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Kryst J, Majcher-Maślanka I, Chocyk A. Effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in adolescent rodents - systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:920-946. [PMID: 36151445 PMCID: PMC9584991 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Drugs prescribed for psychiatric disorders in adolescence should be studied very extensively since they can affect developing and thus highly plastic brain differently than they affect the adult brain. Therefore, we aimed to summarize animal studies reporting the behavioral consequences of chronic exposure to the most widely prescribed antidepressant drug among adolescents i.e., fluoxetine. Methods Electronic databases (Medline via Pubmed, Web of Science Core Collection, ScienceDirect) were systematically searched until April 12, 2022, for published, peer-reviewed, controlled trials concerning the effects of chronic fluoxetine administration vs. vehicle on anxiety and depression measures in naïve and stress-exposed adolescent rodents. All of the relevant studies were selected and critically appraised, and a meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed. Results A total of 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. In naïve animals, chronic adolescent fluoxetine administration showed dose-related anxiogenic-like effects, measured as a reduction in time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. No significant effects of chronic adolescent fluoxetine on depression-like behavior were reported in naïve animals, while in stress-exposed rodents chronic adolescent fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility time in the forced swim test compared to vehicle. Conclusions These results suggest that although chronic fluoxetine treatment proves positive effects in animal models of depression, it may simultaneously increase anxiety in adolescent animals in a dose-related manner. Although the clinical implications of the data should be interpreted with extreme caution, adolescent patients under fluoxetine treatment should be closely monitored. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43440-022-00420-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kryst
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Institute for Basics Sciences, University of Physical Education, Jana Pawła II Av. 78, 31-571, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Majcher-Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chocyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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2
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Understanding the effects of chronic benzodiazepine use in depression: a focus on neuropharmacology. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:243-253. [PMID: 32459725 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are frequently prescribed on an ongoing basis to individuals with depression, mainly to alleviate anxiety or insomnia, despite current guideline recommendations that continuous use should not exceed 4 weeks. Currently, there are no efficacy trials published beyond 8 weeks. Several antidepressant trials demonstrate that the concomitant use of a benzodiazepine is associated with poorer depressive outcomes and functional status; however, it is unclear why this is the case. Patients with depression receiving a benzodiazepine may reflect a more ill or high anxiety group, although even within anxiety disorders, the use of a benzodiazepine is associated with poorer outcomes. The neuroadaptive consequences of long-term benzodiazepine use may be a factor underlying these findings. Chronic benzodiazepine use results in decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid and monoaminergic function, as well as interference with neurogenesis, which are all purported to play a role in antidepressant efficacy. This review will discuss the oppositional neuropharmacological interactions between chronic benzodiazepine use and antidepressant mechanism of action, which could result in reduced antidepressant efficacy and function in depression.
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3
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Do antidepressants promote neurogenesis in adult hippocampus? A systematic review and meta-analysis on naive rodents. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Andrabi M, Andrabi MM, Kunjunni R, Sriwastva MK, Bose S, Sagar R, Srivastava AK, Mathur R, Jain S, Subbiah V. Lithium acts to modulate abnormalities at behavioral, cellular, and molecular levels in sleep deprivation-induced mania-like behavior. Bipolar Disord 2020; 22:266-280. [PMID: 31535429 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ample amount of data suggests role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation as the cause and effect of mania. Studies have also suggested disrupted circadian rhythms contributing to the pathophysiology of mood disorders, including bipolar disorder. However, studies pertaining to circadian genes and effect of lithium treatment on clock genes are scant. Thus, we wanted to determine the effects of REM sleep deprivation on expression of core clock genes and determine whether epigenetics is involved. Next, we wanted to explore ultrastructural abnormalities in the hippocampus. Moreover, we were interested to determine oxidative stress, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the central and peripheral systems. METHODS Rats were sleep deprived by the flower pot method and were then analyzed for various behaviors and biochemical tests. Lithium was supplemented in diet. RESULTS We found that REM sleep deprivation resulted in hyperactivity, reduction in anxiety-like behavior, and abnormal dyadic social interaction. Some of these behaviors were sensitive to lithium. REM sleep deprivation also altered circadian gene expression and caused significant imbalance between histone acetyl transferase/histone deacetylase (HAT/HDAC) activity. Ultrastructural analysis revealed various cellular abnormalities. Lipid peroxidation and increased TNF-α levels suggested oxidative stress and ongoing inflammation. Circadian clock genes were differentially modulated with lithium treatment and HAT/HDAC imbalance was partially prevented. Moreover, lithium treatment prevented myelin fragmentation, disrupted vasculature, necrosis, inflammation, and lipid peroxidation, and partially prevented mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest plethora of abnormalities in the brain following REM sleep deprivation, many of these changes in the brain may be target of lithium's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutahar Andrabi
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Remesh Kunjunni
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Sriwastva
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Samrat Bose
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rashmi Mathur
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivekanandhan Subbiah
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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5
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Wesołowska A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Cios A, Partyka A. The preclinical discovery and development of paliperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:279-292. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1682994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wesołowska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Cios
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kraków, Poland
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Kin K, Yasuhara T, Kawauchi S, Kameda M, Hosomoto K, Tomita Y, Umakoshi M, Kuwahara K, Kin I, Kidani N, Morimoto J, Sasaki T, Date I. Lithium counteracts depressive behavior and augments the treatment effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in treatment-resistant depressed rats. Brain Res 2019; 1717:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Snitow ME, Zanni G, Ciesielski B, Burgess-Jones P, Eisch AJ, O'Brien WT, Klein PS. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not necessary for the response to lithium in the forced swim test. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:67-72. [PMID: 30940476 PMCID: PMC6594907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lithium treatment stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but whether increased neurogenesis contributes to its therapeutic mechanism remains unclear. We use a genetic model of neural progenitor cell (NPC) ablation to test whether a lithium-sensitive behavior requires hippocampal neurogenesis. NPC-ablated mice were treated with lithium and assessed in the forced swim test (FST). Lithium reduced time immobile in the FST in NPC-ablated and control mice but had no effect on activity in the open field, a control for the locomotion-based FST. These findings show that hippocampal NPCs that proliferate in response to chronic lithium are not necessary for the behavioral response to lithium in the FST. We further show that 4-6 week old immature hippocampal neurons are not required for this response. These data suggest that increased hippocampal neurogenesis does not contribute to the response to lithium in the forced swim test and may not be an essential component of its therapeutic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E Snitow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Giulia Zanni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brianna Ciesielski
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pamela Burgess-Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amelia J Eisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W Timothy O'Brien
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Peter S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Depression and adult neurogenesis: Positive effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine and of physical exercise. Brain Res Bull 2018; 143:181-193. [PMID: 30236533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Of wide interest for health is the relation existing between depression, a very common psychological illness, accompanied by anxiety and reduced ability to concentrate, and adult neurogenesis. We will focus on two neurogenic stimuli, fluoxetine and physical exercise, both endowed with the ability to activate adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, known to be required for learning and memory, and both able to counteract depression. Fluoxetine belongs to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, which represent the most used pharmacological therapy; physical exercise has also been shown to effectively counteract depression symptoms in rodents as well as in humans. While there is evidence that the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine requires its pro-neurogenic action, exerted by promoting proliferation, differentiation and survival of progenitor cells of the hippocampus, on the other hand fluoxetine exerts also neurogenesis-independent antidepressant effects by influencing the plasticity of the new neurons generated. Similarly, the antidepressant action of running also correlates with an increase of hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity, although the gene pathways involved are only partially coincident with those of fluoxetine, such as those involved in serotonin metabolism and synapse formation. We further discuss how extra-neurogenic actions are also suggested by the fact that, unlike running, fluoxetine is unable to stimulate neurogenesis during aging, but still displays antidepressant effects. Moreover, in specific conditions, fluoxetine or running activate not only progenitor but also stem cells, which normally are not stimulated; this fact reveals how stem cells have a long-term, hidden ability to self-renew and, more generally, that neurogenesis is subject to complex controls that may play a role in depression, such as the type of neurogenic stimulus or the state of the local niche. Finally, we discuss how fluoxetine or running are effective in counteracting depression originated from stress or neurodegenerative diseases.
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The observed alteration in BCL2 expression following lithium treatment is influenced by the choice of normalization method. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6399. [PMID: 29686228 PMCID: PMC5913222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of B-cell CLL/lymphoma (BCL)2 expression following lithium treatment is seemingly well established and has been related to the neuroprotective property of the drug. However, while demonstrated by some (but not all) studies based on low-throughput techniques (e.g. qPCR) this effect is not reflected in high-throughput studies, such as microarrays and RNAseq. This manuscript presents a systematic review of currently available reports of lithium's effect on BCL2 expression. To our surprise, we found that the majority of the literature does not support the effect of lithium on BCL2 transcript or protein levels. Moreover, among the positive reports, several used therapeutically irrelevant lithium doses while others lack statistical power. We also noticed that numerous low-throughput studies normalized the signal using genes/proteins affected by lithium, imposing possible bias. Using wet bench experiments and reanalysis of publicly available microarray data, here we show that the reference gene chosen for normalization critically impacts the outcome of qPCR analyses of lithium's effect on BCL2 expression. Our findings suggest that experimental results might be severely affected by the choice of normalizing genes, and emphasize the need to re-evaluate stability of these genes in the context of the specific experimental conditions.
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10
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Kafantaris V, Spritzer L, Doshi V, Saito E, Szeszko PR. Changes in white matter microstructure predict lithium response in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19:587-594. [PMID: 28992395 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether response to lithium treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder can be predicted by changes in white matter microstructure in key cortico-limbic tracts involved in emotion regulation. METHODS Eighteen clinically referred lithium-naive patients (mean age 15.5 years) were administered clinical rating scales and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) examinations at baseline and following 4 weeks of lithium treatment. Clinical ratings were repeated following 8 weeks of treatment. Patients with Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) ratings of 1 ("very much improved") or 2 ("much improved") were classified as responders. Ten healthy volunteers received baseline and follow-up DTI examinations. Using the ENIGMA pipeline, we investigated the relationship between changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the cingulum hippocampus (CGH) and clinical response to lithium. RESULTS Patients demonstrated significantly lower FA compared to healthy volunteers in the left and right CGH white matter at baseline. Following 4 weeks of lithium treatment, FA in the left CGH increased in patients, but no significant changes in FA were observed among the untreated healthy volunteers. Lithium responders had a significantly greater increase in FA compared to non-responders. Moreover, baseline (pre-treatment) FA in the left CGH white matter significantly predicted week 8 overall CGI severity score, with post hoc analyses indicating that these effects were evident for both severity of depression and mania. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that response to lithium treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder is associated with normalization of white matter microstructure in regions associated with emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Kafantaris
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience of The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research of Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Linda Spritzer
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience of The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research of Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Vishal Doshi
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Ema Saito
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Philip R Szeszko
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is prevalent. Although standards antidepressants are more effective than placebo, up to 35% of patients do not respond to 4 or more conventional treatments and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Considerable effort has been devoted to trying to find effective treatments for TRD. This review focuses on vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), approved for TRD in 2005 by the Food and Drugs Administration. Stimulation is carried by bipolar electrodes on the left cervical vagus nerve, which are attached to an implanted stimulator generator. The vagus bundle contains about 80% of afferent fibers terminating in the medulla, from which there are projections to many areas of brain, including the limbic forebrain. Various types of brain imaging studies reveal widespread functional effects in brain after either acute or chronic VNS. Although more randomized control trials of VNS need to be carried out before a definitive conclusion can be reached about its efficacy, the results of open studies, carried out over period of 1 to 2 years, show much more efficacy when compared with results from treatment as usual studies. There is an increase in clinical response to VNS between 3 and 12 months, which is quite different from that seen with standard antidepressant treatment of MDD. Preclinically, VNS affects many of the same brain areas, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine) and signal transduction mechanisms (brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B) as those found with traditional antidepressants. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which VNS benefits patients nonresponsive to conventional antidepressants is unclear, with further research needed to clarify this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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12
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Dygalo NN, Bannova AV, Sukhareva EV, Shishkina GT, Ayriyants KA, Kalinina TS. Effects of short-term exposure to lithium on antiapoptotic Bcl-xL protein expression in cortex and hippocampus of rats after acute stress. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:345-350. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gelfo F, Cutuli D, Nobili A, De Bartolo P, D’Amelio M, Petrosini L, Caltagirone C. Chronic Lithium Treatment in a Rat Model of Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Depletion: Effects on Memory Impairment and Neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 56:1505-1518. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola De Bartolo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of TECOS, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D’Amelio
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Schaeffer EL, Catanozi S, West MJ, Gattaz WF. Stereological investigation of the CA1 pyramidal cell layer in untreated and lithium-treated 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice. Ann Anat 2017; 209:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jope RS, Nemeroff CB. Lithium to the Rescue. CEREBRUM : THE DANA FORUM ON BRAIN SCIENCE 2016; 2016:cer-02-16. [PMID: 27408673 PMCID: PMC4938258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lithium, an element that Mother Nature has put in some drinking water sources, has been used for its curative powers for centuries. Today, it's given in capsule form as a mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder and depression. New research, however, reveals its role as a neuroprotector, and suggests that a better understanding of the role enzymes modulated by lithium play could lead to new treatments for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Current Neurogenic and Neuroprotective Strategies to Prevent and Treat Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:404-22. [PMID: 26374113 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The adult central nervous system is commonly known to have a very limited regenerative capacity. The presence of functional stem cells in the brain can therefore be seen as a paradox, since in other organs these are known to counterbalance cell loss derived from pathological conditions. This fact has therefore raised the possibility to stimulate neural stem cell differentiation and proliferation or survival by either stem cell replacement therapy or direct administration of neurotrophic factors or other proneurogenic molecules, which in turn has also originated regenerative medicine for the treatment of otherwise incurable neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders that take a huge toll on society. This may be facilitated by the fact that many of these disorders converge on similar pathophysiological pathways: excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial failure, excessive intracellular calcium and apoptosis. This review will therefore focus on the most promising achievements in promoting neuroprotection and neuroregeneration reported to date.
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Zhu D, Zhang J, Wu J, Li G, Yao W, Hao J, Sun J. Paliperidone Protects SH-SY5Y Cells Against MK-801-Induced Neuronal Damage Through Inhibition of Ca(2+) Influx and Regulation of SIRT1/miR-134 Signal Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2498-509. [PMID: 26055227 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious psychotic disease. Recently, increasing evidences support that neurodegeneration occurs in the brain of schizophrenia patients with progressive morphological changes. Paliperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug, could attenuate psychotic symptom and protect neurons from different stressors. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we used SH-SY5Y cells to evaluate the neuroprotective capability of paliperidone against the neurotoxicity induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801. And, we also explored the possible molecular mechanism. Neurotoxicity of 100 μM MK-801, which reduced the cell viability, was diminished by 100 μM paliperidone using MTT and LDH assays (both p < 0.05). Analysis with Hoechst 33342/PI double staining demonstrated that exposure to MK-801 (100 μM) for 24 h led to the death of 30 % of cultured cells (p < 0.05). Moreover, the patch clamp technique was employed to detect voltage calcium channel changes; the results showed that paliperidone effectively blocked the Ca(2+) influx through inhibiting the voltage-gated calcium channels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, paliperidone significantly reversed MK-801 induced increase of SIRT1 and decrease of miR-134 expression (both p < 0.05). Finally, SIRT1 inhibitor nicotinamide blocked MK-801 injury effects and suppressed miR-134 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrated that paliperidone could protect SH-SY5Y cells against MK-801 induced neurotoxicity via inhibition of Ca(2+) influx and regulation of SIRT1/miR-134 pathway, providing a promising and potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiao Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibao Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Liechti FD, Grandgirard D, Leib SL. The antidepressant fluoxetine protects the hippocampus from brain damage in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Neuroscience 2015; 297:89-94. [PMID: 25839149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mortality and morbidity rates are observed in patients with bacterial meningitis (BM) and urge for new adjuvant treatments in addition to standard antibiotic therapies. In BM the hippocampal dentate gyrus is injured by apoptosis while in cortical areas ischemic necrosis occurs. Experimental therapies aimed at reducing the inflammatory response and brain damage have successfully been evaluated in animal models of BM. Fluoxetine (FLX) is an anti-depressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and was previously shown to be neuroprotective in vitro and in vivo. We therefore assessed the neuroprotective effect of FLX in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. METHODS Infant rats were infected intracisternally with live Streptococcus pneumoniae. Intraperitoneal treatment with FLX (10mgkg(-1)d(-1)) or an equal volume of NaCl was initiated 15min later. 18, 27, and 42h after infection, the animals were clinically (weight, clinical score, mortality) evaluated and subject to a cisternal puncture and inflammatory parameters (i.e., cyto-/chemokines, myeloperoxidase activity, matrix metalloproteinase concentrations) were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. At 42h after infection, animals were sacrificed and the brains collected for histomorphometrical analysis of brain damage. RESULTS A significant lower number of animals treated with FLX showed relevant hippocampal apoptosis when compared to littermates (9/19 animals vs 18/23, P=0.038). A trend for less damage in cortical areas was observed in FLX-treated animals compared to controls (13/19 vs 13/23, P=ns). Clinical and inflammatory parameters were not affected by FLX treatment. CONCLUSION A significant neuroprotective effect of FLX on the hippocampus was observed in acute pneumococcal meningitis in infant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Liechti
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - D Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - S L Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, Spiez CH-3700, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Three theories of regeneration dominate neuroscience today, all purporting to explain why the adult central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate. One theory proposes that Nogo, a molecule expressed by myelin, prevents axonal growth. The second theory emphasizes the role of glial scars. The third theory proposes that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) prevent axon growth. Blockade of Nogo, CSPG, and their receptors indeed can stop axon growth in vitro and improve functional recovery in animal spinal cord injury (SCI) models. These therapies also increase sprouting of surviving axons and plasticity. However, many investigators have reported regenerating spinal tracts without eliminating Nogo, glial scar, or CSPG. For example, many motor and sensory axons grow spontaneously in contused spinal cords, crossing gliotic tissue and white matter surrounding the injury site. Sensory axons grow long distances in injured dorsal columns after peripheral nerve lesions. Cell transplants and treatments that increase cAMP and neurotrophins stimulate motor and sensory axons to cross glial scars and to grow long distances in white matter. Genetic studies deleting all members of the Nogo family and even the Nogo receptor do not always improve regeneration in mice. A recent study reported that suppressing the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene promotes prolific corticospinal tract regeneration. These findings cannot be explained by the current theories proposing that Nogo and glial scars prevent regeneration. Spinal axons clearly can and will grow through glial scars and Nogo-expressing tissue under some circumstances. The observation that deleting PTEN allows corticospinal tract regeneration indicates that the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway regulates axonal growth. Finally, many other factors stimulate spinal axonal growth, including conditioning lesions, cAMP, glycogen synthetase kinase inhibition, and neurotrophins. To explain these disparate regenerative phenomena, I propose that the spinal cord has evolved regenerative mechanisms that are normally suppressed by multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors but can be activated by injury, mediated by the PTEN/AKT/mTOR, cAMP, and GSK3b pathways, to stimulate neural growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Liechti FD, Stüdle N, Theurillat R, Grandgirard D, Thormann W, Leib SL. The mood-stabilizer lithium prevents hippocampal apoptosis and improves spatial memory in experimental meningitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113607. [PMID: 25409333 PMCID: PMC4237452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Brain damage caused by this disease is characterized by apoptosis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, a morphological correlate of learning deficits in experimental paradigms. The mood stabilizer lithium has previously been found to attenuate brain damage in ischemic and inflammatory diseases of the brain. An infant rat model of pneumococcal meningitis was used to investigate the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential of lithium. To assess an effect on the acute disease, LiCl was administered starting five days prior to intracisternal infection with live Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clinical parameters were recorded, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was sampled, and the animals were sacrificed 42 hours after infection to harvest the brain and serum. Cryosections of the brains were stained for Nissl substance to quantify brain injury. Hippocampal gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and BDNF was analyzed. Lithium concentrations were measured in serum and CSF. The effect of chronic lithium treatment on spatial memory function and cell survival in the dentate gyrus was evaluated in a Morris water maze and by quantification of BrdU incorporation after LiCl treatment during 3 weeks following infection. In the hippocampus, LiCl significantly reduced apoptosis and gene expression of Bax and p53 while it increased expression of Bcl-2. IL-10, MCP-1, and TNF were significantly increased in animals treated with LiCl compared to NaCl. Chronic LiCl treatment improved spatial memory in infected animals. The mood stabilizer lithium may thus be a therapeutic alternative to attenuate neurofunctional deficits as a result of pneumococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian D. Liechti
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Stüdle
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Regula Theurillat
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Further evidence for the role of interferon-gamma on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors: involvement of hippocampal neurogenesis and NGF production. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:100-5. [PMID: 24993299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of evidence suggests that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays an important role in central nervous system (CNS) functions. However, previous studies have obtained inconsistent results regarding the role of IFN-γ in modulating emotion-related behaviors. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavioral profile of IFN-γ knockout (K.O.) mice in models of anxiety and depression. Male C57Bl6 wild type (WT) or IFN-γ K.O. mice were submitted to the following tests: contextual fear conditioning (CFC), elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF) and forced swimming test (FST). To explore the possible neurobiological mechanisms involved, we also assessed hippocampal neurogenesis by means of hippocampal doublecortin expression, and the levels of brain-derived neurothophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Our results suggested that IFN-γ K.O. mice exhibited an anxiogenic profile in CFC, EPM and OF tests. In FST, the K.O. group spent more time immobile than the WT group. The number of doublecortin positive cells was reduced in the dentate gyrus, and the expression of NGF was down regulated in the prefrontal cortex of IFN-γ K.O. mice. Our results suggest that IFN-γ is involved in CNS plasticity, contributing to the modulation of anxiety and depressive states.
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Yang W, Yan Z, Hongjing Z, Dexiang L, Zengxun L, Xiaojing C, Yi L, Jichao J, Jintong L, Fang P. The toxic effect of lithium ion on neurons (PC12 cells) and Aβ42 molecules. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 159:410-5. [PMID: 24736976 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the neurotoxicity of Li ion and its effect on the morphologies of Aβ42 molecules were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, fluorescence (FL), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. MTT assays show that Li ion with a dosage level lower than 50 mg/l did not show detectable cytotoxicity on pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells whereas a dosage level higher than 100 mg/l resulted in significant cytotoxicity. The interaction between Aβ42 and Li ion occurs, and the quenching effect of Li ion on the fluorescence emission of AΒ42 is found to be concentration dependent, suggesting that Li ion can bind to the Aβ42 molecules. CD results suggest that a more incompact conformation state will be adopted upon the interaction between Aβ42 and Li ion. According to AFM images, Li ion could induce the formation of the fibrils after incubation for 3 or 5 days. The formation of the oligomer and fibrils originates from the strong interactions between Aβ42 and Li ion. Li ion could accelerate the random coil Aβ42 monomers aggregating into the β-sheet fibrils, which would induce the neurotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Plastic changes in the spinal cord in motor neuron disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:670756. [PMID: 24829911 PMCID: PMC4009217 DOI: 10.1155/2014/670756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we analyze the cell number within lamina X at the end stage of disease in a G93A mouse model of ALS; the effects induced by lithium; the stem-cell like phenotype of lamina X cells during ALS; the differentiation of these cells towards either a glial or neuronal phenotype. In summary we found that G93A mouse model of ALS produces an increase in lamina X cells which is further augmented by lithium administration. In the absence of lithium these nestin positive stem-like cells preferentially differentiate into glia (GFAP positive), while in the presence of lithium these cells differentiate towards a neuron-like phenotype (βIII-tubulin, NeuN, and calbindin-D28K positive). These effects of lithium are observed concomitantly with attenuation in disease progression and are reminiscent of neurogenetic effects induced by lithium in the subependymal ventricular zone of the hippocampus.
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Schaeffer EL, Cerulli FG, Souza HOX, Catanozi S, Gattaz WF. Synergistic and additive effects of enriched environment and lithium on the generation of new cells in adult mouse hippocampus. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:695-706. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Voss MW, Vivar C, Kramer AF, van Praag H. Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17:525-44. [PMID: 24029446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms through which exercise protects and restores the brain. In this feature review, we integrate animal and human research, examining physical activity effects across multiple levels of description (neurons up to inter-regional pathways). We evaluate the influence of exercise on hippocampal structure and function, addressing common themes such as spatial memory and pattern separation, brain structure and plasticity, neurotrophic factors, and vasculature. Areas of research focused more within species, such as hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents, also provide crucial insight into the protective role of physical activity. Overall, converging evidence suggests exercise benefits brain function and cognition across the mammalian lifespan, which may translate into reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W Voss
- Department of Psychology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Aging Mind and Brain Initiative (AMBI), The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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26
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Neural plasticity and proliferation in the generation of antidepressant effects: hippocampal implication. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:537265. [PMID: 23862076 PMCID: PMC3703717 DOI: 10.1155/2013/537265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that changes underlying depression and antidepressant-like effects involve not only alterations in the levels of neurotransmitters as monoamines and their receptors in the brain, but also structural and functional changes far beyond. During the last two decades, emerging theories are providing new explanations about the neurobiology of depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant strategies based on cellular changes at the CNS level. The neurotrophic/plasticity hypothesis of depression, proposed more than a decade ago, is now supported by multiple basic and clinical studies focused on the role of intracellular-signalling cascades that govern neural proliferation and plasticity. Herein, we review the state-of-the-art of the changes in these signalling pathways which appear to underlie both depressive disorders and antidepressant actions. We will especially focus on the hippocampal cellularity and plasticity modulation by serotonin, trophic factors as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through intracellular signalling pathways—cAMP, Wnt/β-catenin, and mTOR. Connecting the classic monoaminergic hypothesis with proliferation/neuroplasticity-related evidence is an appealing and comprehensive attempt for improving our knowledge about the neurobiological events leading to depression and associated to antidepressant therapies.
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Tanti A, Belzung C. Hippocampal neurogenesis: a biomarker for depression or antidepressant effects? Methodological considerations and perspectives for future research. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:203-19. [PMID: 23595256 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Whereas animal models of depression are associated with decreased adult hippocampal neurogenesis, antidepressant treatments, including pharmacotherapy but also electroconvulsive therapy, have the opposite action, as they stimulate cell proliferation and the survival and maturation of newborn dentate gyrus neurons. Although the lack of these new cells is not causally involved in depression, as their absence does not trigger a depressive-episode per se, their loss has been shown to be causally involved in the ability of chronic monoaminergic antidepressants to achieve remission. However, the process by which the stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis can elicit recovery after a depressive-like episode is poorly understood. The accepted view is that hippocampal newborn neurons integrate into the hippocampal network and thus participate in hippocampal cognitive functions crucial for remission. The hippocampus is associated with a wide range of such functions, including spatial navigation, pattern separation, encoding of new contextual information, emotional behavior and control over the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The present review aims at discussing each of these functions and tries to identify the process by which newborn cells participate in remission after successful therapy. Finally, future directions are proposed for a better understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tanti
- UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais & INSERM 930, Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France,
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Sakata K, Mastin JR, Duke SM, Vail MG, Overacre AE, Dong BE, Jha S. Effects of antidepressant treatment on mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression through promoter IV. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1863-74. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Sakata
- Department of Pharmacology/Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 874 Union Avenue, Room 430; Memphis; TN; 38163; USA
| | - Joshua R. Mastin
- Department of Pharmacology/Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 874 Union Avenue, Room 430; Memphis; TN; 38163; USA
| | - Sean M. Duke
- Department of Pharmacology/Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 874 Union Avenue, Room 430; Memphis; TN; 38163; USA
| | - Meghan G. Vail
- Department of Pharmacology/Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 874 Union Avenue, Room 430; Memphis; TN; 38163; USA
| | - Abigail E. Overacre
- Department of Pharmacology/Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 874 Union Avenue, Room 430; Memphis; TN; 38163; USA
| | - Brittany E. Dong
- Department of Pharmacology/Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 874 Union Avenue, Room 430; Memphis; TN; 38163; USA
| | - Shanker Jha
- Department of Pharmacology/Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 874 Union Avenue, Room 430; Memphis; TN; 38163; USA
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O’Leary O, Zandy S, Dinan T, Cryan J. Lithium augmentation of the effects of desipramine in a mouse model of treatment-resistant depression: A role for hippocampal cell proliferation. Neuroscience 2013; 228:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Felice D, O'Leary OF, Pizzo RC, Cryan JF. Blockade of the GABAB receptor increases neurogenesis in the ventral but not dorsal adult hippocampus: Relevance to antidepressant action. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1380-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The genetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:375-400. [PMID: 22944042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most widely prescribed drugs in psychiatry. Based on the fact that SSRIs increase extracellular monoamine levels in the brain, the monoamine hypothesis of depression was introduced, postulating that depression is associated with too low serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline levels. However, several lines of evidence indicate that this hypothesis is too simplistic and that depression and the efficacy of SSRIs are dependent on neuroplastic changes mediated by changes in gene expression. Because a coherent view on global gene expression is lacking, we aim to provide an overview of the effects of SSRI treatment on the final targets of 5-HT receptor signal transduction pathways, namely the transcriptional regulation of genes. We address gene polymorphisms in humans that affect SSRI efficacy, as well as in vitro studies employing human-derived cells. We also discuss the molecular targets affected by SSRIs in animal models, both in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that serotonin transporter gene variation in humans affects the efficacy and side-effects of SSRIs, whereas SSRIs generally do not affect serotonin transporter gene expression in animals. Instead, SSRIs alter mRNA levels of genes encoding serotonin receptors, components of non-serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, neurotrophic factors, hypothalamic hormones and inflammatory factors. So far little is known about the epigenetic and age-dependent molecular effects of SSRIs, which might give more insights in the working mechanism(s) of SSRIs.
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Lauterbach EC. Psychotropic drug effects on gene transcriptomics relevant to Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:107-15. [PMID: 22507762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychotropic drugs are widely prescribed in Parkinson's disease (PD) without regard to their pathobiological effects, and these drugs affect the transcription of a large number of genes. Effects of these drugs on PD risk gene transcription were therefore surveyed. METHODS Results summarize a comprehensive survey of psychotropic effects on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression evident in published data for 70 genes linked to PD risk. RESULTS Psychotropic drugs can meaningfully affect PD risk gene mRNA transcription, including antipsychotics (upregulate dopamine receptors D2 and D3 (DRD2, DRD3); downregulate low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (UCHL1, also known as PARK5)), haloperidol (upregulates DRD3, parkin (PRKN, also known as PARK2), DRD2; downregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)), risperidone (upregulates monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), DRD2), olanzapine (upregulates transmembrane protein 163 (TMEM163), BDNF, glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), MAOB, DRD2, solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 3A1 (SLCO3A1)), aripiprazole (upregulates DRD2), quetiapine, paliperidone, lurasidone, carbamazepine, and many antidepressants (upregulate BDNF), lithium and bupropion (downregulate BDNF), amitriptyline (upregulates DRD3, DRD2), imipramine (upregulates BDNF, DRD3, DRD2), desipramine (upregulates BDNF, DRD3), and fluoxetine (upregulates acid beta-glucosidase (GBA), coiled-coil domain containing 62 (CCDC62), BDNF, DRD3, UCHL1, unc-13 homolog B (UNC13B), and perhaps huntingtin interacting protein 1 related (HIP1R); downregulates microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), methylcrotonoyl-coenzyme A carboxylase I (MCCC1), GSTM1, 28kDa calbindin 1 (CALB1)). Fluoxetine effects on BDNF and UCHL1 in GEO Profiles were statistically robust. CONCLUSIONS This report provides an initial summary and framework to understand the potential impact of psychotropic drugs on PD-relevant genes. Antipsychotics and serotoninergic antidepressants may potentially attenuate PD risk, and lithium and bupropion may augment risk, through MAPT, GBA, CCDC62, HIP1R, BDNF, and DRD2 transcription, with MAPT, GBA, and CCDC62 being strongly associated with PD risk in recent meta-analyses. Limitations of these findings and a research agenda to better relate them to the nigrostriatum and PD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Lauterbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31201, USA.
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Kim HJ, Jin CY. Stem cells in drug screening for neurodegenerative disease. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:1-9. [PMID: 22416213 PMCID: PMC3298819 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Because the average human life span has recently increased, the number of patients who are diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases has escalated. Recent advances in stem cell research have given us access to unlimited numbers of multi-potent or pluripotent cells for screening for new drugs for neurodegenerative diseases. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are a good model with which to screen effective drugs that increase neurogenesis. Recent technologies for human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can provide human cells that harbour specific neurodegenerative disease. This article discusses the use of NSCs, ESCs and iPSCs for neurodegenerative drug screening and toxicity evaluation. In addition, we introduce drugs or natural products that are recently identified to affect the stem cell fate to generate neurons or glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Valvezan AJ, Klein PS. GSK-3 and Wnt Signaling in Neurogenesis and Bipolar Disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:1. [PMID: 22319467 PMCID: PMC3268224 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is critical for development of the mammalian central nervous system and regulates diverse processes throughout adulthood, including adult neurogenesis. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) antagonizes the canonical Wnt pathway and therefore also plays a central role in neural development and adult neurogenesis. Lithium, the first line of therapy for bipolar disorder, inhibits GSK-3, activates Wnt signaling and stimulates adult neurogenesis, which may be important for its therapeutic effects. GSK-3 also regulates other critical signaling pathways which may contribute to the therapeutic effects of lithium, including growth factor/neurotrophin signaling downstream of Akt. Here we will review the roles of GSK-3 in CNS development and adult neurogenesis, with a focus on the canonical Wnt pathway. We will also discuss the validation of GSK-3 as the relevant target of lithium and the mechanisms downstream of GSK-3 that influence mammalian behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Valvezan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Catches JS, Xu J, Contractor A. Genetic ablation of the GluK4 kainate receptor subunit causes anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 228:406-14. [PMID: 22203159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear link between dysregulation of glutamatergic signaling and mood disorders. Genetic variants in the glutamate receptor gene GRIK4, which encodes the kainate receptor subunit GluK4, alter the susceptibility for depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Here we demonstrate that Grik4(-/-) mice have reduced anxiety and an antidepressant-like phenotype. In the elevated zero-maze, a test for anxiety and risk taking behavior, Grik4(-/-) mice spent significantly more time exploring the open areas of the maze. In anxiogenic tests of marble-burying and novelty-induced suppression of feeding, anxiety-like behavior was consistently reduced in knockout animals. In the forced swim test, a test of learned helplessness that is used to determine depression-like behavior, knockout mice demonstrated significantly less immobility suggesting that Grik4 ablation has an antidepressant-like effect. Finally, in the sucrose preference test, a test for anhedonia in rodents, Grik4(-/-) mice demonstrated increased sucrose preference. Expression of the GluK4 receptor subunit in the forebrain is restricted to the CA3 region of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus regions where KARs are known to modulate synaptic plasticity. We tested whether Grik4 ablation had effects on mossy fiber (MF) plasticity and found there to be a significant impairment in LTP likely through a loss of KAR modulation of excitability of the presynaptic MF axons. These studies demonstrate a clear anxiolytic and antidepressant phenotype associated with ablation of Grik4 and a parallel disruption in hippocampal plasticity, providing support for the importance of this receptor subunit in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Catches
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Hanson ND, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Depression, antidepressants, and neurogenesis: a critical reappraisal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:2589-602. [PMID: 21937982 PMCID: PMC3230505 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The neurogenesis hypothesis of depression posits (1) that neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus is regulated negatively by stressful experiences and positively by treatment with antidepressant drugs and (2) that alterations in the rate of neurogenesis play a fundamental role in the pathology and treatment of major depression. This hypothesis is supported by important experimental observations, but is challenged by equally compelling contradictory reports. This review summarizes the phenomenon of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the initial and continued evidence leading to the development of the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression, and the recent studies that have disputed and/or qualified those findings, to conclude that it can be affected by stress and antidepressants under certain conditions, but that these effects do not appear in all cases of psychological stress, depression, and antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola D Hanson
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Owens
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Suite 4000, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Tel: +1 404 727 4059, Fax: +1 404 727 3233, E-mail:
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Sherin JE, Nemeroff CB. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the neurobiological impact of psychological trauma. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2011. [PMID: 22034143 PMCID: PMC3182008 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2011.13.2/jsherin] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The classic fight-or-flight response to perceived threat is a reflexive nervous phenomenon thai has obvious survival advantages in evolutionary terms. However, the systems that organize the constellation of reflexive survival behaviors following exposure to perceived threat can under some circumstances become dysregulated in the process. Chronic dysregulation of these systems can lead to functional impairment in certain individuals who become “psychologically traumatized” and suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), A body of data accumulated over several decades has demonstrated neurobiological abnormalities in PTSD patients. Some of these findings offer insight into the pathophysiology of PTSD as well as the biological vulnerability of certain populations to develop PTSD, Several pathological features found in PTSD patients overlap with features found in patients with traumatic brain injury paralleling the shared signs and symptoms of these clinical syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Sherin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Masi G, Brovedani P. The hippocampus, neurotrophic factors and depression: possible implications for the pharmacotherapy of depression. CNS Drugs 2011; 25:913-31. [PMID: 22054117 DOI: 10.2165/11595900-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent, highly debilitating mental disorder affecting up to 15% of the population at least once in their lifetime, with huge costs for society. Neurobiological mechanisms of depression are still not well known, although there is consensus about interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Antidepressant medications are frequently used in depression, but at least 50% of patients are poor responders, even to more recently discovered medications. Furthermore, clinical response only occurs following weeks to months of treatment and only chronic treatment is effective, suggesting that actions beyond the rapidly occurring effect of enhancing monoaminergic systems, such as adaptation of these systems, are responsible for the effects of antidepressants. Recent studies indicate that an impairment of synaptic plasticity (neurogenesis, axon branching, dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis) in specific areas of the CNS, particularly the hippocampus, may be a core factor in the pathophysiology of depression. The abnormal neural plasticity may be related to alterations in the levels of neurotrophic factors, namely brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which play a central role in plasticity. As BDNF is repressed by stress, epigenetic regulation of the BDNF gene may play an important role in depression. The hippocampus is smaller in depressed patients, although it is unclear whether smaller size is a consequence of depression or a pre-existing, vulnerability marker for depression. Environmental stressors triggering activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis cause the brain to be exposed to corticosteroids, affecting neurobehavioural functions with a strong downregulation of hippocampal neurogenesis, and are a major risk factor for depression. Antidepressant treatment increases BDNF levels, stimulates neurogenesis and reverses the inhibitory effects of stress, but this effect is evident only after 3-4 weeks of administration, the time course for maturation of new neurons. The ablation of hippocampal neurogenesis blocks the behavioural effects of antidepressants in animal models. The above findings suggest new possible targets for the pharmacotherapy of depression such as neurotrophic factors, their receptors and related intracellular signalling cascades; agents counteracting the effects of stress on hippocampal neurogenesis (including antagonists of corticosteroids, inflammatory cytokines and their receptors); and agents facilitating the activation of gene expression and increasing the transcription of neurotrophins in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.
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Hanson ND, Owens MJ, Boss-Williams KA, Weiss JM, Nemeroff CB. Several stressors fail to reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:1520-9. [PMID: 21600697 PMCID: PMC3185166 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of adult laboratory animals has been widely reported to be vulnerable to many psychological and physical stressors. However, we have found no effects of acute restraint stress, acute or subchronic tailshock stress, or acute, subchronic, or chronic resident-intruder stress on neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation, short or long term survival of newborn cells, or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in adult rats. In addition, we did not observe any effect of chronic resident-intruder stress on NPC proliferation in adolescent rats. A selectively bred stress-sensitive line was also found to exhibit no alterations in NPC proliferation following tailshock stress, although this line did exhibit a lower proliferation rate under baseline (unstressed) conditions when compared with non-selected rats. These results challenge the prevailing hypothesis that any stressor of sufficient intensity and duration has a marked negative impact upon the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis, and suggest that some yet unidentified factors related to stress and experimental conditions are crucial in the regulation of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola D Hanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Porton B, Wetsel WC, Kao HT. Synapsin III: role in neuronal plasticity and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:416-24. [PMID: 21827867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synapsin III was discovered in 1998, more than two decades after the first two synapsins (synapsins I and II) were identified. Although the biology of synapsin III is not as well understood as synapsins I and II, this gene is emerging as an important factor in the regulation of the early stages of neurodevelopment and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and in certain neuropsychiatric illnesses. Molecular genetic and clinical studies of synapsin III have determined that its neurodevelopmental effects are exerted at the levels of neurogenesis and axonogenesis. In vitro voltammetry studies have shown that synapsin III can control dopamine release in the striatum. Since dopaminergic dysfunction is implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions, one may anticipate that polymorphisms in synapsin III can exert pervasive effects, especially since it is localized to extrasynaptic sites. Indeed, mutations in this gene have been identified in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and multiple sclerosis. These and other findings indicate that the roles of synapsin III differ significantly from those of synapsins I and II. Here, we focus on the unique roles of the newest synapsin, and where relevant, compare and contrast these with the actions of synapsins I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Porton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, BioMedical Center, 171 Meeting Street, Room 187, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Lithium-induced effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis are topographically segregated along the dorso-ventral axis of stressed mice. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:247-55. [PMID: 21803056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is an important process in the regulation of cognition, stress responsivity, and sensitivity to antidepressant and mood stabiliser drugs. Increasing evidence suggests that the hippocampus is functionally divided along its axis with the ventral hippocampus (vHi) playing a preferential role in stress- and anxiety-related processes, while the dorsal hippocampus (dHi) is crucial for spatial learning and memory. However, it is currently unclear whether stress or the medications used to treat stress-related disorders, preferentially affect neurogenesis in the vHi rather than dHi. The aim of this study was to determine whether the mood stabiliser, lithium, preferentially affects cell proliferation and survival in the vHi rather than dHi under stress conditions. To this end, mice of the stress-sensitive strain, BALB/c, underwent chronic exposure to immobilisation stress plus lithium treatment (0.2% lithium-supplemented diet), and the rates of cell proliferation and survival were compared in the dHi and vHi. Lithium preferentially increased cell proliferation in the vHi under stress conditions only. This increase in cell proliferation was secondary to reductions in the survival of newly-born cells. Moreover, lithium-induced decreases in cell survival in the vHi were only observed under stress conditions. Taken together, the data suggest that the turnover of newly-born cells in response to chronic stress and lithium treatment occurs predominantly in the vHi rather than the dHi. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Liu JX, Pinnock SB, Herbert J. Novel control by the CA3 region of the hippocampus on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17562. [PMID: 21464973 PMCID: PMC3060811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus is a site of continued neurogenesis in the adult brain. The CA3 region of the hippocampus is the major projection area from the dentate gyrus. CA3 sends reciprocal projections back to the dentate gyrus. Does this imply that CA3 exerts some control over neurogenesis? We studied the effects of lesions of CA3 on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, and on the ability of fluoxetine to stimulate mitotic activity in the progenitor cells. Unilateral ibotenic-acid generated lesions were made in CA3. Four days later there was no change on the number of either BrdU or Ki67-positive progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus. However, after 15 or 28 days, there was a marked reduction in surviving BrdU-labelled cells on the lesioned side (but no change in Ki-67+ cells). pCREB or Wnt3a did not co-localise with Ki-67 but with NeuN, a marker of mature neurons. Lesions had no effect on the basal expression of either pCREB or Wnt3a. Subcutaneous fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day) for 14 days increased the number of Ki67+ cells as expected on the control (non-lesioned) side but not on that with a CA3 lesion. Nevertheless, the expected increase in BDNF, pCREB and Wnt3a still occurred on the lesioned side following fluoxetine treatment. Fluoxetine has been reported to decrease the number of “mature” calbindin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus; we found this still occurred on the side of a CA3 lesion. We then showed that the expression GAP-43 was reduced in the dentate gyrus on the lesioned side, confirming the existence of a synaptic connection between CA3 and the dentate gyrus. These results show that CA3 has a hitherto unsuspected role in regulating neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xin Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R.China
| | - Scarlett B. Pinnock
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Herbert
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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