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Guadagnoli L, Hoffert Y, Den Hond S, Dreesen E, van Ryckeghem D, Van Damme S, Zaman J, Van Oudenhove L. Do we perceive sensations inside and outside of our body differently? Perceptual, emotional, and behavioral differences between visceral and somatic sensation, discomfort, and pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14787. [PMID: 38523349 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental research evaluating differences between the visceral and somatic stimulation is limited to pain and typically uses different induction methods for visceral and somatic stimulation (e.g., rectal balloon distention vs. tactile hand stimulation). Our study aimed to compare differences in response time, intensity, unpleasantness, and threat between identical electrical visceral and somatic stimulations at both painful and non-painful perceptual thresholds. METHODS Electrical stimulation was applied to the wrist and distal esophagus in 20 healthy participants. A double pseudorandom staircase determined perceptual thresholds of Sensation, Discomfort, and Pain for the somatic and visceral stimulations, separately. Stimulus reaction time (ms, via button press), and intensity, unpleasantness, and threat ratings were recorded after each stimulus. General linear mixed models compared differences in the four outcomes by stimulation type, threshold, and the stimulation type-by-threshold interaction. Sigmoidal maximum effect models evaluated differences in outcomes across all delivered stimulation intensities. KEY RESULTS Overall, visceral stimulations were perceived as more intense, threatening, and unpleasant compared to somatic stimulations, but participants responded faster to somatic stimulations. There was no significant interaction effect, but planned contrasts demonstrated differences at individual thresholds. Across all delivered intensities, higher intensity stimulations were needed to reach the half-maximum effect of self-reported intensity, unpleasantness, and threat ratings in the visceral domain. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Differences exist between modalities for both non-painful and painful sensations. These findings may have implications for translating paradigms and behavioral treatments from the somatic domain to the visceral domain, though future research in larger clinical samples is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Guadagnoli
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick Hoffert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Den Hond
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Dreesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dimitri van Ryckeghem
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stefaan Van Damme
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Zaman
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- School of Social Sciences, University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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2
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Huisman D, Mansfield M, Cummins TM, Moss-Morris R, McMahon SB, Bannister K. Gastrointestinal pain: A systematic review of temporal summation of pain paradigms and outcomes. Eur J Pain 2024. [PMID: 38817207 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Since targeted treatment for gastrointestinal pain is elusive, identifying the mechanistic underpinning of this pain type is important. Facilitation of spinal neuronal responses underpins certain pain types, and the psychophysical temporal summation of pain (TSP) paradigm provides a proxy measure of spinal facilitatory processes. Our aim was to systematically review whether facilitated TSP is a feature of gastrointestinal pain in patients with, or pain-free people experiencing experimentally induced, gastrointestinal pain. DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychInfo, CINAHL, and Web of Science were systematically searched, from inception to July 2023, for human studies reporting TSP paradigm outcomes in the context of gastrointestinal pain. The Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional studies was used for quality assessment and applied independently by two researchers. RESULTS Fifteen papers consisting of cross-sectional (n = 6), case-control (n = 8), and retrospective cohort (n = 1) studies, were included. Thirteen studies investigated TSP in people with gastrointestinal pain with (n = 5) or without (n = 8) defined pathology. Two studies evoked TSP by repetitive gut stimulation in people undergoing abdominal medical procedures. Preliminary evidence showed that facilitated TSP correlated with the presence of functional gastrointestinal pain in women, and those with a history of trauma. No effect was observed in people with inflammatory bowel disease, although it was often unclear if they experienced pain. CONCLUSIONS It is not possible to conclude whether facilitated TSP is a feature of gastrointestinal pain. We recommend that subgroup findings are corroborated and that TSP paradigms are standardized in order that direct comparisons between studies may be made. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Evidence indicated that pain facilitatory processes, as evidenced by a facilitated TSP outcome, contribute to functional gastrointestinal pain in women and those with a history of trauma. However, heterogeneity of study populations and paradigms precluded statistical synthesis and findings would need be corroborated. Studies exploring facilitatory processes in people with inflammatory bowel diseases did not report significant results, but pain is not a given in these conditions and, conversely, may be driven by peripheral inflammation during active disease. This should be taken in consideration in future explorations. REGISTRATION REVIEW PROSPERO CRD42022341845.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Huisman
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Mansfield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Tatum M Cummins
- Neurorestoration Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rona Moss-Morris
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Neurorestoration Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Bannister
- Central Modulation of Pain, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Battaglini D, De Rosa S, Godoy DA. Crosstalk Between the Nervous System and Systemic Organs in Acute Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care 2024; 40:337-348. [PMID: 37081275 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Organ crosstalk is a complex biological communication between distal organs mediated via cellular, soluble, and neurohormonal actions, based on a two-way pathway. The communication between the central nervous system and peripheral organs involves nerves, endocrine, and immunity systems as well as the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain. Particularly, acute brain injury is complicated by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration causing multiorgan inflammation, microbial dysbiosis, gastrointestinal dysfunction and dysmotility, liver dysfunction, acute kidney injury, and cardiac dysfunction. Organ crosstalk has become increasingly popular, although the information is still limited. The present narrative review provides an update on the crosstalk between the nervous system and systemic organs after acute brain injury. Future research might help to target this pathophysiological process, preventing the progression toward multiorgan dysfunction in critically ill patients with brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Battaglini
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia De Rosa
- Centre for Medical Sciences, University of Trento, Via S. Maria Maddalena 1, 38122, Trento, Italy.
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Regional Hospital, APSS Trento, Trento, Italy.
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4
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Londregan A, Alexander TD, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: The role of enteroendocrine cells in visceral pain. J Neurochem 2023; 167:719-732. [PMID: 38037432 PMCID: PMC10917140 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
While visceral pain is commonly associated with disorders of the gut-brain axis, underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervate visceral structures and undergo hypersensitization in inflammatory models. The characterization of peripheral DRG neuron terminals is an active area of research, but recent work suggests that they communicate with enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the gut. EECs sense stimuli in the intestinal lumen and communicate information to the brain through hormonal and electrical signaling. In that context, EECs are a target for developing therapeutics to treat visceral pain. Linaclotide is an FDA-approved treatment for chronic constipation that activates the intestinal membrane receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C). Clinical trials revealed that linaclotide relieves both constipation and visceral pain. We recently demonstrated that the analgesic effect of linaclotide reflects the overexpression of GUCY2C on neuropod cells, a specialized subtype of EECs. While this brings some clarity to the relationship between linaclotide and visceral analgesia, questions remain about the intracellular signaling mechanisms and neurotransmitters mediating this communication. In this Fundamental Neurochemistry Review, we discuss what is currently known about visceral nociceptors, enteroendocrine cells, and the gut-brain axis, and ongoing areas of research regarding that axis and visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Londregan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Tyler D. Alexander
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Vicki & Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience at Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Vicki & Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience at Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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Di Maio G, Villano I, Ilardi CR, Messina A, Monda V, Iodice AC, Porro C, Panaro MA, Chieffi S, Messina G, Monda M, La Marra M. Mechanisms of Transmission and Processing of Pain: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3064. [PMID: 36833753 PMCID: PMC9964506 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the mechanisms of transmission and the processing of nociceptive information, both in healthy and pathological states, has greatly expanded in recent years. This rapid progress is due to a multidisciplinary approach involving the simultaneous use of different branches of study, such as systems neurobiology, behavioral analysis, genetics, and cell and molecular techniques. This narrative review aims to clarify the mechanisms of transmission and the processing of pain while also taking into account the characteristics and properties of nociceptors and how the immune system influences pain perception. Moreover, several important aspects of this crucial theme of human life will be discussed. Nociceptor neurons and the immune system play a key role in pain and inflammation. The interactions between the immune system and nociceptors occur within peripheral sites of injury and the central nervous system. The modulation of nociceptor activity or chemical mediators may provide promising novel approaches to the treatment of pain and chronic inflammatory disease. The sensory nervous system is fundamental in the modulation of the host's protective response, and understanding its interactions is pivotal in the process of revealing new strategies for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Rosario Ilardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Ashlei Clara Iodice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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6
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The Brain–Gut Axis in Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Nutrition Support. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-022-00325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Early enteral nutrition improves outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This can prove difficult due to TBI-induced feeding intolerance secondary to disruption of the brain-gut axis, a network composed of central nervous system (CNS) input, autonomic signaling, and immunologic regulation that controls gut and CNS homeostasis. Here, we discuss the pathophysiology of brain–gut axis dysregulation and outline nutrition strategies in patients with TBI.
Recent Findings
Feeding intolerance following TBI is multifactorial; complex signaling between the CNS, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and enteric nervous system that controls gut homeostasis is disrupted within hours post-injury. This has profound effects on the immune system and gut microbiome, further complicating post-TBI recovery. Despite this disruption, calorie and protein requirements increase considerably following TBI, and early nutritional supplementation improves survival following TBI. Enteral nutrition has proven more efficacious than parenteral nutrition in TBI patients and should be initiated within 48 hours following admission. Immune-fortified nutrition reduces CNS and gut inflammation and may improve outcomes in TBI patients.
Summary
Although autonomic dysregulation of the brain–gut axis results in feeding intolerance following TBI, early enteral nutrition is of paramount importance. Enteral nutrition reduces post-TBI inflammation and enhances immunologic and gut function. When feasible, enteral nutrition should be initiated within 48 hours following injury.
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7
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Jaramillo-Polanco J, Lopez-Lopez C, Yu Y, Neary E, Hegron A, Canals M, Bunnett NW, Reed DE, Lomax AE, Vanner SJ. Opioid-Induced Pronociceptive Signaling in the Gastrointestinal Tract Is Mediated by Delta-Opioid Receptor Signaling. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3316-3328. [PMID: 35256532 PMCID: PMC9034783 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2098-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid tolerance (OT) leads to dose escalation and serious side effects, including opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). We sought to better understand the mechanisms underlying this event in the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic in vivo administration of morphine by intraperitoneal injection in male C57BL/6 mice evoked tolerance and evidence of OIH in an assay of colonic afferent nerve mechanosensitivity; this was inhibited by the δ-opioid receptor (DOPr) antagonist naltrindole when intraperitoneally injected in previous morphine administration. Patch-clamp studies of DRG neurons following overnight incubation with high concentrations of morphine, the µ-opioid receptors (MOPr) agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-Enkephalin (DAMGO) or the DOPr agonist [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-Enkephalin evoked hyperexcitability. The pronociceptive actions of these opioids were blocked by the DOPr antagonist SDM25N but not the MOPr antagonist D-Pen-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 The hyperexcitability induced by DAMGO was reversed after a 1 h washout, but reapplication of low concentrations of DAMGO or [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-Enkephalin restored the hyperexcitability, an effect mediated by protein kinase C. DOPr-dependent DRG neuron hyperexcitability was blocked by the endocytosis inhibitor Pitstop 2, and the weakly internalizing DOPr agonist ARM390 did not cause hyperexcitability. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer studies in HEK cells showed no evidence of switching of G-protein signaling from Gi to a Gs pathway in response to either high concentrations or overnight incubation of opioids. Thus, chronic high-dose opioid exposure leads to opioid tolerance and features of OIH in the colon. This action is mediated by DOPr signaling and is dependent on receptor endocytosis and downstream protein kinase C signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Opioids are effective in the treatment of abdominal pain, but escalating doses can lead to opioid tolerance and potentially opioid-induced hyperalgesia. We found that δ-opioid receptor (DOPr) plays a central role in the development of opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia in colonic afferent nociceptors following prolonged exposure to high concentrations of MOPr or DOPr agonists. Furthermore, the role of DOPr was dependent on OPr internalization and activation of a protein kinase C signaling pathway. Thus, targeting DOPr or key components of the downstream signaling pathway could mitigate adverse side effects by opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Jaramillo-Polanco
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Cintya Lopez-Lopez
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Yang Yu
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Emma Neary
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Alan Hegron
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10010
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10010
| | - David E Reed
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Alan E Lomax
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
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8
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Noorlander A, Zhang M, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. Use of physiologically based kinetic modeling-facilitated reverse dosimetry to predict in vivo acute toxicity of tetrodotoxin in rodents. Toxicol Sci 2022; 187:127-138. [PMID: 35218365 PMCID: PMC9041554 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the ability of a new in vitro/in silico quantitative in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) methodology was assessed to predict the in vivo neurotoxicity of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in rodents. In vitro concentration–response data of TTX obtained in a multielectrode array assay with primary rat neonatal cortical cells and in an effect study with mouse neuro-2a cells were quantitatively extrapolated into in vivo dose–response data, using newly developed physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for TTX in rats and mice. Incorporating a kidney compartment accounting for active renal excretion in the PBK models proved to be essential for its performance. To evaluate the predictions, QIVIVE-derived dose–response data were compared with in vivo data on neurotoxicity in rats and mice upon oral and parenteral dosing. The results revealed that for both rats and mice the predicted dose–response data matched the data from available in vivo studies well. It is concluded that PBK modeling-based reserve dosimetry of in vitro TTX effect data can adequately predict the in vivo neurotoxicity of TTX in rodents, providing a novel proof-of-principle for this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Noorlander
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, the Netherlands.,Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, the Netherlands
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Wu YY, Zhang HL, Lu X, Du H, Li YC, Zhang PA, Xu GY. Targeting GATA1 and p2x7r Locus Binding in Spinal Astrocytes Suppresses Chronic Visceral Pain by Promoting DNA Demethylation. Neurosci Bull 2021; 38:359-372. [PMID: 34890016 PMCID: PMC9068853 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a gastrointestinal disorder of unknown etiology characterized by widespread, chronic abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements. Increasing amounts of evidence indicate that injury and inflammation during the neonatal period have long-term effects on tissue structure and function in the adult that may predispose to gastrointestinal diseases. In this study we aimed to investigate how the epigenetic regulation of DNA demethylation of the p2x7r locus guided by the transcription factor GATA binding protein 1 (GATA1) in spinal astrocytes affects chronic visceral pain in adult rats with neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI). The spinal GATA1 targeting to DNA demethylation of p2x7r locus in these rats was assessed by assessing GATA1 function with luciferase assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, patch clamp, and interference in vitro and in vivo. In addition, a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide was designed and applied to determine the influence of GATA1 on the DNA methylation of a p2x7r CpG island. We showed that NCI caused the induction of GATA1, Ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3), and purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) in astrocytes of the spinal dorsal horn, and demonstrated that inhibiting these molecules markedly increased the pain threshold, inhibited the activation of astrocytes, and decreased the spinal sEPSC frequency. NCI also markedly demethylated the p2x7r locus in a manner dependent on the enhancement of both a GATA1–TET3 physical interaction and GATA1 binding at the p2x7r promoter. Importantly, we showed that demethylation of the p2x7r locus (and the attendant increase in P2X7R expression) was reversed upon knockdown of GATA1 or TET3 expression, and demonstrated that a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide that selectively blocked the GATA1 binding site increased the methylation of a CpG island in the p2x7r promoter. These results demonstrate that chronic visceral pain is mediated synergistically by GATA1 and TET3 via a DNA-demethylation mechanism that controls p2x7r transcription in spinal dorsal horn astrocytes, and provide a potential therapeutic strategy by targeting GATA1 and p2x7r locus binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226600, China
| | - Han Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yong-Chang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215600, China.
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215600, China.
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10
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da Silva JF, Binda NS, Pereira EMR, de Lavor MSL, Vieira LB, de Souza AH, Rigo FK, Ferrer HT, de Castro CJ, Ferreira J, Gomez MV. Analgesic effects of Phα1β toxin: a review of mechanisms of action involving pain pathways. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20210001. [PMID: 34868281 PMCID: PMC8610172 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phα1β is a neurotoxin purified from spider venom that acts as a high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium channel blocker. This spider peptide has shown a high selectivity for N-type HVA calcium channels (NVACC) and an analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Its activity was associated with a reduction in calcium transients, glutamate release, and reactive oxygen species production from the spinal cord tissue and dorsal ganglia root (DRG) in rats and mice. It has been reported that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of Phα1β to treat chronic pain reverted opioid tolerance with a safer profile than ω-conotoxin MVIIA, a highly selective NVACC blocker. Following a recent development of recombinant Phα1β (CTK 01512-2), a new molecular target, TRPA1, the structural arrangement of disulphide bridges, and an effect on glial plasticity have been identified. CTK 01512-2 reproduced the antinociceptive effects of the native toxin not only after the intrathecal but also after the intravenous administration. Herein, we review the Phα1β antinociceptive activity in the most relevant pain models and its mechanisms of action, highlighting the impact of CTK 01512-2 synthesis and its potential for multimodal analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Figueira da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal
University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Nancy Scardua Binda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal
University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizete Maria Rita Pereira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bruno Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB),
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Hubner de Souza
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Karine Rigo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South
of Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Hèlia Tenza Ferrer
- Center of Technology in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine,
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Célio José de Castro
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina,
Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Gomez
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Center of Technology in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine,
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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11
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Páez O, Segura-Chama P, Almanza A, Pellicer F, Mercado F. Properties and Differential Expression of H + Receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglia: Is a Labeled-Line Coding for Acid Nociception Possible? Front Physiol 2021; 12:733267. [PMID: 34764880 PMCID: PMC8576393 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.733267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain by chemical irritants is one of the less well-described aspects of nociception. The acidic substance is the paradigm of the chemical noxious compound. An acidic insult on cutaneous, subcutaneous and muscle tissue results in pain sensation. Acid (or H+) has at least two main receptor channels in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) nociceptors: the heat receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and the acid-sensing ionic channels (ASICs). TRPV1 is a low-sensitivity H+ receptor, whereas ASIC channels display a higher H+ sensitivity of at least one order of magnitude. In this review, we first describe the functional and structural characteristics of these and other H+-receptor candidates and the biophysics of their responses to low pH. Additionally, we compile reports of the expression of these H+-receptors (and other possible complementary proteins) within the DRG and compare these data with mRNA expression profiles from single-cell sequencing datasets for ASIC3, ASIC1, transient receptor potential Ankiryn subtype 1 (TRPA1) and TRPV1. We show that few nociceptor subpopulations (discriminated by unbiased classifications) combine acid-sensitive channels. This comparative review is presented in light of the accumulating evidence for labeled-line coding for most noxious sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Páez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Dirección de Investigaciones en Nuerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pedro Segura-Chama
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Dirección de Investigaciones en Nuerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Cátedras CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Angélica Almanza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Dirección de Investigaciones en Nuerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisco Pellicer
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Integrativa, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisco Mercado
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Dirección de Investigaciones en Nuerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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12
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Bakshi N, Hart AL, Lee MC, Williams ACDC, Lackner JM, Norton C, Croft P. Chronic pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Pain 2021; 162:2466-2471. [PMID: 34534174 PMCID: PMC8442739 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikul Bakshi
- Research Department, Crohn's and Colitis UK, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael C. Lee
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda C de C. Williams
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, and Pain Management Centre, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M. Lackner
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Christine Norton
- Division of Care for Long-Term Conditions, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Croft
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis and Centre for Prognosis Research, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
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13
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Cao DY, Hu B, Xue Y, Hanson S, Dessem D, Dorsey SG, Traub RJ. Differential Activation of Colonic Afferents and Dorsal Horn Neurons Underlie Stress-Induced and Comorbid Visceral Hypersensitivity in Female Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1283-1293. [PMID: 33887444 PMCID: PMC8500917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and temporomandibular disorder (TMD), represent a group of idiopathic pain conditions that likely have peripheral and central mechanisms contributing to their pathology, but are poorly understood. These conditions are exacerbated by stress and have a female predominance. The presence of one condition predicts the presence or development of additional conditions, making this a significant pain management problem. The current study was designed to determine if the duration and magnitude of peripheral sensitization and spinal central sensitization differs between restraint stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity (SIH) and chronic comorbid pain hypersensitivity (CPH; stress during pre-existing orofacial pain). SIH in female rats, as determined by the visceromotor response, persisted at least four but resolved by seven weeks. In contrast, CPH persisted at least seven weeks. Surprisingly, colonic afferents in both SIH and CPH rats were sensitized at seven weeks. CPH rats also had referred pain through seven weeks, but locally anesthetizing the colon only attenuated the referred pain through four weeks, suggesting a transition to colonic afferent independent central sensitization. Different phenotypes of dorsal horn neurons were sensitized in the CPH rats seven weeks post stress compared to four weeks or SIH rats. The current study suggests differential processing of colonic afferent input to the lumbosacral spinal cord contributes to visceral hypersensitivity during comorbid chronic pain conditions. PERSPECTIVE: Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions represent a unique challenge in pain management. The diverse nature of peripheral organs hinders a clear understanding of underlying mechanisms accounting for the comorbidity. This study highlights a mismatch between the condition-dependent behavior and peripheral and spinal mechanisms that contribute to visceral pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yuan Cao
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Research Center of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Research Center of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xue
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Haidian District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shelby Hanson
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dean Dessem
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland; UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan G Dorsey
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland; UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard J Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland; UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland.
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14
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Gynecological natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgeries from an anesthesiologist’s perspective: A retrospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.946535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Lenert ME, Avona A, Garner KM, Barron LR, Burton MD. Sensory Neurons, Neuroimmunity, and Pain Modulation by Sex Hormones. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab109. [PMID: 34049389 PMCID: PMC8237991 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of women in preclinical pain studies has become more commonplace in the last decade as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released its "Sex as a Biological Variable" mandate. Presumably, basic researchers have not had a comprehensive understanding about neuroimmune interactions in half of the population and how hormones play a role in this. To date, we have learned that sex hormones contribute to sexual differentiation of the nervous system and sex differences in behavior throughout the lifespan; however, the cycling of sex hormones does not always explain these differences. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of sex differences and how hormones and immune interactions influence sensory neuron activity to contribute to physiology and pain. Neuroimmune mechanisms may be mediated by different cell types in each sex, as the actions of immune cells are sexually dimorphic. Unfortunately, the majority of studies assessing neuronal contributions to immune function have been limited to males, so it is unclear if the mechanisms are similar in females. Finally, pathways that control cellular metabolism, like nuclear receptors, have been shown to play a regulatory role both in pain and inflammation. Overall, communication between the neuroimmune and endocrine systems modulate pain signaling in a sex-dependent manner, but more research is needed to reveal nuances of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Lenert
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Amanda Avona
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Katherine M Garner
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Luz R Barron
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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16
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Tetrodotoxin: A New Strategy to Treat Visceral Pain? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070496. [PMID: 34357968 PMCID: PMC8310099 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Although the origin of these symptoms has not been clearly defined, the implication of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in visceral hypersensitivity is well established. The role of several pathways in visceral nociception has been explored, as well as the influence of specific receptors on afferent neurons, such as voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). VGSCs initiate action potentials and dysfunction of these channels has recently been associated with painful GI conditions. Current treatments for visceral pain generally involve opioid based drugs, which are associated with important side-effects and a loss of effectiveness or tolerance. Hence, efforts have been intensified to find new, more effective and longer-lasting therapies. The implication of VGSCs in visceral hypersensitivity has drawn attention to tetrodotoxin (TTX), a relatively selective sodium channel blocker, as a possible and promising molecule to treat visceral pain and related diseases. As such, here we will review the latest information regarding this toxin that is relevant to the treatment of visceral pain and the possible advantages that it may offer relative to other treatments, alone or in combination.
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17
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Hanscom M, Loane DJ, Shea-Donohue T. Brain-gut axis dysfunction in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143777. [PMID: 34128471 PMCID: PMC8203445 DOI: 10.1172/jci143777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic and progressive disease, and management requires an understanding of both the primary neurological injury and the secondary sequelae that affect peripheral organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The brain-gut axis is composed of bidirectional pathways through which TBI-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration impact gut function. The resulting TBI-induced dysautonomia and systemic inflammation contribute to the secondary GI events, including dysmotility and increased mucosal permeability. These effects shape, and are shaped by, changes in microbiota composition and activation of resident and recruited immune cells. Microbial products and immune cell mediators in turn modulate brain-gut activity. Importantly, secondary enteric inflammatory challenges prolong systemic inflammation and worsen TBI-induced neuropathology and neurobehavioral deficits. The importance of brain-gut communication in maintaining GI homeostasis highlights it as a viable therapeutic target for TBI. Currently, treatments directed toward dysautonomia, dysbiosis, and/or systemic inflammation offer the most promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hanscom
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Shao T, Yang S, Yu P. Intrathecal administration of neuronostatin induces an antinociceptive effect in a mouse visceral pain model. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2020.9050023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronostatin (NST) is a peptide encoded by the somatostatin gene that serves important physiological functions in diverse tissues. Previous studies have shown that intracerebroventricular administration of NST induces antinociceptive effects and hyperalgesic effects as determined by the tail immersion assay and formalin test, respectively. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of intrathecal (i.t.) injection of NST on nociception in a model of visceral pain, and determine possible mechanisms of action in mice. NST (1, 3, 6, or 12 nmol) was administered to mice, leading to a dose‐dependent antinociceptive effect as determined by the acetic acid‐induced writhing test in mice. NST (1 nmol) also enhanced the antinociceptive effect of morphine (2.5 and 5 μg/kg) in the spine. Naloxone and β‐funaltrexamine hydrochloride significantly antagonized the antinociceptive effect of NST. The expression of G‐protein‐coupled receptor 107 (GPR107) protein and the phosphorylation of PKA at Thr197 were increased after i.t. administration of NST, suggesting that the μ‐opioid receptor and GPR107/PKA signaling pathway are involved in the analgesic response. In conclusion, i.t. injection of NST may potentially be used as a new approach in the mediation of visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingji Shao
- The Department of Pharmacy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shaobin Yang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peng Yu
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
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19
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Franco de la-Torre L, Alonso-Castro ÁJ, Zapata-Morales JR, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Vidaurrazaga-Lugo J, Partida-Castellanos EM, Granados-Soto V, Isiordia-Espinoza MA. Antinociception and less gastric injury with the dexketoprofen-tapentadol combination in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:371-378. [PMID: 33150641 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive interaction between dexketoprofen and tapentadol in three different dose ratios, as well as the ulcerogenic activity of this combination. Dose-response curves were carried out for dexketoprofen, tapentadol, and dexketoprofen-tapentadol combinations in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. On the other hand, the gastric damage of all treatments was assessed after the surgical extraction of the stomachs. Intraperitoneal administration of dexketoprofen and tapentadol induced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect, reaching a maximal effect of about 58% and 99%, respectively. Isobolographic analysis and the interaction index showed that the three proportions produced an analgesic potentiation (synergistic interaction). Interestingly, the 1:1 and 1:3 ratios of the drugs combination produced minor gastric injury in comparison with the 3:1 proportion. Our data suggest that all proportions of the dexketoprofen-tapentadol combination produced a synergistic interaction in the acetic acid-induced visceral pain model in mice with a low incidence of gastric injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Franco de la-Torre
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Cuerpo Académico Terapéutica y Biología Molecular (UDG-CA-973), Departamento de Clínicas, División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ángel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Juan Ramón Zapata-Morales
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jorge David Rivas-Carrillo
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Experimentación Animal, Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Tejidos y Trasplantes, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José Vidaurrazaga-Lugo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Cuerpo Académico Terapéutica y Biología Molecular (UDG-CA-973), Departamento de Clínicas, División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
| | - Elsa Maria Partida-Castellanos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Cuerpo Académico Terapéutica y Biología Molecular (UDG-CA-973), Departamento de Clínicas, División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Mexico City, México
| | - Mario Alberto Isiordia-Espinoza
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Cuerpo Académico Terapéutica y Biología Molecular (UDG-CA-973), Departamento de Clínicas, División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
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20
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González-Duarte A, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L. Is 'happy hypoxia' in COVID-19 a disorder of autonomic interoception? A hypothesis. Clin Auton Res 2020; 30:331-333. [PMID: 32671502 PMCID: PMC7362604 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-020-00715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra González-Duarte
- Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
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21
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Lepiarczyk E, Bossowska A, Majewska M, Skowrońska A, Kaleczyc J, Majewski M. Distribution and chemical coding of phoenixin-immunoreactive nerve structures in the spinal cord of the pig. Ann Anat 2020; 232:151559. [PMID: 32569824 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a newly described peptide found in both neural and non-neural tissues. Until now, no attempts have been made to investigate the expression of PNX in the nervous system of animals other than laboratory rodents, in which an enzyme immunoassay revealed the highest quantity of the substance in the spinal cord. Since the domestic pig, due to its anatomical and histological resemblance to humans, is often used as an animal model in biomedical investigations, the present study was designed to examine PNX-immunoreactivity in the spinal cords of female pigs (n=5). The spinal cords were dissected and divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal segments, which were sectioned transversally into 10-μm-thick serial sections. The sections from each spinal cord segment were processed for double-labelling immunohistochemistry using antibodies against PNX in a mixture with those against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) or choline acetyltransferase (CHAT). The PNX-immunoreactivity had a similar distribution in the grey matter of all the spinal cord sections examined and was mainly observed in varicose nerve fibres (NF) that formed a dense plexus in laminae I and II of the dorsal horn. Nearly all of the PNX-immunoreactive NF stained also for CGRP or SP and, interestingly, many of them were CHAT-positive. The present study has provided for the first time the detailed information on the arrangement and chemical features of nerve structures expressing PNX-immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of a large mammal. The exact function of PNX in the spinal cord is not known yet. However, the distribution pattern and immunohistochemical characteristics of PNX-IR NF clearly suggest that this peptite most likely plays a role in spinal noxious signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Lepiarczyk
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bossowska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marta Majewska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Skowrońska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Majewski
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Mapping of Sensory Nerve Subsets within the Vagal Ganglia and the Brainstem Using Reporter Mice for Pirt, TRPV1, 5-HT3, and Tac1 Expression. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0494-19.2020. [PMID: 32060036 PMCID: PMC7294455 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0494-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagal afferent sensory nerves, originating in jugular and nodose ganglia, are composed of functionally distinct subsets whose activation evokes distinct thoracic and abdominal reflex responses. We used Cre-expressing mouse strains to identify specific vagal afferent populations and map their central projections within the brainstem. We show that Pirt is expressed in virtually all vagal afferents; whereas, 5-HT3 is expressed only in nodose neurons, with little expression in jugular neurons. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), the capsaicin receptor, is expressed in a subset of small nodose and jugular neurons. Tac1, the gene for tachykinins, is expressed predominantly in jugular neurons, some of which also express TRPV1. Vagal fibers project centrally to the nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), paratrigeminal complex, area postrema, and to a limited extent the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. nTS subnuclei preferentially receive projections by specific afferent subsets, with TRPV1+ fibers terminating in medial and dorsal regions predominantly caudal of obex, whereas TRPV1− fibers terminate in ventral and lateral regions throughout the rostral–caudal aspect of the medulla. Many vagal Tac1+ afferents (mostly derived from the jugular ganglion) terminate in the nTS. The paratrigeminal complex was the target of multiple vagal afferent subsets. Importantly, lung-specific TRPV1+ and Tac1+ afferent terminations were restricted to the caudal medial nTS, with no innervation of other medulla regions. In summary, this study identifies the specific medulla regions innervated by vagal afferent subsets. The distinct terminations provide a neuroanatomic substrate for the diverse range of reflexes initiated by vagal afferent activation.
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Identification of a Sacral, Visceral Sensory Transcriptome in Embryonic and Adult Mice. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0397-19.2019. [PMID: 31996391 PMCID: PMC7036621 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0397-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral sensory neurons encode distinct sensations from healthy organs and initiate pain states that are resistant to common analgesics. Transcriptome analysis is transforming our understanding of sensory neuron subtypes but has generally focused on somatic sensory neurons or the total population of neurons in which visceral neurons form the minority. Our aim was to define transcripts specifically expressed by sacral visceral sensory neurons, as a step towards understanding the unique biology of these neurons and potentially leading to identification of new analgesic targets for pelvic visceral pain. Our strategy was to identify genes differentially expressed between sacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) that include somatic neurons and sacral visceral neurons, and adjacent lumbar DRG that comprise exclusively of somatic sensory neurons. This was performed in adult and E18.5 male and female mice. By developing a method to restrict analyses to nociceptive Trpv1 neurons, a larger group of genes were detected as differentially expressed between spinal levels. We identified many novel genes that had not previously been associated with pelvic visceral sensation or nociception. Limited sex differences were detected across the transcriptome of sensory ganglia, but more were revealed in sacral levels and especially in Trpv1 nociceptive neurons. These data will facilitate development of new tools to modify mature and developing sensory neurons and nociceptive pathways.
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Grundy L, Caldwell A, Garcia Caraballo S, Erickson A, Schober G, Castro J, Harrington AM, Brierley SM. Histamine induces peripheral and central hypersensitivity to bladder distension via the histamine H1 receptor and TRPV1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F298-F314. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00435.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a common chronic pelvic disorder with sensory symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency, and pain, indicating a key role for hypersensitivity of bladder-innervating sensory neurons. The inflammatory mast cell mediator histamine has long been implicated in IC/BPS, yet the direct interactions between histamine and bladder afferents remain unclear. In the present study, we show, using a mouse ex vivo bladder afferent preparation, that intravesical histamine enhanced the mechanosensitivity of subpopulations of afferents to bladder distension. Histamine also recruited “silent afferents” that were previously unresponsive to bladder distension. Furthermore, in vivo intravesical histamine enhanced activation of dorsal horn neurons within the lumbosacral spinal cord, indicating increased afferent signaling in the central nervous system. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed significant expression of histamine receptor subtypes ( Hrh1– Hrh3) in mouse lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG), bladder detrusor smooth muscle, mucosa, and isolated urothelial cells. In DRG, Hrh1 was the most abundantly expressed. Acute histamine exposure evoked Ca2+ influx in select populations of DRG neurons but did not elicit calcium transients in isolated primary urothelial cells. Histamine-induced mechanical hypersensitivity ex vivo was abolished in the presence of the histamine H1 receptor antagonist pyrilamine and was not present in preparations from mice lacking transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Together, these results indicate that histamine enhances the sensitivity of bladder afferents to distension via interactions with histamine H1 receptor and TRPV1. This hypersensitivity translates to increased sensory input and activation in the spinal cord, which may underlie the symptoms of bladder hypersensitivity and pain experienced in IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Grundy
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ashlee Caldwell
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andelain Erickson
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gudrun Schober
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea M. Harrington
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Park SK, Devi AP, Bae JY, Cho YS, Ko HG, Kim DY, Bae YC. Synaptic connectivity of urinary bladder afferents in the rat superficial dorsal horn and spinal parasympathetic nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:3002-3013. [PMID: 31168784 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
That visceral sensory afferents are functionally distinct from their somatic analogues has been known for a long time but the detailed knowledge of their synaptic connections and neurotransmitters at the first relay nucleus in the spinal cord has been limited. To provide information on these topics, we investigated the synapses and neurotransmitters of identified afferents from the urinary bladder to the superficial laminae of the rat spinal dorsal horn (DH) and the spinal parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) by tracing with horseradish peroxidase, quantitative electron microscopical analysis, and immunogold staining for GABA and glycine. In the DH, most bladder afferent boutons formed synapses with 1-2 postsynaptic dendrites, whereas in the SPN, close to a half of them formed synapses with 3-8 postsynaptic dendrites. The number of postsynaptic dendrites and dendritic spines per bladder afferent bouton, both measures of synaptic divergence and of potential for synaptic plasticity at a single bouton level, were significantly higher in the SPN than in the DH. Bladder afferent boutons frequently received inhibitory axoaxonic synapses from presynaptic endings in the DH but rarely in the SPN. The presynaptic endings were GABA- and/or glycine-immunopositive. The bouton volume, mitochondrial volume, and active zone area, all determinants of synaptic strength, of the bladder afferent boutons were positively correlated with the number of postsynaptic dendrites. These findings suggest that visceral sensory information conveyed via the urinary bladder afferents is processed differently in the DH than in the SPN, and differently from the way somatosensory information is processed in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Kyung Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Angom Pushparani Devi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yi Sul Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Gon Ko
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Duk Yoon Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Differential responses of neurons in the rat caudal ventrolateral medulla to visceral and somatic noxious stimuli and their alterations in colitis. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:299-310. [PMID: 31377442 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Visceral and somatic types of pain have been reported to manifest crucial differences not only in the experience, but also in their peripheral and central processing. However, the precise neuronal mechanisms that responsible for the modality-specific transmission of pain signals, especially at the supraspinal level, remain unclear. Very little is known also about the potential involvement of such mechanisms in the development of viscero-somatic hyperalgesia. Therefore, in the present study performed on urethane-anesthetized adult male Wistar rats we examined responses of neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM)-the first site for supraspinal processing of both internal and external pain signals-to visceral (colorectal distension, CRD) and somatic (squeezing of the tail) noxious stimulations and evaluated alterations in response properties of these cells after the induction of colitis. It has been found out that the CVLM of healthy control rats, along with harboring of cells excited by both stimulations (23.7%), contained neurons that were activated by either visceral (31.9%) or somatic noxious stimuli (44.4%). In inflamed animals, the percentages of the visceral and somatic nociceptive cells were decreased (to 18.3% and 34.3%, correspondingly) and the number of bimodal neurons was increased (up to 47.4%); these alterations were associated with substantially enhanced responses of both the modality-specific and convergent CVLM neurons not only to CRD, but also to squeezing of the tail. Under these conditions, visceral and somatic pain stimuli induced similar changes in arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate, whereas in the absence of intestinal inflammation noxious CRD and tail stimulation evoked predominantly divergent autonomic reactions. The data obtained can benefit to a deeper understanding of the neuronal mechanisms that underlie differential supraspinal processing of visceral and somatic noxious stimuli and can potentially contribute to the realization of specific cardiovascular and respiratory accompaniments inherent to a particular type of pain. Therewith, results of the study elucidate colitis-induced alterations in these mechanisms, which may be responsible for the combined development of visceral hypersensitivity and somatic hyperalgesia.
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Effect of Lignocaine and a Topical Vapocoolant Spray on Pain Response during Surgical Castration of Beef Calves. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040126. [PMID: 30925818 PMCID: PMC6523072 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ensuring a good state of welfare in farm animals is important for ethical reasons and sustainability of livestock industries. Addressing pain in farm animals during and following surgical husbandry procedures is a significant component of animal welfare. Until recently, practical constraints associated with delivery of traditional forms of analgesia have prevented widespread uptake by producers, especially in large, extensively managed animal production systems. In recent years, novel anaesthetic and analgesic products have been developed to facilitate practical delivery of post-operative pain relief to livestock. However, the issue of intra-operative pain during husbandry procedures remains unaddressed. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of pre-operative injected lignocaine and peri-operative topical vapocoolant spray, administered as most practical for incorporation into routine procedures, for pain relief during castration of calves. Results from this study provide no evidence that lignocaine or vapocoolant spray reduced pain during castration of calves. Pulling of the spermatic cords appeared to be the most painful component of the castration procedure. This finding may assist in clarifying what methods for relieving procedural pain associated with castration of calves merit future research. Abstract This study assessed the efficacy of pre-operative injected lignocaine and peri-operative topical vapocoolant spray, administered as most practical for incorporation into routine calf castration procedures. Calves were randomly allocated to: (1) sham castration (SHAM); (2) surgical castration (CAST); (3) surgical castration with lignocaine (LIG); and (4) surgical castration with vapocoolant spray (VAPO). Calf behavioural responses were scored at different stages of the sham castration or castration procedure. Maximum ocular temperatures were measured at three time-points relative to restraint and treatment. There were significant effects of treatment (p < 0.001) and stage of procedure (p < 0.001) on calf behavioural response. SHAM calves were more likely to display less severe responses compared to all other calves and LIG calves were more likely to display less severe responses compared to VAPO calves. Calves were more likely to display more severe responses to extrusion of the first spermatic cord compared to all other stages of castration, and to extrusion of the second spermatic cord compared to severing of the second spermatic cord. There was a significant effect of time (p < 0.001) on ocular temperature, with ocular temperature being greater following sham castration or castration. In this study, there was no evidence of pain reduction during castration of calves by either lignocaine or vapocoolant spray.
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Coates MD, Vrana KE, Ruiz-Velasco V. The influence of voltage-gated sodium channels on human gastrointestinal nociception. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13460. [PMID: 30216585 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal pain is a frequent and persistent problem in the most common gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Pain adversely impacts quality of life, incurs significant healthcare expenditures, and remains a challenging issue to manage with few safe therapeutic options currently available. It is imperative that new methods are developed for identifying and treating this symptom. A variety of peripherally active neuroendocrine signaling elements have the capability to influence gastrointestinal pain perception. A large and growing body of evidence suggests that voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) play a critical role in the development and modulation of nociceptive signaling associated with the gut. Several VGSC isoforms demonstrate significant promise as potential targets for improved diagnosis and treatment of gut-based disorders associated with hyper- and hyposensitivity to abdominal pain. PURPOSE In this article, we critically review key investigations that have evaluated the potential role that VGSCs play in visceral nociception and discuss recent advances related to this topic. Specifically, we discuss the following: (a) what is known about the structure and basic function of VGSCs, (b) the role that each VGSC plays in gut nociception, particularly as it relates to human physiology, and (c) potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses of VGSCs to manage disorders associated with chronic abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Coates
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kent E Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Victor Ruiz-Velasco
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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29
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Abstract
The mechanisms by which noxious stimuli produce the sensation of pain in animals are complex. Noxious stimuli are transduced at the periphery and transmitted to the CNS, where this information is subject to considerable modulation. Finally, the information is projected to the brain where it is perceived as pain. Additionally, plasticity can develop in the pain pathway and hyperalgesia and allodynia may develop through sensitisation both peripherally and centrally. A large number of different ion channels, receptors, and cell types are involved in pain perception, and it is hoped that through a better understanding of these, new and refined treatments for pain will result.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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30
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Trancikova A, Kovacova E, Ru F, Varga K, Brozmanova M, Tatar M, Kollarik M. Distinct Expression of Phenotypic Markers in Placodes- and Neural Crest-Derived Afferent Neurons Innervating the Rat Stomach. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:383-394. [PMID: 29275446 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral pain is initiated by activation of primary afferent neurons among which the capsaicin-sensitive (TRPV1-positive) neurons play an important role. The stomach is a common source of visceral pain. Similar to other organs, the stomach receives dual spinal and vagal afferent innervation. Developmentally, spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and vagal jugular neurons originate from embryonic neural crest and vagal nodose neurons originate from placodes. In thoracic organs the neural crest- and placodes-derived TRPV1-positive neurons have distinct phenotypes differing in activation profile, neurotrophic regulation and reflex responses. It is unknown to whether such distinction exists in the stomach. AIMS We hypothesized that gastric neural crest- and placodes-derived TRPV1-positive neurons express phenotypic markers indicative of placodes and neural crest phenotypes. METHODS Gastric DRG and vagal neurons were retrogradely traced by DiI injected into the rat stomach wall. Single-cell RT-PCR was performed on traced gastric neurons. RESULTS Retrograde tracing demonstrated that vagal gastric neurons locate exclusively into the nodose portion of the rat jugular/petrosal/nodose complex. Gastric DRG TRPV1-positive neurons preferentially expressed markers PPT-A, TrkA and GFRα3 typical for neural crest-derived TRPV1-positive visceral neurons. In contrast, gastric nodose TRPV1-positive neurons preferentially expressed markers P2X2 and TrkB typical for placodes-derived TRPV1-positive visceral neurons. Differential expression of neural crest and placodes markers was less pronounced in TRPV1-negative DRG and nodose populations. CONCLUSIONS There are phenotypic distinctions between the neural crest-derived DRG and placodes-derived vagal nodose TRPV1-positive neurons innervating the rat stomach that are similar to those described in thoracic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Trancikova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Biomedical Center Martin JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Department of Pathophysiology JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Kovacova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Biomedical Center Martin JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Department of Pathophysiology JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Fei Ru
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma Center, RM 1A.2, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kristian Varga
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Biomedical Center Martin JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Department of Pathophysiology JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Mariana Brozmanova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Biomedical Center Martin JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Department of Pathophysiology JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Milos Tatar
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Biomedical Center Martin JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFM CU), Department of Pathophysiology JFM CU, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marian Kollarik
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma Center, RM 1A.2, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Struller F, Weinreich FJ, Horvath P, Kokkalis MK, Beckert S, Königsrainer A, Reymond MA. Peritoneal innervation: embryology and functional anatomy. Pleura Peritoneum 2017; 2:153-161. [PMID: 30911646 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The parietal peritoneum (PP) is innervated by somatic and visceral afferent nerves. PP receives sensitive branches from the lower intercostal nerves and from the upper lumbar nerves. Microscopically, a dense network of unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers can be found all over the PP. The unmyelinated fibers are thin and are ending just underneath the PP. The myelinated fibers can penetrate the PP to reach the peritoneal cavity, where they lose their myelin sheath and are exposed to somatic and nociceptive stimuli. PP is sensitive to pain, pressure, touch, friction, cutting and temperature. Noxious stimuli are perceived as a localized, sharp pain. The visceral peritoneum (VP) itself is not innervated, but the sub-mesothelial tissue is innervated by the autonomous nerve system. In contrast to the PP, the visceral submesothelium also receives fibers from the vagal nerve, in addition to the spinal nerves. VP responds primarily to traction and pressure; not to cutting, burning or electrostimulation. Painful stimuli of the VP are poorly localized and dull. Pain in a foregut structure (stomach, duodenum or biliary tract) is referred to the epigastric region, pain in a midgut structure (appendix, jejunum, or ileum) to the periumbilical area and pain from a hindgut source (distal colon or rectum) is referred to the lower abdomen or suprapubic region. Peritoneal adhesions can contain nerve endings. Neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, VIP, serotonin, NO, encephalins, CGRP and substance P. Chronic peritoneal pain can be exacerbated by neurogenic inflammation, e.g. by endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Struller
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,National Centre for Pleura and Peritoneum, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank-Jürgen Weinreich
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,National Centre for Pleura and Peritoneum, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Horvath
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,National Centre for Pleura and Peritoneum, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marios-Konstantinos Kokkalis
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,National Centre for Pleura and Peritoneum, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Beckert
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,National Centre for Pleura and Peritoneum, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,National Centre for Pleura and Peritoneum, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc A Reymond
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,National Centre for Pleura and Peritoneum, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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González-Cano R, Tejada MÁ, Artacho-Cordón A, Nieto FR, Entrena JM, Wood JN, Cendán CM. Effects of Tetrodotoxin in Mouse Models of Visceral Pain. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E188. [PMID: 28635651 PMCID: PMC5484138 DOI: 10.3390/md15060188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is very common and represents a major unmet clinical need for which current pharmacological treatments are often insufficient. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that exerts analgesic actions in both humans and rodents under different somatic pain conditions, but its effect has been unexplored in visceral pain. Therefore, we tested the effects of systemic TTX in viscero-specific mouse models of chemical stimulation of the colon (intracolonic instillation of capsaicin and mustard oil) and intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. The subcutaneous administration of TTX dose-dependently inhibited the number of pain-related behaviors in all evaluated pain models and reversed the referred mechanical hyperalgesia (examined by stimulation of the abdomen with von Frey filaments) induced by capsaicin and cyclophosphamide, but not that induced by mustard oil. Morphine inhibited both pain responses and the referred mechanical hyperalgesia in all tests. Conditional nociceptor‑specific Nav1.7 knockout mice treated with TTX showed the same responses as littermate controls after the administration of the algogens. No motor incoordination after the administration of TTX was observed. These results suggest that blockade of TTX-sensitive sodium channels, but not Nav1.7 subtype alone, by systemic administration of TTX might be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Tejada
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonia Artacho-Cordón
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rafael Nieto
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Entrena
- Animal Behavior Research Unit, Scientific Instrumentation Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Cruz Miguel Cendán
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
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Gu L, Ding C, Tian H, Yang B, Zhang X, Hua Y, Zhu Y, Gong J, Zhu W, Li J, Li N. Serial Frozen Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction: A Preliminary Study. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:289-297. [PMID: 27840368 PMCID: PMC5383124 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a serious, life-threatening motility disorder that is often related to bacterial overgrowth. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) results in restoration of the normal intestinal microbial community structure. We investigated the efficacy of FMT in the treatment of CIPO patients. Methods Nine patients (age 18–53 years) with CIPO were enrolled in this prospective, open-label study. Patients received FMT for 6 consecutive days through nasojejunal (NJ) tubes and were followed up for 8 weeks after treatment. We evaluated the rate of clinical improvement and remission, feeding tolerance of enteral nutrition, and CT imaging scores of intestinal obstructions. Lactulose hydrogen breath tests were performed before FMT and 8 weeks after FMT to evaluate for the presence small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Results FMT significantly alleviated bloating symptoms, and symptoms of pain were relieved 2 weeks after FMT. Enteral nutrition administered through a NJ tube after FMT was well-tolerated by 66.7% (6/9) of patients. CT scores of intestinal obstructions were significantly reduced after FMT (P = 0.014). SIBO was eliminated in 71.0% (5/7) of patients. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated the safety of using FMT. FMT may relieve symptoms in selected patients with CIPO. FMT may also improve patient tolerance of enteral nutrition delivered via a NJ tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongliang Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jieshou Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Pitcher MH, Gonzalez-Cano R, Vincent K, Lehmann M, Cobos EJ, Coderre TJ, Baeyens JM, Cervero F. Mild Social Stress in Mice Produces Opioid-Mediated Analgesia in Visceral but Not Somatic Pain States. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:716-725. [PMID: 28219667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.02.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Visceral pain has a greater emotional component than somatic pain. To determine if the stress-induced analgesic response is differentially expressed in visceral versus somatic pain states, we studied the effects of a mild social stressor in either acute visceral or somatic pain states in mice. We show that the presence of an unfamiliar conspecific mouse (stranger) in an adjacent cubicle of a standard transparent observation box produced elevated plasma corticosterone levels compared with mice tested alone, suggesting that the mere presence of a stranger is stressful. We then observed noxious visceral or somatic stimulation-induced nociceptive behavior in mice tested alone or in mildly stressful conditions (ie, beside an unfamiliar stranger). Compared with mice tested alone, the presence of a stranger produced a dramatic opioid-dependent reduction in pain behavior associated with visceral but not somatic pain. This social stress-induced reduction of visceral pain behavior relied on visual but not auditory/olfactory cues. These findings suggest that visceral pain states may provoke heightened responsiveness to mild stressors, an effect that could interfere with testing outcomes during simultaneous behavioral testing of multiple rodents. PERSPECTIVE In mice, mild social stress due to the presence of an unfamiliar conspecific mouse reduces pain behavior associated with noxious visceral but not somatic stimulation, suggesting that stress responsiveness may be enhanced in visceral pain versus somatic pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Pitcher
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | | - Kathleen Vincent
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Lehmann
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Terence J Coderre
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - José M Baeyens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Cervero
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Isolectin B4-binding (IB4+) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are distinct from peptidergic DRG neurons in their terminal location in the spinal cord and respective contributions to various classes and modalities of nociception. In DRG neurons innervating the mouse colon (c-DRG neurons), the reported proportion of IB4+ population is inconsistent across studies, and little is known regarding their role in colorectal mechanonociception. To address these issues, in C57BL/6J mice, we quantified IB4+ binding after labeling c-DRG neurons with Fast Blue and examined functional consequences of ablating these neurons by IB4-conjugated saporin. Sixty-one percent of Fast Blue-labeled neurons in the L6 DRG were IB4+, and 95% of these IB4+ c-DRG neurons were peptidergic. Intrathecal administration of IB4-conjugated saporin reduced the proportion of IB4+ c-DRG neurons to 37%, which was due to the loss of c-DRG neurons showing strong to medium IB4+ intensity; c-DRG neurons with weak IB4+ intensity were spared. However, this loss altered neither nociceptive behaviors to colorectal distension nor the relative proportions of stretch-sensitive colorectal afferent classes characterized by single-fiber recordings. These findings demonstrate that more than 1 half of viscerosensory L6 c-DRG neurons in C57BL/6J mouse are IB4+ and suggest, in contrast to the reported roles of IB4+/nonpeptidergic neurons in cutaneous mechanonociception, c-DRG neurons with strong-to-medium IB4+ intensity do not play a significant role in colorectal mechanonociception.
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Katta S, Krieg M, Goodman MB. Feeling force: physical and physiological principles enabling sensory mechanotransduction. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 31:347-71. [PMID: 26566115 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-013426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organisms as diverse as microbes, roundworms, insects, and mammals detect and respond to applied force. In animals, this ability depends on ionotropic force receptors, known as mechanoelectrical transduction (MeT) channels, that are expressed by specialized mechanoreceptor cells embedded in diverse tissues and distributed throughout the body. These cells mediate hearing, touch, and proprioception and play a crucial role in regulating organ function. Here, we attempt to integrate knowledge about the architecture of mechanoreceptor cells and their sensory organs with principles of cell mechanics, and we consider how engulfing tissues contribute to mechanical filtering. We address progress in the quest to identify the proteins that form MeT channels and to understand how these channels are gated. For clarity and convenience, we focus on sensory mechanobiology in nematodes, fruit flies, and mice. These themes are emphasized: asymmetric responses to applied forces, which may reflect anisotropy of the structure and mechanics of sensory mechanoreceptor cells, and proteins that function as MeT channels, which appear to have emerged many times through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samata Katta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Michael Krieg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
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The potential role of Piezo2 in the mediation of visceral sensation. Neurosci Lett 2016; 630:158-163. [PMID: 27481627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Piezo2 is an important mechano-gated ion channel that is involved in light touch sensitivity and inflammatory allodynia. However, current research has focused on the function of Piezo2 in somatic sensation but not in visceral sensation. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Piezo2 in visceral sensation of mechanically innocuous and noxious stimuli under physiological and hyperalgesic conditions using rats as a model organism. Neonatal enema with acetic acid induced visceral hypersensitivity. Intrathecal administration of Piezo2-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) reduced Piezo2 expression in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) at both the mRNA and protein levels. Piezo2 knock-down in DRG attenuated visceral sensation to innocuous stimuli in control rats and to both innocuous and noxious stimuli in rats with neonatal irritation. Compared with control rats, Piezo2 was not up-regulated in irritated rats at the mRNA or protein levels in thoracolumbar or lumbosacral DRGs, while TRPV1 was up-regulated in lumbosacral DRGs. These data suggest a potential role of Piezo2 in the mediation of visceral sensation.
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Zapata-Morales JR, Aragon-Martinez OH, Adriana Soto-Castro T, Alonso-Castro ÁJ, Castañeda-Santana DI, Isiordia-Espinoza MA. Isobolographic Analysis of the Interaction Between Tapentadol and Ketorolac in a Mouse Model of Visceral Pain. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:187-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan R. Zapata-Morales
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad de Guanajuato; Guanajuato México
| | | | - Tely Adriana Soto-Castro
- Facultad de Odontología, Departamento de Farmacología; Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, campus Mexicali; Mexicali B.C. México
| | - Ángel J. Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad de Guanajuato; Guanajuato México
| | | | - Mario A. Isiordia-Espinoza
- Facultad de Odontología, Departamento de Farmacología; Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, campus Mexicali; Mexicali B.C. México
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Zheng J, Wang M, Wei W, Keller JN, Adhikari B, King JF, King ML, Peng N, Laine RA. Dietary Plant Lectins Appear to Be Transported from the Gut to Gain Access to and Alter Dopaminergic Neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans, a Potential Etiology of Parkinson's Disease. Front Nutr 2016; 3:7. [PMID: 27014695 PMCID: PMC4780318 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins from dietary plants have been shown to enhance drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of rats, be transported trans-synaptically as shown by tracing of axonal and dendritic paths, and enhance gene delivery. Other carbohydrate-binding protein toxins are known to traverse the gut intact in dogs. Post-feeding rhodamine- or TRITC-tagged dietary lectins, the lectins were tracked from gut to dopaminergic neurons (DAergic-N) in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) [egIs1(Pdat-1:GFP)] where the mutant has the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene fused to a dopamine transport protein gene labeling DAergic-N. The lectins were supplemented along with the food organism Escherichia coli (OP50). Among nine tested rhodamine/TRITC-tagged lectins, four, including Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E), Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BS-I), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and Arachis hypogaea agglutinin (PNA), appeared to be transported from gut to the GFP-DAergic-N. Griffonia Simplicifolia and PHA-E, reduced the number of GFP-DAergic-N, suggesting a toxic activity. PHA-E, BS-I, Pisum sativum (PSA), and Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (Succinylated) reduced fluorescent intensity of GFP-DAergic-N. PHA-E, PSA, Concanavalin A, and Triticum vulgaris agglutinin decreased the size of GFP-DAergic-N, while BS-I increased neuron size. These observations suggest that dietary plant lectins are transported to and affect DAergic-N in C. elegans, which support Braak and Hawkes' hypothesis, suggesting one alternate potential dietary etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). A recent Danish study showed that vagotomy resulted in 40% lower incidence of PD over 20 years. Differences in inherited sugar structures of gut and neuronal cell surfaces may make some individuals more susceptible in this conceptual disease etiology model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Zheng
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mingming Wang
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Wenqian Wei
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeffrey N. Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Binita Adhikari
- Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA, USA
- Louisiana Biomedical Research Network (LBRN) Summer Research Program (2010), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jason F. King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Michael L. King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Nan Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roger A. Laine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Muley MM, Krustev E, McDougall JJ. Preclinical Assessment of Inflammatory Pain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 22:88-101. [PMID: 26663896 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While acute inflammation is a natural physiological response to tissue injury or infection, chronic inflammation is maladaptive and engenders a considerable amount of adverse pain. The chemical mediators responsible for tissue inflammation act on nociceptive nerve endings to lower neuronal excitation threshold and sensitize afferent firing rate leading to the development of allodynia and hyperalgesia, respectively. Animal models have aided in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the generation of chronic inflammatory pain and allowed us to identify and validate numerous analgesic drug candidates. Here we review some of the commonly used models of skin, joint, and gut inflammatory pain along with their relative benefits and limitations. In addition, we describe and discuss several behavioral and electrophysiological approaches used to assess the inflammatory pain in these preclinical models. Despite significant advances having been made in this area, a gap still exists between fundamental research and the implementation of these findings into a clinical setting. As such we need to characterize inherent pathophysiological pathways and develop new endpoints in these animal models to improve their predictive value of human inflammatory diseases in order to design safer and more effective analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Muley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Eugene Krustev
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Malet M, Brumovsky PR. VGLUTs and Glutamate Synthesis-Focus on DRG Neurons and Pain. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3416-37. [PMID: 26633536 PMCID: PMC4693284 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid glutamate is the principal excitatory transmitter in the nervous system, including in sensory neurons that convey pain sensation from the periphery to the brain. It is now well established that a family of membrane proteins, termed vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs), serve a critical function in these neurons: they incorporate glutamate into synaptic vesicles. VGLUTs have a central role both under normal neurotransmission and pathological conditions, such as neuropathic or inflammatory pain. In the present short review, we will address VGLUTs in the context of primary afferent neurons. We will focus on the role of VGLUTs in pain triggered by noxious stimuli, peripheral nerve injury, and tissue inflammation, as mostly explored in transgenic mice. The possible interplay between glutamate biosynthesis and VGLUT-dependent packaging in synaptic vesicles, and its potential impact in various pain states will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Malet
- Institute of Research on Translational Medicine, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Austral University, Avenida Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, Buenos Aires 1629AHJ, Argentina.
| | - Pablo R Brumovsky
- Institute of Research on Translational Medicine, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Austral University, Avenida Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, Buenos Aires 1629AHJ, Argentina.
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Grinsvall C, Törnblom H, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L, Simrén M. Psychological factors selectively upregulate rectal pain perception in hypersensitive patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1772-82. [PMID: 26467837 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral hypersensitivity and psychological symptoms are frequent features in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Exploring mechanistic pathways leading to visceral hypersensitivity is of importance to direct future studies and treatment options. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of psychological factors to the perception of painful and non-painful rectal sensations in hyper- vs normosensitive IBS patients. METHODS We included 138 IBS patients (Rome II criteria) who underwent an ascending method of limited rectal balloon distension paradigm. At the end of each distension step, subjects rated the perceived intensity of non-painful ('unpleasantness') and painful rectal sensations on visual analog scales. Sensitivity status was determined based on pain thresholds. Anxiety, depression and somatization were assessed by questionnaires. Mixed models were used to test the relationship between sensitivity status, psychological variables, and pain & unpleasantness ratings upon increasing distension. KEY RESULTS Hypersensitive IBS patients had lower sensory thresholds for pain, first perception, urge to defecate, and discomfort (p < 0.0001). Upon increasing distension, they rated both painful and non-painful sensations as more intense than normosensitive patients (p < 0.0001). Psychological factors were associated with higher pain ratings during distension in hypersensitive (p < 0.006-0.0001), but not in normosensitive patients. Anxiety, but not depression or somatization, was associated with increased intensity ratings of non-painful sensations (p < 0.001), independent of sensitivity status. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Hypersensitive IBS patients are characterized by increased perception of pain, but also of non-painful sensations. Psychological factors increase the perception of painful sensations in hypersensitive patients only, whereas non-painful visceral sensations were exaggerated in anxious patients regardless of the sensitivity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grinsvall
- Dept of Internal Medicine & Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centered Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Törnblom
- Dept of Internal Medicine & Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centered Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Simrén
- Dept of Internal Medicine & Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centered Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Visceral pain is diffusely localized, referred into other tissues, frequently not correlated with visceral traumata, preferentially accompanied by autonomic and somatomotor reflexes, and associated with strong negative affective feelings. It belongs together with the somatic pain sensations and non-painful body sensations to the interoception of the body. (1) Visceral pain is correlated with the excitation of spinal (thoracolumbar, sacral) visceral afferents and (with a few exceptions) not with the excitation of vagal afferents. Spinal visceral afferents are polymodal and activated by adequate mechanical and chemical stimuli. All groups of spinal visceral afferents can be sensitized (e.g., by inflammation). Silent mechanoinsensitive spinal visceral afferents are recruited by inflammation. (2) Spinal visceral afferent neurons project into the laminae I, II (outer part IIo) and V of the spinal dorsal horn over several segments, medio-lateral over the whole width of the dorsal horn and contralateral. Their activity is synaptically transmitted in laminae I, IIo and deeper laminae to viscero-somatic convergent neurons that receive additionally afferent synaptic (mostly nociceptive) input from the skin and from deep somatic tissues of the corresponding dermatomes, myotomes and sclerotomes. (3) The second-order neurons consist of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons (about 90 % of all dorsal horn neurons) and tract neurons activated monosynaptically in lamina I by visceral afferent neurons and di- or polysynaptically in deeper laminae. (4) The sensitization of viscero-somatic convergent neurons (central sensitization) is dependent on the sensitization of spinal visceral afferent neurons, local spinal excitatory and inhibitory interneurons and supraspinal endogenous control systems. The mechanisms of this central sensitization have been little explored. (5) Viscero-somatic tract neurons project through the contralateral ventrolateral tract and presumably other tracts to the lower and upper brain stem, the hypothalamus and via the thalamus to various cortical areas. (6) Visceral pain is presumably (together with other visceral sensations and nociceptive as well as non-nociceptive somatic body sensations) primarily represented in the posterior dorsal insular cortex (primary interoceptive cortex). This cortex receives in primates its spinal synaptic inputs mainly from lamina I tract neurons via the ventromedial posterior nucleus of the thalamus. (7) The transmission of activity from visceral afferents to second-order neurons in spinal cord is modulated in an excitatory and inhibitory way by endogenous anti- and pronociceptive control systems in the lower and upper brain stem. These control systems are under cortical control. (8) Visceral pain is referred to deep somatic tissues, to the skin and to other visceral organs. This referred pain consists of spontaneous pain and mechanical hyperalgesia. The mechanisms underlying referred pain and the accompanying tissue changes have been little explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jänig
- Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098, Kiel, Deutschland,
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Keast JR, Smith-Anttila CJA, Osborne PB. Developing a functional urinary bladder: a neuronal context. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:53. [PMID: 26389118 PMCID: PMC4555086 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of organs occurs in parallel with the formation of their nerve supply. The innervation of pelvic organs (lower urinary tract, hindgut, and sexual organs) is complex and we know remarkably little about the mechanisms that form these neural pathways. The goal of this short review is to use the urinary bladder as an example to stimulate interest in this question. The bladder requires a healthy mature nervous system to store urine and release it at behaviorally appropriate times. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the construction of these neural circuits is not only relevant to defining the basis of developmental problems but may also suggest strategies to restore connectivity and function following injury or disease in adults. The bladder nerve supply comprises multiple classes of sensory, and parasympathetic or sympathetic autonomic effector (motor) neurons. First, we define the developmental endpoint by describing this circuitry in adult rodents. Next we discuss the innervation of the developing bladder, identifying challenges posed by this area of research. Last we provide examples of genetically modified mice with bladder dysfunction and suggest potential neural contributors to this state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Peregrine B Osborne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ramachandran R, Yaksh TL. Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in migraine: mechanisms of action. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:4177-92. [PMID: 24819339 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine pain represents sensations arising from the activation of trigeminal afferents, which innervate the meningeal vasculature and project to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Pain secondary to meningeal input is referred to extracranial regions innervated by somatic afferents that project to homologous regions in the TNC. Such viscerosomatic convergence accounts for referral of migraine pain arising from meningeal afferents to particular extracranial dermatomes. Botulinum toxins (BoNTs) delivered into extracranial dermatomes are effective in and approved for treating chronic migraine pain. Aside from their well-described effect upon motor endplates, BoNTs are also taken up in local afferent nerve terminals where they cleave soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, and prevent local terminal release. However, a local extracranial effect of BoNT cannot account for allthe effects of BoNT upon migraine. We now know that peripherally delivered BoNTs are taken up in sensory afferents and transported to cleave SNARE proteins in the ganglion and TNC, prevent evoked afferent release and downstream activation. Such effects upon somatic input (as from the face) likewise would not alone account for block of input from converging meningeal afferents. This current work suggests that BoNTs may undergo transcytosis to cleave SNAREs in second-order neurons or in adjacent afferent terminals. Finally, while SNAREs mediate exocytotic release, they are also involved in transport of channels and receptors involved in facilitated pain states. The role of such post-synaptic effects of BoNT action in migraine remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Ramachandran
- Anesthesiology Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Ozturk C, Kanat A, Aydin MD, Yolas C, Kabalar ME, Gundogdu B, Duman A, Kanat IF, Gundogdu C. The impact of L5 dorsal root ganglion degeneration and Adamkiewicz artery vasospasm on descending colon dilatation following spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage: An experimental study; first report. JOURNAL OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION AND SPINE 2015; 6:69-75. [PMID: 25972712 PMCID: PMC4426525 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8237.156056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Somato-sensitive innervation of bowels are maintained by lower segments of spinal cord and the blood supply of the lower spinal cord is heavily dependent on Adamkiewicz artery. Although bowel problems are sometimes seen in subarachnoid hemorrhage neither Adamkiewicz artery spasm nor spinal cord ischemia has not been elucidated as a cause of bowel dilatation so far. AIMS The goal of this study was to study the effects Adamkiewicz artery (AKA) vasospasm in lumbar subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on bowel dilatation severity. SETTINGS AND DESIGN An experimental rabbit study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 25 rabbits, which were randomly divided into three groups: Spinal SAH (N = 13), serum saline (SS) (SS; N = 7) and control (N = 5) groups. Experimental spinal SAH was performed. After 21 days, volume values of descending parts of large bowels and degenerated neuron density of L5DRG were analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Statistical analysis was performed using the PASW Statistics 18.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Two-tailed t-test and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used. The statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS The mean volume of imaginary descending colons was estimated as 93 ± 12 cm(3) in the control group and 121 ± 26 cm(3) in the SS group and 176 ± 49 cm(3) in SAH group. Volume augmentations of the descending colons and degenerated neuron density L5DRG were significantly different between the SAH and other two groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION An inverse relationship between the living neuronal density of the L5DRG and the volume of imaginary descending colon values was occurred. Our findings will aid in the planning of future experimental studies and determining the clinical relevance on such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Ozturk
- Erzurum Regional Research and Education Hospital Family Physician, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Kanat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dumlu Aydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Coskun Yolas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erzurum Regional Research and Education Hospital Family Physician, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Esref Kabalar
- Department of Pathology, Erzurum Regional Research and Education Hospital Family Physician, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Betul Gundogdu
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Aslihan Duman
- Department of Pathology, Giresun University, Medical Faculty, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Ilyas Ferit Kanat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemal Gundogdu
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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McCarthy CJ, Tomasella E, Malet M, Seroogy KB, Hökfelt T, Villar MJ, Gebhart GF, Brumovsky PR. Axotomy of tributaries of the pelvic and pudendal nerves induces changes in the neurochemistry of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons and the spinal cord. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1985-2004. [PMID: 25749859 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using immunohistochemical techniques, we characterized changes in the expression of several neurochemical markers in lumbar 4-sacral 2 (L4-S2) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron profiles (NPs) and the spinal cord of BALB/c mice after axotomy of the L6 and S1 spinal nerves, major tributaries of the pelvic (targeting pelvic visceral organs) and pudendal (targeting perineum and genitalia) nerves. Sham animals were included. Expression of cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor 3 (ATF3), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT) types 1 and -2 was analysed seven days after injury. L6-S1 axotomy induced dramatic de novo expression of ATF3 in many L6-S1 DRG NPs, and parallel significant downregulations in the percentage of CGRP-, TRPV1-, TH- and VGLUT2-immunoreactive (IR) DRG NPs, as compared to their expression in uninjured DRGs (contralateral L6-S1-AXO; sham mice); VGLUT1 expression remained unaltered. Sham L6-S1 DRGs only showed a small ipsilateral increase in ATF3-IR NPs (other markers were unchanged). L6-S1-AXO induced de novo expression of ATF3 in several lumbosacral spinal cord motoneurons and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; in sham mice the effect was limited to a few motoneurons. Finally, a moderate decrease in CGRP- and TRPV1-like-immunoreactivities was observed in the ipsilateral superficial dorsal horn neuropil. In conclusion, injury of a mixed visceral/non-visceral nerve leads to considerable neurochemical alterations in DRGs matched, to some extent, in the spinal cord. Changes in these and potentially other nociception-related molecules could contribute to pain due to injury of nerves in the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J McCarthy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Tomasella
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Malet
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kim B Seroogy
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcelo J Villar
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G F Gebhart
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Pablo R Brumovsky
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Av. Juan D. Perón 1500, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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49
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Zhao C, Qi L, Wu L, Yi T, Wu H, Guo X, Zhou C, Liu H, Wang X. Suspended moxibustion at Tianshu (ST25) inhibits prokineticin 1 and prokineticin receptor 1 expression in the spinal cord of rats with chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1145-50. [PMID: 25722707 PMCID: PMC4340031 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.15.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspended moxibustion can decrease the expression of prokineticin 1 and its receptor in colonic tissue from rats modeling chronic visceral hyperalgesia. This study aimed to verify if rat spinal cord prokineticin 1 and its receptor contribute to the analgesic effect of suspended moxibustion in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome where rats display chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Results showed that suspended moxibustion at Tianshu (ST25) point significantly decreased visceral sensitivity to colorectal distention in a chronic visceral hyperalgesia rat model; also protein and mRNA expression of prokineticin 1 and prokineticin receptor 1 in the spinal cord of rats was significantly decreased. Experimental findings indicate that prokineticin 1 and prokineticin receptor 1 are involved in the analgesia using suspended moxibustion in rats with chronic visceral hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Qi
- Key Unit of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Luyi Wu
- Qigong Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tao Yi
- Key Unit of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huangan Wu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinxin Guo
- Key Unit of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Cili Zhou
- Key Unit of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Key Unit of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
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Stephens RL. Glutamate transporter activators as anti-nociceptive agents. Eurasian J Med 2015; 43:182-5. [PMID: 25610189 DOI: 10.5152/eajm.2011.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective management of chronic pain remains enigmatic. There is a paucity of effective mechanistically-based approaches employed. Chronic visceral pain is a particularly difficult subcategory to manage. Glutamate is the most predominant excitatory neurotransmitter and mediates many aspects of sensory function including acute and chronic pain. There is a growing literature describing the efficacy of physiologically dominant glutamate transporter GLT-1 up-regulation in attenuating chronic visceral and somatic nociception. Since glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter released in the first central synapse of the pain-transmitting afferent neurons, augmentation of GLT-1 activity, which reduces extracellular levels of glutamate, may be an important target for pain management strategies. This review summarizes studies in our laboratory and others which highlight findings that GLT-1 up-regulation by transgenic, pharmacologic and viral transfection approaches attenuate a host of nociceptive responses emanating from visceral or somatic sources in animal models. The study also outlines the future work that will be required to ascertain the translational potential of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Stephens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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