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Torrealba E, Aguilar-Zerpa N, Garcia-Morales P, Díaz M. Compensatory Mechanisms in Early Alzheimer's Disease and Clinical Setting: The Need for Novel Neuropsychological Strategies. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:513-525. [PMID: 37313485 PMCID: PMC10259077 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the detection of biomarkers and in the design of drugs that can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the underlying primary mechanisms have not been elucidated. The diagnosis of AD has notably improved with the development of neuroimaging techniques and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers which have provided new information not available in the past. Although the diagnosis has advanced, there is a consensus among experts that, when making the diagnosis in a specific patient, many years have probably passed since the onset of the underlying processes, and it is very likely that the biomarkers in use and their cutoffs do not reflect the true critical points for establishing the precise stage of the ongoing disease. In this context, frequent disparities between current biomarkers and cognitive and functional performance in clinical practice constitute a major drawback in translational neurology. To our knowledge, the In-Out-test is the only neuropsychological test developed with the idea that compensatory brain mechanisms exist in the early stages of AD, and whose positive effects on conventional tests performance can be reduced in assessing episodic memory in the context of a dual-task, through which the executive auxiliary networks are 'distracted', thus uncover the real memory deficit. Furthermore, as additional traits, age and formal education have no impact on the performance of the In-Out-test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Torrealba
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas De Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Norka Aguilar-Zerpa
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pilar Garcia-Morales
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Physics, University of La Laguna, Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Hajjar I, Okafor M, Wan L, Yang Z, Nye JA, Bohsali A, Shaw LM, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Calhoun VD, Moore RH, Goldstein FC. Safety and biomarker effects of candesartan in non-hypertensive adults with prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac270. [PMID: 36440097 PMCID: PMC9683395 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies suggest that angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertensive adults are associated with lower post-mortem indicators of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Candesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, has a positive cognitive effect in mild cognitive impairment with hypertension. However, its safety and effects in non-hypertensive individuals with Alzheimer's disease are unclear. This is the first double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial aimed to assess safety and effects of 1-year therapy of candesartan on biomarkers and clinical indicators of Alzheimer's disease in non-hypertensive individuals with biomarker-confirmed prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Seventy-seven non-hypertensive participants 50 years or older (mean age: 68.1 years; 62% women; 20% African American) with mild cognitive impairment and biomarker confirmed Alzheimer's disease were randomized to escalating doses of once daily oral candesartan (up to 32 mg) or matched placebo. Main outcomes included safety and tolerability of candesartan, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (amyloid-β42, amyloid-β40, total tau and phospho-tau). Additional exploratory outcomes included PET imaging (Pittsburgh Compound-B (11C-PiB) and 18F-flortaucipir), brain MRI (structural and connectivity measures) and cognitive functioning. Analyses used intention-to-treat approach with group comparisons of safety measures using Chi-square test, and repeated measures mixed effects models were used to assess candesartan effects on main and exploratory outcomes (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02646982). Candesartan was found to be safe with no significant difference in safety measures: symptoms of hypotension, renal failure or hyperkalemia. Candesartan was also found to be associated with increases in cerebrospinal fluid Aβ40 (between-group mean difference: 1211.95 pg/ml, 95% confidence interval: 313.27, 2110.63) and Aβ42 (49.51 pg/ml, 95% confidence interval: -98.05, -0.98) reflecting lower brain amyloid accumulation. Candesartan was associated with decreased 11C-PiB in the parahippocampal region (-0.1104, 95% confidence interval: -0.19, -0.029) which remained significant after false discovery rate correction, and with an increase in functional network connectivity in the subcortical networks. Candesartan was further associated with improved executive function (Trail Making Test Part B) performance (-11.41 s, 95% confidence interval: -11.94, -10.89) and trended for an improved global cognitive functioning reflected by a composite cognitive score (0.002, 95% confidence interval: -0.0002, 0.005). We did not observe significant effects on tau levels, hippocampal volume or other cognitive measures (memory or clinical dementia rating scale-sum of boxes). In conclusion, among non-hypertensive prodromal Alzheimer's disease, candesartan is safe and likely decreases brain amyloid biomarkers, enhances subcortical brain connectivity and has favourable cognitive effects. These findings suggest that candesartan may have an important therapeutic role in Alzheimer's disease, and warrant further investigation given the lack of clear treatment options for this devastating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Hajjar
- Correspondence to: Ihab Hajjar, MD Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center 6 Executive Park Dr NE, 2nd Floor, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA E-mail:
| | - Maureen Okafor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Limeng Wan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jonathon A Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Systems Imaging, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Anastasia Bohsali
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Reneé H Moore
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Felicia C Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Fowler C, Rainey-Smith SR, Bird S, Bomke J, Bourgeat P, Brown BM, Burnham SC, Bush AI, Chadunow C, Collins S, Doecke J, Doré V, Ellis KA, Evered L, Fazlollahi A, Fripp J, Gardener SL, Gibson S, Grenfell R, Harrison E, Head R, Jin L, Kamer A, Lamb F, Lautenschlager NT, Laws SM, Li QX, Lim L, Lim YY, Louey A, Macaulay SL, Mackintosh L, Martins RN, Maruff P, Masters CL, McBride S, Milicic L, Peretti M, Pertile K, Porter T, Radler M, Rembach A, Robertson J, Rodrigues M, Rowe CC, Rumble R, Salvado O, Savage G, Silbert B, Soh M, Sohrabi HR, Taddei K, Taddei T, Thai C, Trounson B, Tyrrell R, Vacher M, Varghese S, Villemagne VL, Weinborn M, Woodward M, Xia Y, Ames D. Fifteen Years of the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) Study: Progress and Observations from 2,359 Older Adults Spanning the Spectrum from Cognitive Normality to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:443-468. [PMID: 34368630 PMCID: PMC8293663 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) Study commenced in 2006 as a prospective study of 1,112 individuals (768 cognitively normal (CN), 133 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 211 with Alzheimer’s disease dementia (AD)) as an ‘Inception cohort’ who underwent detailed ssessments every 18 months. Over the past decade, an additional 1247 subjects have been added as an ‘Enrichment cohort’ (as of 10 April 2019). Objective: Here we provide an overview of these Inception and Enrichment cohorts of more than 8,500 person-years of investigation. Methods: Participants underwent reassessment every 18 months including comprehensive cognitive testing, neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI; positron emission tomography, PET), biofluid biomarkers and lifestyle evaluations. Results: AIBL has made major contributions to the understanding of the natural history of AD, with cognitive and biological definitions of its three major stages: preclinical, prodromal and clinical. Early deployment of Aβ-amyloid and tau molecular PET imaging and the development of more sensitive and specific blood tests have facilitated the assessment of genetic and environmental factors which affect age at onset and rates of progression. Conclusion: This fifteen-year study provides a large database of highly characterized individuals with longitudinal cognitive, imaging and lifestyle data and biofluid collections, to aid in the development of interventions to delay onset, prevent or treat AD. Harmonization with similar large longitudinal cohort studies is underway to further these aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fowler
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sabine Bird
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Julia Bomke
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Pierrick Bourgeat
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Samantha C Burnham
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolyn Chadunow
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Collins
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James Doecke
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Cooperative Research Council for Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vincent Doré
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lis Evered
- Department of Anaesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Amir Fazlollahi
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jurgen Fripp
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha L Gardener
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Simon Gibson
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert Grenfell
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Elise Harrison
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Head
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Liang Jin
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrian Kamer
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fiona Lamb
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Simon M Laws
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucy Lim
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Louey
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S Lance Macaulay
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucy Mackintosh
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon McBride
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Lidija Milicic
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Madeline Peretti
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kelly Pertile
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Morgan Radler
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Rembach
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Robertson
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Rodrigues
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Rumble
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Greg Savage
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brendan Silbert
- Department of Anaesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalene Soh
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tania Taddei
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Christine Thai
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brett Trounson
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Regan Tyrrell
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Vacher
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Shiji Varghese
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Weinborn
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Woodward
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ying Xia
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - David Ames
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,National Ageing Research Institute (NARI), Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Duan M, Liu F, Fu H, Lu S, Wang T. Preoperative Microbiomes and Intestinal Barrier Function Can Differentiate Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease From Normal Neurocognition in Elderly Patients Scheduled to Undergo Orthopedic Surgery. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:592842. [PMID: 33869072 PMCID: PMC8044800 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.592842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Emerging evidence links perturbations in the microbiome to neurodegeneration in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and to surgical stress. In this study, we attempted to identify preoperative differences intestinal microbiota (IM) and barrier function between pAD [prodromal AD: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and aMCI] patients and normal neurocognition (NC) patients. Additionally, the potential associations between IM and barrier function, inflammation, and the clinical characteristics of pAD were evaluated. Design Eighty elderly patients scheduled to undergo orthopedic surgery were consecutively enrolled and grouped as NC, SCD, and aMCI following neuropsychological assessment. IM was determined by 16S rRNA MiSeq sequencing, and PICRUSt was used to predict functional shifts in IM. Furthermore, we investigated the association between IM and plasma claudin-1, occludin, LPS, systemic inflammatory cytokines, neuropsychological assessment, and clinical characteristics. Results There was a lower Chao1 index in the SCD group (P = 0.004) and differences in beta diversity among the three groups (PCA: P = 0.026, PCoA: P= 0.004). The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the SCD group (P = 0.016, P = 0.008), and Firmicutes were more enriched in the aMCI group than in the SCD group (P= 0.026). At the family level, the total abundance of Gram-negative bacteria was higher in the SCD group than in the aMCI group (P = 0.047), and the Christensenellaceae family was detected at lower levels in the SCD and aMCI groups than in the NC group (P= 0.039). At the genus level, the eleven short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria exhibited differences among the three groups. PICRUSt analysis showed that the pathways involved in SCFA catabolism, biosynthesis, and adherent junctions were reduced in SCD patients, and lipid synthesis proteins were reduced in pAD patients. Meanwhile, elevated plasma LPS and CRP were observed in SCD patients, and higher plasma occludin in aMCI patients. The IM was correlated with plasma claudin-1, LPS, inflammatory factors, neuropsychological assessment, and clinical characteristics. Conclusion The intestines of SCD and aMCI patients preoperatively exhibited IM dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction, and elevated plasma LPS and CRP were observed in SCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shibao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianlong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
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McDougall F, Edgar C, Mertes M, Delmar P, Fontoura P, Abi-Saab D, Lansdall CJ, Boada M, Doody R. Psychometric Properties of the Clinical Dementia Rating - Sum of Boxes and Other Cognitive and Functional Outcomes in a Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease Population. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2021; 8:151-160. [PMID: 33569561 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2020.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) has been proposed as a primary outcome for use in prodromal AD trials. However, the psychometric properties of this, and of other commonly used measures, have not been well-established in this patient population. OBJECTIVE To describe the psychometric properties of commonly used efficacy measures in a clinical trial of prodromal AD. SETTING Data were gathered as part of a two-year clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Patients had biomarker confirmed prodromal AD. MEASUREMENTS Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognition Subscale 11 and 13 (ADAS-Cog), Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), and Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT-IR [words]). Assessments were conducted at least every 24 weeks. RESULTS For the CDR-SB, test-retest reliability was good (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.83); internal consistency was 0.65 at baseline but above 0.8 at later assessments. Relationships between the CDR-SB and other measures were as expected (higher correlations with more closely related constructs), and the CDR-SB differentiated between patients with different severities of dementia (-2.9 points difference between CDR-Global Score 0.5 and 1, P<.0001). Floor and ceiling effects on the CDR-SB total score were minimal; however, at baseline there were ceiling effects in the personal care domain. Further detail is provided on the psychometric properties of ADAS-Cog, MMSE, FCSRT-IR and FAQ in this population. CONCLUSION The psychometric properties of the CDR-SB are adequate in prodromal AD and continued use is warranted in clinical trials. However, there remains scope for improvement in the assessment of functional constructs and development of novel measures should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F McDougall
- Fiona McDougall, Genentech 620 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA,
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6
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Loewenstein DA, Curiel Cid RE, Kitaigorodsky M, Crocco EA, Zheng DD, Gorman KL. Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment is Characterized by the Inability to Recover from Proactive Semantic Interference across Multiple Learning Trials. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2021; 8:181-187. [PMID: 33569565 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulties in inhibition and self-monitoring are early features of incipient Alzheimer's disease and may manifest as susceptibility to proactive semantic interference. However, due to limitations of traditional memory assessment paradigms, recovery from interference effects following repeated learning opportunities has not been explored. OBJECTIVE This study employed a novel computerized list learning test consisting of repeated learning trials to assess recovery from proactive and retroactive semantic interference. DESIGN The design was cross-sectional. SETTING Participants were recruited from the community as part of a longitudinal study on normal and abnormal aging. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of 46 cognitively normal individuals and 30 participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. MEASUREMENTS Participants were administered the Cognitive Stress Test and traditional neuropsychological measures. Step-wise logistic regression was applied to determine which Cognitive Stress Test measures best discriminated between diagnostic groups. This was followed by receiver operating characteristic analyses. RESULTS Cued A3 recall, Cued B3 recall and Cued B2 intrusions were all independent predictors of diagnostic status. The overall predictive utility of the model yielded 75.9% sensitivity, 91.1% specificity, and an overall correct classification rate of 85.1%. When these variables were jointly entered into receiver operating characteristic analyses, the area under the curve was .923 (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS This novel paradigm's use of repeated learning trials offers a unique opportunity to assess recovery from proactive and retroactive semantic interference. Participants with mild cognitive impairment exhibited a continued failure to recover from proactive interference that could not be explained by mere learning deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Loewenstein
- David A. Loewenstein, PhD, ABPP-CN; Director, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging; Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Professor of Neurology; University of Miami, 1695 NW 9th Ave, Suite 3202, Miami, FL 33136; ; Phone: (305) 355-7016; Fax: (305) 255-9076
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Rossini PM, Cappa SF, Lattanzio F, Perani D, Spadin P, Tagliavini F, Vanacore N. The Italian INTERCEPTOR Project: From the Early Identification of Patients Eligible for Prescription of Antidementia Drugs to a Nationwide Organizational Model for Early Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:373-388. [PMID: 31594234 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder and its burden on patients, families, and society grows significantly with lifespan. Early modifications of risk-enhancing lifestyles and treatment initiation expand personal autonomy and reduce management costs. Many clinical trials with potentially disease-modifying drugs are devoted to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prodromal-to-Alzheimer's disease. The identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis may thus be crucial for early intervention and identification of high-risk subjects, the most appropriate target of new drugs as soon as they will be discovered. INTERCEPTOR is a strategic project by the Italian Ministry of Health and the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), aiming to validate the best combination (highly accurate, non-invasive, available on the whole national territory and financially sustainable) of biomarkers and organizational model for early diagnosis. 500 MCI subjects will be enrolled at baseline and followed-up for 3 years for at least 400 of them in order to define a "hub & spoke" nationwide model with recruiting (spokes) centers for MCI identification and expert (hubs) centers for risk diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Maria Rossini
- Area of Neuroscience, University Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS St. John of God, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Perani
- Nuclear Medicine Unit and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Spadin
- President "Associazione Italiana Malattia di Alzheimer" - AIMA, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Vanacore
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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8
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Goldstein FC, Loring DW, Thomas T, Saleh S, Hajjar I. Recognition Memory Performance as a Cognitive Marker of Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:507-514. [PMID: 31594225 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utility of recognition memory for identifying persons with biomarker evidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unclear since prior studies of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) relied only on clinical diagnosis and did not include simultaneous measures of central amyloidosis and tauopathy. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether recognition memory and associated indices, including discriminability and response bias from signal detection theory, differentiate persons with amnestic MCI (aMCI) due to prodromal AD from non-prodromal AD. METHOD Sixty older adults with aMCI were classified as prodromal AD (n = 28) or non-prodromal AD (n = 32) based upon cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid-β and tau. Memory was assessed using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised which includes free recall and recognition. RESULTS ANCOVAs adjusting for age indicated comparable (all p > 0.05) performances between prodromal and non-prodromal MCI groups respectively on traditional HVLT-R recognition measures of hits (mean±SD: 9.5±3.0 versus 10.9±1.7), false alarms (1.8±1.8 versus 1.5±1.5), and hits minus false alarms (7.7±3.0 versus 9.2±2.6). In contrast, discriminability (d'), which reflects how easily targets and distractors are distinguished, was significantly (p = 0.009) poorer in the prodromal versus non-prodromal groups (3.1±1.9 versus 4.8±2.0, effect size = 0.87). In addition, only d' significantly predicted group membership (OR = 0.66, CI = 0.48-0.92, p = 0.04). Response bias, the tendency to report that a target did or did not appear, was comparable between groups (0.08±1.1 versus -0.04±1.3). CONCLUSION Recognition discriminability is significantly poorer in aMCI with biomarker evidence of prodromal AD. In contrast to traditional recognition indices, discriminability from signal detection theory may be superior in identifying aMCI due to AD versus non-AD etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W Loring
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tiffany Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sabria Saleh
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ihab Hajjar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Markova H, Nikolai T, Mazancova AF, Cechova K, Sheardova K, Georgi H, Kopecek M, Laczó J, Hort J, Vyhnalek M. Differences in Subjective Cognitive Complaints Between Non-Demented Older Adults from a Memory Clinic and the Community. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:61-73. [PMID: 31177209 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) may represent an early cognitive marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a need to identify specific SCCs associated with an increased likelihood of underlying AD. OBJECTIVE Using the Questionnaire of Cognitive Complaints (QPC), we evaluated the pattern of SCCs in a clinical sample of non-demented older adults in comparison to cognitively healthy community-dwelling volunteers (HV). METHODS In total, 142 non-demented older adults from the Czech Brain Aging Study referred to two memory clinics for their SCCs were classified as having subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n = 85) or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, n = 57) based on a neuropsychological evaluation. Furthermore, 82 age-, education-, and gender-matched HV were recruited. All subjects completed the QPC assessing the presence of specific SCCs in the last six months. RESULTS Both SCD and aMCI groups reported almost two times more SCCs than HV, but they did not differ from each other in the total QPC score. Impression of memory change and Impression of worse memory in comparison to peers were significantly more prevalent in both SCD and aMCI groups in comparison to HV; however, only the latter one was associated with lower cognitive performance. CONCLUSION The pattern of QPC-SCCs reported by SCD individuals was more similar to aMCI individuals than to HV. A complaint about memory change seems unspecific to pathological aging whereas a complaint about worse memory in comparison to peers might be one of the promising items from QPC questionnaire potentially reflecting subtle cognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Markova
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Nikolai
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuropsychology Laboratory, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Fendrych Mazancova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuropsychology Laboratory, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Cechova
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Sheardova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Georgi
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Laczó
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Albani D, Marizzoni M, Ferrari C, Fusco F, Boeri L, Raimondi I, Jovicich J, Babiloni C, Soricelli A, Lizio R, Galluzzi S, Cavaliere L, Didic M, Schönknecht P, Molinuevo JL, Nobili F, Parnetti L, Payoux P, Bocchio L, Salvatore M, Rossini PM, Tsolaki M, Visser PJ, Richardson JC, Wiltfang J, Bordet R, Blin O, Forloni G, Frisoni GB. Plasma Aβ42 as a Biomarker of Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease Progression in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Evidence from the PharmaCog/E-ADNI Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:37-48. [PMID: 30149449 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is an open issue whether blood biomarkers serve to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) or monitor its progression over time from prodromal stages. Here, we addressed this question starting from data of the European FP7 IMI-PharmaCog/E-ADNI longitudinal study in amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients including biological, clinical, neuropsychological (e.g., ADAS-Cog13), neuroimaging, and electroencephalographic measures. PharmaCog/E-ADNI patients were classified as "positive" (i.e., "prodromal AD" n = 76) or "negative" (n = 52) based on a diagnostic cut-off of Aβ42/P-tau in cerebrospinal fluid as well as APOE ε 4 genotype. Blood was sampled at baseline and at two follow-ups (12 and 18 months), when plasma amyloid peptide 42 and 40 (Aβ42, Aβ40) and apolipoprotein J (clusterin, CLU) were assessed. Linear Mixed Models found no significant differences in plasma molecules between the "positive" (i.e., prodromal AD) and "negative" groups at baseline. In contrast, plasma Aβ42 showed a greater reduction over time in the prodromal AD than the "negative" aMCI group (p = 0.048), while CLU and Aβ40 increased, but similarly in the two groups. Furthermore, plasma Aβ42 correlated with the ADAS-Cog13 score both in aMCI patients as a whole and the prodromal AD group alone. Finally, CLU correlated with the ADAS-Cog13 only in the whole aMCI group, and no association with ADAS-Cog13 was found for Aβ40. In conclusion, plasma Aβ42 showed disease progression-related features in aMCI patients with prodromal AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Moira Marizzoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Unit of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Boeri
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Raimondi
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Jorge Jovicich
- MR Lab Head, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome and Cassino, Rome and Cassino, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Lizio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha Galluzzi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Libera Cavaliere
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mira Didic
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS UMR_S 1106, Marseille, France.,APHM, Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France
| | - Peter Schönknecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Germany
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease Unit and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinical Neurology, Dept. of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Clinica Neurologica, Università di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierre Payoux
- INSERM, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques UMR 825, Toulouse, France
| | - Luisella Bocchio
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Centro Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, University eCampus, Novedrate (Como), Italy
| | - Marco Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Department of Gerontology, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.,Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Neurologic Clinic, Medical School, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Centre, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill C Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.,iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Régis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Blin
- Aix Marseille University, UMR-CNRS 7289, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Memory Clinic and LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Brugnolo A, De Carli F, Pagani M, Morbelli S, Jonsson C, Chincarini A, Frisoni GB, Galluzzi S, Perneczky R, Drzezga A, van Berckel BNM, Ossenkoppele R, Didic M, Guedj E, Arnaldi D, Massa F, Grazzini M, Pardini M, Mecocci P, Dottorini ME, Bauckneht M, Sambuceti G, Nobili F. Head-to-Head Comparison among Semi-Quantification Tools of Brain FDG-PET to Aid the Diagnosis of Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:383-394. [PMID: 30776000 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several automatic tools have been implemented for semi-quantitative assessment of brain [18]F-FDG-PET. OBJECTIVE We aimed to head-to-head compare the diagnostic performance among three statistical parametric mapping (SPM)-based approaches, another voxel-based tool (i.e., PALZ), and a volumetric region of interest (VROI-SVM)-based approach, in distinguishing patients with prodromal Alzheimer's disease (pAD) from controls. METHODS Sixty-two pAD patients (MMSE score = 27.0±1.6) and one hundred-nine healthy subjects (CTR) (MMSE score = 29.2±1.2) were enrolled in five centers of the European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium. The three SPM-based methods, based on different rationales, included 1) a cluster identified through the correlation analysis between [18]F-FDG-PET and a verbal memory test (VROI-1), 2) a VROI derived from the comparison between pAD and CTR (VROI-2), and 3) visual analysis of individual maps obtained by the comparison between each subject and CTR (SPM-Maps). The VROI-SVM approach was based on 6 VROI plus 6 VROI asymmetry values derived from the pAD versus CTR comparison thanks to support vector machine (SVM). RESULTS The areas under the ROC curves between pAD and CTR were 0.84 for VROI-1, 0.83 for VROI-2, 0.79 for SPM maps, 0.87 for PALZ, and 0.95 for VROI-SVM. Pairwise comparisons of Youden index did not show statistically significant differences in diagnostic performance between VROI-1, VROI-2, SPM-Maps, and PALZ score whereas VROI-SVM performed significantly (p < 0.005) better than any of the other methods. CONCLUSION The study confirms the good accuracy of [18]F-FDG-PET in discriminating healthy subjects from pAD and highlights that a non-linear, automatic VROI classifier based on SVM performs better than the voxel-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brugnolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Mother-Child health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy.,Clinical Psychology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Carli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Pagani
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Slivia Morbelli
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cathrine Jonsson
- Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Imaging and Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- LENITEM Laboratory of Epidemiology and Neuroimaging, IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio-FBF, Brescia, Italy.,University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samantha Galluzzi
- LENITEM Laboratory of Epidemiology and Neuroimaging, IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio-FBF, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Germany.,Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College London of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; previously at Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mira Didic
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Guedj
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, CERIMED, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Dario Arnaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Mother-Child health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy.,Neurology Clinics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Massa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Mother-Child health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Grazzini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Mother-Child health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Mother-Child health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy.,Neurology Clinics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo E Dottorini
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Bauckneht
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Mother-Child health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy.,Neurology Clinics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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12
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Facchinetti R, Valenza M, Bronzuoli MR, Menegoni G, Ratano P, Steardo L, Campolongo P, Scuderi C. Looking for a Treatment for the Early Stage of Alzheimer's Disease: Preclinical Evidence with Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3802. [PMID: 32471239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the earliest stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although patients are still asymptomatic, cerebral alterations have already been triggered. In addition to beta amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, both glial alterations and neuroinflammation have been documented at this stage. Starting treatment at this prodromal AD stage could be a valuable therapeutic strategy. AD requires long-term care; therefore, only compounds with a high safety profile can be used, such as the new formulation containing palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (co-ultra PEALut) already approved for human use. Therefore, we investigated it in an in vivo pharmacological study that focused on the prodromal stage of AD. METHODS We tested the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of co-ultra PEALut (5 mg/Kg) administered for 14 days in rats that received once, 5 µg Aβ(1-42) into the hippocampus. RESULTS Glial activation and elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators were observed in Aβ-infused rats. Early administration of co-ultra PEALut prevented the Aβ-induced astrogliosis and microgliosis, the upregulation in gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, as well as the reduction of mRNA levels BDNF and GDNF. Our findings also highlight an important neuroprotective effect of co-ultra PEALut treatment, which promoted neuronal survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the presence of cellular and molecular modifications in the prodromal stage of AD. Moreover, the data presented here demonstrate the ability of co-ultra PEALut to normalize such Aβ-induced alterations, suggesting it as a valuable therapeutic strategy.
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13
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Epelbaum S, Paquet C, Hugon J, Dumurgier J, Wallon D, Hannequin D, Jonveaux T, Besozzi A, Pouponneau S, Hommet C, Blanc F, Berly L, Julian A, Paccalin M, Pasquier F, Bellet J, Boutoleau-Bretonniere C, Charriau T, Rouaud O, Madec O, Mouton A, David R, Bekadar S, Fabre R, Liegey E, Deberdt W, Robert P, Dubois B. How many patients are eligible for disease-modifying treatment in Alzheimer's disease? A French national observational study over 5 years. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029663. [PMID: 31239309 PMCID: PMC6597622 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the epidemiology of the prodromal and mild stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients who are eligible for clinical trials with disease-modifying therapies. SETTINGS We analysed two large complementary databases to study the incidence and characteristics of this population on a nationwide scope in France from 2014 to 2018. The National Alzheimer Database contains data from 357 memory centres and 90 private neurologists. Data from 2014 to 2018 have been analysed. PARTICIPANTS Patients, 50-85 years old, diagnosed with AD who had an Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score of ≥20 were included. We excluded patients with mixed and non-AD neurocognitive disorders. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Descriptive statistics of the population of interest was the primary measure. RESULTS In the National Alzheimer Database, 550 198 patients were assessed. Among them, 72 174 (13.1%) were diagnosed with AD and had an MMSE ≥20. Using corrections for specificity of clinical diagnosis of AD, we estimated that about 50 000 (9.1%) had a prodromal or mild AD. In the combined electronic clinical records database of 11 French expert memory centres, a diagnosis of prodromal or mild AD, certified by the use of cerebrospinal fluid AD biomarkers, could be established in 195 (1.3%) out of 14 596 patients. CONCLUSIONS AD was not frequently diagnosed at a prodromal or mild dementia stage in France in 2014 to 2018. Diagnosis rarely relied on a pathophysiological marker even in expert memory centres. National databases will be valuable to monitor early stage AD diagnosis efficacy in memory centres when a disease-modifying treatment becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Epelbaum
- Institute of Memoryand Alzheimer’s Disease (IM2A) and Brain and Spine Institute(ICM) UMR S 1127, Inria, Aramis-Project Team, Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne Universities, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris 06 and National Reference Center for Rare or Early Dementias and Center of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN), Paris, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Neurology Memory Center, Lariboisière FW Saint Louis University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- Center of Cognitive Neurology, Groupe hospitalier Lariboisiere Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
- Cognitive Neurology Center, CMRR Paris-Nord Ile-de-France, Groupe hospitalier Lariboisiere Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- Cognitive Neurology Center, CMRR Paris-Nord Ile-de-France, Groupe hospitalier Lariboisiere Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
- U942 Team Biomarkers and Neurocognition, INSERM/Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - David Wallon
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frederic Blanc
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Marc Paccalin
- Geriatrics Department University Hospital La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Regional et Universitaire de Lille (CHRU- LILLE), Lille, France
| | - Julie Bellet
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille Pole Neurosciences et Appareil Locomoteur, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Aurélie Mouton
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, CHU de nice, Nice, France
| | - Renaud David
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Samir Bekadar
- Department of Clinical Research, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle epiniere, Paris, France
| | - Roxane Fabre
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, CHU de nice, Nice, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liegey
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l’Innovation, Assistance publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Walter Deberdt
- Medical Department, Eli Lilly and Co, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Bruno Dubois
- Neurology, CHU de la Pitiè Salpêtrière-AP-HP, Paris, France
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14
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Costa AS, Dogan I, Schulz JB, Reetz K. Going beyond the mean: Intraindividual variability of cognitive performance in prodromal and early neurodegenerative disorders. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:369-389. [PMID: 30663511 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1533587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraindividual variability (IIV), generally defined as short-term variations in behavior, has been proposed as a sign of subtle early impairment in neurodegenerative disorders, presumably associated with the disintegration of neuronal network connectivity. We aim to provide a review of IIV as a sensitive cognitive marker in prodromal neurodegenerative disorders. METHOD A narrative review focusing not only on theoretical and methodological definitions, including an overview on the neural correlates of IIV, but mainly on results from population-based and clinical-based studies on the role of IIV as a reliable predictor of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and conversion to dementia in neurodegenerative disorders, mostly Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. RESULTS Most studies focus on MCI and Alzheimer's disease and demonstrate that IIV is a reliable cognitive marker. IIV is partly more sensitive than mean performance in the prediction of cognitive impairment or progressive deterioration and is independent of socio-demographic variables and disease mediators (e.g., genetic susceptibility). Neuroimaging data, mostly from healthy subjects, suggest a relationship between IIV and dysfunction of the default mode network, presumably mediated by white matter disintegration in frontal and parietal areas. CONCLUSIONS IIV measures may provide valuable information about diagnosis and progression in prodromal stages of neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, further conceptual and methodological clarifications are needed to justify the inclusion of IIV as a sensible cognitive marker in routine clinical neuropsychological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Costa
- a Neurocognition Unit, Department of Neurology , Hospital de Braga , Braga , Portugal.,b Department of Neurology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,c JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Imis Dogan
- b Department of Neurology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,c JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- b Department of Neurology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,c JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- b Department of Neurology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,c JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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15
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Villarreal S, Zhao F, Hyde LA, Holder D, Forest T, Sondey M, Chen X, Sur C, Parker EM, Kennedy ME. Chronic Verubecestat Treatment Suppresses Amyloid Accumulation in Advanced Aged Tg2576-AβPPswe Mice Without Inducing Microhemorrhage. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:1393-1413. [PMID: 28800329 PMCID: PMC5611839 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Verubecestat is a potent BACE1 enzyme inhibitor currently being investigated in Phase III trials for the treatment of mild-to-moderate and prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Multiple anti-amyloid immunotherapies have been dose-limited by adverse amyloid related imaging abnormalities such as vasogenic edema (ARIA-E) and microhemorrhage (ARIA-H) observed in human trials and mice. Verubecestat was tested in a 12-week nonclinical study for the potential to exacerbate microhemorrhage (ARIA-H) profiles in 18-22-month-old post-plaque Tg2576-AβPPswe mice. Animals were treated with verubecestat or controls including the anti-Aβ antibody analog of bapineuzumab (3D6) as a positive control for ARIA induction. ARIA-H was measured using in-life longitudinal T2*-MRI and Prussian blue histochemistry at study end. Verubecestat reduced plasma and cerebrospinal fluid Aβ40 and Aβ42 by >90% and 62% to 68%, respectively. The ARIA-H profile of verubecestat-treated mice was not significantly different than controls. Anti-Aβ treatment significantly increased ARIA-H detected by Prussian blue staining; however, anti-Aβ antibody treatment did not impact plaque status. Verubecestat treatment significantly suppressed the accumulation of total levels of brain Aβ40 and Aβ42 and Thioflavin S positive plaque load. Stereological analysis of cortex and hippocampus plaque load similarly revealed significantly reduced area of Aβ immunoreactivity and reduced plaque number in verubecestat-treated animals compared to controls. The absence of elevated ARIA events in verubecestat-treated mice was associated with a significant reduction in the level of accumulated CNS amyloid pathology and brain Aβ peptides; effects consistent with the desired therapeutic mechanism of verubecestat in AD patients. These data will be compared with longitudinal MRI profiles from ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Forest
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, MRL, West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Xia Chen
- Pharmacology, MRL, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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16
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Markova H, Andel R, Stepankova H, Kopecek M, Nikolai T, Hort J, Thomas-Antérion C, Vyhnalek M. Subjective Cognitive Complaints in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults and Their Relationship to Cognitive Performance and Depressive Symptoms. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:871-881. [PMID: 28697555 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) may be an early marker of prodromal Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVES Using a 10-item yes/no SCCs questionnaire (Le Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive [QPC]), we evaluated the prevalence and distribution of SCCs in cognitively healthy Czech older adults and examined total score and specific QPC items in relation to depressive symptomology and cognitive performance. METHODS A sample of 340 cognitively healthy older community-dwelling volunteers aged 60 or older from the third wave of the longitudinal project National Normative Study of Cognitive Determinants of Healthy Aging, who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and completed the QPC and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Regression analysis was controlled for age when GDS-15 was the outcome and for age and GDS-15 with cognitive domains as the outcome. RESULTS 71% reported 1 + SCCs, with prevalence of individual complaints ranging from 4% to 40%. The number of SCCs was associated with GDS-15 (p < 0.001). Personality change (p < 0.001) and Limitation in daily activities (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with higher GDS-15 score and Spatial orientation difficulties (p = 0.019) and Impression of worse memory in comparison to peers (p = 0.012) were significantly associated with lower memory performance. CONCLUSIONS We identified some cognitive complaints that were very common in our sample. Overall, a higher number of SCCs in well cognitively functioning individuals was most closely related to depressive symptomatology, while some specific complaints reflected lower memory performance and should be considered when screening for people at risk of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Markova
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ross Andel
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hana Stepankova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomas Nikolai
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Vyhnalek
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Bolívar JCC, Saladie DG. Redefining Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment as an Early Form of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Assessment of Memory Systems. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:705-12. [PMID: 27163821 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be used to identify patients at risk of developing clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of amnesic syndrome of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) as a continuous degenerative process from normality to amnesic syndrome and provide a classification of the degrees of amnesia. METHODS Of 3,800 new incidental cases at the Memory Clinic, 747 were classified as non-demented patients. A 96-month follow-up study was conducted. We described and compared longitudinal outcomes from normality to amnesic syndrome based on immediate memory, verbal learning, free recall, and recognition using the memory scale from the Basic Neuropsychological Battery, version D (BNB-D) and created a new classification of memory impairment. RESULTS Based on differences observed in this longitudinal study, we classified patients in four memory stages: M1, Normal episodic memory; M2, mild impairment in learning and/or free recall; M3, clear impairment in learning and/or free recall; and M4, complete amnesic syndrome. With this new amnesia classification, we studied the chronological progression of all patients diagnosed without dementia from baseline to DAT conversion using the Kaplan-Meier estimator of survival probability (Log Rank/Mantel Cox comparison. χ2 = 171.84, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION This new classification of memory impairment can help increase the prediction certainty of conversion from amnestic MCI to AD and improve research on AD biomarkers and their relationship with memory as the principal manifestation of AD.
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18
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Moretti VD. Atrophy and lower regional perfusion of temporo-parietal brain areas are correlated with impairment in memory performances and increase of EEG upper alpha power in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Am J Neurodegener Dis 2015; 4:13-27. [PMID: 26389016 PMCID: PMC4568770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporo-parietal cortex thinning is associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The increase of the EEG upper/low alpha power ratio has been associated with MCI due to AD subjects and to the atrophy of temporo-parietal brain areas. Moreover, subjects with a higher alpha3/alpha2 frequency power ratio showed lower brain perfusion than in the low alpha3/alpha2 group. The two groups have significantly different hippocampal volumes and correlation with the theta frequency activity. METHODS 74 adult subjects with MCI underwent clinical and neuropsychological evaluation, electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, and high resolution 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 27 of them underwent EEG recording and perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) evaluation. The alpha3/alpha2 power ratio as well as cortical thickness was computed for each subject. The difference in cortical thickness between the groups was estimated. Pearson's r was used to assess the correlation topography between cortical thinning as well as between brain perfusion and memory impairment. RESULTS In the higher upper/low alpha group, memory impairment was more pronounced both in the MRI group and the SPECT MCI group. Moreover, it was correlated with greater cortical atrophy and lower perfusional rate in temporo-parietal cortex. CONCLUSION High EEG upper/low alpha power ratio was associated with cortical thinning lower perfusion in temporo-parietal. Moreover, atrophy and lower perfusional rate were both significantly correlated with memory impairment in MCI subjects. The increase of EEG upper/low alpha frequency power ratio could be useful for identifying individuals at risk for progression to AD dementia and may be of value in the clinical context.
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Porteri C, Frisoni GB. Biomarker-based diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: how and what to tell. A kickstart to an ethical discussion. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:41. [PMID: 24678299 PMCID: PMC3959740 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on biomarker results have recently been developed and are currently undergoing extensive validation. The next few years may represent a time window where the diagnostic validity of biomarkers will be studied in highly specialized research settings. Biomarkers results will be used to direct clinical diagnosis and, whenever appropriate, therapy and management. This piece aims to stimulate discussion by identifying the ethical challenges involved in the use of biomarkers to make a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to AD and disclose it to patients. At the individual level, these challenges are related to (i) the ethical appropriateness of implementing an ecological diagnostic research protocol, (ii) the related informed consent process, and (iii) the diagnostic disclosure. We justify the ethical legitimacy of implementing a research diagnostic protocol by referring to the respect of patients' subjectivity and autonomy, and we suggest guidelines for informed consent development and diagnostic disclosure. All of the above points are discussed in light of the unique features of AD, currently scanty treatment options, and knowledge and uncertainties regarding the diagnostic value of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Porteri
- Bioethics Unit, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy ; Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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