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Louro H, Vettorazzi A, López de Cerain A, Spyropoulou A, Solhaug A, Straumfors A, Behr AC, Mertens B, Žegura B, Fæste CK, Ndiaye D, Spilioti E, Varga E, Dubreil E, Borsos E, Crudo F, Eriksen GS, Snapkow I, Henri J, Sanders J, Machera K, Gaté L, Le Hegarat L, Novak M, Smith NM, Krapf S, Hager S, Fessard V, Kohl Y, Silva MJ, Dirven H, Dietrich J, Marko D. Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:425-469. [PMID: 38147116 PMCID: PMC10794282 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous plant pathogens and saprophytes which are able to grow under varying temperature and moisture conditions as well as on a large range of substrates. A spectrum of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with toxic potential has been identified, but occurrence and relative proportion of the different metabolites in complex mixtures depend on strain, substrate, and growth conditions. This review compiles the available knowledge on hazard identification and characterization of Alternaria toxins. Alternariol (AOH), its monomethylether AME and the perylene quinones altertoxin I (ATX-I), ATX-II, ATX-III, alterperylenol (ALP), and stemphyltoxin III (STTX-III) showed in vitro genotoxic and mutagenic properties. Of all identified Alternaria toxins, the epoxide-bearing analogs ATX-II, ATX-III, and STTX-III show the highest cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential in vitro. Under hormone-sensitive conditions, AOH and AME act as moderate xenoestrogens, but in silico modeling predicts further Alternaria toxins as potential estrogenic factors. Recent studies indicate also an immunosuppressive role of AOH and ATX-II; however, no data are available for the majority of Alternaria toxins. Overall, hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins focused, so far, primarily on the commercially available dibenzo-α-pyrones AOH and AME and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Limited data sets are available for altersetin (ALS), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN). The occurrence and toxicological relevance of perylene quinone-based Alternaria toxins still remain to be fully elucidated. We identified data gaps on hazard identification and characterization crucial to improve risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins for consumers and occupationally exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriqueta Louro
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) and Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, UNAV-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, UNAV-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anastasia Spyropoulou
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61, Attica, Greece
| | - Anita Solhaug
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Anne-Cathrin Behr
- Department Food Safety, BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrnstraße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Mertens
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Dieynaba Ndiaye
- INRS, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité pour la Prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre Lès Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Eliana Spilioti
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61, Attica, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Estelle Dubreil
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Eszter Borsos
- Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Crudo
- Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Igor Snapkow
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jérôme Henri
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Julie Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61, Attica, Greece
| | - Laurent Gaté
- INRS, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité pour la Prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre Lès Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicola M Smith
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Krapf
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Sonja Hager
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-Von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Maria João Silva
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) and Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jessica Dietrich
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Zhang Z, Wu X, Kong Y, Zou P, Wang Y, Zhang H, Cui G, Zhu W, Chen H. Dynamic Changes and Effects of H 2S, IGF-1, and GH in the Traumatic Brain Injury. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10557-9. [PMID: 38233694 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the expression changes of H2S, IGF-1, and GH in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and to detect their neuroprotective functions after TBI. In this study, we first collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from TBI patients at different times after injury and evaluated the concentrations of H2S, IGF-1, and GH. In vitro studies were using the scratch-induced injury model and cell-cell interaction model (HT22 hippocampal neurons co-cultured with LPS-induced BV2 microglia cells). In vivo studies were using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in mice. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Pro-inflammatory cytokines expression was determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and nitric oxide production. Western blot was performed to assess the expression of CBS, CSE, IGF-1, and GHRH. Moreover, the recovery of TBI mice was evaluated for behavioral function by applying the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS), the Rotarod test, and the Morris water maze. We discovered that serum H2S, CSF H2S, and serum IGF-1 concentrations were all adversely associated with the severity of the TBI, while the concentrations of IGF-1 and GH in CSF and GH in the serum were all positively related to TBI severity. Experiments in vitro and in vivo indicated that treatment with NaHS (H2S donor), IGF-1, and MR-409 (GHRH agonist) showed protective effects after TBI. This study gives novel information on the functions of H2S, IGF-1, and GH in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Guangqiang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, 264000, Yantai, Shandong, China.
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Liao L, Wang H, Wei D, Yi M, Gu Y, Zhang M, Wang L. Exosomal microRNAs: implications in the pathogenesis and clinical applications of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1300864. [PMID: 38143562 PMCID: PMC10748509 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1300864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a severe acute neurological disorder with a high fatality rate. Early brain injury (EBI) and cerebral vasospasm are two critical complications of SAH that significantly contribute to poor prognosis. Currently, surgical intervention and interventional therapy are the main treatment options for SAH, but their effectiveness is limited. Exosomes, which are a type of extracellular vesicles, play a crucial role in intercellular communication and have been extensively studied in the past decade due to their potential influence on disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment. As one of the most important components of exosomes, miRNA plays both direct and indirect roles in affecting disease progression. Previous research has found that exosomal miRNA is involved in the development of various diseases, such as tumors, chronic hepatitis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and SAH. This review focuses on exploring the impact of exosomal miRNA on SAH, including its influence on neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory response, and immune activation following SAH. Furthermore, this review highlights the potential clinical applications of exosomal miRNA in the treatment of SAH. Although current research on this topic is limited and the clinical application of exosomal miRNA has inherent limitations, we aim to provide a concise summary of existing research progress and offer new insights for future research directions and trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishang Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Deli Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People’s Hospital of Fushun County, Zigong, China
| | - Mingliang Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People’s Hospital of Fushun County, Zigong, China
| | - Yingjiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People’s Hospital of Fushun County, Zigong, China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Zhang M, Hao Z, Wu J, Teng Z, Qiu W, Cheng J. Curcumin ameliorates traumatic brain injury via C1ql3-mediated microglia M2 polarization. Tissue Cell 2023; 84:102164. [PMID: 37478644 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Curcumin can regulate the polarization of microglia and alleviate traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, its detailed action mechanism on downregulating Complement 1q-like-3 protein (C1ql3) in TBI is less reported. The purpose of this study is to explore the role and mechanism of curcumin-regulated C1ql3 in TBI. METHOD GSE23639 dataset was used to acquire gene data for microglia. C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to establish a controlled cortical impact model of TBI. The effects of curcumin (200 mg/kg) on the brain injury, inflammatory cytokine levels, microglia polarization, and C1ql3 protein expression in mice and BV-2 cells were detected by H&E staining, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blot, respectively. The effects of curcumin (5, 10, 20 μmol/L) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 1 µg/mL) on the viability of BV-2 cells were determined by MTT assay. After the transfection of C1ql3 overexpression plasmid, C1ql3 expression, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, and the number of CD16+/32+ and CD206+ cells were determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULT C1ql3 expression was down-regulated in microglia after the curcumin treatment. Curcumin treatment could alleviate the TBI-induced brain injury in mice, reduce IL-1β and IL-6 levels, promote M2 polarization of microglia, and decrease C1ql3 protein expression. For BV-2 cells, curcumin treatment had no significant toxic effect on cell viability, but reversed the effect of LPS on cells, while C1ql3 overexpression counteracted the effect of curcumin. CONCLUSION Curcumin induces M2 microglia polarization through down-regulating C1ql3 expression, which may become a new treatment method for TBI. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS The analyzed data sets generated during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Gongshu, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
| | - Zelin Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Gongshu, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
| | - Jianyue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Gongshu, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
| | - Zhenfei Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Gongshu, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
| | - Wusi Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Gongshu, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang 310015, PR China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Gongshu, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang 310015, PR China.
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Cai J, Yang Y, Han J, Gao Y, Li X, Ge X. KDM4A, involved in the inflammatory and oxidative stress caused by traumatic brain injury-hemorrhagic shock, partly through the regulation of the microglia M1 polarization. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:17. [PMID: 36869312 PMCID: PMC9983262 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial polarization and the subsequent neuroinflammatory response and oxidative stress are contributing factors for traumatic brain injury (TBI) plus hemorrhagic shock (HS) induced brain injury. In the present work, we have explored whether Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 4 A (KDM4A) modulates microglia M1 polarization in the TBI and HS mice. RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice were used to investigate the microglia polarization in the TBI + HS model in vivo. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells were used to examine the mechanism of KDM4A in regulating microglia polarization in vitro. We found that TBI + HS resulted in neuronal loss and microglia M1 polarization in vivo, reflected by the increased level of Iba1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the decreased level of reduced glutathione (GSH). Additionally, KDM4A was upregulated in response to TBI + HS and microglia were among the cell types showing the increased level of KDM4A. Similar to the results in vivo, KDM4A also highly expressed in LPS-induced BV2 cells. LPS-induced BV2 cells exhibited enhanced microglia M1 polarization, and enhanced level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while this enhancement was abolished by the suppression of KDM4A. CONCLUSION Accordingly, our findings indicated that KDM4A was upregulated in response to TBI + HS and microglia were among the cell types showing the increased level of KDM4A. The important role of KDM4A in TBI + HS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress was at least partially realized through regulating microglia M1 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Cai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 214000, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Jinzhou, 121001, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 214000, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 214000, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 214000, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 214000, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Orthopedic Institution of Wuxi City, 214000, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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Zou Y, Liao L, Dai J, Mazhar M, Yang G, Wang H, Dechsupa N, Wang L. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles/exosome: A promising therapeutic strategy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Regen Ther 2023; 22:181-190. [PMID: 36860266 PMCID: PMC9969203 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second largest type of stroke with high mortality and morbidity. The vast majority of survivors suffer from serious neurological defects. Despite the well-established etiology and diagnose, there is still some controversy over the ideal treatment strategy. MSC-based therapy has become an attractive and promising strategy for the treatment of ICH through immune regulation and tissue regeneration. However, accumulating studies have revealed that MSC-based therapeutic effects are mainly attributed to the paracrine properties of MSC, especially small extracellular vesicles/exosome (EVs/exo) which are considered to be the key mediators of the protective efficacy from MSCs. Moreover, some papers reported that MSC-EVs/exo have better therapeutic effects than MSCs. Therefore, EVs/exo has become a new choice for the treatment of ICH stroke in recent years. In this review, we mainly concentrate on the current research progress on the use of MSC-EVs/exo in the treatment of ICH and the existing challenges in their transplation from lab to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxia Zou
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Department of Newborn Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Lishang Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery,The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jian Dai
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Honglian Wang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Nathupakorn Dechsupa
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Corresponding author.
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China,Corresponding author.
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Zheng S, Wang C, Lin L, Mu S, Liu H, Hu X, Chen X, Wang S. TNF-α Impairs Pericyte-Mediated Cerebral Microcirculation via the NF-κB/iNOS Axis after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:349-364. [PMID: 35972751 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary structural and functional abnormalities of the neurovascular unit are important pathological mechanisms following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The neurovascular unit maintains blood-brain barrier and vascular integrity through interactions among glial cells, pericytes and endothelial cells. Trauma-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may act as initiating factors for pathological damage after TBI, which in turn impairs cerebral microcirculatory function. Studies have shown that the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway regulates inflammation and oxidative damage, but its role in pericyte-mediated cerebral microcirculation are currently unknown. Herein, we assessed TNF-α/NF-κB signaling and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the effects of the TNF-α inhibitor infliximab after TBI. Whether pericyte damage is dependent on the TNF-α/NF-κB/iNOS axis was also evaluated to explore the mechanisms underlying disturbances in the microcirculation after TBI. Microglia are activated after TBI to promote inflammatory factors and free radical release, and upregulate NF-κB and iNOS expression. After lipopolysaccharide treatment, the activity of TNF-α/NF-κB/iNOS in BV2 cells was also upregulated. Inhibition of TNF-α using infliximab reduced NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation and downregulated iNOS expression, which attenuated the inflammation and oxidative damage. Meanwhile, inhibition of TNF-α reversed pericyte marker loss, and improved pericyte function and microcirculation perfusion after TBI. In conclusion, our study suggests that microglia released TNF-α after TBI, which promoted neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by activating downstream NF-κB/iNOS signals, and this led to pericyte-mediated disturbance of the cerebral microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shuwen Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Haibing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 900th Hospital of PLA, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shousen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 900th Hospital of PLA, Fujian Province, China
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Hui Y, Zhao H, Shi L, Zhang H. Traumatic Brain Injury-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurological Deficits are Improved by 8-Methoxypsoralen Through Modulating PPARγ/NF-κB Pathway. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:625-640. [PMID: 36319778 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and tissue-repairing abilities. Here, we probed the function and mechanism of 8-MOP in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The in-vivo TBI model was constructed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using controlled cortical impact (CCI) surgery. In parallel, BV2 microglia and HT22 neurons were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish an in-vitro model. The modified neurological score (mNSS) and the Morris water maze experiment were employed to evaluate the rats' neurological functions. The rats' brain edema was assessed by the dry and wet method, and neuronal apoptosis in damaged brain tissues was monitored by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Nissl's staining. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied to verify Iba1-microglial activation in brain lesions of rats. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia and HT22 neurons in the injured lesion of TBI rats was examined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of iNOS, COX2, TLR4, PPARγ, STAT3, and NF-κB in brain lesions, BV2 microglia and HT22 neurons were compared by Western blot. As a result, 8-MOP administration reduced inflammation and LPS-induced neuronal damage in BV2 microglia. In vivo, 8-MOP treatment relieved neurological deficits in TBI rats, improved cognitive, learning and motor functions and mitigated brain edema and neuroinflammation induced by TBI. Furthermore, LPS or TBI activated the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways and repressed the PPARγ expression. However, 8-MOP treatment attenuated NF-κB and STAT3 phosphorylation and elevated PPARγ levels. Hence, 8-MOP exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in TBI rats by modulating the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuo Hui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, 67 Dongchang Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, Ward 7, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, 67 Dongchang Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China.
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9
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Multiplex Assessment of Serum Chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL10, and CXCL13 Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Inflammation 2023; 46:244-255. [PMID: 35969281 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines may promote neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI), thereby exacerbating secondary injury. This study was designed to investigate the contributions of chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL10, and CXCL13) to TBI severity and clinical outcome. Peripheral blood was drawn from 92 TBI patients on admission, and 40 controls were recruited. Serum concentrations of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL10, and CXCL13 on admission were measured by ELISA. Preoperative clinical severity was evaluated using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and clinical outcome at 90 days post-TBI was evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). The associations were evaluated by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficients. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify clinicodemographic factors influencing outcome, and ROC curves were constructed. Serum concentrations of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL10, and CXCL13 were elevated significantly after TBI and negatively correlated with GCS and GOS scores except CCL5. CCL2 may be considered as an independent predictor to predict severity and outcome. Moreover, combination of GCS score, CCL2, and CXCL10 can be a better assessment prognosis of moderate and severe TBI.
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10
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Inhibiting miR-186-5p relieves traumatic brain injury by regulating insulin-like growth factor-I-NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 signaling pathway. Neuroreport 2023; 34:156-164. [PMID: 36719839 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that micro-RNA (miR)-186-5p can affect apoptosis of cells by regulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1). However, the role of miR-186-5p-IGF1 axis in traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory response, remains to be further studied. Lipopolysaccharide (5 μg/mL) was used to activate microglia in vitro . The expression of miR-186-5p, IGF-1 was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). ELISA and western blot were used to detect the inflammatory factors and oxidative stress. Western blot was used to detect apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl2 and C-caspase3), inflammatory proteins (iNOS and COX2), oxidative stress proteins (Nrf2 and HO-1) and NLRP3/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC)/caspase-1 inflammatory bodies. MiR-186-5p inhibitor could reduce the inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in BV2 treated with lipopolysaccharide, and reduce apoptosis. In addition, we also found that inhibition of miR-186-5p increased the expression of IGF-1, which is necessary for nervous system development. Luciferase activity assay confirmed that IGF-1 was the direct target gene of miR-186-5p. Inhibiting miR-186-5p, through upregulation IGF-1, attenuates the inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and by inhibiting NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 signal pathway TBI in-vitro model.
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11
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Tohumeken S, Deme P, Yoo SW, Gupta S, Rais R, Slusher BS, Haughey NJ. Neuronal deletion of nSMase2 reduces the production of Aβ and directly protects neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105987. [PMID: 36603748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to regulate the deposition of Aβ. Multiple publications have shown that APP, amyloid processing enzymes and Aβ peptides are associated with EVs. However, very little Aβ is associated with EVs compared with the total amount Aβ present in human plasma, CSF, or supernatants from cultured neurons. The involvement of EVs has largely been inferred by pharmacological inhibition or whole body deletion of the sphingomyelin hydrolase neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) that is a key regulator for the biogenesis of at-least one population of EVs. Here we used a Cre-Lox system to selectively delete nSMase2 from pyramidal neurons in APP/PS1 mice (APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1) and found a ∼ 70% reduction in Aβ deposition at 6 months of age and ∼ 35% reduction at 12 months of age in both cortex and hippocampus. Brain ceramides were increased in APP/PS1 compared with Wt mice, but were similar to Wt in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice suggesting that elevated brain ceramides in this model involves neuronally expressed nSMase2. Reduced levels of PSD95 and deficits of long-term potentiation in APP/PS1 mice were normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice. In contrast, elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNFα in APP/PS1 mice were not normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice compared with APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistic studies showed that the size of liquid ordered membrane microdomains was increased in APP/PS1 mice, as were the amounts of APP and BACE1 localized to these microdomains. Pharmacological inhibition of nSMase2 activity with PDDC reduced the size of the liquid ordered membrane microdomains, reduced the localization of APP with BACE1 and reduced the production of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. Although inhibition of nSMase2 reduced the release and increased the size of EVs, very little Aβ was associated with EVs in all conditions tested. We also found that nSMase2 directly protected neurons from the toxic effects of oligomerized Aβ and preserved neural network connectivity despite considerable Aβ deposition. These data demonstrate that nSMase2 plays a role in the production of Aβ by stabilizing the interaction of APP with BACE1 in liquid ordered membrane microdomains, and directly protects neurons from the toxic effects of Aβ. The effects of inhibiting nSMase2 on EV biogenesis may be independent from effects on Aβ production and neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehmus Tohumeken
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Pragney Deme
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Seung Wan Yoo
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Sujasha Gupta
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Rana Rais
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Oncology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Neuroscience, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Norman J Haughey
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America.
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12
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Allosteric Inhibition of Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) by DPTIP: From Antiflaviviral Activity to Deciphering Its Binding Site through In Silico Studies and Experimental Validation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213935. [PMID: 36430407 PMCID: PMC9697135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus comprises globally emerging and re-emerging pathogens such as Zika virus (ZIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), and West Nile virus (WNV), among others. Although some vaccines are available, there is an unmet medical need as no effective antiviral treatment has been approved for flaviviral infections. The development of host-directed antivirals (HDAs) targeting host factors that are essential for viral replication cycle offers the opportunity for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. In the case of flaviviruses, recent studies have revealed that neutral sphingomyelinase 2, (nSMase2), involved in lipid metabolism, plays a key role in WNV and ZIKV infection. As a proof of concept, we have determined the antiviral activity of the non-competitive nSMase2 inhibitor DPTIP against WNV and ZIKV virus. DPTIP showed potent antiviral activity with EC50 values of 0.26 µM and 1.56 µM for WNV and ZIKV, respectively. In order to unravel the allosteric binding site of DPTIP in nSMase2 and the details of the interaction, computational studies have been carried out. These studies have revealed that DPTIP could block the DK switch in nSMase2. Moreover, the analysis of the residues contributing to the binding identified His463 as a crucial residue. Interestingly, the inhibitory activity of DPTIP on the H463A mutant protein supported our hypothesis. Thus, an allosteric cavity in nSMase2 has been identified that can be exploited for the development of new inhibitors with anti-flaviviral activity.
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Kumar A, Sinha N, Kodidela S, Zhou L, Singh UP, Kumar S. Effect of benzo(a)pyrene on oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in astrocytes and HIV-infected macrophages. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275874. [PMID: 36240258 PMCID: PMC9565757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), an important polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) component of cigarette/tobacco smoking, is known to cause adverse health effects and is responsible for various life-threatening conditions including cancer. However, it is not yet clear whether BaP contributes to the macrophage- and astrocyte-mediated inflammatory response. METHODS We examined the acute (up to 72 h) effects of BaP on the expression of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), cytokines/chemokines, and cytochromes P450 (CYP) enzymes in astrocytic cell lines, SVGA, and chronically HIV-infected U1 macrophage. The treated cells were examined for mRNA, protein levels of CYPs, AOEs superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) and catalase (CAT), cytokines/chemokines, using Western blot, multiplex ELISA, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Upon acute exposure, BaP (1 μM) showed a significant increase in the mRNA levels of CYPs (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1), and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in SVGA cells following BaP for 24, 48, and 72h. In addition, we observed a significant increase in the mRNA levels of SOD1 and CAT at 24h of BaP treatment. In contrast, BaP did not exert any change in the protein expression of AOEs and CYP enzymes. In U1 cells, however, we noticed an interesting increase in the levels of MCP-1 as well as a modest increase in TNFα, IL-8 and IL-1β levels observed at 72 h of BaP treatment but could not reach to statistically significant level. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that BaP contributes in part to macrophage and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation by mainly inducing IL-1β and MCP-1 production, which is likely to occur with the involvement of CYP and/or oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Namita Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Tallon C, Bell BJ, Sharma A, Pal A, Malvankar MM, Thomas AG, Yoo SW, Hollinger KR, Coleman K, Wilkinson EL, Kannan S, Haughey NJ, Kannan RM, Rais R, Slusher BS. Dendrimer-Conjugated nSMase2 Inhibitor Reduces Tau Propagation in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2066. [PMID: 36297501 PMCID: PMC9609094 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the progressive accumulation of amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau), which can spread throughout the brain via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Membrane ceramide enrichment regulated by the enzyme neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) is a critical component of at least one EV biogenesis pathway. Our group recently identified 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-(5-Phenyl-4-Thiophen-2-yl-1H-Imidazol-2-yl)-Phenol (DPTIP), the most potent (30 nM) and selective inhibitor of nSMase2 reported to date. However, DPTIP exhibits poor oral pharmacokinetics (PK), modest brain penetration, and rapid clearance, limiting its clinical translation. To enhance its PK properties, we conjugated DPTIP to a hydroxyl-PAMAM dendrimer delivery system, creating dendrimer-DPTIP (D-DPTIP). In an acute brain injury model, orally administered D-DPTIP significantly reduced the intra-striatal IL-1β-induced increase in plasma EVs up to 72 h post-dose, while oral DPTIP had a limited effect. In a mouse tau propagation model, where a mutant hTau (P301L/S320F) containing adeno-associated virus was unilaterally seeded into the hippocampus, oral D-DPTIP (dosed 3× weekly) significantly inhibited brain nSMase2 activity and blocked the spread of pTau to the contralateral hippocampus. These data demonstrate that dendrimer conjugation of DPTIP improves its PK properties, resulting in significant inhibition of EV propagation of pTau in mice. Dendrimer-based delivery of DPTIP has the potential to be an exciting new therapeutic for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Bell
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | - Seung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Kaleem Coleman
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Wilkinson
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy-Krieger Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M. Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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15
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Li P, Luo X, Luo Z, He GL, Shen TT, Yu XT, Wang ZZ, Tan YL, Liu XQ, Yang XS. Increased miR-155 in Microglial Exosomes Following Heat Stress Accelerates Neuronal Autophagy via Their Transfer Into Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:865568. [PMID: 35634460 PMCID: PMC9132214 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.865568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stroke is the outcome of excessive heat stress, which results in core temperatures exceeding 40°C accompanied by a series of complications. The brain is particularly vulnerable to damage from heat stress. In our previous studies, both activated microglia and increased neuronal autophagy were found in the cortices of mice with heat stroke. However, whether activated microglia can accelerate neuronal autophagy under heat stress conditions is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism that caused neuronal autophagy upregulation in heat stroke from the perspective of exosome-mediated intercellular communication. Methods In this study, BV2 and N2a cells were used instead of microglia and neurons, respectively. Exosomes were extracted from BV2 culture supernatants by ultracentrifugation and then characterized via transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blotting. N2a cells pretreated with/without miR-155 inhibitor were cocultured with microglial exosomes that were treated with/without heat stress or miR-155 overexpression and subsequently subjected to heat stress treatment. Autophagy in N2a cells was assessed by detecting autophagosomes and autophagy-related proteins through transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. The expression of miR-155 in BV2 and BV2 exosomes and N2a cells was measured using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Target binding analysis was verified via a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results N2a autophagy moderately increased in response to heat stress and accelerated by BV2 cells through transferring exosomes to neurons. Furthermore, we found that neuronal autophagy was positively correlated with the content of miR-155 in microglial exosomes. Inhibition of miR-155 partly abolished autophagy in N2a cells, which was increased by coculture with miR-155-upregulated exosomes. Mechanistic analysis confirmed that Rheb is a functional target of miR-155 and that microglial exosomal miR-155 accelerated heat stress-induced neuronal autophagy mainly by regulating the Rheb-mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusion Increased miR-155 in microglial exosomes after heat stroke can induce neuronal autophagy via their transfer into neurons. miR-155 exerted these effects by targeting Rheb, thus inhibiting the activity of mTOR signaling. Therefore, miR-155 could be a promising target for interventions of neuronal autophagy after heat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gen-Lin He
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Ting Yu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze-Ze Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Long Tan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Liu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Sen Yang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xue-Sen Yang,
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16
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Cai L, Gong Q, Qi L, Xu T, Suo Q, Li X, Wang W, Jing Y, Yang D, Xu Z, Yuan F, Tang Y, Yang G, Ding J, Chen H, Tian H. ACT001 attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury via inhibiting AKT/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:56. [PMID: 35461293 PMCID: PMC9035258 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered as a vital secondary injury factor, which drives trauma-induced neurodegeneration and is lack of efficient treatment. ACT001, a sesquiterpene lactone derivative, is reportedly involved in alleviation of inflammatory response. However, little is known regarding its function in regulating innate immune response of central nervous system (CNS) after TBI. This study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of ACT001 in TBI.
Methods
Controlled cortical impact (CCI) models were used to establish model of TBI. Cresyl violet staining, evans blue extravasation, neurobehavioral function assessments, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate therapeutic effects of ACT001 in vivo. Microglial depletion was induced by administering mice with colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor, PLX5622. Cell-cell interaction models were established as co-culture system to simulate TBI conditions in vitro. Cytotoxic effect of ACT001 on cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit-8 and activation of microglia cells were induced by Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Pro-inflammatory cytokines expression was determined by Real-time PCR and nitric oxide production. Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL and flow cytometry assays. Tube formation was performed to evaluate cellular angiogenic ability. ELISA and western blot experiments were used to determine proteins expression. Pull-down assay was used to analyze proteins that bound ACT001.
Results
ACT001 relieved the extent of blood-brain barrier integrity damage and alleviated motor function deficits after TBI via reducing trauma-induced activation of microglia cells. Delayed depletion of microglia with PLX5622 hindered therapeutic effect of ACT001. Furthermore, ACT001 alleviated LPS-induced activation in mouse and rat primary microglia cells. Besides, ACT001 was effective in suppressing LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production in BV2 cells, resulting in reduction of neuronal apoptosis in HT22 cells and improvement of tube formation in bEnd.3 cells. Mechanism by which ACT001 functioned was related to AKT/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway. ACT001 restrained NFκB nuclear translocation in microglia cells through inhibiting AKT phosphorylation, resulting in decrease of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and finally down-regulated microglial neuroinflammatory response.
Conclusions
Our study indicated that ACT001 played critical role in microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response and might be a novel potential chemotherapeutic drug for TBI.
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17
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Shao F, Wang X, Wu H, Wu Q, Zhang J. Microglia and Neuroinflammation: Crucial Pathological Mechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:825086. [PMID: 35401152 PMCID: PMC8990307 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.825086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) with high mortality and morbidity. Patients with TBI usually suffer many sequelae in the life time post injury, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the pathological mechanisms connecting these two processes have not yet been fully elucidated. It is important to further investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TBI and TBI-induced neurodegeneration, which will promote the development of precise treatment target for these notorious neurodegenerative consequences after TBI. A growing body of evidence shows that neuroinflammation is a pivotal pathological process underlying chronic neurodegeneration following TBI. Microglia, as the immune cells in the CNS, play crucial roles in neuroinflammation and many other CNS diseases. Of interest, microglial activation and functional alteration has been proposed as key mediators in the evolution of chronic neurodegenerative pathology following TBI. Here, we review the updated studies involving phenotypical and functional alterations of microglia in neurodegeneration after injury, survey key molecules regulating the activities and functional responses of microglia in TBI pathology, and explore their potential implications to chronic neurodegeneration after injury. The work will give us a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms driving TBI-related neurodegeneration and offer novel ideas of developing corresponding prevention and treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Shao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qun Wu,
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jianmin Zhang,
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18
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Seibold T, Schönfelder J, Weeber F, Lechel A, Armacki M, Waldenmaier M, Wille C, Palmer A, Halbgebauer R, Karasu E, Huber‐Lang M, Kalbitz M, Radermacher P, Paschke S, Seufferlein T, Eiseler T. Small Extracellular Vesicles Propagate the Inflammatory Response After Trauma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102381. [PMID: 34713625 PMCID: PMC8693079 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trauma is the leading cause of death in individuals under 44 years of age. Thorax trauma (TxT) is strongly associated with trauma-related death, an unbalanced innate immune response, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. It is shown that different in vivo traumata, such as TxT or an in vitro polytrauma cytokine cocktail trigger secretion of small extracellular nanovesicles (sEVs) from endothelial cells with pro-inflammatory cargo. These sEVs transfer transcripts for ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, and cytokines to systemically activate the endothelium, facilitate neutrophil-endothelium interactions, and destabilize barrier integrity. Inhibition of sEV-release after TxT in mice ameliorates local as well as systemic inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, and distant organ damage in kidneys (acute kidney injury, AKI). Vice versa, injection of TxT-plasma-sEVs into healthy animals is sufficient to trigger pulmonary and systemic inflammation as well as AKI. Accordingly, increased sEV concentrations and transfer of similar cargos are observed in polytrauma patients, suggesting a fundamental pathophysiological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Seibold
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Jonathan Schönfelder
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Florian Weeber
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Milena Armacki
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Mareike Waldenmaier
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Christoph Wille
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Annette Palmer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma‐ImmunologyUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Rebecca Halbgebauer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma‐ImmunologyUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Ebru Karasu
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma‐ImmunologyUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Markus Huber‐Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma‐ImmunologyUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of TraumatologyHandPlastic and Reconstructive SurgeryUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process EngineeringUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Stephan Paschke
- Department of General and Visceral SurgeryUniversity HospitalAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital UlmAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 23Ulm89081Germany
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19
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Tallon C, Picciolini S, Yoo SW, Thomas AG, Pal A, Alt J, Carlomagno C, Gualerzi A, Rais R, Haughey NJ, Bedoni M, Slusher BS. Inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 reduces extracellular vesicle release from neurons, oligodendrocytes, and activated microglial cells following acute brain injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114796. [PMID: 34678224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are implicated in the spread of pathogenic proteinsin a growing number of neurological diseases. Given this, there is rising interest in developing inhibitors of Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), an enzyme critical in EV biogenesis. Our group recently discovered phenyl(R)-(1-(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-8-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamate (PDDC), the first potent, selective, orally-available, and brain-penetrable nSMase2 inhibitor, capable of dose-dependently reducing EVs release in vitro and in vivo. Herein, using multiplexed Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi), we evaluated which brain cell-derived EVs were affected by PDDC following acute brain injury. Mice were fed PDDC-containing chow at doses which gave steady PDDC brain exposures exceeding its nSMase2 IC50. Mice were then administered an intra-striatal IL-1β injection and two hours later plasma and brain were collected. IL-1β injection significantly increased striatal nSMase2 activity which was completely normalized by PDDC. Using SPRi, we found that IL-1β-induced injury selectively increased plasma levels of CD171 + and PLP1 + EVs; this EV increase was normalized by PDDC. In contrast, GLAST1 + EVs were unchanged by IL-1β or PDDC. IL-1β injection selectively increased EVs released from activated versus non-activated microglia, indicated by the CD11b+/IB4 + ratio. The increase in EVs from CD11b + microglia was dramatically attenuated with PDDC. Taken together, our data demonstrate that following acute injury, brain nSMase2 activity is elevated. EVs released from neurons, oligodendrocytes, and activated microglial are increased in plasma and inhibition of nSMase2 with PDDC reduced these IL-1β-induced changes implicating nSMase2 inhibition as a therapeutic target for acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Silvia Picciolini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Milan, Italy
| | - Seung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cristiano Carlomagno
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Gualerzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Milan, Italy
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marzia Bedoni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Milan, Italy.
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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20
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Shi J, Hyman AJ, De Vecchis D, Chong J, Lichtenstein L, Futers TS, Rouahi M, Salvayre AN, Auge N, Kalli AC, Beech DJ. Sphingomyelinase Disables Inactivation in Endogenous PIEZO1 Channels. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108225. [PMID: 33027663 PMCID: PMC7539531 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous PIEZO1 channels of native endothelium lack the hallmark inactivation often seen when these channels are overexpressed in cell lines. Because prior work showed that the force of shear stress activates sphingomyelinase in endothelium, we considered if sphingomyelinase is relevant to endogenous PIEZO1. Patch clamping was used to quantify PIEZO1-mediated signals in freshly isolated murine endothelium exposed to the mechanical forces caused by shear stress and membrane stretch. Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitors and genetic disruption of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3) cause PIEZO1 to switch to profoundly inactivating behavior. Ceramide (a key product of SMPD3) rescues non-inactivating channel behavior. Its co-product, phosphoryl choline, has no effect. In contrast to ceramide, sphingomyelin (the SMPD3 substrate) does not affect inactivation but alters channel force sensitivity. The data suggest that sphingomyelinase activity, ceramide, and sphingomyelin are determinants of native PIEZO gating that enable sustained activity. SMPD3 sphingomyelinase enables long-lasting PIEZO1 activity in response to force Ceramide, a key lipid product of SMPD3, promotes long-lasting activity Sphingomyelin, the SMPD3 substrate, does not affect the duration of activity Sphingomyelin alters PIEZO1 force sensitivity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Adam J Hyman
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dario De Vecchis
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jiehan Chong
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Laeticia Lichtenstein
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T Simon Futers
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Myriam Rouahi
- INSERM U-1048 and Université Paul Sabatier, 31432 Cedex 4 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nathalie Auge
- INSERM U-1048 and Université Paul Sabatier, 31432 Cedex 4 Toulouse, France
| | - Antreas C Kalli
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - David J Beech
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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21
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Mao M, Zhou Z, Sun M, Wang C, Sun J. The dysfunction of parvalbumin interneurons mediated by microglia contributes to cognitive impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide challenge. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136133. [PMID: 34311051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying cognitive impairments induced by systemic inflammation remain unclear. Increasing evidence has suggested that parvalbumin (PV) interneurons play an important role in regulating cognitive behaviors and its dysfunction is implicated in many neurological disorders. Thus, the present study was aimed to detect whether the destruction of PV interneurons mediates cognitive impairment associated with systemic inflammation. METHODS Male wild-type C57BL/6J mice (12-14 weeks old) received lipopolysaccharide (LPS 2 mg/kg i.p.) injection to establish the systemic inflammation model. For the suppression of microglial activation, minocycline (50 mg/kg i.p.) was applied. Animal behavior tests were conducted on day 3 post-LPS injection including the open field test, fear conditioning test and Y maze test. The PV expression in hippocampus was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The number of perisomatic boutons around the NeuN-positive cells and microglia in hippocampus was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS LPS induced hippocampus-dependent memory and working memory impairment, coinciding with decreased PV expression, reduced perisomatic boutons around the NeuN-positive cells and activated microglia in the hippocampus. Notably, the treatment of minocycline suppressed the microglial activation and rescued the PV expression as well as the perisomatic boutons around the NeuN-positive cells in the hippocampus, contributing to improved cognitive function. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the dysfunction of parvalbumin interneurons mediated by microglia plays a key role in LPS-induced cognitive impairments, which may serve a therapeutic strategy for cognitive disorders associated with systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenhui Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoran Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Ye Z, Hu J, Xu H, Sun B, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Serum Exosomal microRNA-27-3p Aggravates Cerebral Injury and Inflammation in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction by Targeting PPARγ. Inflammation 2021; 44:1035-1048. [PMID: 33394189 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute cerebral infarction (ACI) possesses high mortality. Exosomes present in serum have potential application value in ACI diagnosis. This study investigated the mechanism of serum exosomes in ACI. Serum exosomes isolated from ACI patients and normal people were identified and then injected into the established middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model to evaluate cerebral injury and inflammation. Exosomal microRNA (miR)-27-3p expression was detected and interfered to analyze rat cerebral inflammation. The binding relationship between miR-27-3p and PPARγ was predicted and verified. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated microglia model was established and intervened with miR-27-3p to detect PPARγ, Iba-1, and inflammation-related factor expressions. After overexpressing PPARγ, rat cerebral inflammation was evaluated. The clinical significance of serum exosomal miR-27-3p in ACI was evaluated. Serum exosomes from ACI patients caused exacerbated MCAO rat cerebral injury and poor behavior recovery, as well as promoted cerebral inflammation. Serum exosomal miR-27-3p deepened rat brain inflammation. miR-27-3p targeted PPARγ to promote microglia activation and inflammation-related factor expressions in MCAO rats, and overexpressing PPARγ attenuated MCAO rat cerebral inflammation. Serum exosomal miR-27-3p promised to be a biomarker for ACI. We proved that serum exosomes from ACI patients aggravated ACI patient cerebral inflammation via the miR-27-3p/PPARγ axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Ye
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingchun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.289 Kuocang Road, Liandu District of Lishui City, Wenzhou, 323000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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23
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Scott MC, Bedi SS, Olson SD, Sears CM, Cox CS. Microglia as therapeutic targets after neurological injury: strategy for cell therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:365-380. [PMID: 34029505 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1934447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microglia is the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system. Prolonged microglial activation often occurs after traumatic brain injury and is associated with deteriorating neurocognitive outcomes. Resolution of microglial activation is associated with limited tissue loss and improved neurocognitive outcomes. Limiting the prolonged pro-inflammatory response and the associated secondary tissue injury provides the rationale and scientific premise for considering microglia as a therapeutic target. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss markers of microglial activation, such as immunophenotype and microglial response to injury, including cytokine/chemokine release, free radical formation, morphology, phagocytosis, and metabolic shifts. We compare the origin and role in neuroinflammation of microglia and monocytes/macrophages. We review potential therapeutic targets to shift microglial polarization. Finally, we review the effect of cell therapy on microglia. EXPERT OPINION Dysregulated microglial activation after neurologic injury, such as traumatic brain injury, can worsen tissue damage and functional outcomes. There are potential targets in microglia to attenuate this activation, such as proteins and molecules that regulate microglia polarization. Cellular therapeutics that limit, but do not eliminate, the inflammatory response have improved outcomes in animal models by reducing pro-inflammatory microglial activation via secondary signaling. These findings have been replicated in early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Collins Scott
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Uthealth), USA
| | - Supinder S Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Candice M Sears
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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24
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Xiang H, Jin S, Tan F, Xu Y, Lu Y, Wu T. Physiological functions and therapeutic applications of neutral sphingomyelinase and acid sphingomyelinase. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111610. [PMID: 33957567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) can be converted into ceramide (Cer) by neutral sphingomyelinase (NSM) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Cer is a second messenger of lipids and can regulate cell growth and apoptosis. Increasing evidence shows that NSM and ASM play key roles in many processes, such as apoptosis, immune function and inflammation. Therefore, NSM and ASM have broad prospects in clinical treatments, especially in cancer, cardiovascular diseases (such as atherosclerosis), nervous system diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease), respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and the phenotype of dwarfisms in adolescents, playing a complex regulatory role. This review focuses on the physiological functions of NSM and ASM and summarizes their roles in certain diseases and their potential applications in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Jin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenglang Tan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Dash RP, Thomas JA, Rosenfeld C, Srinivas NR. Protein Binding and Stability of Drug Candidates: The Achilles' Heel in In Vitro Potency Assays. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 45:427-432. [PMID: 32270425 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present scenario of drug discovery, several screening filters ensure a rigorous nomination of clinical candidates. One of these screens is the determination of IC50, the concentration of drug at half-maximal inhibitory concentration, also known as a potency assay. However, various nuances pertaining to the design, execution, and interpretation of in vitro potency results suggest a sizeable opportunity for the generation of erroneous data. The focus areas of this article include: (1) examining the requirement for the addition of serum albumin in in vitro potency assays, (2) problems encountered with cell lysates, and (3) drug candidate stability concerns during in vitro potency assays/high-throughput screening. Based on this assessment, the interpretation of the data generated using cell-based systems (i.e., lysates with or without the addition of fetal bovine serum) should be carried out with caution for in vitro potency testing, and the inclusion of a correction factor for non-specific protein binding should be considered. The addition of serum albumin to a cell-free system should be restricted to drugs having high protein binding (≥ 90%). Additionally, stability assessment of analytes should be considered to avoid dubious in vitro potency outcomes due to degraded material or active metabolite(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet P Dash
- ADME-DMPK, Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA
| | | | | | - Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Department of Innovation and Technology, Jubilant Life Sciences, D-12 Sector 59a, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India. .,Kenox Pharmaceuticals Inc., 11 Deerpark Dr, Suite 128, Princeton Corporate Plaza, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA.
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26
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Assessment of the Effects of Stretch-Injury on Primary Rat Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3545-3560. [PMID: 33763772 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch-injury is a prominent force involved in the etiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is known to directly cause damage and dysfunction in neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. However, the deleterious effects of stretch-injury on microglia, the brain's primary immunocompetent cell, are currently unknown. The Cell Injury Controller II (CICII), a validated cellular neurotrauma model, was used to induce a mechanical stretch-injury in primary rat microglia. Statistical analysis utilized Student's t test and one- and two-way ANOVAs with Tukey's and Sidak's multiple comparisons, respectively. Cells exposed to stretch-injury showed no signs of membrane permeability, necrosis, or apoptosis, as measured by media-derived lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cleaved-caspase 3 immunocytochemistry, respectively. Interestingly, injured cells displayed a functional deficit in nitric oxide production (NO), identified by media assay and immunocytochemistry, at 6, 12, 18, and 48 h post-injury. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10, and enzyme arginase-1 was significantly downregulated at 12 h post-injury. Time course evaluation of migration, using a cell exclusion zone assay, showed stretch-injured cells display decreased migration into the exclusion zone at 48- and 72-h post-stretch. Lastly, coinciding with the functional immune deficits was a significant change in morphology, with process length decreasing and cell diameter increasing following an injury at 12 h. Taken together, the data demonstrate that stretch-injury produces significant alterations in microglial function, which may have a marked impact on their response to injury or their interaction with other cells.
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27
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Zhao S, Sheng S, Wang Y, Ding L, Xu X, Xia X, Zheng JC. Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles: A double-edged sword in central nervous system disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:148-159. [PMID: 33626395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that astrocytes released a great quantity of extracellular vesicles (AEVs) to communicate with other brain cells. Under pathological conditions, AEVs are widely associated with the pathogenesis of neurobiological diseases by horizontally transferring pathogenic factors to neighboring cells or peripheral immune cells. Their beneficial role is also evident by the fact that they are involved in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration through alleviating apoptosis, maintaining neuronal function, and repairing neural injuries. The strong association of AEVswith neurological disorders makes AEVs a promising target for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The identification of disease-specific cargos in AEVs isolated from the patients' biofluids suggests AEVs as an attractive platform for biomarker development. Furthermore, the inhibition of inflammatory/toxic AEV release and the preservation of neuroprotective AEV release have been considered as potential therapeutic strategies in CNS disorder treatment and prevention, respectively. Here, we summarize the biological roles of AEVs as pathological contributors, protective/regenerative factors, and potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for neurological disorders, with a focus on recent progresses and emerging concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shiyang Sheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930, USA.
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28
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Faden AI, Barrett JP, Stoica BA, Henry RJ. Bidirectional Brain-Systemic Interactions and Outcomes After TBI. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:406-418. [PMID: 33495023 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating disorder associated with chronic progressive neurodegeneration and long-term neurological decline. Importantly, there is now substantial and increasing evidence that TBI can negatively impact systemic organs, including the pulmonary, gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular, renal, and immune system. Less well appreciated, until recently, is that such functional changes can affect both the response to subsequent insults or diseases, as well as contribute to chronic neurodegenerative processes and long-term neurological outcomes. In this review, we summarize evidence showing bidirectional interactions between the brain and systemic organs following TBI and critically assess potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Skácel J, Slusher BS, Tsukamoto T. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Biosynthesis of Ceramide, the Central Hub of the Sphingolipid Network. J Med Chem 2021; 64:279-297. [PMID: 33395289 PMCID: PMC8023021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides are composed of a sphingosine and a single fatty acid connected by an amide linkage. As one of the major classes of biologically active lipids, ceramides and their upstream and downstream metabolites have been implicated in several pathological conditions including cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, microbial pathogenesis, obesity, and inflammation. Consequently, tremendous efforts have been devoted to deciphering the dynamics of metabolic pathways involved in ceramide biosynthesis. Given that several distinct enzymes can produce ceramide, different enzyme targets have been pursued depending on the underlying disease mechanism. The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of small molecule inhibitors reported to date for each of these ceramide-producing enzymes from a medicinal chemistry perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skácel
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Kumar A, Kumar S. Inhibition of extracellular vesicle pathway using neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitors as a neuroprotective treatment for brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2349-2352. [PMID: 33907005 PMCID: PMC8374560 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a sudden trauma or blow on the head, and severe traumatic brain injury is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. The acute and chronic consequences following traumatic brain injury can lead to progressive secondary neurodegenerative changes and cognitive dysfunction. To date, there is no effective pharmaceutical products for the treatment to reduce secondary damage after brain injury. The discovery of extracellular vesicles has attracted considerable scientific attention due to their role in cell-to-cell communication. Extracellular vesicles have shown their potential to carry not only biological molecules but also as a drug delivery vehicle. As a carrier of molecular information, extracellular vesicles have been involved in physiological functions as well as in the modulation of immune responses. Here, we aim to provide new insights into the contrasting role of extracellular vesicles in the propagation of inflammatory responses after brain injury. As a carrier of pro-inflammatory molecules, their role as functional mediators in the pathophysiology of brain injury is discussed, addressing the inhibition of the extracellular vesicle pathway as an anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective approach to improve the outcome of both acute and chronic inflammation following brain injury. Here, we summarize therapeutic strategies to diminish the risk the neurodegeneration post brain injury and propose that neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitors could be used as potentially useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of brain injury associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Kumar A, Zhou L, Zhi K, Raji B, Pernell S, Tadrous E, Kodidela S, Nookala A, Kochat H, Kumar S. Challenges in Biomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Approach for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Opportunities for Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E138. [PMID: 33375558 PMCID: PMC7795247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials have been the subject of numerous studies to pursue potential therapeutic interventions for a wide variety of disorders and diseases. The physical and chemical properties of various materials have been explored to develop natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic materials with distinct advantages for use as drug delivery systems for the central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS diseases. In this review, an overview of popular biomaterials as drug delivery systems for neurogenerative diseases is provided, balancing the potential and challenges associated with the CNS drug delivery. As an effective drug delivery system, desired properties of biomaterials are discussed, addressing the persistent challenges such as targeted drug delivery, stimuli responsiveness, and controlled drug release in vivo. Finally, we discuss the prospects and limitations of incorporating extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a drug delivery system and their use for biocompatible, stable, and targeted delivery with limited immunogenicity, as well as their ability to be delivered via a non-invasive approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (L.Z.); (S.P.); (E.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (L.Z.); (S.P.); (E.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Kaining Zhi
- Plough Center for Sterile Drug Delivery Solutions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA; (K.Z.); (B.R.); (H.K.)
| | - Babatunde Raji
- Plough Center for Sterile Drug Delivery Solutions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA; (K.Z.); (B.R.); (H.K.)
| | - Shelby Pernell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (L.Z.); (S.P.); (E.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Erene Tadrous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (L.Z.); (S.P.); (E.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (L.Z.); (S.P.); (E.T.); (S.K.)
| | | | - Harry Kochat
- Plough Center for Sterile Drug Delivery Solutions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA; (K.Z.); (B.R.); (H.K.)
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (L.Z.); (S.P.); (E.T.); (S.K.)
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Kumar A, Kodidela S, Tadrous E, Cory TJ, Walker CM, Smith AM, Mukherjee A, Kumar S. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Replication and Pathogenesis and Their Potential Role in Therapeutic Intervention. Viruses 2020; 12:E887. [PMID: 32823684 PMCID: PMC7472073 DOI: 10.3390/v12080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown their potential as a carrier of molecular information, and they have been involved in physiological functions and diseases caused by viral infections. Virus-infected cells secrete various lipid-bound vesicles, including endosome pathway-derived exosomes and microvesicles/microparticles that are released from the plasma membrane. They are released via a direct outward budding and fission of plasma membrane blebs into the extracellular space to either facilitate virus propagation or regulate the immune responses. Moreover, EVs generated by virus-infected cells can incorporate virulence factors including viral protein and viral genetic material, and thus can resemble noninfectious viruses. Interactions of EVs with recipient cells have been shown to activate signaling pathways that may contribute to a sustained cellular response towards viral infections. EVs, by utilizing a complex set of cargos, can play a regulatory role in viral infection, both by facilitating and suppressing the infection. EV-based antiviral and antiretroviral drug delivery approaches provide an opportunity for targeted drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the literature on EVs, their associated involvement in transmission in viral infections, and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Erene Tadrous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Crystal Martin Walker
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Amber Marie Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Ahona Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
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Lu J, Chen C, Deng X, Mak MSH, Zhu Z, He X, Liang J, Maddili SK, Tsim KWK, Han Y, Pi R. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Multifunctional Rolipram-Tranilast Hybrids As Potential Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2348-2360. [PMID: 32644771 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prevalent public healthcare concern frequently instigated by mechanical shock, traffic, or violence incidents, leading to permanent nerve damage, and there is no ideal treatment for it yet. In this study, a series of Rolipram-Tranilast hybrids were designed and synthesized. The neuroprotective activities of the Rolipram-Tranilast hybrids were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Compound 5 has been identified as the strongest neuroprotective molecule among the series with robust anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. Compound 5 significantly increased the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels and the phosphorylated cAMP response elements binding protein (p-CREB) while it down-regulated phosphodiesterase-4 B (PDE4B) expression in vitro. Furthermore, compound 5 remarkably attenuated TBI and had a good safety profile in mice. Taken together, our findings suggested that compound 5 could serve as a novel promising lead compound in the treatment of TBI and other central nervous system (CNS) diseases associated with PDE4B and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Marvin SH Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xixin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinhao Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 518000, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Drugability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Rui T, Li Q, Song S, Gao Y, Luo C. Ferroptosis-relevant mechanisms and biomarkers for therapeutic interventions in traumatic brain injury. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1105-1113. [PMID: 32459001 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most significant health care problems worldwide, causing disability and death especially among young individuals. Although a large range of agents and therapies have been proved beneficial to lesions post-TBI to some extent, effective treatments have not been translated to the clinic. As a newly discovered form of iron-dependent regulated cell death, ferroptosis has been implicated in TBI. In this review, we update the current state of knowledge related to second injuries post-TBI, including ferroptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and so on, which often lead to chronic symptoms and long-term disability. This review systematically summarizes the latest progress in the pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI, with a focus on providing references for proposing new multi-molecular targets for comprehensive therapeutic strategies based on ferroptosis-relevant mechanisms. In addition, biomarkers are essential diagnostic and prognostic tools in TBI. Several biomarkers associated with the outcome of TBI have been listed in this article, such as Pde10a, MDA, UCH-L1, S100A9, S100B, ALDOC, ACSL4, MBP and F2-Isoprostane. Therefore, the understating of ferroptosis-relevant mechanisms and biomarkers may contribute to development of promising therapies for TBI clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shunchen Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaxuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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35
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Alessenko AV, Albi E. Exploring Sphingolipid Implications in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2020; 11:437. [PMID: 32528400 PMCID: PMC7254877 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, it was found that relatively simple sphingolipids, such as ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and glucosylceramide play important roles in neuronal functions by regulating rates of neuronal growth and differentiation. Homeostasis of membrane sphingolipids in neurons and myelin is essential to prevent the loss of synaptic plasticity, cell death and neurodegeneration. In our review we summarize data about significant brain cell alterations of sphingolipids in different neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Gaucher's, Farber's diseases, etc. We reported results obtained in brain tissue from both animals in which diseases were induced and humans in autopsy samples. Moreover, attention was paid on sphingolipids in biofluids, liquor and blood, from patients. In Alzheimer's disease sphingolipids are involved in the processing and aggregation of β-amyloid and in the transmission of the cytotoxic signal β-amyloid and TNFα-induced. Recently, the gangliosides metabolism in transgenic animals and the relationship between blood sphingolipids changes and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients have been intensively studied. Numerous experiments have highlighted the involvement of ceramide and monohexosylceramide metabolism in the pathophysiology of the sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Moreover, gene mutations of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme were considered as responsible for Parkinson's disease via transition of the monomeric form of α-synuclein to an oligomeric, aggregated toxic form. Disturbances in the metabolism of ceramides were also associated with the appearance of Lewy's bodies. Changes in sphingolipid metabolism were found as a manifestation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, both sporadic and family forms, and affected the rate of disease development. Currently, fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, is the only drug undergoing clinical trials of phase II safety for the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The use of sphingolipids as new diagnostic markers and as targets for innovative therapeutic strategies in different neurodegenerative disorders has been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Alessenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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36
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Gao C, Wang H, Wang T, Luo C, Wang Z, Zhang M, Chen X, Tao L. Platelet regulates neuroinflammation and restores blood-brain barrier integrity in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2020; 154:190-204. [PMID: 32048302 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation accompanied by microglial activation triggers multiple cell death after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The secondary injury caused by inflammation may persist for a long time. Recently, platelet C-type lectin-like 2 receptor (CLEC-2) has been shown to regulate inflammation in certain diseases. However, its possible effects on TBI remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of platelet CLEC-2 in the pathological process of neuroinflammation after TBI. In this study, mice were subjected to sham or controlled cortical impact injury, and arbitrarily received recombinant platelet CLEC-2. In parallel, BV2 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic microglial activation after TBI. Primary endothelial cells were also subjected to LPS in order to replicate the inflammatory damage caused by TBI. We used western blot analysis, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunostaining to evaluate the role of platelet CLEC-2 in TBI. In conditional knock out platelet CLEC-2 mice, trauma worsened the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and amplified the release of inflammatory cytokines. In wild type mice subjected to controlled cortical impact injury, recombinant platelet CLEC-2 administration altered the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, reduced brain edema, and improved neurological function. In vitro, the polarization phenotype of microglia induced by LPS was transformed by recombinant platelet CLEC-2, and this conversion depended on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Endothelial cell injury by LPS was ameliorated when microglia expressed mostly M2 phenotype markers. In conclusion, platelet CLEC-2 regulates trauma-induced neuroinflammation and restores blood-brain barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zufeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Cao D, Qiao H, He D, Qin X, Zhang Q, Zhou Y. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibited the inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-activated microglial cells through AMPK pathway. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1589-1597. [PMID: 31707461 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident mononuclear immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and the activation of microglia contributes to the production of excessive neurotoxic factors. In particular, the overproduction of neurotoxic factors has critical effects on the development of brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. The human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) have blossomed into an effective approach with great potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and gliomas. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism behind the therapeutic effect of hBM-MSCs on the activation of microglia in vitro. Specifically, the hBM-MSCs significantly inhibited the proliferation of lipopolysaccharide-activated microglial cells (LPS)-activated microglial cells. Additionally, we investigated whether the adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling (AMPK) pathway was involved in this process. Our data demonstrated that hBM-MSCs significantly increased the phosphorylated AMPK in LPS-activated microglial cells. In addition, our study indicated the inhibitory effect of hBM-MSCs on the pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress by the AMPK pathway in LPS-activated microglial cells. These results could shed light on the understanding of the molecular basis for the inhibition of hBM-MSCs on LPS-activated microglial cells and provide a molecular mechanism for the hBM-MSCs implication in brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Cao
- Department of Burns, The First People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowen Qiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejiao He
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Rd, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingping Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Xiao J, Yao R, Xu B, Wen H, Zhong J, Li D, Zhou Z, Xu J, Wang H. Inhibition of PDE4 Attenuates TNF-α-Triggered Cell Death Through Suppressing NF-κB and JNK Activation in HT-22 Neuronal Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:421-435. [PMID: 31659561 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a critical pro-inflammatory cytokine regulating neuroinflammation. At high concentrations, it is toxic to neurons, and such damage is positively correlated with acute and chronic neurological diseases. Our previous studies showed that inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) attenuated the production of TNF-α induced by lipopolysaccharides in microglial cells. However, whether PDE4 inhibition can block the neurotoxic effects of TNF-α in neuronal cells is unknown. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of FCPR16, a novel PDE4 inhibitor, against TNF-α-induced cellular apoptosis in HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells. We demonstrated that FCPR16 dose-dependently increased the viability of HT-22 cells exposed to TNF-α insult. Propidium iodide/calcein staining and flow cytometry analysis showed that FCPR16 decreased cell apoptosis triggered by TNF-α. Western blot analysis showed that FCPR16 decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 8, but had no effect on caspase 9. Mechanistically, FCPR16 blocked the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in HT-22 cells, and inhibition of JNK showed a similar protective effect as FCPR16. Furthermore, FCPR16 decreased the translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 from the cytosol into the nucleus. In addition, FCPR16 decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of reactive oxygen species in HT-22 cells exposed to TNF-α. Moreover, knockdown of PDE4B by specific small interfering RNA reduced the apoptosis of HT-22 cells treated with TNF-α. Taken together, our findings suggest that FCPR16 promotes the survival of neuronal cells exposed to TNF-α by suppressing the activation of JNK and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xiao
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Rumeng Yao
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bingtian Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huizhen Wen
- Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiahong Zhong
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhou
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiangping Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Feng N, Jia Y, Huang X. Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells alleviate neural injury caused by microglia activation via suppressing NF-kB and MAPK pathway. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 334:576996. [PMID: 31260950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of microglia cells play critical role in neuroinflammation after brain injury. Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) possess immunoregulation effect similar with ADSC. We hypothesized that ADSC derived exosomes (ADSC-exosomes) could inhibit the activation of microglia cells and prevent neuroinflammation. We found that ADSC-exosomes could inhibit the activation of microglia cells by suppressing NF-kB and MAPK pathway. Production of inflammatory factors in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia cells decreased significantly when pretreated with ADSC-exosomes. Furthermore, ADSC-exosomes could decrease the cytotoxicity of activated microglia. These results revealed that ADSC-exosomes might be a promising strategy for the therapy of neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhua Feng
- Medical research center, Beijing chaoyang hospital, Capital medical university, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanjun Jia
- Medical research center, Beijing chaoyang hospital, Capital medical university, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Medical research center, Beijing chaoyang hospital, Capital medical university, Beijing, China
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