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Zhang L, Tang W, Ouyang Y, Zhang M, Li R, Sun L, Liu C, Yu H. N-palmitoylethanolamine modulates hippocampal neuroplasticity in rats with stress-induced depressive behavior phenotype. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:176041. [PMID: 37673363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive lipid mediator N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endocannabinoid-like molecule. Based on our previous data, this study aimed to further investigate the antidepressant property of PEA via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) pathway, focusing on the intervention of PEA on hippocampal neuroplasticity. Behavioral tests were performed in rats induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (uCMS) in the last week of the experiment, and then the brain tissue samples were retained for subsequent immunohistochemical detection and Western blot analysis. In vitro, the apoptosis of HT22 cells induced by CORT and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Hoechst staining and Western blot, respectively. The results showed that PEA ameliorated the depression-like phenotype in rats induced by uCMS, prevented the uCMS-induced reduction in the number of BrdU-positive cells, and increased BrdU/NeuN co-localization in the hippocampus, and upregulated the levels of synapse associated protein NCAM, MAP2, SYN and PSD95 in the hippocampus. Hoechst staining results showed that PEA significantly increased the CORT-induced reduction in the number of hippocampal neurons. Western blot analysis showed that PEA decreased the expression of caspase-3 and c-caspase-3, and increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in CORT-induced HT22 cells. MK886, a PPARα antagonist, partially or completely reversed these effects. In conclusion, the therapeutic potential of PEA for depressive mood disorders may be through targeting the hippocampal neuroplasticity, including increasing adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, as well as down-regulated neuronal apoptosis, to remodel hippocampal circuitries upon functional integration and PPARα pathway may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwen Zhang
- Department of Functional Science, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China; Experimental Teaching Center of Morphology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Tang
- Department of Functional Science, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China; Experimental Teaching Center of Morphology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yinan Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Functional Science, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China; Experimental Teaching Center of Morphology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China
| | - Ruirui Li
- Department of Functional Science, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China; Experimental Teaching Center of Morphology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China
| | - Lianping Sun
- Department of Functional Science, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China; Experimental Teaching Center of Morphology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yanbian University Affiliated Hospital, Juzi, Street 1327, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hailing Yu
- Department of Functional Science, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China; Experimental Teaching Center of Morphology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Park Street 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, PR China.
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Chen I, Murdaugh LB, Miliano C, Dong Y, Gregus AM, Buczynski MW. NAPE-PLD regulates specific baseline affective behaviors but is dispensable for inflammatory hyperalgesia. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 14:100135. [PMID: 38099275 PMCID: PMC10719515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2023.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
N-acyl-ethanolamine (NAEs) serve as key endogenous lipid mediators as revealed by manipulation of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the primary enzyme responsible for metabolizing NAEs. Preclinical studies focused on FAAH or NAE receptors indicate an important role for NAE signaling in nociception and affective behaviors. However, there is limited information on the role of NAE biosynthesis in these same behavioral paradigms. Biosynthesis of NAEs has been attributed largely to the enzyme N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine Phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), one of three pathways capable of producing these bioactive lipids in the brain. In this report, we demonstrate that Nape-pld knockout (KO) mice displayed reduced sucrose preference and consumption, but other baseline anxiety-like or depression-like behaviors were unaltered. Additionally, we observed sex-dependent responses in thermal nociception and other baseline measures in wildtype (WT) mice that were absent in Nape-pld KO mice. In the Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory arthritis, WT mice exhibited sex-dependent changes in paw edema that were lost in Nape-pld KO mice. However, there was no effect of Nape-pld deletion on arthritic pain-like behaviors (grip force deficit and tactile allodynia) in either sex, indicating that while NAPE-PLD may alter local inflammation, it does not contribute to pain-like behaviors associated with inflammatory arthritis. Collectively, these findings indicate that chronic and systemic NAPE-PLD inactivation will likely be well-tolerated, warranting further pharmacological evaluation of this target in other disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Chen
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Laura B. Murdaugh
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Cristina Miliano
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yuyang Dong
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ann M. Gregus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew W. Buczynski
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Topuz RD, Gorgulu Y, Kyazim Uluturk M. Could serum endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels be important in bipolar disorder? World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 24:314-320. [PMID: 35950574 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2111713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a critical important neuromodulatory system that interacts with many neurohormonal and neurotransmitter systems in the brain. It plays a pivotal role in emotional responses and mood regulation. The ECS is related with psychotic disorders, depression, anxiety and autism. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether there is any relationship between endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels with bipolar disorder. METHODS Seventy-nine patients with bipolar disorder diagnosis, who are in the euthymic period, were included in the study. Clinical characteristics, symptoms and serum endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels were compared. Endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels were evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In total of 79 patients, 44 (55.69%) were females and 35 (44.30%) were males. The mean age of the patients was 42.40 ± 1.10 years. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels were higher and oleoylethanolamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol levels were lower in patients who had at least one depressive episode during their life-time illness than in patients who had no depressive episode while arachidonyl ethanolamide levels were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS PEA levels were correlated with the history and frequency of depressive episodes and the history of depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhan Deniz Topuz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gorgulu
- Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Milkibar Kyazim Uluturk
- Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, Can State Hospital, Canakkale, Turkey
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PPARα Signaling: A Candidate Target in Psychiatric Disorder Management. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050723. [PMID: 35625650 PMCID: PMC9138493 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors (PPARs) regulate lipid and glucose metabolism, control inflammatory processes, and modulate several brain functions. Three PPAR isoforms have been identified, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, which are expressed in different tissues and cell types. Hereinafter, we focus on PPARα involvement in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, which is underscored by PPARα localization in neuronal circuits involved in emotion modulation and stress response, and its role in neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation. A multiplicity of downstream pathways modulated by PPARα activation, including glutamatergic neurotransmission, upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurosteroidogenic effects, encompass mechanisms underlying behavioral regulation. Modulation of dopamine neuronal firing in the ventral tegmental area likely contributes to PPARα effects in depression, anhedonia, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Based on robust preclinical evidence and the initial results of clinical studies, future clinical trials should assess the efficacy of PPARα agonists in the treatment of mood and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, and ASD.
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Looking for a Treatment for the Early Stage of Alzheimer's Disease: Preclinical Evidence with Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113802. [PMID: 32471239 PMCID: PMC7312730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the earliest stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although patients are still asymptomatic, cerebral alterations have already been triggered. In addition to beta amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, both glial alterations and neuroinflammation have been documented at this stage. Starting treatment at this prodromal AD stage could be a valuable therapeutic strategy. AD requires long-term care; therefore, only compounds with a high safety profile can be used, such as the new formulation containing palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (co-ultra PEALut) already approved for human use. Therefore, we investigated it in an in vivo pharmacological study that focused on the prodromal stage of AD. METHODS We tested the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of co-ultra PEALut (5 mg/Kg) administered for 14 days in rats that received once, 5 µg Aβ(1-42) into the hippocampus. RESULTS Glial activation and elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators were observed in Aβ-infused rats. Early administration of co-ultra PEALut prevented the Aβ-induced astrogliosis and microgliosis, the upregulation in gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, as well as the reduction of mRNA levels BDNF and GDNF. Our findings also highlight an important neuroprotective effect of co-ultra PEALut treatment, which promoted neuronal survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the presence of cellular and molecular modifications in the prodromal stage of AD. Moreover, the data presented here demonstrate the ability of co-ultra PEALut to normalize such Aβ-induced alterations, suggesting it as a valuable therapeutic strategy.
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Sáez-Orellana F, Octave JN, Pierrot N. Alzheimer's Disease, a Lipid Story: Involvement of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α. Cells 2020; 9:E1215. [PMID: 32422896 PMCID: PMC7290654 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) production are responsible for inherited AD cases. The amyloid cascade hypothesis was proposed to explain the pathogeny. Despite the fact that Aβ is considered as the main culprit of the pathology, most clinical trials focusing on Aβ failed and suggested that earlier interventions are needed to influence the course of AD. Therefore, identifying risk factors that predispose to AD is crucial. Among them, the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene that encodes the major brain lipid carrier and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes were identified as AD risk factors, suggesting that abnormal lipid metabolism could influence the progression of the disease. Among lipids, fatty acids (FAs) play a fundamental role in proper brain function, including memory. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a master metabolic regulator that regulates the catabolism of FA. Several studies report an essential role of PPARα in neuronal function governing synaptic plasticity and cognition. In this review, we explore the implication of lipid metabolism in AD, with a special focus on PPARα and its potential role in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sáez-Orellana
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.-O.); (J.-N.O.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.-O.); (J.-N.O.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Pierrot
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.-O.); (J.-N.O.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Beggiato S, Tomasini MC, Cassano T, Ferraro L. Chronic Oral Palmitoylethanolamide Administration Rescues Cognitive Deficit and Reduces Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Glutamate Levels in A Transgenic Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020428. [PMID: 32033363 PMCID: PMC7074257 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a lipid mediator belonging to the class of the N-acylethanolamine. Products containing PEA, also in ultramicronized formulation (um-PEA), are already licensed for use in humans for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, and demonstrated high safety and tolerability. Preclinical studies indicate that PEA, especially in the ultramicronized form, could be a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of chronic (three months) um-PEA administration in an animal model of AD (3×Tg-AD mice). For translation purposes, the compound has been orally administered. Cognitive performance as well as biochemical markers [(interleukin-16 (IL-16) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)] levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, synaptophysin and glutamate levels) have been evaluated at the end of um-PEA treatment. The results indicate that orally administered um-PEA was adsorbed and distributed in the mice brain. The chronic treatment with um-PEA (100 mg/kg/day for three months) rescued cognitive deficit, restrained neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and reduced the increase in hippocampal glutamate levels observed in 3×Tg-AD mice. Overall, these data reinforce the concept that um-PEA exerts beneficial effects in 3×Tg-AD mice. The fact that PEA is already licensed for the use in humans strongly supports its rapid translation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.B.); (M.C.T.)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Tomasini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.B.); (M.C.T.)
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.B.); (M.C.T.)
- IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Technopole of Ferrara, LTTA Laboratory for the Technologies for Advanced Therapies, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-455276
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