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Paulus J, Sewald N. Small molecule- and peptide-drug conjugates addressing integrins: A story of targeted cancer treatment. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3561. [PMID: 38382900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer treatment should avoid side effects and damage to healthy cells commonly encountered during traditional chemotherapy. By combining small molecule or peptidic ligands as homing devices with cytotoxic drugs connected by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker in peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) or small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), cancer cells and tumours can be selectively targeted. The development of highly affine, selective peptides and small molecules in recent years has allowed PDCs and SMDCs to increasingly compete with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Integrins represent an excellent target for conjugates because they are overexpressed by most cancer cells and because of the broad knowledge about native binding partners as well as the multitude of small-molecule and peptidic ligands that have been developed over the last 30 years. In particular, integrin αVβ3 has been addressed using a variety of different PDCs and SMDCs over the last two decades, following various strategies. This review summarises and describes integrin-addressing PDCs and SMDCs while highlighting points of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Paulus
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Vesey DA, Iyer A, Owen E, Kamato D, Johnson DW, Gobe GC, Fairlie DP, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. PAR2 activation on human tubular epithelial cells engages converging signaling pathways to induce an inflammatory and fibrotic milieu. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1382094. [PMID: 39005931 PMCID: PMC11239397 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1382094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Key features of chronic kidney disease (CKD) include tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed by the kidney proximal tubular cells, induces potent proinflammatory responses in these cells. The hypothesis tested here was that PAR2 signalling can contribute to both inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney by transactivating known disease associated pathways. Using a primary cell culture model of human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTEC), PAR2 activation induced a concentration dependent, PAR2 antagonist sensitive, secretion of TNF, CSF2, MMP-9, PAI-1 and CTGF. Transcription factors activated by the PAR2 agonist 2F, including NFκB, AP1 and Smad2, were critical for production of these cytokines. A TGF-β receptor-1 (TGF-βRI) kinase inhibitor, SB431542, and an EGFR kinase inhibitor, AG1478, ameliorated 2F induced secretion of TNF, CSF2, MMP-9, and PAI-1. Whilst an EGFR blocking antibody, cetuximab, blocked PAR2 induced EGFR and ERK phosphorylation, a TGF-βRII blocking antibody failed to influence PAR2 induced secretion of PAI-1. Notably simultaneous activation of TGF-βRII (TGF-β1) and PAR2 (2F) synergistically enhanced secretion of TNF (2.2-fold), CSF2 (4.4-fold), MMP-9 (15-fold), and PAI-1 (2.5-fold). In summary PAR2 activates critical inflammatory and fibrotic signalling pathways in human kidney tubular epithelial cells. Biased antagonists of PAR2 should be explored as a potential therapy for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Kidney and Transplant Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Evan Owen
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Kidney and Transplant Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Huo H, Feng Y, Tang Q. Inhibition of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) decreased the malignant progression of lung cancer cells and increased the sensitivity to chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024; 93:397-410. [PMID: 38172304 PMCID: PMC11043148 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to study the effect of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on the proliferation, invasion, and clone formation of lung cancer cells. It also aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of melittin on PAR2 and the anti-lung cancer effect of melittin combined with gefitinib. METHODS The correlation between the co-expression of PAR2 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers was analyzed. PAR2 in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells was knocked down using siRNA. MTT assay, Transwell assay, and colony formation assay were used to detect the effects of PAR2 on cell proliferation, invasion, and clone formation. The anti-cancer effect of PAR2 knockdown on gefitinib treatment was analyzed. The synergistic effect of melittin on gefitinib treatment by inhibiting PAR2 and the underlying molecular mechanism were further analyzed and tested. RESULTS The expression of PAR2 was upregulated in lung cancer, which was associated with the poor prognosis of lung cancer. PAR2 knockdown inhibited the stemness and EMT of lung cancer cells. It also inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and colony formation of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells. Moreover, PAR2 knockdown increased the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gefitinib in lung cancer. Melittin inhibited PAR2 and the malignant progression of lung cancer cells. Melittin increased the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gefitinib in lung cancer by inhibiting PAR2. CONCLUSION PAR2 may promote the proliferation, invasion, and colony formation of lung cancer cells by promoting EMT. Patients with a high expression of PAR2 have a poor prognosis. Inhibition of PAR2 increased the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gefitinib. PAR2 may be a potential therapeutic target and diagnostic marker for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Huo
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Qiong Tang
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China.
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Zhuo X, Wu Y, Fu X, Li J, Xiang Y, Liang X, Mao C, Jiang Y. Genome editing of PAR2 through targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 system for alleviating acute lung inflammation via ERK/NLRP3/IL-1 β and NO/iNOS signalling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1441-1456. [PMID: 38487002 PMCID: PMC10935474 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive and uncontrollable inflammatory responses in alveoli can dramatically exacerbate pulmonary disease progressions through vigorous cytokine releases, immune cell infiltration and protease-driven tissue damages. It is an urgent need to explore potential drug strategies for mitigating lung inflammation. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) as a vital molecular target principally participates in various inflammatory diseases via intracellular signal transduction. However, it has been rarely reported about the role of PAR2 in lung inflammation. This study applied CRISPR-Cas9 system encoding Cas9 and sgRNA (pCas9-PAR2) for PAR2 knockout and fabricated an anionic human serum albumin-based nanoparticles to deliver pCas9-PAR2 with superior inflammation-targeting efficiency and stability (TAP/pCas9-PAR2). TAP/pCas9-PAR2 robustly facilitated pCas9-PAR2 to enter and transfect inflammatory cells, eliciting precise gene editing of PAR2 in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, PAR2 deficiency by TAP/pCas9-PAR2 effectively and safely promoted macrophage polarization, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine releases and alleviated acute lung inflammation, uncovering a novel value of PAR2. It also revealed that PAR2-mediated pulmonary inflammation prevented by TAP/pCas9-PAR2 was mainly dependent on ERK-mediated NLRP3/IL-1β and NO/iNOS signalling. Therefore, this work indicated PAR2 as a novel target for lung inflammation and provided a potential nanodrug strategy for PAR2 deficiency in treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhuo
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yuxin Xiang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Canquan Mao
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Eftekhari R, Ewanchuk BW, Rawji KS, Yates RM, Noorbakhsh F, Kuipers HF, Hollenberg MD. Blockade of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:12-22. [PMID: 37699708 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), which modulates inflammatory responses, is elevated in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In PAR2-null mice, disease severity of EAE is markedly diminished. We therefore tested whether inhibiting PAR2 activation in vivo might be a viable strategy for the treatment of MS. Using the EAE model, we show that a PAR2 antagonist, the pepducin palmitoyl-RSSAMDENSEKKRKSAIK-amide (P2pal-18S), attenuates EAE progression by affecting immune cell function. P2pal-18S treatment markedly diminishes disease severity and reduces demyelination, as well as the infiltration of T-cells and macrophages into the central nervous system. Moreover, P2pal-18S decreases granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production and T-cell activation in cultured splenocytes and prevents macrophage polarization in vitro. We conclude that PAR2 plays a key role in regulating neuroinflammation in EAE and that PAR2 antagonists represent promising therapeutic agents for treating MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Proteinase-activated receptor-2 modulates inflammatory responses and is increased in multiple sclerosis lesions. We show that the proteinase-activated receptor-2 antagonist palmitoyl-RSSAMDENSEKKRKSAIK-amide reduces disease in the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis by inhibiting T-cell and macrophage activation and infiltration into the central nervous system, making it a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Eftekhari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Benjamin W Ewanchuk
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
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Shah H, Hill TA, Lim J, Fairlie DP. Protease-activated receptor 2 attenuates doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00791-6. [PMID: 37991681 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a major problem in cancer treatment. Doxorubicin (adriamycin) is an injectable DNA intercalating drug that halts cancer cell growth by inhibiting topoisomerase 2, but its long-term effectiveness is compromised by onset of resistance. This study demonstrates that expression of the PAR2 gene in human colon adenocarcinoma tissue samples was the highest among 32 different cancer types (n = 10,989), and higher in colon adenocarcinoma tissues (n = 331) than normal colon tissues (n = 308), revealing an association between PAR2 expression and human colon cancer. HT29 cells are a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line that is sensitive to the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin and also expresses PAR2. We find that PAR2 activation in HT29 cells, either by an endogenous protease agonist (trypsin) or an exogenous peptide agonist (2f-LIGRL-NH2), significantly reduces doxorubicin-induced cell death, reactive oxygen species production, caspase 3/7 activity and cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Moreover, PAR2-mediated MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway induced by 2f-LIGRL-NH2 leads to upregulated anti-apoptotic MCL-1 and Bcl-xL proteins that promote cellular survival. These findings suggest that activation of PAR2 compromises efficacy of doxorubicin in colon cancer. Further support for this conclusion came from experiments with human colon cancer HT29 cells, either with the PAR2 gene deleted or in the presence of a pharmacological antagonist of PAR2, which showed full restoration of all doxorubicin-mediated effects. Together, these findings reveal a strong link between PAR2 activation and signalling in human colon cancer cells and increased survival against doxorubicin-induced cell death. They support PAR2 antagonism as a possible new strategy for enhancing doxorubicin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Shah
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy A Hill
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Kume M, Ahmad A, DeFea KA, Vagner J, Dussor G, Boitano S, Price TJ. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Expressed in Sensory Neurons Contributes to Signs of Pain and Neuropathy in Paclitaxel Treated Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1980-1993. [PMID: 37315729 PMCID: PMC10615692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common, dose-limiting side effect of cancer therapy. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is implicated in a variety of pathologies, including CIPN. In this study, we demonstrate the role of PAR2 expressed in sensory neurons in a paclitaxel (PTX)-induced model of CIPN in mice. PAR2 knockout/wildtype (WT) mice and mice with PAR2 ablated in sensory neurons were treated with PTX administered via intraperitoneal injection. In vivo behavioral studies were done in mice using von Frey filaments and the Mouse Grimace Scale. We then examined immunohistochemical staining of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hind paw skin samples from CIPN mice to measure satellite cell gliosis and intra-epidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density. The pharmacological reversal of CIPN pain was tested with the PAR2 antagonist C781. Mechanical allodynia caused by PTX treatment was alleviated in PAR2 knockout mice of both sexes. In the PAR2 sensory neuronal conditional knockout (cKO) mice, both mechanical allodynia and facial grimacing were attenuated in mice of both sexes. In the DRG of the PTX-treated PAR2 cKO mice, satellite glial cell activation was reduced compared to control mice. IENF density analysis of the skin showed that the PTX-treated control mice had a reduction in nerve fiber density while the PAR2 cKO mice had a comparable skin innervation as the vehicle-treated animals. Similar results were seen with satellite cell gliosis in the DRG, where gliosis induced by PTX was absent in PAR cKO mice. Finally, C781 was able to transiently reverse established PTX-evoked mechanical allodynia. PERSPECTIVE: Our work demonstrates that PAR2 expressed in sensory neurons plays a key role in PTX-induced mechanical allodynia, spontaneous pain, and signs of neuropathy, suggesting PAR2 as a possible therapeutic target in multiple aspects of PTX CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeno Kume
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies
| | - Ayesha Ahmad
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies
| | | | | | - Gregory Dussor
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies
| | - Scott Boitano
- University of Arizona Bio5 Research Institute
- University of Arizona Heath Sciences, Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center
- University of Arizona Heath Sciences, Department of Physiology
| | - Theodore J. Price
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies
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Chinellato M, Gasparotto M, Quarta S, Ruvoletto M, Biasiolo A, Filippini F, Spiezia L, Cendron L, Pontisso P. 1-Piperidine Propionic Acid as an Allosteric Inhibitor of Protease Activated Receptor-2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1486. [PMID: 37895957 PMCID: PMC10610151 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, studies on the inflammatory signaling pathways in multiple pathological contexts have revealed new targets for novel therapies. Among the family of G-protein-coupled Proteases Activated Receptors, PAR2 was identified as a driver of the inflammatory cascade in many pathologies, ranging from autoimmune disease to cancer metastasis. For this reason, many efforts have been focused on the development of potential antagonists of PAR2 activity. This work focuses on a small molecule, 1-Piperidine Propionic Acid (1-PPA), previously described to be active against inflammatory processes, but whose target is still unknown. Stabilization effects observed by cellular thermal shift assay coupled to in-silico investigations, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, suggested that 1-PPA binds PAR2 in an allosteric pocket of the receptor inactive conformation. Functional studies revealed the antagonist effects on MAPKs signaling and on platelet aggregation, processes mediated by PAR family members, including PAR2. Since the allosteric pocket binding 1-PPA is highly conserved in all the members of the PAR family, the evidence reported here suggests that 1-PPA could represent a promising new small molecule targeting PARs with antagonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Chinellato
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (S.Q.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Matteo Gasparotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.G.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Santina Quarta
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (S.Q.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Mariagrazia Ruvoletto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (S.Q.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Biasiolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (S.Q.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco Filippini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.G.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Luca Spiezia
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (S.Q.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Laura Cendron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.G.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Patrizia Pontisso
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (S.Q.); (M.R.); (A.B.)
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Plasse TF, Fathi R, Fehrmann C, McComsey GA. Upamostat: a serine protease inhibitor for antiviral, gastrointestinal, and anticancer indications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1095-1103. [PMID: 37970658 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2284385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serine proteases are involved in many normal metabolic processes but also contribute to diseases of several organ systems, including viral and gastrointestinal diseases and oncology. Upamostat is an orally bioavailable prodrug of WX-UK1, which is most active against trypsins and closely related enzymes. AREAS COVERED Research over the past two decades suggests several diseases in the three areas noted above which upamostat may be active. Upamostat has been studied clinically against several cancers and for outpatient treatment of COVID-19. Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies demonstrate good bioavailability, sustained tissue levels, and high concentrations of the active moiety, WX-UK1, in stool, potentially important for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Clinical studies suggest activity against SARS-CoV-2; results against pancreatic cancer are also encouraging, though studies in both indications are not definitive. The drug was very well tolerated for periods of 2 weeks to several months. EXPERT OPINION Upamostat is an orally bioavailable serine protease inhibitor with an excellent safety profile and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. It has demonstrated preliminary evidence of efficacy against COVID-19, and nonclinical data suggest potential applicability against other viral illnesses, gastrointestinal diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Plasse
- RedHill Biopharma, Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - R Fathi
- RedHill Biopharma, Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - C Fehrmann
- CEEF Solutions, Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada
| | - G A McComsey
- CEEF Solutions, Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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10
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Ahmadi SE, Shabannezhad A, Kahrizi A, Akbar A, Safdari SM, Hoseinnezhad T, Zahedi M, Sadeghi S, Mojarrad MG, Safa M. Tissue factor (coagulation factor III): a potential double-edge molecule to be targeted and re-targeted toward cancer. Biomark Res 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37280670 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is a protein that plays a critical role in blood clotting, but recent research has also shown its involvement in cancer development and progression. Herein, we provide an overview of the structure of TF and its involvement in signaling pathways that promote cancer cell proliferation and survival, such as the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. TF overexpression is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in various cancers. The review also explores TF's role in promoting cancer cell metastasis, angiogenesis, and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Of note, various TF-targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and immunotherapies have been developed, and preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of these therapies in various cancer types are now being evaluated. The potential for re-targeting TF toward cancer cells using TF-conjugated nanoparticles, which have shown promising results in preclinical studies is another intriguing approach in the path of cancer treatment. Although there are still many challenges, TF could possibly be a potential molecule to be used for further cancer therapy as some TF-targeted therapies like Seagen and Genmab's tisotumab vedotin have gained FDA approval for treatment of cervical cancer. Overall, based on the overviewed studies, this review article provides an in-depth overview of the crucial role that TF plays in cancer development and progression, and emphasizes the potential of TF-targeted and re-targeted therapies as potential approaches for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Shabannezhad
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Kahrizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Armin Akbar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehrab Safdari
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taraneh Hoseinnezhad
- Department of Hematolog, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zahedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sadeghi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London, UK
| | - Mahsa Golizadeh Mojarrad
- Shahid Beheshti Educational and Medical Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Hennes A, Devroe J, De Clercq K, Ciprietti M, Held K, Luyten K, Van Ranst N, Maenhoudt N, Peeraer K, Vankelecom H, Voets T, Vriens J. Protease secretions by the invading blastocyst induce calcium oscillations in endometrial epithelial cells via the protease-activated receptor 2. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:37. [PMID: 37060079 PMCID: PMC10105462 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early embryo implantation is a complex phenomenon characterized by the presence of an implantation-competent blastocyst and a receptive endometrium. Embryo development and endometrial receptivity must be synchronized and an adequate two-way dialogue between them is necessary for maternal recognition and implantation. Proteases have been described as blastocyst-secreted proteins involved in the hatching process and early implantation events. These enzymes stimulate intracellular calcium signaling pathways in endometrial epithelial cells (EEC). However, the exact molecular players underlying protease-induced calcium signaling, the subsequent downstream signaling pathways and the biological impact of its activation remain elusive. METHODS To identify gene expression of the receptors and ion channels of interest in human and mouse endometrial epithelial cells, RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization experiments were conducted. Calcium microfluorimetric experiments were performed to study their functional expression. RESULTS We showed that trypsin evoked intracellular calcium oscillations in EEC of mouse and human, and identified the protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) as the molecular entity initiating protease-induced calcium responses in EEC. In addition, this study unraveled the molecular players involved in the downstream signaling of PAR2 by showing that depletion and re-filling of intracellular calcium stores occurs via PLC, IP3R and the STIM1/Orai1 complex. Finally, in vitro experiments in the presence of a specific PAR2 agonist evoked an upregulation of the 'Window of implantation' markers in human endometrial epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the blastocyst-derived protease signaling and allocate a key role for PAR2 as maternal sensor for signals released by the developing blastocyst.
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Grants
- C14/18/106 Research Council of the KU Leuven
- C14/18/106 Research Council of the KU Leuven
- C14/18/106 Research Council of the KU Leuven
- C14/18/106 Research Council of the KU Leuven
- G.0D1417N, G.084515N, G.0A6719N, 12R4622N, 12U7918N Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- G.0D1417N, G.084515N, G.0A6719N, 12R4622N, 12U7918N Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- G.0D1417N, G.084515N, G.0A6719N, 12R4622N, 12U7918N Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- G.0D1417N, G.084515N, G.0A6719N, 12R4622N, 12U7918N Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- G.0D1417N, G.084515N, G.0A6719N, 12R4622N, 12U7918N Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Hennes
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Devroe
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven University Fertility Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Clercq
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martina Ciprietti
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katharina Held
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Luyten
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nina Maenhoudt
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 804, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Peeraer
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven University Fertility Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 804, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Shpakov AO. Allosteric Regulation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: From Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms to Multiple Allosteric Sites and Their Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6187. [PMID: 37047169 PMCID: PMC10094638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation is critical for the functioning of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Endogenous allosteric regulators of GPCRs are simple ions, various biomolecules, and protein components of GPCR signaling (G proteins and β-arrestins). The stability and functional activity of GPCR complexes is also due to multicenter allosteric interactions between protomers. The complexity of allosteric effects caused by numerous regulators differing in structure, availability, and mechanisms of action predetermines the multiplicity and different topology of allosteric sites in GPCRs. These sites can be localized in extracellular loops; inside the transmembrane tunnel and in its upper and lower vestibules; in cytoplasmic loops; and on the outer, membrane-contacting surface of the transmembrane domain. They are involved in the regulation of basal and orthosteric agonist-stimulated receptor activity, biased agonism, GPCR-complex formation, and endocytosis. They are targets for a large number of synthetic allosteric regulators and modulators, including those constructed using molecular docking. The review is devoted to the principles and mechanisms of GPCRs allosteric regulation, the multiplicity of allosteric sites and their topology, and the endogenous and synthetic allosteric regulators, including autoantibodies and pepducins. The allosteric regulation of chemokine receptors, proteinase-activated receptors, thyroid-stimulating and luteinizing hormone receptors, and beta-adrenergic receptors are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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13
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Ushakumari CJ, Zhou QL, Wang YH, Na S, Rigor MC, Zhou CY, Kroll MK, Lin BD, Jiang ZY. Neutrophil Elastase Increases Vascular Permeability and Leukocyte Transmigration in Cultured Endothelial Cells and Obese Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152288. [PMID: 35892585 PMCID: PMC9332277 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE) plays a pivotal role in inflammation. However, the mechanism underlying NE-mediated inflammation in obesity remains unclear. Here, we report that NE activates protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), stimulates actin filament (F-actin) formation, decreases intercellular junction molecule VE-cadherin expression, and increases the permeability of human arterial endothelial cells (hECs). NE also prompts degradation of VE-cadherin and its binding proteins p120- and β-catenins via MG132-sensitive proteasomes. NE stimulates phosphorylation of myosin light-chain (MLC) and its regulator myosin phosphatase target subunit-1 (MYPT1), a target of Rho kinase (ROCK). Inhibitors of PAR2 and ROCK prohibit NE-induced F-actin formation, MLC phosphorylation, and VE-cadherin reduction in hECs, and impede monocyte transmigration through hEC monolayer pretreated with either neutrophils or NE. Further, administration of an NE inhibitor GW311616A significantly attenuates vascular leakage, leukocyte infiltration, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the white adipose tissue from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Likewise, NE-deficient mice are resistant to HFD-induced vascular leakage in the heart. Together, NE regulates actomyosin cytoskeleton activity and VE-cadherin expression by activating PAR2 signaling in the endothelial cells, leading to increased vascular permeability and leukocyte extravasation. Hence, inhibition of NE is a potential approach to mitigate vascular injury and leukocyte infiltration in obesity-related systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinchu Jagadan Ushakumari
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.J.U.); (Q.L.Z.); (Y.-H.W.); (S.N.)
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.C.R.); (C.Y.Z.); (M.K.K.); (B.D.L.)
| | - Qiong L. Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.J.U.); (Q.L.Z.); (Y.-H.W.); (S.N.)
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.C.R.); (C.Y.Z.); (M.K.K.); (B.D.L.)
| | - Yu-Hua Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.J.U.); (Q.L.Z.); (Y.-H.W.); (S.N.)
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.C.R.); (C.Y.Z.); (M.K.K.); (B.D.L.)
| | - Sijia Na
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.J.U.); (Q.L.Z.); (Y.-H.W.); (S.N.)
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.C.R.); (C.Y.Z.); (M.K.K.); (B.D.L.)
| | - Michael C. Rigor
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.C.R.); (C.Y.Z.); (M.K.K.); (B.D.L.)
| | - Cindy Y. Zhou
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.C.R.); (C.Y.Z.); (M.K.K.); (B.D.L.)
| | - Max K. Kroll
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.C.R.); (C.Y.Z.); (M.K.K.); (B.D.L.)
| | - Benjamin D. Lin
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.C.R.); (C.Y.Z.); (M.K.K.); (B.D.L.)
| | - Zhen Y. Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.J.U.); (Q.L.Z.); (Y.-H.W.); (S.N.)
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.C.R.); (C.Y.Z.); (M.K.K.); (B.D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-358-8255
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14
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Sasaki R, Kurebayashi N, Eguchi H, Horimoto Y, Shiga T, Miyazaki S, Kashiyama T, Akamatsu W, Saito M. Involvement of kallikrein-PAR2-proinflammatory pathway in severe trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3449-3462. [PMID: 35879248 PMCID: PMC9530879 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab‐induced cardiotoxicity interferes with continued treatment in approximately 10% of patients with ErbB2‐positive breast cancer, but its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we recruited trastuzumab‐treated patients with ≥30% reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (SP) and noncardiotoxic patients (NP). From each of these patients, we established three cases of induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (pt‐iPSC‐CMs). Reduced contraction and relaxation velocities following trastuzumab treatment were more evident in SP pt‐iPSC‐CMs than NP pt‐iPSC‐CMs, indicating the cardiotoxicity phenotype could be replicated. Differences in ATP production, reactive oxygen species, and autophagy activity were observed between the two groups. Analysis of transcripts revealed enhanced kallikrein5 expression and pro‐inflammatory signaling pathways, such as interleukin‐1β, in SP pt‐iPSC‐CMs after trastuzumab treatment. The kallilkrein5‐protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2)‐MAPK signaling pathway was more activated in SP pt‐iPSC‐CMs, and treatment with a PAR2‐antagonist suppressed interleukin‐1β expression. Our data indicate enhanced pro‐inflammatory responses through kallikrein5‐PAR2 signaling and vulnerability to external stresses appear to be the cause of trastuzumab‐induced cardiotoxicity in SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Sasaki
- Department of Breast Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Nagomi Kurebayashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hidetaka Eguchi
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiya Horimoto
- Department of Breast Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Shiga
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Sakiko Miyazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Taku Kashiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mitsue Saito
- Department of Breast Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
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15
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Rivas CM, Yee MC, Addison KJ, Lovett M, Pal K, Ledford JG, Dussor G, Price TJ, Vagner J, DeFea KA, Boitano S. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 antagonist C391 inhibits Alternaria-induced airway epithelial signalling and asthma indicators in acute exposure mouse models. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:2208-2222. [PMID: 34841515 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the availability of a variety of treatment options, many asthma patients have poorly controlled disease with frequent exacerbations. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been identified in preclinical animal models as important to asthma initiation and progression following allergen exposure. Proteinase activation of PAR2 raises intracellular Ca2+ , inducing MAPK and β-arrestin signalling in the airway, leading to inflammatory and protective effects. We have developed C391, a potent PAR2 antagonist effective in blocking peptidomimetic- and trypsin-induced PAR2 signalling in vitro as well as reducing inflammatory PAR2-associated pain in vivo. We hypothesized that PAR2 antagonism by C391 would attenuate allergen-induced acutely expressed asthma indicators in murine models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the ability of C391 to alter Alternaria alternata-induced PAR2 signalling pathways in vitro using a human airway epithelial cell line that naturally expresses PAR2 (16HBE14o-) and a transfected embryonic cell line (HEK 293). We next evaluated the ability for C391 to reduce A. alternata-induced acutely expressed asthma indicators in vivo in two murine strains. KEY RESULTS C391 blocked A. alternata-induced, PAR2-dependent Ca2+ and MAPK signalling in 16HBE14o- cells, as well as β-arrestin recruitment in HEK 293 cells. C391 effectively attenuated A. alternata-induced inflammation, mucus production, mucus cell hyperplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness in acute allergen-challenged murine models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS To our best knowledge, this is the first demonstration of pharmacological intervention of PAR2 to reduce allergen-induced asthma indicators in vivo. These data support further development of PAR2 antagonists as potential first-in-class allergic asthma drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy M Rivas
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael C Yee
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kenneth J Addison
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Marissa Lovett
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Julie G Ledford
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Josef Vagner
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kathryn A DeFea
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.,Corporate Headquarters, PARMedics, Inc., Temecula, California, USA
| | - Scott Boitano
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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16
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Kim JM, Park J, Noh EM, Song HK, Kang SY, Jung SH, Kim JS, Youn HJ, Lee YR. Downregulation of matriptase suppresses the PAR‑2/PLCγ2/PKC‑mediated invasion and migration abilities of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:247. [PMID: 34608498 PMCID: PMC8524316 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptases, members of the type II transmembrane serine protease family, are cell surface proteolytic enzymes that mediate tumor invasion and metastasis. Matriptase is highly expressed in breast cancer and is associated with poor patient outcome. However, the cellular mechanism by which matriptase mediates breast cancer invasion remains unknown. The present study aimed to determine the role of matriptase in the protein kinase C (PKC)‑mediated metastasis of MCF‑7 human breast cancer cells. Matriptase small interfering RNA‑mediated knockdown significantly attenuated the 12‑O‑tetradecanoylphorbol‑13‑acetate (TPA)‑induced invasiveness and migration of MCF‑7 cells, and inhibited the activation of phospholipase C γ2 (PLCγ2)/PKC/MAPK signaling pathways. Matriptase‑knockdown also suppressed the expression of MMP‑9 and inhibited the activation of NF‑κB/activator protein‑1 in MCF‑7 cells. Additionally, GB83 [an inhibitor of protease‑activated receptor‑2 (PAR‑2)] inhibited PKC‑mediated MMP‑9 expression and metastatic ability in MCF‑7 cells. Furthermore, downregulation of matriptase suppressed TPA‑induced MMP‑9 expression and invasiveness via PAR‑2/PLCγ2/PKC/MAPK activation. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying the role of matriptase in MCF‑7 cell invasion and migration ability, and suggest that matriptase modulation could be a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinny Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 405‑760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Noh
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Song
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yull Kang
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoo Jung
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Youn
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rae Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
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17
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Jiang Y, Zhuo X, Wu Y, Fu X, Mao C. PAR2 blockade reverses osimertinib resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer cells via attenuating ERK-mediated EMT and PD-L1 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119144. [PMID: 34599981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osimertinib, as the third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), is a first-line molecularly targeted drug for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the emergence of therapeutic resistance to osimertinib markedly impairs its efficiency and efficacy, leading to the failure of clinical applications. Novel molecular targets and drugs are urgently needed for reversing osimertinib resistance in NSCLC. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that belongs to a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors can stimulate the transactivation of EGFR to regulate multiple cellular signalling, actively participating in tumour progression. This study firstly discovered that PAR2 expression was notably enhanced when NSCLC cells became resistant to osimertinib. A PAR2 inhibitor facilitated osimertinib to attenuate EGFR transactivation, ERK phosphorylation, EMT and PD-L1 expression which were associated to osimertinib resistance. The combination of the PAR2 inhibitor and osimertinib also notably blocked cell viability, migration, 3D sphere formation and in vivo tumour growth whereas osimertinib itself lost such inhibitory effects in osimertinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Importantly, this reversal effect of PAR2 blockade was uncovered to depend on ERK-mediated EMT and PD-L1, since inhibition of β-arrestin or ERK, which could be modulated by PAR2, sensitized osimertinib to prevent EMT, PD-L1 expression and consequently overcame osimertinib resistance. Thus, this study demonstrated that PAR2 antagonism could limit ERK-mediated EMT and immune checkpoints, consequently attenuating EGFR transactivation and reactivate osimertinib. It suggested that PAR2 may be a novel drug target for osimertinib resistance, and PAR2 inhibition may be a promising strategy candidate for reversing EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Xin Zhuo
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yue Wu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Canquan Mao
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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18
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Oe Y, Miyazaki M, Takahashi N. Coagulation, Protease-Activated Receptors, and Diabetic Kidney Disease: Lessons from eNOS-Deficient Mice. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 255:1-8. [PMID: 34511578 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.255.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction is known to exacerbate the progression and prognosis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). One of the mechanisms through which this is achieved is that low eNOS levels are associated with hypercoagulability, which promotes kidney injury. In the extrinsic coagulation cascade, the tissue factor (factor III) and downstream coagulation factors, such as active factor X (FXa), exacerbate inflammation through activation of the protease-activated receptors (PARs). Recently, it has been shown that the lack of or reduced eNOS expression in diabetic mice, as a model of advanced DKD, increases renal tissue factor levels and PAR1 and 2 expression in their kidneys. Furthermore, pharmaceutical inhibition or genetic deletion of coagulation factors or PARs ameliorated inflammation in DKD in mice lacking eNOS. In this review, we summarize the relationship between eNOS, coagulation, and PARs and propose a novel therapeutic option for the management of patients with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Oe
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mariko Miyazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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19
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Nishimura R, Miyajima M, Takahashi K, Hirokawa M, Hara Y, Kimura J, Ohmori K. House dust mite-derived serine protease upregulates gene expression of interleukin-33 in canine keratinocytes via protease-activated receptor-2. Vet Dermatol 2021; 33:72-e24. [PMID: 34519392 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of interleukin (IL)-33 produced by keratinocytes has been suggested in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). House dust mite (HDM)-derived proteases induce the production of various cytokines and chemokines in keratinocytes via protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2); however, their effects on IL-33 mRNA expression in canine keratinocytes have not been determined. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To clarify whether HDM-derived proteases induce IL-33 mRNA expression in canine keratinocytes via PAR-2. METHODS AND MATERIALS Expression of IL-33 mRNA was quantified by real-time PCR in a cell line of canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes (CPEK) stimulated with Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) whole body extract, Der f pre-treated with cysteine protease and serine protease inhibitors, and trypsin. Trypsin and Der f-mediated IL-33 mRNA expression also was measured in CPEK cells treated with a PAR-2 antagonist. RESULTS Der f enhanced IL-33 mRNA expression in CPEK cells in incubation time- and dose-dependent manners. Der f pre-treated with a serine protease inhibitor, and not a cysteine protease inhibitor, abrogated an increase in IL-33 mRNA expression in CPEK cells. Trypsin also enhanced IL-33 mRNA expression in CPEK cells. Trypsin-mediated IL-33 mRNA expression was completely abolished by a PAR-2 antagonist, while Der f-mediated IL-33 mRNA expression was partially and significantly diminished by it. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Der f-derived serine protease upregulated IL-33 mRNA expression in CPEK cells at least in part via PAR-2. These findings suggest that HDM may be involved in the development of C AD by increasing IL-33 mRNA expression in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinka Nishimura
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyajima
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaho Takahashi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Marin Hirokawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuna Hara
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junpei Kimura
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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20
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Imidazopyridazine Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Display Potent Anti-Proliferative Effects in the Human Neuroblastoma Cell-Line, IMR-32. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175319. [PMID: 34500749 PMCID: PMC8434581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine compounds are a new class of promising lead molecules to which we have incorporated polar nitro and amino moieties to increase the scope of their biological activity. Two of these substituted 3-nitro-6-amino-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine compounds (5c and 5h) showed potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (IC50 40–50 nM), which we have previously reported. In this study, we wanted to test the biological efficacy of these compounds. Cytotoxicity assays showed that compound 5h mediated greater cell death with over 43% of cells dead at 100 μM and activation of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. On the other hand, compound 5c mediated a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation. Both compounds showed cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and reduced cellular ATP levels leading to activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress. It has to be noted that all these effects were observed at doses beyond 10 μM, 200-fold above the IC50 for AChE inhibition. Both compounds also inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide release in primary rat microglial cells. These results suggested that the substituted imidazo (1,2-b) pyridazine compounds, which have potent AChE inhibitory activity, were also capable of antiproliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-inflammatory effects at higher doses.
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21
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The development of proteinase-activated receptor-2 modulators and the challenges involved. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2525-2537. [PMID: 33242065 PMCID: PMC7752072 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been extensively studied since its discovery in the mid-1990. Despite the advances in understanding PAR2 pharmacology, it has taken almost 25 years for the first inhibitor to reach clinical trials, and so far, no PAR2 antagonist has been approved for human use. Research has employed classical approaches to develop a wide array of PAR2 agonists and antagonists, consisting of peptides, peptoids and antibodies to name a few, with a surge in patent applications over this period. Recent breakthroughs in PAR2 structure determination has provided a unique insight into proposed PAR2 ligand binding sites. Publication of the first crystal structures of PAR2 resolved in complex with two novel non-peptide small molecule antagonists (AZ8838 and AZ3451) revealed two distinct binding pockets, originally presumed to be allosteric sites, with a PAR2 antibody (Fab3949) used to block tethered ligand engagement with the peptide-binding domain of the receptor. Further studies have proposed orthosteric site occupancy for AZ8838 as a competitive antagonist. One company has taken the first PAR2 antibody (MEDI0618) into phase I clinical trial (NCT04198558). While this first-in-human trial is at the early stages of the assessment of safety, other research into the structural characterisation of PAR2 is still ongoing in an attempt to identify new ways to target receptor activity. This review will focus on the development of novel PAR2 modulators developed to date, with an emphasis placed upon the advances made in the pharmacological targeting of PAR2 activity as a strategy to limit chronic inflammatory disease.
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22
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Humphries TLR, Shen K, Iyer A, Johnson DW, Gobe GC, Nikolic-Paterson D, Fairlie DP, Vesey DA. PAR2-Induced Tissue Factor Synthesis by Primary Cultures of Human Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells Is Modified by Glucose Availability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147532. [PMID: 34299151 PMCID: PMC8304776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulopathies common to patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not fully understood. Fibrin deposits in the kidney suggest the local presence of clotting factors including tissue factor (TF). In this study, we investigated the effect of glucose availability on the synthesis of TF by cultured human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTECs) in response to activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). PAR2 activation by peptide 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2F, 2 µM) enhanced the synthesis and secretion of active TF (~45 kDa) which was blocked by a PAR2 antagonist (I-191). Treatment with 2F also significantly increased the consumption of glucose from the cell medium and lactate secretion. Culturing HTECs in 25 mM glucose enhanced TF synthesis and secretion over 5 mM glucose, while addition of 5 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2DOG) significantly decreased TF synthesis and reduced its molecular weight (~40 kDa). Blocking glycosylation with tunicamycin also reduced 2F-induced TF synthesis while reducing its molecular weight (~36 kDa). In conclusion, PAR2-induced TF synthesis in HTECs is enhanced by culture in high concentrations of glucose and suppressed by inhibiting either PAR2 activation (I-191), glycolysis (2DOG) or glycosylation (tunicamycin). These results may help explain how elevated concentrations of glucose promote clotting abnormities in diabetic kidney disease. The application of PAR2 antagonists to treat CKD should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone L. R. Humphries
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
| | - Kunyu Shen
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (D.P.F.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David W. Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (D.P.F.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3443-8013
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23
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Jiang Y, Zhuo X, Fu X, Wu Y, Mao C. Targeting PAR2 Overcomes Gefitinib Resistance in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells Through Inhibition of EGFR Transactivation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625289. [PMID: 33967759 PMCID: PMC8100583 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance can notably restrict clinical applications of gefitinib that is a commonly used EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The attempts in exploring novel drug targets and reversal strategies are still needed, since gefitinib resistance has not been fully addressed. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a G protein-coupled receptor, possesses a transactivation with EGFR to initiate a variety of intracellular signal transductions, but there is a lack of investigations on the role of PAR2 in gefitinib resistance. This study established that protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), actively participated in NSCLC resistant to gefitinib. PAR2 expression was significantly up-regulated when NSCLC cells or tumor tissues became gefitinib resistance. PAR2 inhibition notably enhanced gefitinib to modulate EGFR transactivation, cell viability, migration and apoptosis in gefitinib-sensitive and-resistant NSCLC cells, suggesting its reversal effects in gefitinib resistance. Meanwhile, the combination of a PAR2 inhibitor (P2pal-18S) and gefitinib largely blocked ERK phosphorylation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) compared to gefitinib alone. Importantly, we probed its underlying mechanism and uncovered that PAR2 blockade sensitized gefitinib and reversed its resistance mainly via β-arrestin-EGFR-ERK signaling axis. These effects of PAR2 inhibition were further confirmed by the in vivo study which showed that P2pal-18S reactivated gefitinib to inhibit tumor growth via restricting ERK activation. Taken together, this study could not only reveal a new mechanism of receptor-mediated transactivation to modulate drug resistance, but also provide a novel drug target and direction for overcoming gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zhuo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Canquan Mao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Chandrabalan A, Ramachandran R. Molecular mechanisms regulating Proteinase‐Activated Receptors (PARs). FEBS J 2021; 288:2697-2726. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
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25
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Morais C, Rajandram R, Blakeney JS, Iyer A, Suen JY, Johnson DW, Gobe GC, Fairlie DP, Vesey DA. Expression of protease activated receptor-2 is reduced in renal cell carcinoma biopsies and cell lines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248983. [PMID: 33765016 PMCID: PMC7993771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the protease sensing receptor, protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2), is elevated in a variety of cancers and has been promoted as a potential therapeutic target. With the development of potent antagonists for this receptor, we hypothesised that they could be used to treat renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The expression of PAR2 was, therefore, examined in human RCC tissues and selected RCC cell lines. Histologically confirmed cases of RCC, together with paired non-involved kidney tissue, were used to produce a tissue microarray (TMA) and to extract total tissue RNA. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were then used to assess PAR2 expression. In culture, RCC cell lines versus primary human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTEC) were used to assess PAR2 expression by qPCR, immunocytochemistry and an intracellular calcium mobilization assay. The TMA revealed an 85% decrease in PAR2 expression in tumour tissue compared with normal kidney tissue. Likewise, qPCR showed a striking reduction in PAR2 mRNA in RCC compared with normal kidney. All RCC cell lines showed lower levels of PAR2 expression than HTEC. In conclusion, we found that PAR2 was reduced in RCC compared with normal kidney and is unlikely to be a target of interest in the treatment of this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Retnagowri Rajandram
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Jade S. Blakeney
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David W. Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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26
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Iyer A, Humphries TLR, Owens EP, Zhao KN, Masci PP, Johnson DW, Nikolic-Paterson D, Gobe GC, Fairlie DP, Vesey DA. PAR2 Activation on Human Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells Induces Tissue Factor Synthesis, That Enhances Blood Clotting. Front Physiol 2021; 12:615428. [PMID: 33776786 PMCID: PMC7987918 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.615428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation abnormalities and increased risk of atherothrombosis are common in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Mechanisms that alter renal hemostasis and lead to thrombotic events are not fully understood. Here we show that activation of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2) on human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTECs), induces tissue factor (TF) synthesis and secretion that enhances blood clotting. PAR-activating coagulation-associated protease (thrombin), as well as specific PAR2 activators (matriptase, trypsin, or synthetic agonist 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2F), induced TF synthesis and secretion that were potently inhibited by PAR2 antagonist, I-191. Thrombin-induced TF was also inhibited by a PAR1 antagonist, Vorapaxar. Peptide activators of PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4 failed to induce TF synthesis. Differential centrifugation of the 2F-conditoned medium sedimented the secreted TF, together with the exosome marker ALG-2 interacting protein X (ALIX), indicating that secreted TF was associated with extracellular vesicles. 2F-treated HTEC conditioned medium significantly enhanced blood clotting, which was prevented by pre-incubating this medium with an antibody for TF. In summary, activation of PAR2 on HTEC stimulates synthesis and secretion of TF that induces blood clotting, and this is attenuated by PAR2 antagonism. Thrombin-induced TF synthesis is at least partly mediated by PAR1 transactivation of PAR2. These findings reveal how underlying hemostatic imbalances might increase thrombosis risk and subsequent chronic fibrin deposition in the kidneys of patients with CKD and suggest PAR2 antagonism as a potential therapeutic strategy for intervening in CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tyrone L. R. Humphries
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Evan P. Owens
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- Centre for Venomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul P. Masci
- Centre for Venomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David W. Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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27
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Abji F, Rasti M, Gómez-Aristizábal A, Muytjens C, Saifeddine M, Mihara K, Motahhari M, Gandhi R, Viswanathan S, Hollenberg MD, Oikonomopoulou K, Chandran V. Proteinase-Mediated Macrophage Signaling in Psoriatic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:629726. [PMID: 33763056 PMCID: PMC7982406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.629726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Multiple proteinases are present in the synovial fluid (SF) of an arthritic joint. We aimed to identify inflammatory cell populations present in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) SF compared to osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), identify their proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) signaling function and characterize potentially active SF serine proteinases that may be PAR2 activators. Methods Flow cytometry was used to characterize SF cells from PsA, RA, OA patients; PsA SF cells were further characterized by single cell 3’-RNA-sequencing. Active serine proteinases were identified through cleavage of fluorogenic trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like substrates, activity-based probe analysis and proteomics. Fluo-4 AM was used to monitor intracellular calcium cell signaling. Cytokine expression was evaluated using a multiplex Luminex panel. Results PsA SF cells were dominated by monocytes/macrophages, which consisted of three populations representing classical, non-classical and intermediate cells. The classical monocytes/macrophages were reduced in PsA compared to OA/RA, whilst the intermediate population was increased. PAR2 was elevated in OA vs. PsA/RA SF monocytes/macrophages, particularly in the intermediate population. PAR2 expression and signaling in primary PsA monocytes/macrophages significantly impacted the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Trypsin-like serine proteinase activity was elevated in PsA and RA SF compared to OA, while chymotrypsin-like activity was elevated in RA compared to PsA. Tryptase-6 was identified as an active serine proteinase in SF that could trigger calcium signaling partially via PAR2. Conclusion PAR2 and its activating proteinases, including tryptase-6, can be important mediators of inflammation in PsA. Components within this proteinase-receptor axis may represent novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Abji
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mozhgan Rasti
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Carla Muytjens
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Majid Motahhari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rajiv Gandhi
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Ye D, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Wu P, Zhao Q, Zhang Z. Silencing PRSS1 suppresses the growth and proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells via the ERK pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:957-971. [PMID: 33867821 PMCID: PMC8040304 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.52591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric carcinoma (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors and seriously threatens human life and health. Methods: In the present study, 243 differentially expressed proteins in GC were identified using laser capture microdissection (LCM) combined with isotopically labeled quantitative proteomics technology. The expression of serine protease 1 (PRSS1) protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. MTT and colony formation assays were employed to determine the effect of PRSS1 expression on the growth and proliferation of GC cells. Then, we observed the expression of miR-146a-5p in GC by qRT-PCR. A dual luciferase assay was performed to determine whether PRSS1 is a target gene of miR-146a-5p. We also explored the influence of miR-146a-5p expression on PRSS1 expression and on the growth and proliferation of GC cells. Finally, Western blotting was used to analyze the effect of PRSS1 expression on the activation of the ERK signaling pathway. Results: We confirmed that PRSS1 expression was significantly increased and was positively correlated with the differentiation, tumor size and lymph node metastasis of GC. Subsequently, we found that overexpression of PRSS1 promoted the growth and proliferation of cells, whereas silencing PRSS1 expression inhibited the growth and proliferation of MGC803 cells by inhibiting activation of the ERK signaling pathway via reductions in PAR-2 activation. MiR-146a-5p targets PRSS1 and suppresses the growth and proliferation of MGC803 cells. Conclusions: miR-146a-5p targets PRSS1 and suppresses the growth and proliferation of MGC803 cells. Silencing PRSS1 expression inhibits the ERK signaling pathway by reducing PAR-2 activation, resulting in suppressed growth and proliferation of MGC803 GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Ye
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hunan Hengyang 421001, China.,Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330008, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hunan Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Heliang Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hunan Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yujie Tang
- Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hengyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hunan Hengyang 421001, China
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Jiang Y, Lim J, Wu KC, Xu W, Suen JY, Fairlie DP. PAR2 induces ovarian cancer cell motility by merging three signalling pathways to transactivate EGFR. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:913-932. [PMID: 33226635 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Specific cellular functions mediated by GPCRs are often associated with signalling through a particular G protein or β-arrestin. Here, we examine signalling through a GPCR, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), in a high-grade serous ovarian cancer cell line (OV90). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human ovarian cancer tissues (n = 1,200) and nine human ovarian cancer cell lines were assessed for PAR2 expression. PAR2 signalling mechanisms leading to cell migration and invasion were dissected using cellular assays, western blots, CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockouts, pharmacological inhibitors of PAR2 and downstream signalling proteins in OV90 cancer cells. KEY RESULTS PAR2 was significantly overexpressed in clinical ovarian cancer tissues and in OV90 ovarian cancer cells. PAR2 agonists, an endogenous protease (trypsin) and a synthetic peptide (2f-LIGRL-NH2 ), induced migration and invasion of OV90 ovarian cancer cells through activating a combination of Gαq/11 , Gα12/13 and β-arrestin1/2, but not Gαs or Gαi . This novel cooperative rather than parallel signalling resulted in downstream serial activation of Src kinases, then transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), followed by downstream MEK-ERK1/2-FOS/MYC/STAT3-COX2 signalling. Either a PAR2 antagonist (I-191), CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockouts (PAR2 or Gα proteins or β-arrestin1/2), or inhibitors of each downstream protein attenuated human ovarian cancer cell motility. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study highlights a novel shared signalling cascade, requiring each of Gαq/11 , Gα12/13 and β-arrestin1/2 for PAR2-induced ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion. This mechanism controlling a cellular function is unusual in not being linked to a specific individual G protein or β-arrestin-mediated signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Protease-activated receptor-2 ligands reveal orthosteric and allosteric mechanisms of receptor inhibition. Commun Biol 2020; 3:782. [PMID: 33335291 PMCID: PMC7747594 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been implicated in multiple pathophysiologies but drug discovery is challenging due to low small molecule tractability and a complex activation mechanism. Here we report the pharmacological profiling of a potent new agonist, suggested by molecular modelling to bind in the putative orthosteric site, and two novel PAR2 antagonists with distinctly different mechanisms of inhibition. We identify coupling between different PAR2 binding sites. One antagonist is a competitive inhibitor that binds to the orthosteric site, while a second antagonist is a negative allosteric modulator that binds at a remote site. The allosteric modulator shows probe dependence, more effectively inhibiting peptide than protease activation of PAR2 signalling. Importantly, both antagonists are active in vivo, inhibiting PAR2 agonist-induced acute paw inflammation in rats and preventing activation of mast cells and neutrophils. These results highlight two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that potentially could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2. Kennedy et al. report the pharmacological and in vivo profiling of two small molecule PAR2 inhibitors and an agonist. They conclude that while the small molecule agonist and one of the inhibitors bind to the orthosteric PAR2 binding site, the other inhibitor is a negative allosteric modulator, highlighting two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2.
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Avet C, Sturino C, Grastilleur S, Gouill CL, Semache M, Gross F, Gendron L, Bennani Y, Mancini JA, Sayegh CE, Bouvier M. The PAR2 inhibitor I-287 selectively targets Gα q and Gα 12/13 signaling and has anti-inflammatory effects. Commun Biol 2020; 3:719. [PMID: 33247181 PMCID: PMC7695697 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is involved in inflammatory responses and pain, therefore representing a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. However, as for other GPCRs, PAR2 can activate multiple signaling pathways and those involved in inflammatory responses remain poorly defined. Here, we describe a new selective and potent PAR2 inhibitor (I-287) that shows functional selectivity by acting as a negative allosteric regulator on Gαq and Gα12/13 activity and their downstream effectors, while having no effect on Gi/o signaling and βarrestin2 engagement. Such selective inhibition of only a subset of the pathways engaged by PAR2 was found to be sufficient to block inflammation in vivo. In addition to unraveling the PAR2 signaling pathways involved in the pro-inflammatory response, our study opens the path toward the development of new functionally selective drugs with reduced liabilities that could arise from blocking all the signaling activities controlled by the receptor. Avet et al. characterize I-287, an inhibitor to protease-activated receptor 2 using BRET-assays. They find that I-287 selectively inhibits Gαq and Gα12/13 without affecting the activation of Gi/o or the recruitment of βarrestin2 and that it blocks inflammation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Avet
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4
| | - Claudio Sturino
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Paraza Pharma, Inc., Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 2E1
| | - Sébastien Grastilleur
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4
| | - Meriem Semache
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.,Domain Therapeutics North America, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Florence Gross
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.,Domain Therapeutics North America, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Youssef Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,AdMare BioInnovations, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Joseph A Mancini
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Camil E Sayegh
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.
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Legumain Induces Oral Cancer Pain by Biased Agonism of Protease-Activated Receptor-2. J Neurosci 2020; 41:193-210. [PMID: 33172978 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1211-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most painful cancers, which interferes with orofacial function including talking and eating. We report that legumain (Lgmn) cleaves protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in the acidic OSCC microenvironment to cause pain. Lgmn is a cysteine protease of late endosomes and lysosomes that can be secreted; it exhibits maximal activity in acidic environments. The role of Lgmn in PAR2-dependent cancer pain is unknown. We studied Lgmn activation in human oral cancers and oral cancer mouse models. Lgmn was activated in OSCC patient tumors, compared with matched normal oral tissue. After intraplantar, facial or lingual injection, Lgmn evoked nociception in wild-type (WT) female mice but not in female mice lacking PAR2 in NaV1.8-positive neurons (Par2Nav1.8), nor in female mice treated with a Lgmn inhibitor, LI-1. Inoculation of an OSCC cell line caused mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia that was reversed by LI-1. Par2Nav1.8 and Lgmn deletion attenuated mechanical allodynia in female mice with carcinogen-induced OSCC. Lgmn caused PAR2-dependent hyperexcitability of trigeminal neurons from WT female mice. Par2 deletion, LI-1, and inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase or protein kinase A (PKA) prevented the effects of Lgmn. Under acidified conditions, Lgmn cleaved within the extracellular N terminus of PAR2 at Asn30↓Arg31, proximal to the canonical trypsin activation site. Lgmn activated PAR2 by biased mechanisms in HEK293 cells to induce Ca2+ mobilization, cAMP formation, and PKA/protein kinase D (PKD) activation, but not β-arrestin recruitment or PAR2 endocytosis. Thus, in the acidified OSCC microenvironment, Lgmn activates PAR2 by biased mechanisms that evoke cancer pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most painful cancers. We report that legumain (Lgmn), which exhibits maximal activity in acidic environments, cleaves protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) on neurons to produce OSCC pain. Active Lgmn was elevated in OSCC patient tumors, compared with matched normal oral tissue. Lgmn evokes pain-like behavior through PAR2 Exposure of pain-sensing neurons to Lgmn decreased the current required to generate an action potential through PAR2 Inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA) prevented the effects of Lgmn. Lgmn activated PAR2 to induce calcium mobilization, cAMP formation, and activation of protein kinase D (PKD) and PKA, but not β-arrestin recruitment or PAR2 endocytosis. Thus, Lgmn is a biased agonist of PAR2 that evokes cancer pain.
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Kaji K, Kaji N, Hori M, Sakai K, Yonezawa T, Maeda S. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Canine Mammary Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:53-62. [PMID: 33054598 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820963087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by serine proteases. In humans, PAR2 is highly expressed in various cancers, including breast cancer, and is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. However, the expression and roles of PAR2 in canine mammary carcinoma remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of PAR2 in canine mammary carcinoma, the association between PAR2 expression and clinical characteristics, and the role of PAR2 in the metastatic phenotypes of tumor cells. Mammary carcinoma from 31 dogs and 10 normal mammary glands were included in this study, and used for immunohistochemical analysis of PAR2 expression. Normal mammary glands did not express PAR2. In contrast, mammary carcinomas showed PAR2 immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm, and its expression level varied between specimens from negative to strongly positive. The overall survival of dogs with high PAR2 expression was shorter than that of dogs with low PAR2 expression. Moreover, PAR2 expression level was associated with the presence of lymph node involvement, advanced clinical stage, and high histopathological grade. In vitro analyses revealed that a PAR2 agonist accelerated cell migration and invasion in a canine mammary carcinoma cell line. In addition, the PAR2 agonist induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and actin polymerization. These results suggest that PAR2 expression plays a role in tumor progression and clinical outcomes in canine mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosei Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Majewski MW, Gandhi DM, Holyst T, Wang Z, Hernandez I, Rosas R, Zhu J, Weiler H, Dockendorff C. Synthesis and initial pharmacology of dual-targeting ligands for putative complexes of integrin αVβ3 and PAR2. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:940-949. [PMID: 33479689 PMCID: PMC7496306 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unpublished data from our labs led us to hypothesize that activated protein C (aPC) may initiate an anti-inflammatory signal in endothelial cells by modulating both the integrin αVβ3 and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which may exist in close proximity on the cellular surface. To test this hypothesis and to probe the possible inflammation-related pathway, we designed and synthesized dual-targeting ligands composed of modified versions of two αVβ3 ligands and two agonists of PAR2. These novel ligands were connected via copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions with polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers of variable length. Initial in vitro pharmacology with EA.hy926 and HUVEC endothelial cells indicated that these ligands are effective binders of αVβ3 and potent agonists of PAR2. These were also used in preliminary studies investigating their effects on PAR2 signaling in the presence of inflammatory agents, and represent the first examples of ligands targeting both PARs and integrins, though concurrent binding to αVβ3 and PAR2 has not yet been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
| | - Disha M Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
| | - Trudy Holyst
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Zhengli Wang
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Irene Hernandez
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
| | - Jieqing Zhu
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
- Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute , Versiti , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
- Department of Physiology , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI 53226 , USA
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881 , Milwaukee , WI 53201-1881 , USA . ; Tel: +1 414 288 1617
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Moaven O, Su J, Jin G, Votanopoulos KI, Shen P, Mangieri C, O'Neill SS, Perry KC, Levine EA, Miller LD. Clinical Implications of Genetic Signatures in Appendiceal Cancer Patients with Incomplete Cytoreduction/HIPEC. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:5016-5023. [PMID: 32705511 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical decision-making is challenging in patients who undergo cytoreductive surgery/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) when complete cytoreduction is not feasible. Nevertheless, some patients still benefit with long-term survival after incomplete CRS/HIPEC. There is currently no robust predictive tool that can assist clinical decision-making in this setting. METHODS We quantified gene expression of 79 appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMN) from patients with incomplete CRS/HIPEC (R2 resection) using a custom NanoString gene panel. Using our previously defined, prognostic subtype classification algorithm based on signed nonnegative matrix factorization, we classified AMN cases into three molecular subtypes termed: immune enriched (IE), mixed (M), and oncogene enriched (OE). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to associate subtypes and individual genes with overall survival (OS). RESULTS Median overall survival (OS) was 7.7 years for IE, 3.6 years for M, and 1.4 years for OE. Compared with IE, OE was associated with significantly lower survival [hazard ratio (HR) 3.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.63-8.13; p = 0.0017]. The differences were observed in both low-grade and high-grade tumors. While only two genes were identified to be associated with OS in low-grade tumors, multiple genes were identified to be associated with OS in high-grade tumors, particularly genes with functions in cell cycle/proliferation, mucin production, immune pathways, and cell adhesion/migration. CONCLUSION Genetic signatures have prognostic value in patients with incomplete cytoreduction and provide valuable information to assist clinical and operative decision-making. Unraveling genetic alterations and involved pathways can direct efforts to design novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeed Moaven
- Surgical Oncology Service, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Guangxu Jin
- Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Konstantinos I Votanopoulos
- Surgical Oncology Service, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Perry Shen
- Surgical Oncology Service, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Christopher Mangieri
- Surgical Oncology Service, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stacey S O'Neill
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen C Perry
- Surgical Oncology Service, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Edward A Levine
- Surgical Oncology Service, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lance D Miller
- Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Unruh D, Horbinski C. Beyond thrombosis: the impact of tissue factor signaling in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:93. [PMID: 32665005 PMCID: PMC7362520 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of the coagulation cascade, though its effects extend well beyond hemostasis. When TF binds to Factor VII, the resulting TF:FVIIa complex can proteolytically cleave transmembrane G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs). In addition to activating PARs, TF:FVIIa complex can also activate receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins. These signaling pathways are utilized by tumors to increase cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer stem-like cell maintenance. Herein, we review in detail the regulation of TF expression, mechanisms of TF signaling, their pathological consequences, and how it is being targeted in experimental cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusten Unruh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Legrand C, Merlini JM, de Senarclens-Bezençon C, Michlig S. New natural agonists of the transient receptor potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11238. [PMID: 32641724 PMCID: PMC7343857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels family are cationic channels involved in various physiological processes as pain, inflammation, metabolism, swallowing function, gut motility, thermoregulation or adipogenesis. In the oral cavity, TRP channels are involved in chemesthesis, the sensory chemical transduction of spicy ingredients. Among them, TRPA1 is activated by natural molecules producing pungent, tingling or irritating sensations during their consumption. TRPA1 can be activated by different chemicals found in plants or spices such as the electrophiles isothiocyanates, thiosulfinates or unsaturated aldehydes. TRPA1 has been as well associated to various physiological mechanisms like gut motility, inflammation or pain. Cinnamaldehyde, its well known potent agonist from cinnamon, is reported to impact metabolism and exert anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Recently, a structurally similar molecule to cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde was shown to possess anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effect as well. We hypothesized that both cinnamaldehyde and cuminaldehyde might exert this metabolic effects through TRPA1 activation and evaluated the impact of cuminaldehyde on TRPA1. The results presented here show that cuminaldehyde activates TRPA1 as well. Additionally, a new natural agonist of TRPA1, tiglic aldehyde, was identified and p-anisaldehyde confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Legrand
- Perception Physiology, Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Meylan Merlini
- Perception Physiology, Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | | | - Stéphanie Michlig
- Perception Physiology, Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Jiang Y, Zhuo X, Mao C. G Protein-coupled Receptors in Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1952-1963. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200305130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly expressed on a variety of tumour tissues while several
GPCR exogenous ligands become marketed pharmaceuticals. In recent decades, cancer stem cells (CSCs) become
widely investigated drug targets for cancer therapy but the underlying mechanism is still not fully elucidated.
There are vigorous participations of GPCRs in CSCs-related signalling and functions, such as biomarkers for
CSCs, activation of Wnt, Hedgehog (HH) and other signalling to facilitate CSCs progressions. This relationship
can not only uncover a novel molecular mechanism for GPCR-mediated cancer cell functions but also assist our
understanding of maintaining and modulating CSCs. Moreover, GPCR antagonists and monoclonal antibodies
could be applied to impair CSCs functions and consequently attenuate tumour growth, some of which have been
undergoing clinical studies and are anticipated to turn into marketed anticancer drugs. Therefore, this review
summarizes and provides sufficient evidences on the regulation of GPCR signalling in the maintenance, differentiation
and pluripotency of CSCs, suggesting that targeting GPCRs on the surface of CSCs could be potential
therapeutic strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zhuo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Canquan Mao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Lee MS, Lerner EA. Targeting PAR2 with Pepducins. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:282-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Majewski MW, Gandhi DM, Rosas R, Kodali R, Arnold LA, Dockendorff C. Design and Evaluation of Heterobivalent PAR1-PAR2 Ligands as Antagonists of Calcium Mobilization. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:121-126. [PMID: 30655958 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of bivalent ligands targeting putative protease-activated receptor (PAR) heteromers has been prepared based upon reported antagonists for the subtypes PAR1 and PAR2. Modified versions of the PAR1 antagonist RWJ-58259 containing alkyne adapters were connected via cycloaddition reactions to azide-capped polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers attached to imidazopyridazine-based PAR2 antagonists. Initial studies of the PAR1-PAR2 antagonists indicated that they inhibited G alpha q-mediated calcium mobilization in endothelial and cancer cells driven by both PAR1 and PAR2 agonists. Compounds of this novel class hold promise for the prevention of restenosis, cancer cell metastasis, and other proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Disha M. Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
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GPCR Modulation in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123840. [PMID: 30513833 PMCID: PMC6321247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer found in women living in developed countries. Endocrine therapy is the mainstay of treatment for hormone-responsive breast tumors (about 70% of all breast cancers) and implies the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors. In contrast, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly heterogeneous disease that may account for up to 24% of all newly diagnosed cases, is hormone-independent and characterized by a poor prognosis. As drug resistance is common in all breast cancer subtypes despite the different treatment modalities, novel therapies targeting signaling transduction pathways involved in the processes of breast carcinogenesis, tumor promotion and metastasis have been subject to accurate consideration. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors involved in the development and progression of many tumors including breast cancer. Here we discuss data regarding GPCR-mediated signaling, pharmacological properties and biological outputs toward breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, we address several drugs that have shown an unexpected opportunity to interfere with GPCR-based breast tumorigenic signals.
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Kennedy AJ, Ballante F, Johansson JR, Milligan G, Sundström L, Nordqvist A, Carlsson J. Structural Characterization of Agonist Binding to Protease-Activated Receptor 2 through Mutagenesis and Computational Modeling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:119-133. [PMID: 32219208 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminus. The unmasked N-terminal peptide then binds to the transmembrane bundle, leading to activation of intracellular signaling pathways associated with inflammation and cancer. Recently determined crystal structures have revealed binding sites of PAR2 antagonists, but the binding mode of the peptide agonist remains unknown. In order to generate a model of PAR2 in complex with peptide SLIGKV, corresponding to the trypsin-exposed tethered ligand, the orthosteric binding site was probed by iterative combinations of receptor mutagenesis, agonist ligand modifications, and data-driven structural modeling. Flexible-receptor docking identified a conserved binding mode for agonists related to the endogenous ligand that was consistent with the experimental data and allowed synthesis of a novel peptide (1-benzyl-1H[1,2,3]triazole-4-yl-LIGKV) with functional potency higher than that of SLIGKV. The final model may be used to understand the structural basis of PAR2 activation and in virtual screens to identify novel agonists and competitive antagonists. The combined experimental and computational approach to characterize agonist binding to PAR2 can be extended to study the many other G protein-coupled receptors that recognize peptides or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Kennedy
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Flavio Ballante
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan R Johansson
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Sundström
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anneli Nordqvist
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Carvalho É, Hugo de Almeida V, Rondon AMR, Possik PA, Viola JPB, Monteiro RQ. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) upregulates granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) expression in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:270-276. [PMID: 30172372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor which is activated upon cleavage of its N-terminal region. PAR2 has been associated with many aspects regarding tumor progression, such as the production of pro-tumoral cytokines. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine essential to neutrophil production and maturation, and it is often overexpressed in tumors. In this study, we evaluated the ability of PAR2 to modulate G-CSF expression. PAR2 and G-CSF were significantly more expressed in metastatic (4T1 and MDA-MB-231) as compared to non-metastatic (67NR and MCF7) breast cancer cell lines. In addition, PAR2 stimulation by a synthetic agonist peptide significantly increased G-CSF gene expression in the metastatic cell lines. Knockdown of PAR2 in 4T1 cells decreased G-CSF expression and secretion. In addition, treatment of 4T1 with the commercial PAR2 antagonist, ENMD-1068, significantly decreased G-CSF expression. cBioPortal analyses of the TCGA database showed a significant co-occurrence of G-CSF and PAR2 gene overexpression in breast cancer samples. In conclusion, our data suggest that PAR2 contributes to G-CSF expression in breast cancer cells, possibly favoring tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Carvalho
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo de Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Araci M R Rondon
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Possik
- Program of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João P B Viola
- Program of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robson Q Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Pant A, Kopec AK, Luyendyk JP. Role of the blood coagulation cascade in hepatic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G171-G176. [PMID: 29723040 PMCID: PMC6139645 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00402.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver is the primary source of numerous proteins that are critical for normal function of the blood coagulation cascade. Because of this, diseases of the liver, particularly when affiliated with severe complications like cirrhosis, are associated with abnormalities of blood clotting. Although conventional interpretation has inferred cirrhosis as a disorder of uniform bleeding risk, it is now increasingly appreciated as a disease wherein the coagulation cascade is precariously rebalanced. Moreover, prothrombotic risk factors are also associated with a more rapid progression of fibrosis in humans, suggesting that coagulation proteases participate in disease pathogenesis. Indeed, strong evidence drawn from experimental animal studies indicates that components of the coagulation cascade, particularly coagulation factor Xa and thrombin, drive profibrogenic events, leading to hepatic fibrosis. Here, we concisely review the evidence supporting a pathologic role for coagulation in the development of liver fibrosis and the potential mechanisms involved. Further, we highlight how studies in experimental animals may shed light on emerging clinical evidence, suggesting that beneficial effects of anticoagulation could extend beyond preventing thrombotic complications to include reducing pathologies like fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Pant
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Anna K Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
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Jimenez-Vargas NN, Pattison LA, Zhao P, Lieu T, Latorre R, Jensen DD, Castro J, Aurelio L, Le GT, Flynn B, Herenbrink CK, Yeatman HR, Edgington-Mitchell L, Porter CJH, Halls ML, Canals M, Veldhuis NA, Poole DP, McLean P, Hicks GA, Scheff N, Chen E, Bhattacharya A, Schmidt BL, Brierley SM, Vanner SJ, Bunnett NW. Protease-activated receptor-2 in endosomes signals persistent pain of irritable bowel syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7438-E7447. [PMID: 30012612 PMCID: PMC6077730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721891115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Once activated at the surface of cells, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) redistribute to endosomes, where they can continue to signal. Whether GPCRs in endosomes generate signals that contribute to human disease is unknown. We evaluated endosomal signaling of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), which has been proposed to mediate pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Trypsin, elastase, and cathepsin S, which are activated in the colonic mucosa of patients with IBS and in experimental animals with colitis, caused persistent PAR2-dependent hyperexcitability of nociceptors, sensitization of colonic afferent neurons to mechanical stimuli, and somatic mechanical allodynia. Inhibitors of clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis and of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 prevented trypsin-induced hyperexcitability, sensitization, and allodynia. However, they did not affect elastase- or cathepsin S-induced hyperexcitability, sensitization, or allodynia. Trypsin stimulated endocytosis of PAR2, which signaled from endosomes to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Elastase and cathepsin S did not stimulate endocytosis of PAR2, which signaled from the plasma membrane to activate adenylyl cyclase. Biopsies of colonic mucosa from IBS patients released proteases that induced persistent PAR2-dependent hyperexcitability of nociceptors, and PAR2 association with β-arrestins, which mediate endocytosis. Conjugation to cholestanol promoted delivery and retention of antagonists in endosomes containing PAR2 A cholestanol-conjugated PAR2 antagonist prevented persistent trypsin- and IBS protease-induced hyperexcitability of nociceptors. The results reveal that PAR2 signaling from endosomes underlies the persistent hyperexcitability of nociceptors that mediates chronic pain of IBS. Endosomally targeted PAR2 antagonists are potential therapies for IBS pain. GPCRs in endosomes transmit signals that contribute to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor N Jimenez-Vargas
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Luke A Pattison
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Rocco Latorre
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Luigi Aurelio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Giang T Le
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bernard Flynn
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Carmen Klein Herenbrink
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Holly R Yeatman
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laura Edgington-Mitchell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter McLean
- Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gareth A Hicks
- Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nicole Scheff
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - Elyssa Chen
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - Aditi Bhattacharya
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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