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Vinnakota C, Schroeder A, Du X, Ikeda K, Ide S, Mishina M, Hudson M, Jones NC, Sundram S, Hill RA. Understanding the role of the NMDA receptor subunit, GluN2D, in mediating NMDA receptor antagonist-induced behavioral disruptions in male and female mice. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25257. [PMID: 37814998 PMCID: PMC10953441 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Noncompetitive NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonists like phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine cause psychosis-like symptoms in healthy humans, exacerbate schizophrenia symptoms in people with the disorder, and disrupt a range of schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in rodents, including hyperlocomotion. This is negated in mice lacking the GluN2D subunit of the NMDAR, suggesting the GluN2D subunit mediates the hyperlocomotor effects of these drugs. However, the role of GluN2D in mediating other schizophrenia-relevant NMDAR antagonist-induced behavioral disturbances, and in both sexes, is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of the GluN2D subunit in mediating schizophrenia-relevant behaviors induced by a range of NMDA receptor antagonists. Using both male and female GluN2D knockout (KO) mice, we examined the effects of the NMDAR antagonist's PCP, the S-ketamine enantiomer (S-ket), and the ketamine metabolite R-norketamine (R-norket) on locomotor activity, anxiety-related behavior, and recognition and short-term spatial memory. GluN2D-KO mice showed a blunted locomotor response to R-norket, S-ket, and PCP, a phenotype present in both sexes. GluN2D-KO mice of both sexes showed an anxious phenotype and S-ket, R-norket, and PCP showed anxiolytic effects that were dependent on sex and genotype. S-ket disrupted spatial recognition memory in females and novel object recognition memory in both sexes, independent of genotype. This datum identifies a role for the GluN2D subunit in sex-specific effects of NMDAR antagonists and on the differential effects of the R- and S-ket enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Vinnakota
- Department of PsychiatryMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Anna Schroeder
- Department of PsychiatryMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Xin Du
- Department of PsychiatryMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Soichiro Ide
- Addictive Substance ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Masayoshi Mishina
- Brain Science Laboratory, The Research Organization of Science and TechnologyRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuJapan
| | - Matthew Hudson
- Department of NeuroscienceMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of PsychiatryMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Mental Health ProgramMonash HealthClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Rachel Anne Hill
- Department of PsychiatryMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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2
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Ojo OA, Ogunlakin AD, Maimako RF, Gyebi GA, Olowosoke CB, Taiwo OA, Elebiyo TC, Adeniyi D, David B, Iyobhebhe M, Adetunji JB, Ayokunle DI, Ojo AB, Mothana RA, Alanzi AR. Therapeutic Study of Cinnamic Acid Derivative for Oxidative Stress Ablation: The Computational and Experimental Answers. Molecules 2023; 28:7425. [PMID: 37959844 PMCID: PMC10648207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the therapeutic activity of the cinnamic acid derivative KAD-7 (N'-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylohydrazide) on Fe2+-induced oxidative hepatic injury via experimental and computational models. In addition, the role of ATPase and ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ENTPDase) in the coordination of cellular signals is speculated upon to proffer suitable therapeutics for metabolic stress disorder upon their inhibition. While we know little about therapeutics with flexible dual inhibitors for these protein targets, this study was designed to screen KAD-7's (N'-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylohydrazide) inhibitory potential for both protein targets. We induced oxidative hepatic damage via the incubation of hepatic tissue supernatant with 0.1 mM FeSO4 for 30 min at 37 °C. We achieved the treatment by incubating the hepatic tissues with KAD-7 under the same conditions. The catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), ATPase, and ENTPDase activity were all measured in the tissues. We predicted how the drug candidate would work against ATPase and ENTPDase targets using molecular methods. When hepatic injury was induced, there was a significant decrease in the levels of the GSH, CAT, and ENTPDase (p < 0.05) activities. In contrast, we found a noticeable rise in the MDA levels and ATPase activity. KAD-7 therapy resulted in lower levels of these activities overall (p < 0.05), as compared to the control levels. We found the compound to have a strong affinity for ATPase (-7.1 kcal/mol) and ENTPDase (-7.4 kcal/mol), and a better chemical reactivity than quercetin. It also met all drug-likeness parameters. Our study shows that KAD-7 can protect the liver from damage caused by FeSO4 by reducing oxidative stress and purinergic actions. Our studies indicate that KAD-7 could be developed as a therapeutic option since it can flexibly inhibit both ATPase and ENTPDase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Bowen University, Iwo 232102, Nigeria; (A.D.O.); (D.A.); (B.D.)
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo 232101, Nigeria
| | - Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Bowen University, Iwo 232102, Nigeria; (A.D.O.); (D.A.); (B.D.)
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo 232101, Nigeria
| | - Rotdelmwa Filibis Maimako
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria; (R.F.M.); (T.C.E.); (M.I.)
| | - Gideon Ampoma Gyebi
- Natural Products and Structural (Bio-Chem)-Informatics Research Laboratory (NpsBC-RI), Department of Biochemistry, Bingham University, Karu 961105, Nigeria;
| | - Christopher Busayo Olowosoke
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704 Futa Road, Akure 340252, Nigeria;
- Department of Biotechnology, Chrisland University, Abeokuta 110118, Nigeria
| | | | | | - David Adeniyi
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Bowen University, Iwo 232102, Nigeria; (A.D.O.); (D.A.); (B.D.)
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo 232101, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji David
- Good Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Bowen University, Iwo 232102, Nigeria; (A.D.O.); (D.A.); (B.D.)
- Phytomedicine, Molecular Toxicology, and Computational Biochemistry Research Laboratory (PMTCB-RL), Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo 232101, Nigeria
| | - Matthew Iyobhebhe
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria; (R.F.M.); (T.C.E.); (M.I.)
| | | | | | - Adebola Busola Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti 362103, Nigeria;
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (A.R.A.)
| | - Abdullah R. Alanzi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (A.R.A.)
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3
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Camp CR, Traynelis SF. Additional Depth to the NMDA Receptor Hypofunction and Parvalbumin Cell Dysfunction Hypotheses of Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:283-284. [PMID: 37495331 PMCID: PMC10648280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Camp
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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4
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Gawande DY, S Narasimhan KK, Shelkar GP, Pavuluri R, Stessman HAF, Dravid SM. GluN2D Subunit in Parvalbumin Interneurons Regulates Prefrontal Cortex Feedforward Inhibitory Circuit and Molecular Networks Relevant to Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:297-309. [PMID: 37004850 PMCID: PMC10524289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parvalbumin interneuron (PVI) activity synchronizes the medial prefrontal cortex circuit for normal cognitive function, and its impairment may contribute to schizophrenia (SZ). NMDA receptors in PVIs participate in these activities and form the basis for the NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis of SZ. However, the role of the GluN2D subunit, which is enriched in PVIs, in regulating molecular networks relevant to SZ is unknown. METHODS Using electrophysiology and a mouse model with conditional deletion of GluN2D from PVIs (PV-GluN2D knockout [KO]), we examined the cell excitability and neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex. Histochemical, RNA sequencing analysis and immunoblotting were conducted to understand molecular mechanisms. Behavioral analysis was conducted to test cognitive function. RESULTS PVIs in the medial prefrontal cortex were found to express putative GluN1/2B/2D receptors. In a PV-GluN2D KO model, PVIs were hypoexcitable, whereas pyramidal neurons were hyperexcitable. Excitatory neurotransmission was higher in both cell types in PV-GluN2D KO, whereas inhibitory neurotransmission showed contrasting changes, which could be explained by reduced somatostatin interneuron projections and increased PVI projections. Genes associated with GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) synthesis, vesicular release, and uptake as well as those involved in formation of inhibitory synapses, specifically GluD1-Cbln4 and Nlgn2, and regulation of dopamine terminals were downregulated in PV-GluN2D KO. SZ susceptibility genes including Disc1, Nrg1, and ErbB4 and their downstream targets were also downregulated. Behaviorally, PV-GluN2D KO mice showed hyperactivity and anxiety behavior and deficits in short-term memory and cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that GluN2D in PVIs serves as a point of convergence of pathways involved in the regulation of GABAergic synapses relevant to SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Y Gawande
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Gajanan P Shelkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ratnamala Pavuluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Holly A F Stessman
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shashank M Dravid
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska.
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5
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Vinnakota C, Hudson MR, Jones NC, Sundram S, Hill RA. Potential Roles for the GluN2D NMDA Receptor Subunit in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11835. [PMID: 37511595 PMCID: PMC10380280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction has been proposed to underlie schizophrenia symptoms. This theory arose from the observation that administration of NMDAR antagonists, which are compounds that inhibit NMDAR activity, reproduces behavioural and molecular schizophrenia-like phenotypes, including hallucinations, delusions and cognitive impairments in healthy humans and animal models. However, the role of specific NMDAR subunits in these schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes is largely unknown. Mounting evidence implicates the GluN2D subunit of NMDAR in some of these symptoms and pathology. Firstly, genetic and post-mortem studies show changes in the GluN2D subunit in people with schizophrenia. Secondly, the psychosis-inducing effects of NMDAR antagonists are blunted in GluN2D-knockout mice, suggesting that the GluN2D subunit mediates NMDAR-antagonist-induced psychotomimetic effects. Thirdly, in the mature brain, the GluN2D subunit is relatively enriched in parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons, a cell type hypothesized to underlie the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Lastly, the GluN2D subunit is widely and abundantly expressed early in development, which could be of importance considering schizophrenia is a disorder that has its origins in early neurodevelopment. The limitations of currently available therapies warrant further research into novel therapeutic targets such as the GluN2D subunit, which may help us better understand underlying disease mechanisms and develop novel and more effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Vinnakota
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Rachel A Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Barrutieta-Arberas I, Ortuzar N, Vaquero-Rodríguez A, Picó-Gallardo M, Bengoetxea H, Guevara MA, Gargiulo PA, Lafuente JV. The role of ketamine in major depressive disorders: Effects on parvalbumin-positive interneurons in hippocampus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:588-595. [PMID: 37158084 PMCID: PMC10350797 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231170007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex illness that is arising as a growing public health concern. Although several brain areas are related to this type of disorders, at the cellular level, the parvalbumin-positive cells of the hippocampus interplay a very relevant role. They control pyramidal cell bursts, neuronal networks, basic microcircuit functions, and other complex neuronal tasks involved in mood disorders. In resistant depressions, the efficacy of current antidepressant treatments drops dramatically, so the new rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs) are being postulated as novel treatments. Ketamine at subanesthetic doses and its derivative metabolites have been proposed as RAADs due to their rapid and sustained action by blocking N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which in turn lead to the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This mechanism produces a rapid plasticity activation mediated by neurotransmitter homeostasis, synapse recovery, and increased dendritic spines and therefore, it is a promising therapeutic approach to improve cognitive symptoms in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barrutieta-Arberas
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - N Ortuzar
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - A Vaquero-Rodríguez
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - M Picó-Gallardo
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - H Bengoetxea
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - MA Guevara
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Area of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National University of Cuyo, 5502 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - PA Gargiulo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Experimental Psychology, Area of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National University of Cuyo, 5502 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - JV Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
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7
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Lv S, Yao K, Zhang Y, Zhu S. NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets for depression treatment: Evidence from clinical to basic research. Neuropharmacology 2023; 225:109378. [PMID: 36539011 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, functioning as a channel blocker of the excitatory glutamate-gated N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, displays compelling fast-acting and sustained antidepressant effects for treatment-resistant depression. Over the past decades, clinical and preclinical studies have implied that the pathology of depression is associated with dysfunction of glutamatergic transmission. In particular, the discovery of antidepressant agents modulating NMDA receptor function has prompted breakthroughs for depression treatment compared with conventional antidepressants targeting the monoaminergic system. In this review, we first summarized the signalling pathway of the ketamine-mediated antidepressant effects, based on the glutamate hypothesis of depression. Second, we reviewed the hypotheses of the synaptic mechanism and network of ketamine antidepressant effects within different brain areas and distinct subcellular localizations, including NMDA receptor antagonism on GABAergic interneurons, extrasynaptic and synaptic NMDA receptor-mediated antagonism, and ketamine blocking bursting activities in the lateral habenula. Third, we reviewed the different roles of NMDA receptor subunits in ketamine-mediated cognitive and psychiatric behaviours in genetically-manipulated rodent models. Finally, we summarized the structural basis of NMDA receptor channel blockers and discussed NMDA receptor modulators that have been reported to exert potential antidepressant effects in animal models or in clinical trials. Integrating the cutting-edge technologies of cryo-EM and artificial intelligence-based drug design (AIDD), we expect that the next generation of first-in-class rapid antidepressants targeting NMDA receptors would be an emerging direction for depression therapeutics. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Ketamine and its Metabolites'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Lv
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kejie Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Onikanni SA, Lawal B, Oyinloye BE, Ajiboye BO, Ulziijargal S, Wang CH, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Mitochondrial defects in pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic applications. Life Sci 2022; 312:121247. [PMID: 36450327 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria malfunction is linked to the development of β-cell failure and a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Pancreatic β-cells are normally configured to detect glucose and other food secretagogues in order to adjust insulin exocytosis and maintain glucose homeostasis. As a result of the increased glucose level, mitochondria metabolites and nucleotides are produced, which operate in concert with cytosolic Ca2+ to stimulate insulin secretion. Furthermore, mitochondria are the primary generators of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis regulation. Mitochondria are concentrated in synapses, and any substantial changes in synaptic mitochondria location, shape, quantity, or function might cause oxidative stress, resulting in faulty synaptic transmission, a symptom of various degenerative disorders at an early stage. However, a greater understanding of the role of mitochondria in the etiology of β-cell dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorder should pave the way for a more effective approach to addressing these health issues. This review looks at the widespread occurrence of mitochondria depletion in humans, and its significance to mitochondria biogenesis in signaling and mitophagy. Proper understanding of the processes might be extremely beneficial in ameliorating the rising worries about mitochondria biogenesis and triggering mitophagy to remove depleted mitochondria, therefore reducing disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Amos Onikanni
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Bashir Lawal
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; Institute of Drug Research and Development, SE Bogoro Center, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria
| | - Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, SE Bogoro Center, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria; Phytomedicine and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Sukhbat Ulziijargal
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, E32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Scotton E, Antqueviezc B, Vasconcelos M, Dalpiaz G, Paul Géa L, Ferraz Goularte J, Colombo R, Ribeiro Rosa A. Is (R)-ketamine a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Treatment-Resistant Depression with Less Detrimental Side Effects? A Review of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Ketamine and its Enantiomers. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114963. [PMID: 35182519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of individuals with major depressive disorder are resistant to conventional antidepressants (i.e., monoamine-based therapies), and, even among respondents, a proper therapeutic effect may require weeks of treatment. Ketamine, a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers, (R)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine, is an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist and has been shown to have rapid-acting antidepressant properties in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although (R)-ketamine has a lower affinity for NMDAR, it presents greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant properties, with no major side effects, than racemic ketamine or (S)-ketamine in preclinical findings. Thereby, ketamine and its enantiomers have not only an antagonistic effect on NMDAR but also a strong synaptogenic-modulatory effect, which is impaired in TRD pathophysiology. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding the modulation of neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neural network activity as putative mechanisms of these rapid-acting antidepressants, highlighting differences on intracellular signaling pathways of synaptic proteins such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, we discuss probable mechanisms involved in the side effects of ketamine and its enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Scotton
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Antqueviezc
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mailton Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Dalpiaz
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Paul Géa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Jéferson Ferraz Goularte
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Colombo
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Adriane Ribeiro Rosa
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Bowman C, Richter U, Jones CR, Agerskov C, Herrik KF. Activity-State Dependent Reversal of Ketamine-Induced Resting State EEG Effects by Clozapine and Naltrexone in the Freely Moving Rat. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:737295. [PMID: 35153870 PMCID: PMC8830299 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.737295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a non-competitive N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist used in the clinic to initiate and maintain anaesthesia; it induces dissociative states and has emerged as a breakthrough therapy for major depressive disorder. Using local field potential recordings in freely moving rats, we studied resting state EEG profiles induced by co-administering ketamine with either: clozapine, a highly efficacious antipsychotic; or naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist reported to block the acute antidepressant effects of ketamine. As human electroencephalography (EEG) is predominantly recorded in a passive state, head-mounted accelerometers were used with rats to determine active and passive states at a high temporal resolution to offer the highest translatability. In general, pharmacological effects for the three drugs were more pronounced in (or restricted to) the passive state. Specifically, during inactive periods clozapine induced increases in delta (0.1-4 Hz), gamma (30-60 Hz) and higher frequencies (>100 Hz). Importantly, it reversed the ketamine-induced reduction in low beta power (10-20 Hz) and potentiated ketamine-induced increases in gamma and high frequency oscillations (130-160 Hz). Naltrexone inhibited frequencies above 50 Hz and significantly reduced the ketamine-induced increase in high frequency oscillations. However, some frequency band changes, such as clozapine-induced decreases in delta power, were only seen in locomoting rats. These results emphasise the potential in differentiating between activity states to capture drug effects and translate to human resting state EEG. Furthermore, the differential reversal of ketamine-induced EEG effects by clozapine and naltrexone may have implications for the understanding of psychotomimetic as well as rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christien Bowman
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Bio Imaging Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Richter
- Department of Circuit Biology, Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation, Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Agerskov
- Department of Circuit Biology, Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Eapen AV, Fernández-Fernández D, Georgiou J, Bortolotto ZA, Lightman S, Jane DE, Volianskis A, Collingridge GL. Multiple roles of GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors in short-term potentiation and long-term potentiation in mouse hippocampal slices. Neuropharmacology 2021; 201:108833. [PMID: 34637787 PMCID: PMC8607330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The GluN2 subunits of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are key drivers of synaptic plasticity in the brain, where the particular GluN2 composition endows the NMDAR complex with distinct pharmacological and physiological properties. Compared to GluN2A and GluN2B subunits, far less is known about the role of the GluN2D subunit in synaptic plasticity. In this study, we have used a GluN2C/2D selective competitive antagonist, UBP145, in combination with a GluN2D global knockout (GluN2D KO) mouse line to study the contribution of GluN2D-containing NMDARs to short-term potentiation (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices. We made several distinct observations: First, GluN2D KO mice have higher levels of LTP compared to wild-type (WT) mice, an effect that was occluded by blockade of GABA receptor-mediated inhibition or by using a strong LTP induction protocol. Second, UBP145 partially inhibited LTP in WT but not GluN2D KO mice. Third, UBP145 inhibited a component of STP, termed STP2, in WT but not GluN2D KO mice. Taken together, these findings suggest an involvement for GluN2D-containing NMDARs in both STP and LTP in mouse hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen V Eapen
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Diego Fernández-Fernández
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John Georgiou
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zuner A Bortolotto
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - David E Jane
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Arturas Volianskis
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; TANZ Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Mnemonic Discrimination Deficits in First-Episode Psychosis and a Ketamine Model Suggest Dentate Gyrus Pathology Linked to NMDA Receptor Hypofunction. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:1185-1192. [PMID: 34649019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence from neuroimaging and postmortem studies suggests that hippocampal subfields are differentially affected in schizophrenia. Recent studies report dentate gyrus dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we sought to examine if this deficit is already present in first-episode psychosis and if NMDA receptor hypofunction, a putative central pathophysiological mechanism in schizophrenia, experimentally induced by ketamine, would result in a similar abnormality. METHODS We applied a mnemonic discrimination task selectively taxing pattern separation in two experiments: 1) a group of 23 patients with first-episode psychosis and 23 matched healthy volunteers and 2) a group of 19 healthy volunteers before and during a ketamine challenge (0.27 mg/kg over 10 min, then 0.25 mg/kg/hour for 50 min, 0.01 mL/s). We calculated response bias-corrected pattern separation and recognition scores. We also examined the relationships between task performance and symptom severity as well as ketamine levels. RESULTS We reported a deficit in pattern separation performance in patients with first-episode psychosis compared with healthy volunteers (p = .04) and in volunteers during the ketamine challenge compared with baseline (p = .003). Pattern recognition was lower in patients with first-episode psychosis than in control subjects (p < .01). Exploratory analyses revealed no correlation between task performance and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status total scores or positive symptoms in patients with first-episode psychosis or with ketamine serum levels. CONCLUSIONS We observed a mnemonic discrimination deficit in both datasets. Our findings suggest a tentative mechanistic link between dentate gyrus dysfunction in first-episode psychosis and NMDA receptor hypofunction.
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13
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McQuail JA, Beas BS, Kelly KB, Hernandez CM, Bizon JL, Frazier CJ. Attenuated NMDAR signaling on fast-spiking interneurons in prefrontal cortex contributes to age-related decline of cognitive flexibility. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108720. [PMID: 34273386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors of the NMDA and AMPA subtypes transduce excitatory signaling on neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in support of cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility is reliably observed to decline at advanced ages, coinciding with changes in PFC glutamate receptor expression and neuronal physiology. However, the relationship between age-related impairment of cognitive flexibility and changes to excitatory signaling on distinct classes of PFC neurons is not known. In this study, one cohort of young adult (4 months) and aged (20 months) male F344 rats were characterized for cognitive flexibility on an operant set-shifting task. Expression of the essential NMDAR subunit, NR1, was correlated with individual differences in set-shifting abilities such that lower NR1 in the aged PFC was associated with worse set-shifting. In contrast, lower expression of two AMPAR subunits, GluR1 and GluR2, was not associated with set-shift abilities in aging. As NMDARs are expressed by both pyramidal cells and fast-spiking interneurons (FSI) in PFC, whole-cell patch clamp recordings were performed in a second cohort of age-matched rats to compare age-associated changes on these neuronal subtypes. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents were generated using a bipolar stimulator while AMPAR vs. NMDAR-mediated components were isolated using pharmacological tools. The results revealed a clear increase in AMPA/NMDA ratio in FSIs that was not present in pyramidal neurons. Together, these data indicate that loss of NMDARs on interneurons in PFC contributes to age-related impairment of cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A McQuail
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - B Sofia Beas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Unit on the Neurobiology of Affective Memory, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kyle B Kelly
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Caesar M Hernandez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Department of Cellular, Development, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Charles J Frazier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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14
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Dubois CJ, Liu SJ. GluN2D NMDA Receptors Gate Fear Extinction Learning and Interneuron Plasticity. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:681068. [PMID: 34108872 PMCID: PMC8183684 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.681068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is critically involved in the formation of associative fear memory and in subsequent extinction learning. Fear conditioning is associated with a long-term potentiation at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses onto Purkinje cells. We therefore tested whether fear conditioning unmasks novel forms of synaptic plasticity, which enable subsequent extinction learning to reset cerebellar circuitry. We found that fear learning enhanced GABA release from molecular layer interneurons and this was reversed after fear extinction learning. Importantly an extinction-like stimulation of parallel fibers after fear learning is sufficient to induce a lasting decrease in inhibitory transmission (I-LTDstim) in the cerebellar cortex, a form of plasticity that is absent in naïve animals. While NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors are required for the formation and extinction of associative memory, the role of GluN2D, one of the four major NMDA receptor subunits, in learning and memory has not been determined. We found that fear conditioning elevates spontaneous GABA release in GluN2D KO as shown in WT mice. Deletion of GluN2D, however, abolished the I-LTDstim induced by parallel fiber stimulation after learning. At the behavioral level, genetic deletion of GluN2D subunits did not affect associative learning and memory retention, but impaired subsequent fear extinction learning. D-cycloserine, a partial NMDA receptor (NMDAR) agonist, failed to rescue extinction learning in mutant mice. Our results identify GluN2D as a critical NMDAR subunit for extinction learning and reveal a form of GluN2D-dependent metaplasticity that is associated with extinction in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe J Dubois
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Siqiong June Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA, United States
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15
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Freo U, Brugnatelli V, Turco F, Zanette G. Analgesic and Antidepressant Effects of the Clinical Glutamate Modulators Acetyl-L-Carnitine and Ketamine. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:584649. [PMID: 34045938 PMCID: PMC8144463 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.584649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain and depression are leading causes of disability and of profound social and economic burden. Their impact is aggravated by their chronicity and comorbidity and the insufficient efficacy of current treatments. Morphological and functional metabolism studies link chronic pain and depressive disorders to dysfunctional neuroplastic changes in fronto-limbic brain regions that control emotional responses to painful injuries and stressful events. Glutamate modulators are emerging new therapies targeting dysfunctional brain areas implicated in the generation and maintenance of chronic pain and depression. Here, we report the effects of two clinically approved glutamate modulators: acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) and S, R(±)ketamine (KET). ALCAR is a natural neurotrophic compound currently marketed for the treatment of neuropathies. KET is the prototypical non-competitive antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors and a clinically approved anesthetic. Although they differ in pharmacological profiles, ALCAR and KET both modulate aminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions and pain and mood. We assessed in rats the effects of ALCAR and KET on cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) and assessed clinically the effects of ALCAR in chronic pain and of KET in post-operative pain. ALCAR and KET increased rCMRglc at similar degrees in prefrontal, somatosensory, and cingulate cortices, and KET increased rCMRglc at a different, much larger, degree in limbic and dopaminergic areas. While rCMRglc increases in prefrontal cortical areas have been associated with analgesic and antidepressant effects of ALCAR and KET, the marked metabolic increases KET induces in limbic and dopaminergic areas have been related to its psychotomimetic and abuse properties. In patients with chronic neuropathic pain, ALCAR (1,000 mg/day) yielded to a fast (2 weeks) improvement of mood and then of pain and quality of life. In day-surgery patients, KET improved dischargeability and satisfaction. In obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, a single, low dose of KET (0.5 mg/kg) at induction of anesthesia determined a very fast (hours) amelioration of post-operative depression and pain and an opioid-sparing effect. These findings indicate that ALCAR and KET, two non-selective glutamate modulators, still offer viable therapeutic options in comorbid pain and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulderico Freo
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Viola Brugnatelli
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences-DNS, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Turco
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neurogastroenterology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gastone Zanette
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences-DNS, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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16
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Leung LS, Chu L, Prado MAM, Prado VF. Forebrain Acetylcholine Modulates Isoflurane and Ketamine Anesthesia in Adult Mice. Anesthesiology 2021; 134:588-606. [PMID: 33635947 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinergic drugs are known to modulate general anesthesia, but anesthesia responses in acetylcholine-deficient mice have not been studied. It was hypothesized that mice with genetic deficiency of forebrain acetylcholine show increased anesthetic sensitivity to isoflurane and ketamine and decreased gamma-frequency brain activity. METHODS Male adult mice with heterozygous knockdown of vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the brain or homozygous knockout of the transporter in the basal forebrain were compared with wild-type mice. Hippocampal and frontal cortical electrographic activity and righting reflex were studied in response to isoflurane and ketamine doses. RESULTS The loss-of-righting-reflex dose for isoflurane was lower in knockout (mean ± SD, 0.76 ± 0.08%, n = 18, P = 0.005) but not knockdown (0.78 ± 0.07%, n = 24, P = 0.021), as compared to wild-type mice (0.83 ± 0.07%, n = 23), using a significance criterion of P = 0.017 for three planned comparisons. Loss-of-righting-reflex dose for ketamine was lower in knockout (144 ± 39 mg/kg, n = 14, P = 0.006) but not knockdown (162 ± 32 mg/kg, n = 20, P = 0.602) as compared to wild-type mice (168 ± 24 mg/kg, n = 21). Hippocampal high-gamma (63 to 100 Hz) power after isoflurane was significantly lower in knockout and knockdown mice compared to wild-type mice (isoflurane-dose and mouse-group interaction effect, F[8,56] = 2.87, P = 0.010; n = 5 to 6 mice per group). Hippocampal high-gamma power after ketamine was significantly lower in both knockout and knockdown mice when compared to wild-type mice (interaction effect F[2,13] = 6.06, P = 0.014). The change in frontal cortical gamma power with isoflurane or ketamine was not statistically different among knockout, knockdown, and wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that forebrain cholinergic neurons modulate behavioral sensitivity and hippocampal gamma activity during isoflurane and ketamine anesthesia. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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17
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Hanson JE, Ma K, Elstrott J, Weber M, Saillet S, Khan AS, Simms J, Liu B, Kim TA, Yu GQ, Chen Y, Wang TM, Jiang Z, Liederer BM, Deshmukh G, Solanoy H, Chan C, Sellers BD, Volgraf M, Schwarz JB, Hackos DH, Weimer RM, Sheng M, Gill TM, Scearce-Levie K, Palop JJ. GluN2A NMDA Receptor Enhancement Improves Brain Oscillations, Synchrony, and Cognitive Functions in Dravet Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease Models. Cell Rep 2021; 30:381-396.e4. [PMID: 31940483 PMCID: PMC7017907 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play subunit-specific roles in synaptic function and are implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the in vivo consequences and therapeutic potential of pharmacologically enhancing NMDAR function via allosteric modulation are largely un-known. We examine the in vivo effects of GNE-0723, a positive allosteric modulator of GluN2A-subunit-containing NMDARs, on brain network and cognitive functions in mouse models of Dravet syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). GNE-0723 use dependently potentiates synaptic NMDA receptor currents and reduces brain oscillation power with a predominant effect on low-frequency (12–20 Hz) oscillations. Interestingly, DS and AD mouse models display aberrant low-frequency oscillatory power that is tightly correlated with network hypersynchrony. GNE-0723 treatment reduces aberrant low-frequency oscillations and epileptiform discharges and improves cognitive functions in DS and AD mouse models. GluN2A-subunit-containing NMDAR enhancers may have therapeutic benefits in brain disorders with network hypersynchrony and cognitive impairments. Hanson et al. examine the therapeutic effects of enhancing GluN2A-subunit-containing NMDAR function in Dravet syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease mice. GNE-0723 treatment reduces aberrant low-frequency oscillations and epileptiform discharges and improves cognitive functions in both disease models. GluN2A NMDAR enhancers may benefit brain disorders with network hypersynchrony and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Keran Ma
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Justin Elstrott
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Martin Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sandrine Saillet
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Abdullah S Khan
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey Simms
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Thomas A Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gui-Qiu Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yelin Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tzu-Ming Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zhiyu Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bianca M Liederer
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Gauri Deshmukh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Connie Chan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin D Sellers
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jacob B Schwarz
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robby M Weimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - T Michael Gill
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Jorge J Palop
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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18
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Zhang B, Yang X, Ye L, Liu R, Ye B, Du W, Shen F, Li Q, Guo F, Liu J, Guo F, Li Y, Xu Z, Liu Z. Ketamine activated glutamatergic neurotransmission by GABAergic disinhibition in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2020; 194:108382. [PMID: 33144117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The fast-onset antidepressant actions of ketamine at subanaesthetic doses have attracted enormous interest in psychiatric disease treatment. However, the severe psychotomimetic side effects foster an urgent need to deeply understand the fast-onset antidepressant mechanism of ketamine. Ketamine, as a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist, increases the overall excitability of the mPFC, which is presumed to be essential for the antidepressant action of ketamine. However, the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Here, our results showed that low concentration of ketamine increased the activity and the excitatory/inhibitory ratio of pyramidal neurons; these changes were accompanied by diminished interneurons activity in the mPFC. Moreover, ketamine induced increases in excitatory transmission and antidepressant-like effects, which might rely on the functional intact of GABAergic system in the mPFC. These results suggest a critical role of the mPFC GABAergic system in the fast antidepressant effects of a subanaesthetic dose ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China; Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Xili Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Luyu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, 201203, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Binglu Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Weijia Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Fuyi Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Fan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, 201203, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinqi Liu
- The MacDuffie School, 66 School Street, Granby, MA, 01033, USA
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, 201203, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, 201203, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhendong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China; Anesthesia and Brain Function Research Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, China.
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19
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Kim JH, Marton J, Ametamey SM, Cumming P. A Review of Molecular Imaging of Glutamate Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204749. [PMID: 33081223 PMCID: PMC7587586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a well-established and important in vivo technique to evaluate fundamental biological processes and unravel the role of neurotransmitter receptors in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Specific ligands are available for PET/SPECT studies of dopamine, serotonin, and opiate receptors, but corresponding development of radiotracers for receptors of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain, has lagged behind. This state of affairs has persisted despite the central importance of glutamate neurotransmission in brain physiology and in disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent years have seen extensive efforts to develop useful ligands for molecular imaging of subtypes of the ionotropic (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and AMPA/quisqualate receptors) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (types I, II, and III mGluRs). We now review the state of development of radioligands for glutamate receptor imaging, placing main emphasis on the suitability of available ligands for reliable in vivo applications. We give a brief account of the radiosynthetic approach for selected molecules. In general, with the exception of ligands for the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors, there has been little success in developing radiotracers for imaging ionotropic glutamate receptors; failure of ligands for the PCP/MK801 binding site in vivo doubtless relates their dependence on the open, unblocked state of the ion channel. Many AMPA and kainite receptor ligands with good binding properties in vitro have failed to give measurable specific binding in the living brain. This may reflect the challenge of developing brain-penetrating ligands for amino acid receptors, compounded by conformational differences in vivo. The situation is better with respect to mGluR imaging, particularly for the mGluR5 subtype. Several successful PET ligands serve for investigations of mGluRs in conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, substance abuse and aging. Considering the centrality and diversity of glutamatergic signaling in brain function, we have relatively few selective and sensitive tools for molecular imaging of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Further radiopharmaceutical research targeting specific subtypes and subunits of the glutamate receptors may yet open up new investigational vistas with broad applications in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (P.C.); Tel.: +41-31-664-0498 (P.C.); Fax: +41-31-632-7663 (P.C.)
| | - János Marton
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds, Biomedizinische Forschungsreagenzien GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-1454 Radeberg, Germany;
| | - Simon Mensah Ametamey
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 18, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (P.C.); Tel.: +41-31-664-0498 (P.C.); Fax: +41-31-632-7663 (P.C.)
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Epplin MP, Mohan A, Harris LD, Zhu Z, Strong KL, Bacsa J, Le P, Menaldino DS, Traynelis SF, Liotta DC. Discovery of Dihydropyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-3(4 H)-one-Based Second-Generation GluN2C- and GluN2D-Selective Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMs) of the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7569-7600. [PMID: 32538088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is an ion channel that mediates the slow, Ca2+-permeable component of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). NMDARs are known to play a significant role in basic neurological functions, and their dysfunction has been implicated in several CNS disorders. Herein, we report the discovery of second-generation GluN2C/D-selective NMDAR-positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with a dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(4H)-one core. The prototype, R-(+)-EU-1180-453, exhibits log unit improvements in the concentration needed to double receptor response, lipophilic efficiency, and aqueous solubility, and lowers cLogP by one log unit compared to the first-generation prototype CIQ. Additionally, R-(+)-EU-1180-453 was found to increase glutamate potency 2-fold, increase the response to maximally effective concentration of agonist 4-fold, and the racemate is brain-penetrant. These compounds are useful second-generation in vitro tools and a promising step toward in vivo tools for the study of positive modulation of GluN2C- and GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Epplin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ayush Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lynnea D Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zongjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Katie L Strong
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Phuong Le
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David S Menaldino
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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21
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GluN2D-mediated excitatory drive onto medial prefrontal cortical PV+ fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233895. [PMID: 32497062 PMCID: PMC7272025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons (FSINs) within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are hypothesized to underlie cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Though representing a minority of interneurons, this key cell type coordinates broad neural network gamma-frequency oscillations, associated with cognition and cognitive flexibility. Here we report expression of GluN2D mRNA selectively in parvalbumin positive cells of human postmortem dlPFC tissue, but not pyramidal neurons, with little to no GluN2C expression in either cell type. In acute murine mPFC slices the GluN2C/D selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM), CIQ(+), increased the intrinsic excitability as well as enhanced NMDAR-mediated EPSCs onto FSINs. This increase in intrinsic excitability with GluN2C/D PAM was also observed in the Dlx 5/6+/- FSIN developmental deficit model with reported FSIN hypoexcitability. Together these data speak to selective modulation of FSINs by a GluN2D PAM, providing a potential mechanism to counter the FSIN-deficit seen in schizophrenia.
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22
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The involvement of GABAergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of agmatine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1931-1939. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Lopes-Aguiar C, Ruggiero RN, Rossignoli MT, Esteves IDM, Peixoto-Santos JE, Romcy-Pereira RN, Leite JP. Long-term potentiation prevents ketamine-induced aberrant neurophysiological dynamics in the hippocampus-prefrontal cortex pathway in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7167. [PMID: 32346044 PMCID: PMC7188848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) antagonists such as ketamine (KET) produce psychotic-like behavior in both humans and animal models. NMDAr hypofunction affects normal oscillatory dynamics and synaptic plasticity in key brain regions related to schizophrenia, particularly in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. It has been shown that prior long-term potentiation (LTP) occluded the increase of synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus-prefrontal cortex pathway induced by MK-801, a non-competitive NMDAr antagonist. However, it is not clear whether LTP could also modulate aberrant oscillations and short-term plasticity disruptions induced by NMDAr antagonists. Thus, we tested whether LTP could mitigate the electrophysiological changes promoted by KET. We recorded HPC-PFC local field potentials and evoked responses in urethane anesthetized rats, before and after KET administration, preceded or not by LTP induction. Our results show that KET promotes an aberrant delta-high-gamma cross-frequency coupling in the PFC and an enhancement in HPC-PFC evoked responses. LTP induction prior to KET attenuates changes in synaptic efficiency and prevents the increase in cortical gamma amplitude comodulation. These findings are consistent with evidence that increased efficiency of glutamatergic receptors attenuates cognitive impairment in animal models of psychosis. Therefore, high-frequency stimulation in HPC may be a useful tool to better understand how to prevent NMDAr hypofunction effects on synaptic plasticity and oscillatory coordination in cortico-limbic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton Lopes-Aguiar
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael N Ruggiero
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Matheus T Rossignoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ingrid de Miranda Esteves
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - João P Leite
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
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Gao MM, Hu F, Zeng XD, Tang HL, Zhang H, Jiang W, Yan HJ, Shi H, Shu Y, Long YS. Hypothalamic proteome changes in response to nicotine and its withdrawal are potentially associated with alteration in body weight. J Proteomics 2020; 214:103633. [PMID: 31911195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, a major addictive component in tobacco, plays an important role in the changes of body weight upon smoking and its cessation. Here we showed that nicotine-treated mice exhibited weight loss and nicotine withdrawal led to weight gain. Using TMT-based proteomic analysis, we obtained the different hypothalamic protein profiles in response to nicotine and its withdrawal. A total of ~5000 proteins were identified from the hypothalamus with 50 altered proteins upon 28-day nicotine treatment and 28 altered proteins upon 15-day nicotine withdrawal. Of the altered proteins, CASP3, LCMT2, GRIN2D, CCNT2, FADS3 and MRPS18B were inversely changed in response to nicotine and withdrawal, coincidence with the change of body weight. Of them, CASP3, LCMT2, GRIN2D and CCNT2 were found to be associated with several GO terms and KEGG pathways linking with cell apoptosis, neurotransmission and metabolism. Further Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses confirmed that the levels of the 4 proteins CASP3, LCMT2, GRIN2D and CCNT2, instead of their mRNA transcripts, altered in response to nicotine and withdrawal. Thus this study provides nicotine- and withdrawal-induced hypothalamic protein profiles and suggests potential roles of these altered proteins in the change of body weight. SIGNIFICANCE: Cigarette smoking is one of important factors harming human health. Most smokers tend to have lower body weights and smoking cessation often lead to overweight or obesity, which is an important reason for smokers to insist on smoking. It is known that nicotine, a critical component in tobacco, is associated with the alteration in body weight by affecting hypothalamic function. Through TMT-based proteomic analysis, this study identified differential hypothalamic protein profiles in response to nicotine treatment and its withdrawal, and 4 nicotine- and withdrawal-induced contrary proteins CASP3, LCMT2, GRIN2D and CCNT2 are involved in several enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways, which are associated with cell apoptosis, neurotransmission and metabolism. Our study may provide novel targets for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms of nicotine- and withdrawal-induced alteration in body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Changgang East Road #250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Changgang East Road #250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Da Zeng
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Changgang East Road #250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Changgang East Road #250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Changgang East Road #250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Changgang East Road #250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Juan Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Changgang East Road #250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Changgang East Road #250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Long
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Changgang East Road #250, Guangzhou, China.
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25
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GRIN2D/GluN2D NMDA receptor: Unique features and its contribution to pediatric developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 24:89-99. [PMID: 31918992 PMCID: PMC7035963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a subset of ligand-gated ionotropic glutamate receptors, are critical for learning, memory, and neuronal development. However, when NMDAR subunits are mutated, a host of neuropathological conditions can occur, including epilepsy. Recently, genetic variation within the GRIN2D gene, which encodes the GluN2D subunit of the NMDAR, has been associated with a set of early-onset neurological diseases, notably developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Importantly, patients with GRIN2D variants are largely refractory to conventional anti-epileptic drug (AED) treatment, highlighting the need to further understand the distinctive characteristics of GluN2D in neurological and pathological functions. In this review, we first summarize GluN2D's unique spatial and temporal expression patterns, electrophysiological profiles, and contributions to both pre- and postsynaptic signaling. Next, we review thirteen unique case studies from DEE patients harboring ten different causal GRIN2D variants. These patients are highly heterogenous, manifesting multiple seizure types, electroencephalographic recordings, and neurological and developmental outcomes. Lastly, this review concludes by highlighting the difficulty in treating patients with DEE-associated GRIN2D variants, and stresses the need for selective therapeutic agents delivered within a precise time window.
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26
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Mao Z, He S, Mesnard C, Synowicki P, Zhang Y, Chung L, Wiesman AI, Wilson TW, Monaghan DT. NMDA receptors containing GluN2C and GluN2D subunits have opposing roles in modulating neuronal oscillations; potential mechanism for bidirectional feedback. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146571. [PMID: 31786200 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as ketamine, can reproduce many of the symptoms of schizophrenia. A reliable indicator of NMDAR channel blocker action in vivo is the augmentation of neuronal oscillation power. Since the coordinated and rhythmic activation of neuronal assemblies (oscillations) is necessary for perception, cognition and working memory, their disruption (inappropriate augmentation or inhibition of oscillatory power or inter-regional coherence) both in psychiatric conditions and with NMDAR antagonists may reflect the underlying defects causing schizophrenia symptoms. NMDAR antagonists and knockout (KO) mice were used to evaluate the role of GluN2C and GluN2D NMDAR subunits in generating NMDAR antagonist-induced oscillations. We find that basal oscillatory power was elevated in GluN2C-KO mice, especially in the low gamma frequencies while there was no statistically significant difference in basal oscillations between WT and GluN2D-KO mice. Compared to wildtype (WT) mice, NMDAR channel blockers caused a greater increase in oscillatory power in GluN2C-KO mice and were relatively ineffective in inducing oscillations in GluN2D-KO mice. In contrast, preferential blockade of GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing receptors induced oscillations that did not appear to be changed in either KO animal. We propose a model wherein NMDARs containing GluN2C in astrocytes and GluN2D in interneurons serve to detect local cortical excitatory synaptic activity and provide excitatory and inhibitory feedback, respectively, to local populations of postsynaptic excitatory neurons and thereby bidirectionally modulate oscillatory power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Shengxi He
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Christopher Mesnard
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Paul Synowicki
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Lucy Chung
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Alex I Wiesman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Daniel T Monaghan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA.
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27
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Nakazawa K, Sapkota K. The origin of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 205:107426. [PMID: 31629007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction plays a key role in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Since NMDAR hypofunction has also been reported in autism, Alzheimer's disease and cognitive dementia, it is crucial to identify the location, timing, and mechanism of NMDAR hypofunction for schizophrenia for better understanding of disease etiology and for novel therapeutic intervention. In this review, we first discuss the shared underlying mechanisms of NMDAR hypofunction in NMDAR antagonist models and the anti-NMDAR autoantibody model of schizophrenia and suggest that NMDAR hypofunction could occur in GABAergic neurons in both models. Preclinical models using transgenic mice have shown that NMDAR hypofunction in cortical GABAergic neurons, in particular parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons, in the early postnatal period confers schizophrenia-related phenotypes. Recent studies suggest that NMDAR hypofunction can also occur in PV-positive GABAergic neurons with alterations of NMDAR-associated proteins, such as neuregulin/ErbB4, α7nAChR, and serine racemase. Furthermore, several environmental factors, such as oxidative stress, kynurenic acid and hypoxia, may also potentially elicit NMDAR hypofunction in GABAergic neurons in early postnatal period. Altogether, the studies discussed here support a central role for GABAergic abnormalities in the context of NMDAR hypofunction. We conclude by suggesting potential therapeutic strategies to improve the function of fast-spiking neurons.
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28
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Picard N, Takesian AE, Fagiolini M, Hensch TK. NMDA 2A receptors in parvalbumin cells mediate sex-specific rapid ketamine response on cortical activity. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:828-838. [PMID: 30696941 PMCID: PMC6756203 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine has emerged as a widespread treatment for a variety of psychiatric disorders when used at sub-anesthetic doses, but the neural mechanisms underlying its acute action remain unclear. Here, we identified NMDA receptors containing the 2A subunit (GluN2A) on parvalbumin (PV)-expressing inhibitory interneurons as a pivotal target of low-dose ketamine. Genetically deleting GluN2A receptors globally or selectively from PV interneurons abolished the rapid enhancement of visual cortical responses and gamma-band oscillations by ketamine. Moreover, during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in female mice, the ketamine response was transiently attenuated along with a concomitant decrease of grin2A mRNA expression within PV interneurons. Thus, GluN2A receptors on PV interneurons mediate the immediate actions of low-dose ketamine treatment, and fluctuations in receptor expression across the estrous cycle may underlie sex-differences in drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Picard
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anne E Takesian
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michela Fagiolini
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Takao K Hensch
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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29
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Shelkar GP, Pavuluri R, Gandhi PJ, Ravikrishnan A, Gawande DY, Liu J, Stairs DJ, Ugale RR, Dravid SM. Differential effect of NMDA receptor GluN2C and GluN2D subunit ablation on behavior and channel blocker-induced schizophrenia phenotypes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7572. [PMID: 31110197 PMCID: PMC6527682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The GluN2C- and GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors are distinct from GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing receptors in many aspects including lower sensitivity to Mg2+ block and lack of desensitization. Recent studies have highlighted the unique contribution of GluN2C and GluN2D subunits in various aspects of neuronal and circuit function and behavior, however a direct comparison of the effect of ablation of these subunits in mice on pure background strain has not been conducted. Using knockout-first strains for the GRIN2C and GRIN2D produced on pure C57BL/6N strain, we compared the effect of partial or complete ablation of GluN2C and GluN2D subunit on various behaviors relevant to mental disorders. A large number of behaviors described previously in GluN2C and GluN2D knockout mice were reproduced in these mice, however, some specific differences were also observed possibly representing strain effects. We also examined the response to NMDA receptor channel blockers in these mouse strains and surprisingly found that unlike previous reports GluN2D knockout mice were not resistant to phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion. Interestingly, the GluN2C knockout mice showed reduced sensitivity to phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion. We also found that NMDA receptor channel blocker produced a deficit in prepulse inhibition which was prevented by a GluN2C/2D potentiator in wildtype and GluN2C heterozygous mice but not in GluN2C knockout mice. Together these results demonstrate a unique role of GluN2C subunit in schizophrenia-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan P Shelkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | | | - Pauravi J Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | | | - Dinesh Y Gawande
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Jinxu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | | | - Rajesh R Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Shashank M Dravid
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
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30
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Hanson E, Armbruster M, Lau LA, Sommer ME, Klaft ZJ, Swanger SA, Traynelis SF, Moss SJ, Noubary F, Chadchankar J, Dulla CG. Tonic Activation of GluN2C/GluN2D-Containing NMDA Receptors by Ambient Glutamate Facilitates Cortical Interneuron Maturation. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3611-3626. [PMID: 30846615 PMCID: PMC6510335 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1392-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing cortical GABAergic interneurons rely on genetic programs, neuronal activity, and environmental cues to construct inhibitory circuits during early postnatal development. Disruption of these events can cause long-term changes in cortical inhibition and may be involved in neurological disorders associated with inhibitory circuit dysfunction. We hypothesized that tonic glutamate signaling in the neonatal cortex contributes to, and is necessary for, the maturation of cortical interneurons. To test this hypothesis, we used mice of both sexes to quantify extracellular glutamate concentrations in the cortex during development, measure ambient glutamate-mediated activation of developing cortical interneurons, and manipulate tonic glutamate signaling using subtype-specific NMDA receptor antagonists in vitro and in vivo We report that ambient glutamate levels are high (≈100 nm) in the neonatal cortex and decrease (to ≈50 nm) during the first weeks of life, coincident with increases in astrocytic glutamate uptake. Consistent with elevated ambient glutamate, putative parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the cortex (identified using G42:GAD1-eGFP reporter mice) exhibit a transient, tonic NMDA current at the end of the first postnatal week. GluN2C/GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors mediate the majority of this current and contribute to the resting membrane potential and intrinsic properties of developing putative parvalbumin interneurons. Pharmacological blockade of GluN2C/GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors in vivo during the period of tonic interneuron activation, but not later, leads to lasting decreases in interneuron morphological complexity and causes deficits in cortical inhibition later in life. These results demonstrate that dynamic ambient glutamate signaling contributes to cortical interneuron maturation via tonic activation of GluN2C/GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons make up 20% of cortical neurons and are critical to controlling cortical network activity. Dysfunction of cortical inhibition is associated with multiple neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Establishing inhibitory cortical networks requires in utero proliferation, differentiation, and migration of immature GABAergic interneurons, and subsequent postnatal morphological maturation and circuit integration. Here, we demonstrate that ambient glutamate provides tonic activation of immature, putative parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons in the neonatal cortex via high-affinity NMDA receptors. When this activation is blocked, GABAergic interneuron maturation is disrupted, and cortical networks exhibit lasting abnormal hyperexcitability. We conclude that temporally precise activation of developing cortical interneurons by ambient glutamate is critically important for establishing normal cortical inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Moritz Armbruster
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Lauren A Lau
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Mary E Sommer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Zin-Juan Klaft
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Stephen J Moss
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, and
| | - Farzad Noubary
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jayashree Chadchankar
- AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, and
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111,
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Irvine MW, Fang G, Sapkota K, Burnell ES, Volianskis A, Costa BM, Culley G, Collingridge GL, Monaghan DT, Jane DE. Investigation of the structural requirements for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor positive and negative allosteric modulators based on 2-naphthoic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:471-498. [PMID: 30622023 PMCID: PMC7043280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a ligand-gated ion channel activated by L-glutamate and glycine, plays a major role in the synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. NMDARs are involved in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and NMDAR hypofunction is implicated in schizophrenia. Herein we describe structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on 2-naphthoic acid derivatives to investigate structural requirements for positive and negative allosteric modulation of NMDARs. These studies identified compounds such as UBP684 (14b), which act as pan potentiators by enhancing NMDAR currents in diheteromeric NMDAR tetramers containing GluN1 and GluN2A-D subunits. 14b and derivatives thereof are useful tools to study synaptic function and have potential as leads for the development of drugs to treat schizophrenia and disorders that lead to a loss of cognitive function. In addition, SAR studies have identified a series of styryl substituted compounds with partial NAM activity and a preference for inhibition of GluN2D versus the other GluN2 subunits. In particular, the 3-and 2-nitrostyryl derivatives UBP783 (79i) and UBP792 (79h) had IC50s of 1.4 μM and 2.9 μM, respectively, for inhibition of GluN2D but showed only 70-80% maximal inhibition. GluN2D has been shown to play a role in excessive pain transmission due to nerve injury and potentially in neurodegenerative disorders. Partial GluN2D inhibitors may be leads for the development of drugs to treat these disorders without the adverse effects observed with full NMDAR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Irvine
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Guangyu Fang
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kiran Sapkota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Erica S Burnell
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Arturas Volianskis
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Blaise M Costa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA; Pharmacology Division, Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Georgia Culley
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel T Monaghan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - David E Jane
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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Bygrave AM, Kilonzo K, Kullmann DM, Bannerman DM, Kätzel D. Can N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Hypofunction in Schizophrenia Be Localized to an Individual Cell Type? Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:835. [PMID: 31824347 PMCID: PMC6881463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs), whether caused by endogenous factors like auto-antibodies or mutations, or by pharmacological or genetic manipulations, produces a wide variety of deficits which overlap with-but do not precisely match-the symptom spectrum of schizophrenia. In order to understand how NMDAR hypofunction leads to different components of the syndrome, it is necessary to take into account which neuronal subtypes are particularly affected by it in terms of detrimental functional alterations. We provide a comprehensive overview detailing findings in rodent models with cell type-specific knockout of NMDARs. Regarding inhibitory cortical cells, an emerging model suggests that NMDAR hypofunction in parvalbumin (PV) positive interneurons is a potential risk factor for this disease. PV interneurons display a selective vulnerability resulting from a combination of genetic, cellular, and environmental factors that produce pathological multi-level positive feedback loops. Central to this are two antioxidant mechanisms-NMDAR activity and perineuronal nets-which are themselves impaired by oxidative stress, amplifying disinhibition. However, NMDAR hypofunction in excitatory pyramidal cells also produces a range of schizophrenia-related deficits, in particular maladaptive learning and memory recall. Furthermore, NMDAR blockade in the thalamus disturbs thalamocortical communication, and NMDAR ablation in dopaminergic neurons may provoke over-generalization in associative learning, which could relate to the positive symptom domain. Therefore, NMDAR hypofunction can produce schizophrenia-related effects through an action on various different circuits and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei M Bygrave
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kasyoka Kilonzo
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dimitri M Kullmann
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis Kätzel
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Sapkota K, Dore K, Tang K, Irvine M, Fang G, Burnell ES, Malinow R, Jane DE, Monaghan DT. The NMDA receptor intracellular C-terminal domains reciprocally interact with allosteric modulators. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 159:140-153. [PMID: 30503374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have multiple prominent roles in CNS function but their excessive or insufficient activity contributes to neuropathological/psychiatric disorders. Consequently, a variety of positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) have recently been developed. Although these modulators bind to extracellular domains, in the present report we find that the NMDAR's intracellular C-terminal domains (CTDs) significantly influence PAM/NAM activity. GluN2 CTD deletion robustly affected NAM and PAM activity with both enhancing and inhibiting effects that were compound-specific and NMDAR subunit-specific. In three cases, individual PAMs became NAMs at specific GluN2-truncated receptors. In contrast to GluN2, GluN1 CTD removal only reduced PAM activity of UBP684 and CIQ, and did not affect NAM activity. Consistent with these findings, agents altering phosphorylation state or intracellular calcium levels displayed receptor-specific and compound-specific effects on PAM activity. It is possible that the GluN2's M4 domain transmits intracellular modulatory signals from the CTD to the M1/M4 channel gating machinery and that this site is a point of convergence in the direct or indirect actions of several PAMs/NAMs thus rendering them sensitive to CTD status. Thus, allosteric modulators are likely to have a marked and varied sensitivity to post-translational modifications, protein-protein associations, and intracellular ions. The interaction between PAM activity and NMDAR CTDs appears reciprocal. GluN1 CTD-deletion eliminated UBP684, but not pregnenolone sulfate (PS), PAM activity. And, in the absence of agonists, UBP684, but not PS, was able to promote movement of fluorescently-tagged GluN1-CTDs. Thus, it may be possible to pharmacologically target NMDAR metabotropic activity in the absence of channel activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Sapkota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Kim Dore
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience and Section for Neurobiology, Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0634, USA
| | - Kang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Mark Irvine
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Guangyu Fang
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Erica S Burnell
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Roberto Malinow
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience and Section for Neurobiology, Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0634, USA
| | - David E Jane
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Daniel T Monaghan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA.
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Ingram R, Kang H, Lightman S, Jane DE, Bortolotto ZA, Collingridge GL, Lodge D, Volianskis A. Some distorted thoughts about ketamine as a psychedelic and a novel hypothesis based on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2018; 142:30-40. [PMID: 29885421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a channel blocking NMDA receptor antagonist, is used off-label for its psychedelic effects, which may arise from a combination of several inter-related actions. Firstly, reductions of the contribution of NMDA receptors to afferent information from external and internal sensory inputs may distort sensations and their processing in higher brain centres. Secondly, reductions of NMDA receptor-mediated excitation of GABAergic interneurons can result in glutamatergic overactivity. Thirdly, limbic cortical disinhibition may indirectly enhance dopaminergic and serotonergic activity. Fourthly, inhibition of NMDA receptor mediated synaptic plasticity, such as short-term potentiation (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP), could lead to distorted memories. Here, for the first time, we compared quantitatively the effects of ketamine on STP and LTP. We report that ketamine inhibits STP in a double sigmoidal fashion with low (40 nM) and high (5.6 μM) IC50 values. In contrast, ketamine inhibits LTP in a single sigmoidal manner (IC50 value ∼ 15 μM). A GluN2D-subunit preferring NMDA receptor antagonist, UBP145, has a similar pharmacological profile. We propose that the psychedelic effects of ketamine may involve the inhibition of STP and, potentially, associated forms of working memory. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Ingram
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Heather Kang
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Dept Physiology, University of Toronto and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - David E Jane
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zuner A Bortolotto
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Dept Physiology, University of Toronto and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Lodge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Arturas Volianskis
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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35
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Newman EL, Terunuma M, Wang TL, Hewage N, Bicakci MB, Moss SJ, DeBold JF, Miczek KA. A Role for Prefrontal Cortical NMDA Receptors in Murine Alcohol-Heightened Aggression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1224-1234. [PMID: 29052618 PMCID: PMC5916347 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is associated with nearly half of all violent crimes committed in the United States; yet, a potential neural basis for this type of pathological aggression remains elusive. Alcohol may act on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) within cortical circuits to impede processing and to promote aggression. Here, male mice were characterized as alcohol-heightened (AHAs) or alcohol non-heightened aggressors (ANAs) during resident-intruder confrontations after self-administering 1.0 g/kg alcohol (6% w/v) or water. Alcohol produced a pathological-like pattern of aggression in AHAs; these mice shifted their bites to more vulnerable locations on the body of a submissive animal, including the anterior back and ventrum after consuming alcohol. In addition, through immunoblotting, we found that AHAs overexpressed the NMDAR GluN2D subunit in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as compared to ANAs while the two phenotypes expressed similar levels of GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B. After identifying several behavioral and molecular characteristics that distinguish AHAs from ANAs, we tested additional mice for their aggression following preferential antagonism of GluN2D-containing NMDARs. In these experiments, groups of AHAs and ANAs self-administered 1.0 g/kg alcohol (6% w/v) or water before receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) doses of ketamine or memantine, or infusions of memantine directly into the prelimbic (PLmPFC) or infralimbic medial PFC (ILmPFC). Moderate doses of IP ketamine, IP memantine, or intra-PLmPFC memantine increased aggression in AHAs, but only in the absence of alcohol. Prior alcohol intake blocked the pro-aggressive effects of ketamine or memantine. In contrast, only memantine, administered systemically or intra-PLmPFC, interacted with prior alcohol intake to escalate aggression in ANAs. Intra-ILmPFC memantine had no effect on aggression in either AHAs or ANAs. In sum, this work illustrates a potential role of GluN2D-containing NMDARs in the PLmPFC in alcohol-heightened aggression. GluN2D-containing NMDARs are highly expressed on cortical parvalbumin-containing interneurons, suggesting that, in a subset of individuals, alcohol may functionally alter signal integration within cortical microcircuits to dysregulate threat reactivity and promote aggression. This work suggests that targeting GluN2D-NMDARs may be of use in reducing the impact of alcohol-related violence in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Newman
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Miho Terunuma
- Division of Oral Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tiffany L Wang
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Nishani Hewage
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Moss
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Klaus A Miczek
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
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Kupferschmidt DA, Gordon JA. The dynamics of disordered dialogue: Prefrontal, hippocampal and thalamic miscommunication underlying working memory deficits in schizophrenia. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2. [PMID: 31058245 PMCID: PMC6497416 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818771821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is central to the orchestrated brain network communication that gives rise to working memory and other cognitive functions. Accordingly, working memory deficits in schizophrenia are increasingly thought to derive from prefrontal cortex dysfunction coupled with broader network disconnectivity. How the prefrontal cortex dynamically communicates with its distal network partners to support working memory and how this communication is disrupted in individuals with schizophrenia remain unclear. Here we review recent evidence that prefrontal cortex communication with the hippocampus and thalamus is essential for normal spatial working memory, and that miscommunication between these structures underlies spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia. We focus on studies using normal rodents and rodent models designed to probe schizophrenia-related pathology to assess the dynamics of neural interaction between these brain regions. We also highlight recent preclinical work parsing roles for long-range prefrontal cortex connections with the hippocampus and thalamus in normal and disordered spatial working memory. Finally, we discuss how emerging rodent endophenotypes of hippocampal- and thalamo-prefrontal cortex dynamics in spatial working memory could translate into richer understanding of the neural bases of cognitive function and dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kupferschmidt
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.,National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kraguljac NV, Carle M, Frölich MA, Tran S, Yassa MA, White DM, Reddy A, Lahti AC. RETRACTED: Mnemonic Discrimination Deficits in First-Episode Psychosis and a Ketamine Model Suggests Dentate Gyrus Pathology Linked to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Hypofunction. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 3:231-238. [PMID: 29486864 PMCID: PMC5836317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). Retraction notice to: “Mnemonic Discrimination Deficits in First-Episode Psychosis and a Ketamine Model Suggests Dentate Gyrus Pathology Linked to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Hypofunction” by Nina Vanessa Kraguljac, Matthew Carle, Michael A. Frölich, Steve Tran, Michael A. Yassa, David Matthew White, Abhishek Reddy, and Adrienne Carol Lahti (Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2018; 3:231-238); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.02.005. This article has been retracted at the request of Cameron S. Carter, M.D., Editor of Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, with agreement from all authors. The authors discovered an error in the calculation of the response bias–corrected pattern recognition score in this article, which has significantly changed the results for experiment 1. Specifically, the authors discovered that the response bias corrected pattern recognition score was erroneously computed as P(‘old’|target) minus P(‘old’|lure) rather than P(‘old’|target) minus P(‘old’|foil). After re-running statistical analyses with the correct values, the authors found a significant difference in the response bias–corrected pattern recognition score in healthy volunteers (HV) compared with first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients (HV: 84.13 ± 10.96; FEP: 63.70 ± 21.83; t = 4.01; p < .01) in experiment 1. This finding is not consistent with the original report, where the authors reported no group differences in bias-corrected pattern recognition scores (originally reported values: t = 0.93, p = .36). The authors again found no significant correlations between pattern completion scores and BPRS total, positive, or negative symptom scores or RBANS scores, consistent with the original report. In experiment 2, bias-corrected pattern recognition scores did not differ between the saline and ketamine conditions (saline: 78.29 ± 28.04; ketamine: 73.59 ± 18.94; t = 0.81; p = 0.43), which is consistent with the original report (originally reported values: t = −0.69, p = .50). Contrary to the original report, task performance during the saline and ketamine infusions was no longer correlated at trend level for pattern recognition. Repeat analyses showed no correlations between pattern recognition scores during the ketamine challenge and BPRS total, positive, and negative symptom scores, or ketamine plasma levels at either time point, consistent with the original report. The authors have verified that bias-corrected pattern separation scores were calculated correctly for both experiments in the initial report. This error affects the abstract, the results, Figure 1, and discussion of the manuscript. The authors voluntarily informed the Journal of this honest error upon its discovery. Because of the extent and nature of the changes to the paper, the editors and authors concluded that, to ensure maximum clarity and transparency, the only course of action was to retract this version of the paper. The authors are revising the paper, which the Journal will re-review and consider further for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vanessa Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Matthew Carle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Michael A Frölich
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Steve Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - David Matthew White
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Abhishek Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adrienne Carol Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Abstract
Traditional pharmacological treatments for depression have a delayed therapeutic onset, ranging from several weeks to months, and there is a high percentage of individuals who never respond to treatment. In contrast, ketamine produces rapid-onset antidepressant, anti-suicidal, and anti-anhedonic actions following a single administration to patients with depression. Proposed mechanisms of the antidepressant action of ketamine include N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulation, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneuron disinhibition, and direct actions of its hydroxynorketamine (HNK) metabolites. Downstream actions include activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), deactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, and activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs). These putative mechanisms of ketamine action are not mutually exclusive and may complement each other to induce potentiation of excitatory synapses in affective-regulating brain circuits, which results in amelioration of depression symptoms. We review these proposed mechanisms of ketamine action in the context of how such mechanisms are informing the development of novel putative rapid-acting antidepressant drugs. Such drugs that have undergone pre-clinical, and in some cases clinical, testing include the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist scopolamine, GluN2B-NMDAR antagonists (i.e., CP-101,606, MK-0657), (2R,6R)-HNK, NMDAR glycine site modulators (i.e., 4-chlorokynurenine, pro-drug of the glycineB NMDAR antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid), NMDAR agonists [i.e., GLYX-13 (rapastinel)], metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) antagonists, GABAA receptor modulators, and drugs acting on various serotonin receptor subtypes. These ongoing studies suggest that the future acute treatment of depression will typically occur within hours, rather than months, of treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Zanos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Rm. 934F MSTF, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Scott M Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, St. BRB 5-007, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Todd D Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Rm. 936 MSTF, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Lang E, Mallien AS, Vasilescu AN, Hefter D, Luoni A, Riva MA, Borgwardt S, Sprengel R, Lang UE, Gass P, Inta D. Molecular and cellular dissection of NMDA receptor subtypes as antidepressant targets. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 84:352-358. [PMID: 28843752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the idea that drugs targeting the glutamate system may represent a valuable therapeutic alternative in major depressive disorders (MDD). The rapid and prolonged mood elevating effect of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine has been studied intensely. However, its clinical use is hampered by deleterious side-effects, such as psychosis. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms of the psychotropic effects after NMDAR blockade is necessary to develop glutamatergic antidepressants with improved therapeutic profile. Here we review recent experimental data that addressed molecular/cellular determinants of the antidepressant effect mediated by inactivating NMDAR subtypes. We refer to results obtained both in pharmacological and genetic animal models, ranging from global to conditional NMDAR manipulation. Our main focus is on the contribution of different NMDAR subtypes to the psychoactive effects induced by NMDAR ablation/blockade. We review data analyzing the effect of NMDAR subtype deletions limited to specific neuronal populations/brain areas in the regulation of mood. Altogether, these studies suggest effective and putative specific NMDAR drug targets for MDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne S Mallien
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrei-Nicolae Vasilescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimitri Hefter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessia Luoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max-Planck Research Group at the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland.
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40
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Dauvermann MR, Lee G, Dawson N. Glutamatergic regulation of cognition and functional brain connectivity: insights from pharmacological, genetic and translational schizophrenia research. Br J Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28626937 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission to improve cognitive function has been a focus of intensive research, particularly in relation to the cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia. Despite this effort, there has been little success in the clinical use of glutamatergic compounds as procognitive drugs. Here, we review a selection of the drugs used to modulate glutamatergic signalling and how they impact on cognitive function in rodents and humans. We highlight how glutamatergic dysfunction, and NMDA receptor hypofunction in particular, is a key mechanism contributing to the cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia and outline some of the glutamatergic targets that have been tested as putative procognitive targets for this disorder. Using translational research in this area as a leading exemplar, namely, models of NMDA receptor hypofunction, we discuss how the study of functional brain network connectivity can provide new insight into how the glutamatergic system impacts on cognitive function. Future studies characterizing functional brain network connectivity will increase our understanding of how glutamatergic compounds regulate cognition and could contribute to the future success of glutamatergic drug validation. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of Cognition: a Panacea for Neuropsychiatric Disease? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.19/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Dauvermann
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Graham Lee
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neil Dawson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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The Role of GluN2C-Containing NMDA Receptors in Ketamine's Psychotogenic Action and in Schizophrenia Models. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11151-11157. [PMID: 27807157 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1203-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by multiple lines of evidence. Notably, administration of the NMDAR antagonist, ketamine, to healthy human subjects has psychotogenic action, producing both positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. NMDARs have multiple subtypes, but the subtypes through which ketamine produces its psychotogenic effects are not known. Here we address this question using quantitative data that characterize ketamine's ability to block different NMDAR subtypes. Our calculations indicate that, at a concentration that has psychotogenic action in humans, ketamine blocks a substantial fraction of GluN2C subunit-containing receptors but has less effect on GluN2A-, GluN2B-, and GluN2D-containing receptors. Thus, GluN2C-containing receptors may have preferential involvement in psychotic states produced by ketamine. A separate line of experiments also points to a special role for GluN2C. That work demonstrates the ability of NMDAR antagonists to mimic the elevation in the awake-state δ frequency EEG power that occurs in schizophrenia. Physiological experiments in rodents show that NMDAR antagonists generate δ oscillations by their action on the GluN2C-containing NMDARs that are prevalent in the thalamus. Optogenetic experiments suggest that such oscillations could contribute to symptoms of schizophrenia.
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42
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Nakazawa K. Electrophysiological evidence for defective fast-spiking GABAergic neurones in a schizophrenia model. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:14-15. [PMID: 27987262 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Nakazawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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43
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Ketamine modulates hippocampal neurochemistry and functional connectivity: a combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state fMRI study in healthy volunteers. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:562-569. [PMID: 27480494 PMCID: PMC5562151 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests glutamate excess in schizophrenia and that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons disinhibiting pyramidal cells may be relevant to this hyperglutamatergic state. To better understand how NMDAR hypofunction affects the brain, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the effects of ketamine on hippocampal neurometabolite levels and functional connectivity in 15 healthy human subjects. We observed a ketamine-induced increase in hippocampal Glx (glutamate+glutamine; F=3.76; P=0.04), a decrease in fronto-temporal (t=4.92, PFDR<0.05, kE=2198, x=-30, y=52, z=14) and temporo-parietal functional connectivity (t=5.07, PFDR<0.05, kE=6094, x=-28, y=-36, z=-2), and a possible link between connectivity changes and elevated Glx. Our data empirically support that hippocampal glutamatergic elevation and resting-state network alterations may arise from NMDAR hypofunction and establish a proof of principle whereby experimental modelling of a disorder can help mechanistically integrate distinct neuroimaging abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Nakazawa K, Jeevakumar V, Nakao K. Spatial and temporal boundaries of NMDA receptor hypofunction leading to schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:7. [PMID: 28560253 PMCID: PMC5441533 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-016-0003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction is one of the most prevalent models of schizophrenia. For example, healthy subjects treated with uncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists elicit positive, negative, and cognitive-like symptoms of schizophrenia. Patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis, which is likely caused by autoantibody-mediated down-regulation of cell surface N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, often experience psychiatric symptoms similar to schizophrenia initially. However, where and when N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction occurs in the brain of schizophrenic patients is poorly understood. Here we review the findings from N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist and autoantibody models, postmortem studies on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits, as well as the global and cell-type-specific knockout mouse models of subunit GluN1. We compare various conditional GluN1 knockout mouse strains, focusing on the onset of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor deletion and on the cortical cell-types. Based on these results, we hypothesize that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction initially occurs in cortical GABAergic neurons during early postnatal development. The resulting GABA neuron maturation deficit may cause reduction of intrinsic excitability and GABA release, leading to disinhibition of pyramidal neurons. The cortical disinhibition in turn could elicit glutamate spillover and subsequent homeostatic down regulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor function in pyramidal neurons in prodromal stage. These two temporally-distinct N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunctions may be complimentary, as neither alone may not be able to fully explain the entire schizophrenia pathophysiology. Potential underlying mechanisms for N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction in cortical GABA neurons are also discussed, based on studies of naturally-occurring N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, neuregulin/ErbB4 signaling pathway, and theoretical analysis of excitatory/inhibitory balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazu Nakazawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Vivek Jeevakumar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Kazuhito Nakao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Lucchese G. From Toxoplasmosis to Schizophrenia via NMDA Dysfunction: Peptide Overlap between Toxoplasma gondii and N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors As a Potential Mechanistic Link. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:37. [PMID: 28360866 PMCID: PMC5350139 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims at investigating how Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection may be linked to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction in schizophrenia and related disorders and puts forward the hypothesis that immune responses against T. gondii may involve NMDARs. Indeed, the analysis of the protozoan proteome and NMDAR subunits for peptide commonalities shows a massive peptide overlap and supports the possibility that anti-T. gondii immune responses raised during active protozoan infection may cross-react with host NMDARs, determining disruption of neural circuits and cognitive deficits. In particular, the NMDA 2D subunit, which is mainly expressed in parvalbumin-positive interneurons, appears to be a hotspot for potential T. gondii-induced cross-reactive immune attacks.
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46
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The NMDA receptor GluN2C subunit controls cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance, neuronal oscillations and cognitive function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38321. [PMID: 27922130 PMCID: PMC5138829 DOI: 10.1038/srep38321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite strong evidence for NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction as an underlying factor for cognitive disorders, the precise roles of various NMDAR subtypes remains unknown. The GluN2C-containing NMDARs exhibit unique biophysical properties and expression pattern, and lower expression of GluN2C subunit has been reported in postmortem brains from schizophrenia patients. We found that loss of GluN2C subunit leads to a shift in cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance towards greater inhibition. Specifically, pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of GluN2C knockout mice have reduced mEPSC frequency and dendritic spine density and a contrasting higher frequency of mIPSCs. In addition a greater number of perisomatic GAD67 puncta was observed suggesting a potential increase in parvalbumin interneuron inputs. At a network level the GluN2C knockout mice were found to have a more robust increase in power of oscillations in response to NMDAR blocker MK-801. Furthermore, GluN2C heterozygous and knockout mice exhibited abnormalities in cognition and sensorimotor gating. Our results demonstrate that loss of GluN2C subunit leads to cortical excitatory-inhibitory imbalance and abnormal neuronal oscillations associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Yamamoto H, Kamegaya E, Hagino Y, Takamatsu Y, Sawada W, Matsuzawa M, Ide S, Yamamoto T, Mishina M, Ikeda K. Loss of GluN2D subunit results in social recognition deficit, social stress, 5-HT 2C receptor dysfunction, and anhedonia in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 112:188-197. [PMID: 27480795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel is involved in various physiological functions, including learning and memory. The GluN2D subunit of the NMDA receptor has low expression in the mature brain, and its role is not fully understood. In the present study, the effects of GluN2D subunit deficiency on emotional and cognitive function were investigated in GluN2D knockout (KO) mice. We found a reduction of motility (i.e., a depressive-like state) in the tail suspension test and a reduction of sucrose preference (i.e., an anhedonic state) in GluN2D KO mice that were group-housed with littermates. Despite apparently normal olfactory function and social interaction, GluN2D KO mice exhibited a decrease in preference for social novelty, suggesting a deficit in social recognition or memory. Golgi-Cox staining revealed a reduction of the complexity of dendritic trees in the accessory olfactory bulb in GluN2D KO mice, suggesting a deficit in pheromone processing pathway activation, which modulates social recognition. The deficit in social recognition may result in social stress in GluN2D KO mice. Isolation housing is a procedure that has been shown to reduce stress in mice. Interestingly, 3-week isolation and treatment with agomelatine or the 5-hydroxytryptamine-2C (5-HT2C) receptor antagonist SB242084 reversed the anhedonic-like state in GluN2D KO mice. In contrast, treatment with the 5-HT2C receptor agonist CP809101 induced depressive- and anhedonic-like states in isolated GluN2D KO mice. These results suggest that social stress that is caused by a deficit in social recognition desensitizes 5-HT2c receptors, followed by an anhedonic- and depressive-like state, in GluN2D KO mice. The GluN2D subunit of the NMDA receptor appears to be important for the recognition of individuals and development of normal emotionality in mice. 5-HT2C receptor antagonism may be a therapeutic target for treating social stress-induced anhedonia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Ionotropic glutamate receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Yamamoto
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Psychopharmacology, Graduate School of Nanosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Etsuko Kamegaya
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoko Hagino
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yukio Takamatsu
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Wakako Sawada
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Maaya Matsuzawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Psychopharmacology, Graduate School of Nanosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ide
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yamamoto
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Psychopharmacology, Graduate School of Nanosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mishina
- Ritsumeikan University Research Organization of Science and Technology, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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