediatric Department, Teikyo Hospital University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Department of Health Protection, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan. .,Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control (ADC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan. .,General Medical Education and Research Center (G-MEC), Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
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20
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Effects of high temperature on pandemic and seasonal human influenza viral replication and infection-induced damage in primary human tracheal epithelial cell cultures. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01149. [PMID: 30839917 PMCID: PMC6365403 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High temperature reduces influenza viral replication; however, the treatment of fevers is thought to be necessary to improve patients' conditions. We examined the effects of high temperature on viral replication and infection-induced damage to human tracheal epithelial cells. Cell viability and dome formation were reduced, the number of detached cells was increased and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels tended to be increased from 72 h to 120 h in uninfected cells cultured at 40 °C. Long-term (72 h and/or 120 h) exposure to high temperatures (39 °C and/or 40 °C) decreased RNA levels and/or viral titers of eight influenza virus strains. Cell viability and dome formation were reduced, and the number of detached cells and LDH levels were increased to a similar extent after infection with the A/H1N1 pdm 2009 virus at 37 °C and 40 °C. High temperature increased the endosomal pH, where the viral RNA enters the cytoplasm, in uninfected cells. High temperature reduced the production of IL-6, which mediate viral replication processes, and IL-1β and IL-8 in uninfected and infected cells. Based on these findings, high temperature may cause similar levels of airway cell damage after infection to cells exposed normal temperatures, although high temperature reduces viral replication by affecting the function of acidic endosomes and inhibiting IL-6-mediated processes.
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21
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Abstract
Sepsis in children is typically presumed to be bacterial in origin until proven otherwise, but frequently bacterial cultures ultimately return negative. Although viruses may be important causative agents of culture-negative sepsis worldwide, the incidence, disease burden and mortality of viral-induced sepsis is poorly elucidated. Consideration of viral sepsis is critical as its recognition carries implications on appropriate use of antibacterial agents, infection control measures, and, in some cases, specific, time-sensitive antiviral therapies. This review outlines our current understanding of viral sepsis in children and addresses its epidemiology and pathophysiology, including pathogen-host interaction during active infection. Clinical manifestation, diagnostic testing, and management options unique to viral infections will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert Richter
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen Robert
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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22
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Li BWS, de Bruijn MJW, Lukkes M, van Nimwegen M, Bergen IM, KleinJan A, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Andeweg A, Rimmelzwaan GF, Hendriks RW. T cells and ILC2s are major effector cells in influenza-induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:144-156. [PMID: 29762870 PMCID: PMC6585726 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is an important cause of severe asthma exacerbations, but it remains unclear how a Th1‐mediated antiviral response triggers a prototypical Th2 disease. We investigated CD4+ T cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in influenza virus‐infected mice. We found that ILC2s accumulated in the lung rapidly after influenza virus infection, but the induction of IL‐5 and IL‐13 secretion was delayed and concomitant with T cell activation. In an influenza‐induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation model we noticed an initial reduction of ILC2 numbers and cytokine production in broncho‐alveolar lavage compared to chronic house dust mite (HDM)‐mediated airway inflammation alone. ILC2s phenotype was characterized by low T1/ST2, ICOS, KLRG1, and CD25 expression, resembling naïve ILC2s. The contribution of ILC2s to type 2 cytokine production in the early stage of the influenza‐induced exacerbation was limited. In contrast, T cells showed increased IL‐4 and IL‐5 production when exposed to both HDM and influenza virus. Upon virus clearance, ILC2s regained an activated T1/ST2highICOShighKLRG1highCD25high phenotype paired with cytokine production and were major contributors to the type 2 cytokine milieu. Collectively, our data indicate that both T cells and ILC2s contribute to influenza‐induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation, but with different kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby W S Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Lukkes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno van Nimwegen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Bergen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex KleinJan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Arno Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Hui DS, Lee N, Chan PK, Beigel JH. The role of adjuvant immunomodulatory agents for treatment of severe influenza. Antiviral Res 2018; 150:202-216. [PMID: 29325970 PMCID: PMC5801167 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A severe inflammatory immune response with hypercytokinemia occurs in patients hospitalized with severe influenza, such as avian influenza A(H5N1), A(H7N9), and seasonal A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections. The role of immunomodulatory therapy is unclear as there have been limited published data based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Passive immunotherapy such as convalescent plasma and hyperimmune globulin have some studies demonstrating benefit when administered as an adjunctive therapy for severe influenza. Triple combination of oseltamivir, clarithromycin, and naproxen for severe influenza has one study supporting its use, and confirmatory studies would be of great interest. Likewise, confirmatory studies of sirolimus without concomitant corticosteroid therapy should be explored as a research priority. Other agents with potential immunomodulating effects, including non-immune intravenous immunoglobulin, N-acetylcysteine, acute use of statins, macrolides, pamidronate, nitazoxanide, chloroquine, antiC5a antibody, interferons, human mesenchymal stromal cells, mycophenolic acid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, mesalazine, herbal medicine, and the role of plasmapheresis and hemoperfusion as rescue therapy have supportive preclinical or observational clinical data, and deserve more investigation preferably by RCTs. Systemic corticosteroids administered in high dose may increase the risk of mortality and morbidity in patients with severe influenza and should not be used, while the clinical utility of low dose systemic corticosteroids requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hui
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Nelson Lee
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Paul K Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - John H Beigel
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Support to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis and impact of coinfection, in particular bacterial coinfection, in influenza are incompletely understood. This review summarizes results from studies on bacterial coinfection in the recent pandemic influenza outbreak. RECENT FINDINGS Systemic immune mechanisms play a key role in the development of coinfection based on the complexity of the interaction of the host and the viral and bacterial pathogens. Several studies were performed to determine the point prevalence of bacterial coinfection in influenza. Coinfection in influenza is frequent in critically ill patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most frequent bacterial pathogen and higher rates of potentially resistant pathogens over the years. SUMMARY Bacterial pneumonia is certainly an influenza complication. The recent epidemiology findings have helped to partially resolve the contribution of different pathogens. Immunosuppression is a risk factor for bacterial coinfection in influenza, and the epidemiology of coinfection has changed over the years during the last influenza pandemic, and these recent findings should be taken into account during present outbreaks.
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Yoshii Y, Shimizu K, Morozumi M, Chiba N, Ubukata K, Uruga H, Hanada S, Wakui H, Minagawa S, Hara H, Numata T, Saito K, Araya J, Nakayama K, Kishi K, Kuwano K. Detection of pathogens by real-time PCR in adult patients with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:150. [PMID: 29166936 PMCID: PMC5700744 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infection is a major cause of acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma (AEBA). Although recent findings suggest that common bacteria are causally associated with AEBA, a comprehensive epidemiologic analysis of infectious pathogens including common/atypical bacteria and viruses in AEBA has not been performed. Accordingly, we attempted to detect pathogens during AEBA by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in comparison to conventional methods. METHODS We prospectively enroled adult patients with AEBA from August 2012 to March 2014. Infectious pathogens collected in nasopharyngeal swab and sputum samples were examined in each patient by conventional methods and real-time PCR, which can detect 6 bacterial and 11 viral pathogens. The causal association of these pathogens with AEBA severity and their frequency of monthly distribution were also examined. RESULTS Among the 64 enroled patients, infectious pathogens were detected in 49 patients (76.6%) using real-time PCR and in 14 patients (21.9%) using conventional methods (p < 0.001). Real-time PCR detected bacteria in 29 patients (45.3%) and respiratory viruses in 28 patients (43.8%). Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequently detected microorganism (26.6%), followed by rhinovirus (15.6%). Influenza virus was the significant pathogen associated with severe AEBA. Moreover, AEBA occurred most frequently during November to January. CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR was more useful than conventional methods to detect infectious pathogens in patients with AEBA. Accurate detection of pathogens with real-time PCR may enable the selection of appropriate anti-bacterial/viral agents as a part of the treatment for AEBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yoshii
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Shimizu
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Miyuki Morozumi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Naoko Chiba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Kimiko Ubukata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Hironori Uruga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Center, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470 Japan
| | - Shigeo Hanada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Center, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wakui
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Minagawa
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Hiromichi Hara
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Takanori Numata
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University Daisan Hospital, 4-11-1 Izumihoncho, Komae-shi, Tokyo, 201-8601 Japan
| | - Jun Araya
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Nakayama
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Kazuma Kishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Center, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470 Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
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Yatera K, Umeki K, Yamasaki K, Noguchi S, Nishida C, Ishimoto H, Sakamoto N, Ishii H, Kadota JI, Mukae H. The additive effect of clarithromycin on influenza A infection in the elderly patients and patients with comorbid diseases. Respir Investig 2017; 55:380-383. [PMID: 29153420 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan.
| | - Kenji Umeki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
| | - Kei Yamasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Shingo Noguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Nishida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishimoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Noriho Sakamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kadota
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Yamaya M, Nomura K, Arakawa K, Sugawara M, Deng X, Lusamba Kalonji N, Nishimura H, Yamada M, Nagatomi R, Kawase T. Clarithromycin decreases rhinovirus replication and cytokine production in nasal epithelial cells from subjects with bronchial asthma: effects on IL-6, IL-8 and IL-33. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 43:526-539. [PMID: 28861755 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rhinoviral infection is associated with an increased risk of asthma attacks. The macrolide clarithromycin decreases cytokine production in nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with wheezing, but the effects of macrolides on cytokine production in nasal epithelial cells obtained from asthmatic subjects remain unclear. Here, human nasal epithelial cells were infected with type-14 rhinovirus (RV14), a major RV group. Titers and RNA of RV14 and cytokine concentrations, including IL-1β and IL-6, were higher in the supernatants of the cells obtained from subjects with bronchial asthma (asthmatic group) than in those from the non-asthmatic group. Pretreatment with clarithromycin decreased RV14 titers, viral RNA and cytokine concentrations, and susceptibility to RV14 infection. Pretreatment with clarithromycin also decreased IL-33 production, which was detected after infection. Pretreatment with clarithromycin decreased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, the receptor for RV14, after infection, the number and fluorescence intensity of the acidic endosomes through which RV RNA enters the cytoplasm, and the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B proteins in nuclear extracts. These findings suggested that RV replication and cytokine production may be enhanced in nasal epithelial cells obtained from subjects with bronchial asthma and may be modulated by clarithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Nomura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuya Arakawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Kosai Hospital, Sendai, 980-0803, Japan
| | - Xue Deng
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nadine Lusamba Kalonji
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai National Hospital, Sendai, 983-8520, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kawase
- Laboratory of Rehabilitative Auditory Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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Efficacy of Clarithromycin-Naproxen-Oseltamivir Combination in the Treatment of Patients Hospitalized for Influenza A(H3N2) Infection. Chest 2017; 151:1069-1080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Söderholm S, Fu Y, Gaelings L, Belanov S, Yetukuri L, Berlinkov M, Cheltsov AV, Anders S, Aittokallio T, Nyman TA, Matikainen S, Kainov DE. Multi-Omics Studies towards Novel Modulators of Influenza A Virus-Host Interaction. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100269. [PMID: 27690086 PMCID: PMC5086605 DOI: 10.3390/v8100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause global pandemics and epidemics. These viruses evolve rapidly, making current treatment options ineffective. To identify novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, we re-analyzed our recent transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and genomics/virtual ligand screening data. We identified 713 potential modulators targeting 199 cellular and two viral proteins. Anti-influenza activity for 48 of them has been reported previously, whereas the antiviral efficacy of the 665 remains unknown. Studying anti-influenza efficacy and immuno/neuro-modulating properties of these compounds and their combinations as well as potential viral and host resistance to them may lead to the discovery of novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, which might be more effective than the currently available anti-influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Söderholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Lana Gaelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Sergey Belanov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Laxman Yetukuri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Mikhail Berlinkov
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620083, Russia.
| | - Anton V Cheltsov
- Q-Mol L.L.C. in Silico Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Simon Anders
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
| | | | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00015, Finland.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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30
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Yamamoto K, Yamamoto S, Ogasawara N, Takano K, Shiraishi T, Sato T, Miyata R, Kakuki T, Kamekura R, Kojima T, Tsutsumi H, Himi T, Yokota SI. Clarithromycin prevents human respiratory syncytial virus-induced airway epithelial responses by modulating activation of interferon regulatory factor-3. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:804-814. [PMID: 27468646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics exert immunomodulatory activity by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production by airway epithelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells. However, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we examined the effect of clarithromycin (CAM) on pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interferons (IFNs), by primary human nasal epithelial cells and lung epithelial cell lines (A549 and BEAS-2B cells) after stimulation by Toll-like receptor (TLR) and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) agonists and after infection by human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). CAM treatment led to a significant reduction in poly I:C- and RSV-mediated IL-8, CCL5, IFN-β and -λ production. Furthermore, IFN-β promoter activity (activated by poly I:C and RSV infection) was significantly reduced after treatment with CAM. CAM also inhibited IRF-3 dimerization and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. We conclude that CAM acts a crucial modulator of the innate immune response, particularly IFN production, by modulating IRF-3 dimerization and subsequent translocation to the nucleus of airway epithelial cells. This newly identified immunomodulatory action of CAM will facilitate the discovery of new macrolides with an anti-inflammatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Soh Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogasawara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Takano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Shiraishi
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toyotaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyata
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kakuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kamekura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Harada T, Ishimatsu Y, Hara A, Morita T, Nakashima S, Kakugawa T, Sakamoto N, Kosai K, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Mukae H, Kohno S. Premedication with Clarithromycin Is Effective against Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia during Influenza Virus Infection in a Pulmonary Emphysema Mouse Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:457-63. [PMID: 27489022 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial pneumonia (SBP) during influenza increases the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its associated mortality. Macrolide antibiotics, including clarithromycin (CAM), are potential treatments for a variety of chronic respiratory diseases owing to their pharmacological activities, in addition to antimicrobial action. We examined the efficacy of CAM for the treatment of SBP after influenza infection in COPD. Specifically, we evaluated the effect of CAM in elastase-induced emphysema mice that were inoculated with influenza virus (strain A/PR8/34) and subsequently infected with macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae CAM was administered to the emphysema mice 4 days prior to influenza virus inoculation. Premedication with CAM improved pathologic responses and bacterial load 2 days after S. pneumoniae inoculation. Survival rates were higher in emphysema mice than control mice. While CAM premedication did not affect viral titers or exert antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae in the lungs, it enhanced host defense and reduced inflammation, as evidenced by the significant reductions in total cell and neutrophil counts and interferon (IFN)-γ levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung homogenates. These results suggest that CAM protects against SBP during influenza in elastase-induced emphysema mice by reducing IFN-γ production, thus enhancing immunity to SBP, and by decreasing neutrophil infiltration into the lung to prevent injury. Accordingly, CAM may be an effective strategy to prevent secondary bacterial pneumonia in COPD patients in areas in which vaccines are inaccessible or limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Harada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Yuji Ishimatsu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Atsuko Hara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Towako Morita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Shota Nakashima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Tomoyuki Kakugawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Noriho Sakamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Kosuke Kosai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (T.H., K.I.), Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Sciences (Y.I.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (N.S., H.M.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.K, K.Y.), Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan (T.H., A.H., T.M., S.N., T.K., N.S., H.M., S.K.)
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Past, present and future of macrolide therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis in Japan. Auris Nasus Larynx 2015; 43:131-6. [PMID: 26441370 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In 1984, the effectiveness of low-dose, long-term erythromycin treatment (macrolide therapy) for diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) was first reported in Japan. The 5-year survival rate for DPB improved from 62.9 to 91.4% after implementation of macrolide therapy. The usefulness of this treatment has since been demonstrated in patients with other chronic airway diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, bronchial asthma, and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The new 14-membered macrolides clarithromycin and roxithromycin and the 15-membered macrolide azithromycin are also effective for treating these inflammatory diseases. The mechanism of action of the 14- and 15-membered macrolides may involve anti-inflammatory rather than anti-bacterial activities. Macrolide therapy is now widely used for the treatment of CRS in Japan; it is particularly effective for treating neutrophil-associated CRS and is useful for suppressing mucus hypersecretion. However, macrolide therapy is not effective for eosinophil-predominant CRS, which is characterized by serum and tissue eosinophilia, high serum IgE levels, multiple polyposis, and bronchial asthma. Recent reports have described the clinical efficacy of macrolides in treating other inflammatory diseases and new biological activities (e.g., anti-viral). New macrolide derivatives exhibiting anti-inflammatory but not anti-bacterial activity thus have therapeutic potential as immunomodulatory drugs. The history, current state, and future perspectives of macrolide therapy for treating CRS in Japan will be discussed in this review.
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Yamaya M, Shimotai Y, Hatachi Y, Lusamba Kalonji N, Tando Y, Kitajima Y, Matsuo K, Kubo H, Nagatomi R, Hongo S, Homma M, Nishimura H. The serine protease inhibitor camostat inhibits influenza virus replication and cytokine production in primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 33:66-74. [PMID: 26166259 PMCID: PMC7110702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine proteases act through the proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses for the entry of influenza virus into cells, resulting in infection. However, the inhibitory effects of serine protease inhibitors on influenza virus infection of human airway epithelial cells, and on their production of inflammatory cytokines are unclear. METHODS Primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells were treated with four types of serine protease inhibitors, including camostat, and infected with A/Sendai-H/108/2009/(H1N1) pdm09 or A/New York/55/2004(H3N2). RESULTS Camostat reduced the amounts of influenza viruses in the supernatants and viral RNA in the cells. It reduced the cleavage of an influenza virus precursor protein, HA0, into the subunit HA1. Camostat also reduced the concentrations of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the supernatants. Gabexate and aprotinin reduced the viral titers and RNA levels in the cells, and aprotinin reduced the concentrations of TNF-α in the supernatants. The proteases transmembrane protease serine S1 member (TMPRSS) 2 and HAT (human trypsin-like protease: TMPRSS11D), which are known to cleave HA0 and to activate the virus, were detected at the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. mRNA encoding TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4 and TMPRSS11D was detectable in the cells, and the expression levels were not affected by camostat. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that human airway epithelial cells express these serine proteases and that serine protease inhibitors, especially camostat, may reduce influenza viral replication and the resultant production of inflammatory cytokines possibly through inhibition of activities of these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Hatachi
- Division of Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nadine Lusamba Kalonji
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tando
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kaori Matsuo
- Department of Behavioal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Morio Homma
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai National Hospital, Sendai 983-8520, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai National Hospital, Sendai 983-8520, Japan
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Beigelman A, Isaacson-Schmid M, Sajol G, Baty J, Rodriguez OM, Leege E, Lyons K, Schweiger TL, Zheng J, Schechtman KB, Castro M, Bacharier LB. Randomized trial to evaluate azithromycin's effects on serum and upper airway IL-8 levels and recurrent wheezing in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1171-8.e1. [PMID: 25458910 PMCID: PMC4426225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in infancy is a major risk factor for recurrent wheezing and asthma. Because azithromycin attenuated neutrophilic airway inflammation in a murine viral bronchiolitis model, demonstration of similar effects in human subjects might provide a strategy for the prevention of postbronchiolitis recurrent wheezing. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate whether azithromycin treatment during RSV bronchiolitis reduces serum and nasal lavage IL-8 levels and the occurrence of postbronchiolitis recurrent wheezing. METHOD We performed a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial in 40 otherwise healthy infants hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis who were treated with azithromycin or placebo for 14 days. IL-8 levels were measured in nasal lavage fluid and serum on randomization, day 8, and day 15 (nasal lavage only). The occurrence of wheezing episodes was assessed monthly over the ensuing 50 weeks. RESULTS Compared with placebo, azithromycin treatment did not reduce serum IL-8 levels at day 8 (P = .6) but resulted in a greater decrease in nasal lavage fluid IL-8 levels by day 15 (P = .03). Twenty-two percent of azithromycin-treated participants experienced at least 3 wheezing episodes compared with 50% of participants in the placebo group (P = .07). Azithromycin treatment resulted in prolonged time to the third wheezing episode (P = .048) and in fewer days with respiratory symptoms over the subsequent year in comparison with placebo (36.7 vs 70.1 days, P = .01). CONCLUSION In this proof-of-concept study azithromycin treatment during RSV bronchiolitis reduced upper airway IL-8 levels, prolonged the time to the third wheezing episode, and reduced overall respiratory morbidity over the subsequent year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Beigelman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo.
| | - Megan Isaacson-Schmid
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Geneline Sajol
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Jack Baty
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Oscar M Rodriguez
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Erin Leege
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Kevin Lyons
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Toni L Schweiger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Jie Zheng
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Kenneth B Schechtman
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Mario Castro
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
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Nicholas B, Staples KJ, Moese S, Meldrum E, Ward J, Dennison P, Havelock T, Hinks TSC, Amer K, Woo E, Chamberlain M, Singh N, North M, Pink S, Wilkinson TMA, Djukanović R. A novel lung explant model for the ex vivo study of efficacy and mechanisms of anti-influenza drugs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6144-54. [PMID: 25934861 PMCID: PMC4456633 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus causes considerable morbidity and mortality largely because of a lack of effective antiviral drugs. Viral neuraminidase inhibitors, which inhibit viral release from the infected cell, are currently the only approved drugs for influenza, but have recently been shown to be less effective than previously thought. Growing resistance to therapies that target viral proteins has led to increased urgency in the search for novel anti-influenza compounds. However, discovery and development of new drugs have been restricted because of differences in susceptibility to influenza between animal models and humans and a lack of translation between cell culture and in vivo measures of efficacy. To circumvent these limitations, we developed an experimental approach based on ex vivo infection of human bronchial tissue explants and optimized a method of flow cytometric analysis to directly quantify infection rates in bronchial epithelial tissues. This allowed testing of the effectiveness of TVB024, a vATPase inhibitor that inhibits viral replication rather than virus release, and to compare efficacy with the current frontline neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir. The study showed that the vATPase inhibitor completely abrogated epithelial cell infection, virus shedding, and the associated induction of proinflammatory mediators, whereas oseltamivir was only partially effective at reducing these mediators and ineffective against innate responses. We propose, therefore, that this explant model could be used to predict the efficacy of novel anti-influenza compounds targeting diverse stages of the viral replication cycle, thereby complementing animal models and facilitating progression of new drugs into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Nicholas
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jon Ward
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Dennison
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Havelock
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S C Hinks
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Amer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Edwin Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin Chamberlain
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Neeta Singh
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm North
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Sandy Pink
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Ratko Djukanović
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Kelesidis T, Mastoris I, Metsini A, Tsiodras S. How to approach and treat viral infections in ICU patients. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:321. [PMID: 25431007 PMCID: PMC4289200 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe viral infections are often hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) and recent studies underline the frequency of viral detection in ICU patients. Viral infections in the ICU often involve the respiratory or the central nervous system and can cause significant morbidity and mortality especially in immunocompromised patients. The mainstay of therapy of viral infections is supportive care and antiviral therapy when available. Increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral infection has provided great potential for the discovery of new antiviral agents that target viral proteins or host proteins that regulate immunity and are involved in the viral life cycle. These novel treatments need to be further validated in animal and human randomized controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, 1 Rimini Street, GR-12462 Haidari, Athens, Greece.
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Magnitude of influenza virus replication and cell damage is associated with interleukin-6 production in primary cultures of human tracheal epithelium. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 202:16-23. [PMID: 25064661 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary cultures of human tracheal epithelium were infected with influenza viruses to examine the relationships between the magnitude of viral replication and infection-induced cell damage and cytokine production in airway epithelial cells. Infection with four strains of the type A influenza virus increased the detached cell number and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the supernatants. The detached cell number and LDH levels were related to the viral titers and interleukin (IL)-6 levels and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 activation. Treatment of the cells with an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody and an NF-κB inhibitor, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, reduced the detached cell number, viral titers and the LDH levels and improved cell viability after infection with the pandemic influenza virus [A/Sendai-H/N0633/2009 (H1N1) pdm09]. A caspase-3 inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-DEVD-fluoromethyl ketone, reduced the detached cell number and viral titers. Influenza viral infection-induced cell damage may be partly related to the magnitude of viral replication, NF-κB-p65-mediated IL-6 production and caspase-3 activation.
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Higashi F, Kubo H, Yasuda H, Nukiwa T, Yamaya M. Additional treatment with clarithromycin reduces fever duration in patients with influenza. Respir Investig 2014; 52:302-9. [PMID: 25169846 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus infection-induced inflammatory responses are associated with fever and other symptoms. Although macrolide antibiotics (macrolides) provide anti-inflammatory effects, these effects have not been well studied in influenza patients. METHODS We examined the effects of clarithromycin on influenza symptoms. A randomized, prospective, and open-label study was performed between December 2010 and March 2011 and between December 2012 and March 2013 in patients with pandemic A/H1 2009 influenza or seasonal influenza virus infections. Patients aged >15 years received either neuraminidase inhibitors (control group) or clarithromycin plus neuraminidase inhibitors (clarithromycin group). Body temperature and other symptoms were recorded for 5 days after initiating treatment. Serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels were also measured. RESULTS Herein, 79 patients were enrolled over the two influenza seasons, and data from 63 patients were analyzed. All patients showed fever and other symptoms, including rhinorrhea (n=38), cough (n=50), sore throat (n=39), arthralgia or myalgia (n=46), and general malaise (n=50). Fever duration was approximately 42% shorter in patients with temperatures ≥38.5°C (p=0.02), decreasing from 42 h to 24 h. Among patients with pandemic influenza infections (n=20), the rhinorrhea improvement rate was higher in the clarithromycin group (p=0.03; 88% vs. 20%). Serum IL-6 levels decreased 5 days after treatment, but no differences between the two groups were detected. CONCLUSIONS Clarithromycin may have the additional clinical benefit of improving fever, the main symptom of influenza, in patients treated with neuraminidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuhiko Higashi
- Higashi Clinic, 589-1 Higashi-Honjou, Minabe-Cho, Hidaka-Gun, Wakayama Prefecture 645-0021, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hiroyasu Yasuda
- Yaotome Ekimae Clinic of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, 1-3-26 Yaotome-Chuo, Izumi-ku, Sendai 981-3135, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Nukiwa
- South Miyagi Medical Center, 38-1 Aza-nishi, Ohgawara, Shibata-gun, Miyagi Prefecture 989-1253, Japan.
| | - Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Gasparini R, Lai PL, Casabona F, Trucchi C, Boccalini S, Cristina ML, Rossi S, Amicizia D, Panatto D. Do the omeprazole family compounds exert a protective effect against influenza-like illness? BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:297. [PMID: 24889553 PMCID: PMC4051147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections by influenza viruses place a heavy burden on public health and economies worldwide. Although vaccines are the best weapons against influenza, antiviral drugs could offer an opportunity to alleviate the burden of influenza. Since omeprazole family compounds block the "proton pump", we hypothesized that they could interfere with the mechanism of fusion of the virus envelope and endosomal membrane, thereby hindering the M2 proton pump mechanism of influenza viruses. METHODS A matched case-control study was performed in 2010-2011 in Italy. Cases were subjects aged over 18 years with a diagnosis of Influenza-like Illness (ILI); 254 case-control pairs were recruited. A multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between the prevention of ILI and the administration of omeprazole family compounds. The interaction between omeprazole family compounds and influenza vaccination was also examined. RESULTS After control for potential confounders, subjects treated with omeprazole family compounds displayed a lower risk of catching ILI (ORadj = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15-0.52). The risk of ILI in unvaccinated non-OFC users was about six times than that in vaccinated OFC users. CONCLUSIONS Although confirmation is necessary, these results suggest that omeprazole family compounds could be profitably used in the prevention of ILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gasparini
- Department of Health Sciences, Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Centre for Research on Influenza and other Transmitted Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Luigi Lai
- Department of Health Sciences, Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Centre for Research on Influenza and other Transmitted Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Trucchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Boccalini
- Department of Health Sciences, Florence University, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Rossi
- Inter-University Centre for Research on Influenza and other Transmitted Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Amicizia
- Department of Health Sciences, Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Centre for Research on Influenza and other Transmitted Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Donatella Panatto
- Department of Health Sciences, Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Centre for Research on Influenza and other Transmitted Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
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Yamaya M, Nadine L, Kubo H, Saito K, Saito R, Nishimura H. The effects of neuraminidase inhibitors on the release of oseltamivir-sensitive and oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses from primary cultures of human tracheal epithelium. J Med Virol 2014; 87:25-34. [PMID: 24838828 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Defining the effects of neuraminidase inhibitors on influenza virus infection may provide important information for the treatment of patients. The effects of neuraminidase inhibitors have been examined using various methods, including viral release from kidney cells. However, the effects of neuraminidase inhibitors on viral release from primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells, which retain functions of the original tissues, have not been studied. The effects of neuraminidase inhibitors on the replication of the pandemic influenza virus [A/Sendai-H/N0633/2009 (H1N1) pdm09] and the seasonal influenza virus [A/Sendai-H/216/2009 (H1N1)] that was isolated during the 2008-2009 season were examined. The virus stocks were generated by infecting tracheal cells with the pandemic or seasonal influenza virus. Four types of inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivir) reduced pandemic viral titers and concentrations of the cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in supernatants and viral RNA in cells. However, oseltamivir did not reduce seasonal viral titers, cytokine concentrations and viral RNA, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of oseltamivir for neuraminidase activity in the seasonal virus was 300-fold higher than that observed for the pandemic influenza virus. The seasonal influenza virus had an oseltamivir-resistant genotype. The magnitude of the IC50 values of the neuraminidase inhibitors for the seasonal influenza virus was inversely related to the magnitude of the inhibitory effects on viral release. These methods for measuring the release of virus and inflammatory cytokines from primary cultures of human tracheal epithelium may provide useful information regarding the effects of neuraminidase inhibitors on influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Hui DSC, Lee N. Adjunctive therapies and immunomodulating agents for severe influenza. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 7 Suppl 3:52-9. [PMID: 24215382 PMCID: PMC6492653 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The value of adjunctive immunomodulatory therapies in treating severe influenza and other respiratory viral infections remains uncertain. Although often used, systemic corticosteroids may increase the risk of mortality and morbidity (e.g. secondary infections) in severe influenza and other viral infections, especially if there is delay or lack of effective antiviral therapy. Non‐randomized studies suggest that convalescent plasma appears useful as add‐on therapy for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome, avian influenza A(H5N1), and influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic [A(H1N1)pdm09), but it is limited by its availability. A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing hyperimmune globulin prepared from convalescent plasma against normal intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIG) manufactured before 2009 as control in patients with severe A(H1N1)pdm09 infection on standard antiviral treatment has shown that the hyperimmune globulin group who received treatment within 5 days of symptom onset had a lower viral load and reduced mortality compared with the controls. A number of agents with immunomodulatory effects (e.g. acute use of statins, N‐acetylcysteine, macrolides, PPAR agonists, IVIG, celecoxib, mesalazine) have been proposed for influenza management. However, more animal and detailed human observational studies and preferably RCTs controlling for the effects of antiviral therapy and disease severity are needed for evaluating these agents. The role of plasmapheresis and hemoperfusion as rescue therapy also merits more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Prevention of influenza by targeting host receptors using engineered proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:6401-6. [PMID: 24733924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404205111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for new approaches for the control of influenza given the burden caused by annual seasonal outbreaks, the emergence of viruses with pandemic potential, and the development of resistance to current antiviral drugs. We show that multivalent biologics, engineered using carbohydrate-binding modules specific for sialic acid, mask the cell-surface receptor recognized by the influenza virus and protect mice from a lethal challenge with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. The most promising biologic protects mice when given as a single 1-μg intranasal dose 7 d in advance of viral challenge. There also is sufficient virus replication to establish an immune response, potentially protecting the animal from future exposure to the virus. Furthermore, the biologics appear to stimulate inflammatory mediators, and this stimulation may contribute to their protective ability. Our results suggest that this host-targeted approach could provide a front-line prophylactic that has the potential to protect against any current and future influenza virus and possibly against other respiratory pathogens that use sialic acid as a receptor.
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Tanaka A, Nakamura S, Seki M, Iwanaga N, Kajihara T, Kitano M, Homma T, Kurihara S, Imamura Y, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Kakeya H, Yanagihara K, Kohno S. The effect of intravenous peramivir, compared with oral oseltamivir, on the outcome of post-influenza pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Antivir Ther 2014; 20:11-9. [PMID: 24517996 DOI: 10.3851/imp2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal pneumonia often occurs secondary to influenza infection and accounts for a large proportion of the morbidity and mortality associated with seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks. Peramivir is a novel, intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor that exhibits potent antiviral activity against influenza A and B viruses. We investigated the efficacy of peramivir for modulating the severity of secondary pneumococcal pneumonia. METHODS CBA/JNCrlj mice, infected with influenza virus and superinfected with Streptococcus pneumoniae, were treated with either intravenous peramivir (single or multiple doses of 60 mg/kg/day) or oral oseltamivir at doses of 10 or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses. The survival rate, viable bacterial count and virus titre in the lungs, as well as cytokine/chemokine concentration and histopathological findings were compared between both groups. RESULTS The median duration of survival of coinfected mice was significantly prolonged by treatment with multiple doses of peramivir, relative to mice treated with oseltamivir at either dose. Viable bacterial counts and virus titres in the lungs were significantly reduced by intravenous peramivir treatment compared with no treatment or oral oseltamivir treatment. The production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was also significantly suppressed by multiple dosing of peramivir compared with oseltamivir. Increased survival appeared to be mediated by decreased inflammation, manifested as lower levels of inflammatory cells and proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs and less severe histopathological findings. The lungs of mice treated with multiple doses of peramivir showed mild inflammatory changes compared to oseltamivir. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that a multiple-dose regimen of intravenous peramivir was more efficacious than a single peramivir dose or multiple doses of oseltamivir for improving outcomes in pneumococcal pneumonia following influenza virus infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitaka Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Leucomycin A3, a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic, inhibits influenza A virus infection and disease progression. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 67:213-22. [PMID: 24496145 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Severe respiratory disease arising from influenza virus infection has a high fatality rate. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe influenza-induced pneumonia because extracellularly released MPO mediates the production of hypochlorous acid, a potent tissue injury factor. To search for candidate anti-influenza compounds, we screened leucomycin A3 (LM-A3), spiramycin (SPM), an erythromycin derivative (EM900, in which anti-bacterial activity has been eliminated), and clarithromycin (CAM), by analyzing their ability to inhibit MPO release in neutrophils from mice and humans. When each candidate was injected into mice infected with a lethal dose of A/H1N1 influenza virus (PR-8), LM-A3 produced the highest survival rate (80.9%). We found that LM-A3 induced beneficial effects on lung pathology and viral proliferation involved in the regulatory activity of MPO release, pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon-α production in the lung. SPM and EM900 also induced positive survival effects in the infected mice, whereas CAM did not. We further found that these compounds inhibit virus proliferation in human pneumonia epithelial A549 cells in vitro. LM-A3 showed effective action against influenza A virus infection with high anti-viral activity in human host cells, indicating the possibility that LM-A3 is a prospective lead compound for the development of a drug for human influenza. The positive survival effect induced by EM900 suggests that pharmacological architectures between anti-bacterial and anti-influenza virus activities can be dissociated in macrolide derivatives. These observations provide valuable evidence for the potential development of novel macrolide derivatives that have strong anti-viral but no anti-bacterial activity.
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Hui DS, Lee N, Chan PK. Adjunctive therapies and immunomodulatory agents in the management of severe influenza. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:410-6. [PMID: 23578727 PMCID: PMC7132367 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to neuraminidase inhibitors and other drugs that directly target viral replication, a number of adjunctive and immunomodulatory therapies are currently under evaluation for the treatment of influenza. These novel treatments, which focus either on pathophysiological aspects of influenza virus infection or the neutralization of virus with antibodies, are the subject of this review. Cytokine dysregulation has been observed in patients with severe influenza, such as avian influenza A (H5N1) and pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1pdm09) virus infections, but the role of immunomodulatory therapy is unclear, due to lack of data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Convalescent plasma appears to be useful as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of H5N1 and H1N1pdm09 infections. Until lately, data interpretation was limited to case reports and studies of non-randomized design, but a recent RCT found that patients with severe influenza A (H1N1pdm09) who were treated with hyperimmune immunoglobulin from persons who had survived the same disease had a lower peak viral load and lower mortality than controls, providing treatment was begun within 5 days of symptom onset. The efficacy of agents with potential immunomodulating effects, including intravenous immunoglobulin, N-acetylcysteine, acute use of statins, macrolides, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists, celecoxib and mesalazine, and the role of plasmapheresis and hemoperfusion as rescue therapy, deserve more investigation and where feasible, studies by RCTs. Prospective observational studies have shown that systemic corticosteroids increase morbidity (e.g., secondary infections) and mortality in H1N1pdm09 influenza. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Treatment of influenza: targeting the virus or the host."
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hui
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Peng YC, Ho SP, Shyu CL, Chang CS, Huang LR. Clarithromycin modulates Helicobacter pylori-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB through classical and alternative pathways in gastric epithelial cells. Clin Exp Med 2012; 14:53-9. [PMID: 23129507 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of gastric epithelial cells by Helicobacter pylori stimulates the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the upregulation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. Activation of NF-κB can occur through classical (p50/p65) and alternative (p52/RelB) pathways. The role of the bacterial cag pathogenicity island (PAI) in these events is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that the CagA protein is required for H. pylori-induced activation of NF-κB and upregulation of IL-8 expression, and for clarithromycin (CAM) to exert its molecular effects. Cultured KATO-III human gastric cancer cells were treated with extracts of H. pylori strains ATCC43504 (cag PAI(+)) and ATCC51932 (cag PAI(-)) for 24 h. NF-κB and phospho-IκB protein expression was then evaluated using western blotting. IL-8 mRNA expression was evaluated using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Following the separation of the proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteomes of the two bacterial extracts were compared using nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) analysis. Although the protein profiles of the two extracts differed, both extracts induced IκBα phosphorylation, upregulation of IL-8 expression, and NF-κB activation through classical and alternative pathways. In cells treated with either of the bacterial extracts, CAM inhibited H. pylori-induced activation of NF-κB and upregulation of IL-8 expression. These results suggested that CagA is not required for H. pylori-induced activation of NF-κB and upregulation of IL-8 expression in gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori-induced NF-κB signaling can occur through classical and alternative activation pathways, and that CAM inhibits these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Virus infection-induced bronchial asthma exacerbation. Pulm Med 2012; 2012:834826. [PMID: 22966430 PMCID: PMC3432542 DOI: 10.1155/2012/834826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with respiratory viruses, including rhinoviruses, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus, exacerbates asthma, which is associated with processes such as airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mucus hypersecretion. In patients with viral infections and with infection-induced asthma exacerbation, inflammatory mediators and substances, including interleukins (ILs), leukotrienes and histamine, have been identified in the airway secretions, serum, plasma, and urine. Viral infections induce an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airway mucosa and submucosa, including neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils. Viral infections also enhance the production of inflammatory mediators and substances in airway epithelial cells, mast cells, and other inflammatory cells, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, RANTES, histamine, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Viral infections affect the barrier function of the airway epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Recent reports have demonstrated augmented viral production mediated by an impaired interferon response in the airway epithelial cells of asthma patients. Several drugs used for the treatment of bronchial asthma reduce viral and pro-inflammatory cytokine release from airway epithelial cells infected with viruses. Here, I review the literature on the pathogenesis of the viral infection-induced exacerbation of asthma and on the modulation of viral infection-induced airway inflammation.
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Macrolide therapy in chronic inflammatory diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:636157. [PMID: 22969171 PMCID: PMC3432395 DOI: 10.1155/2012/636157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are a group of antibiotics with a distinctive macrocyclic lactone ring combined with sugars (cladinose, desosamine). The action of macrolides is to block protein synthesis by binding to the subunit of 50S ribosome of bacteria. Prototype macrolide was erythromycin, which came into clinical practice in the 50s of the 20th century. Its antimicrobial spectrum covers the scope of the penicillins but is extended to the impact of atypical bacteria. In the 90s more drugs of this group were synthesized—they have less severe side effects than erythromycin, extended spectrum of Gram-negative bacteria. Macrolides are effective in treating mycobacterial infections especially in patients infected with HIV. It is now known that in addition to antibacterial abilities, macrolides have immunomodulatory effects—they inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL1, 6, and 8) affect transcription factors (NF-κB) as well as costimulaton (CD 80) and adhesion molecules (ICAM). This review article focused not only on the their antimicrobial abilities but also on efficacy in the treatment of several inflammatory disorders independent of the infectious agent. Their wider use as immunomodulators requires further study, which can lead to an extension of indications for their administration.
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Oral clarithromycin enhances airway immunoglobulin A (IgA) immunity through induction of IgA class switching recombination and B-cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family molecule on mucosal dendritic cells in mice infected with influenza A virus. J Virol 2012; 86:10924-34. [PMID: 22896605 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01207-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin (CAM) enhanced the mucosal immune response in pediatric influenza, particularly in children treated with the antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir (OSV) with low production of mucosal antiviral secretory IgA (S-IgA). The aims of the present study were to confirm the effects of CAM on S-IgA immune responses, by using influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1-infected mice treated with or without OSV, and to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction of mucosal IgA class switching recombination in IAV-infected CAM-treated mice. The anti-IAV S-IgA responses and expression levels of IgA class switching recombination-associated molecules were examined in bronchus-lymphoid tissues and spleens of infected mice. We also assessed neutralization activities of S-IgA against IAV. Data show that CAM enhanced anti-IAV S-IgA induction in the airway of infected mice and restored the attenuated antiviral S-IgA levels in OSV-treated mice to the levels in the vehicle-treated mice. The expression levels of B-cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) molecule on mucosal dendritic cells as well as those of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and Iμ-Cα transcripts on B cells were enhanced by CAM, compared with the levels without CAM treatment, but CAM had no effect on the expression of the BAFF receptor on B cells. Enhancement by CAM of neutralization activities of airway S-IgA against IAV in vitro and reinfected mice was observed. This study identifies that CAM enhances S-IgA production and neutralizing activities through the induction of IgA class switching recombination and upregulation of BAFF molecules in mucosal dendritic cells in IAV-infected mice.
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Macrolide therapy in respiratory viral infections. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:649570. [PMID: 22719178 PMCID: PMC3375106 DOI: 10.1155/2012/649570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrolides have received considerable attention for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions beyond the antibacterial effect. These two properties may ensure some efficacy in a wide spectrum of respiratory viral infections. We aimed to summarize the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in a range of respiratory viral infection. METHODS A search of electronic journal articles through PubMed was performed using combinations of the following keywords including macrolides and respiratory viral infection. RESULTS Both in vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence of their efficacy in respiratory viral infections including rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus. Much data showed that macrolides reduced viral titers of RV ICAM-1, which is the receptor for RV, and RV infection-induced cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Macrolides also reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines which were induced by RSV infection, viral titers, RNA of RSV replication, and the susceptibility to RSV infection partly through the reduced expression of activated RhoA which is an RSV receptor. Similar effects of macrolides on the influenza virus infection and augmentation of the IL-12 by macrolides which is essential in reducing virus yield were revealed. CONCLUSION This paper provides an overview on the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in various respiratory diseases.
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